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Enhanced Oil RecoveryA Seminar Presentation on

Mohammed Nadeem AnsariIntegrated B.Tech+MBA(UAM) 4th YearR270307018



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What Is EOR ?

Enhanced Oil Recovery (abbreviatedEOR) is a generic term for techniques forincreasing the amount of crude oil that canbe extracted from an oil field.

Enhanced oil recovery is also calledimproved oil recovery or tertiaryrecovery.

Using EOR, 30-60 %, or more, of thereservoir's original oil can be extractedcompared with 20-40% using primary andsecondary recovery



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Contents

How it works

Gas injection

Chemical injection

Microbial injection

Thermal methods

Economic costs and benefits

Environmental impacts

Artificial Lift Techniques - Sucker Rod

Pumping System



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Crude Recovery

Mechanisms



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Gas injection

Gas reinjection is presently the most-commonly used approach to enhancedrecovery. In addition to the beneficial effect of

the pressure, this method sometimes aidsrecovery by reducing the viscosity of thecrude oil as the gas mixes with it.

Gases used include CO2, natural gas ornitrogen. Air cannot be used to repressurize the reservoir because the oil will quickly catchon fire.



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Remember, In Gas

Injection…More than half and up to two-thirds of the

injected CO2 returns with the produced oil andis usually re-injected into the reservoir to

minimize operating costs.

The remainder is trapped in the oil reservoirby various means.



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Chemical injection

The injection of various chemicals, usually asdilute solutions, have been used to improveoil recovery.

Injection of alkaline or caustic solutions intoreservoirs with oil that has organic acidsnaturally occurring in the oil will result in the

production of soap that may lower theinterfacial tension enough to increaseproduction.

Injection of a dilute solution of a water soluble

polymer to increase the viscosity of the



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Microbial injection

It is presently rarely used, both because of itshigher cost and because the developments inthis field are more recent than other

techniques.

Strains of microbes have been bothdiscovered and developed (using gene

mutation) which function either by partiallydigesting long hydrocarbon molecules, bygenerating biosurfactants, or by emitting carbon dioxide (which then functions asdescribed in Gas injection).



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Approaches used to

achieve microbialinjection.In the first approach, bacterial cultures mixedwith a food source (a carbohydrate such asmolasses is commonly used) are injected into

the oil field.

In the second approach, used since 1985,nutrients are injected into the ground to

nurture existing microbial bodies.



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Thermal methods

In this approach, various methods are used toheat the crude oil in the formation to reduceits viscosity and/or vaporize part of the oil.

These methods improve the sweep efficiencyand the displacement efficiency.

These methods are :

1. Cyclic Steam Injection.

2. Steam Drive & In-situ Combustion



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Economic costs and

benefitsAdding oil recovery methods adds to the cost

of oil — in the case of CO2 typically between0.5-8.0 US$ per tonne of CO2.

The increased extraction of oil on the otherhand, is an economic benefit with the revenuedepending on prevailing oil price.



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Environmental ImpactsEnhanced oil recovery wells typically produce

large quantities of brine at the surface.

The brine may contain toxic metals andradioactive substances, as well as being verysalty. This can be very damaging to drinkingwater sources and the environment generally

if not properly controlled.



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Artificial Lift SystemSucker Rod Pumps, also called Donkey pumps

or beam pumps, are the most commonartificial-lift system used in land-based

operations.

Motor drives a reciprocating beam, connected

to a polished rod passing into the tubing via astuffing box.

The sucker rod continues down to the oil leveland is connected to a lun er with a valve.



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Simple Fundamental

On each upwardstroke, the plunger liftsa volume of oil up and

through the wellheaddischarge.

On the downwardstroke it sinks (it shouldsink, not be pushed)with oil flowing throughthe valve.

S k d i



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Sucker Rod PumpingSystem



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Conclusions…

With the help of Enhanced Oil Recovery Techinques, the production of wells increases

considerably.

The cost of production increases but it is lesswhen compared to a recovery of 30-60%.

The most common method of artificial lift isSucker Rod Pumping system(85%); with gas liftsecond (10%), and then electrical submersibleand hydraulic pumping about equal (2%) in

usage.



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