Myers AP - Unit 09 Notes

7/24/2019 Myers AP - Unit 09 Notes

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Myers Psychology for AP*

David G. Myers

*AP is a trademark registered and/or owned by the College Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product.

PowerPoint Presentation Slides

by Kent Korek

Germantown igh School

!orth P"blishers# $ %&'&


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(nit )

Develo+mental Psychology


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(nit ,verview

Prenatal !evelopment and the "ewborn

#nfancy and Childhood

Parents and Peers Adolescence

Adulthood

$eflections on %wo &a'or !evelopmental #ssues

Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.


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#ntroduction

!evelopmental psychology

("ature versus nurture

(Continuity and stages

()tability and change


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Prenatal Develo+ment and the

-ewborn


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Prenatal !evelopment

ygote

+mbryo

etus

Conception


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Prenatal Development and

the Newborn

Life is sexually transmitted


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the Newborn

40 days 45 days 2 months 4months


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the Newborn


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Prenatal !evelopment

Placenta %eratogens

etal alcohol syndrome -A)


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%he Competent "ewborn

$eflees

($ooting

(&oro

(Babinski

(Palmer 0rasp

1abituation "ovelty2preference

procedure


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the Newborn

Preferences human voices and

faces facelike images-->

smell and sound ofmother preferred


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nfancy /hildhood


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Physical !evelopmentBrain Development

Brain development

Pruning process

&aturation


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Physical !evelopmentMotor Development

&otor development

(3earning to walk


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Physical !evelopmentMaturation and Infant Memory

#nfantile amnesia ( no memories before

age three


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Cognitive !evelopment

Cognition

4ean Piaget

()chema

(Assimilation

(Accommodation


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Cognitive !evelopmentPiagets Theory and Current Thinking

)ensorimotor )tage

(5b'ect permanence

6out of sight, out of mind7


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)ensorimotor )tage

(5b'ect permanence



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)ensorimotor )tage

(5b'ect permanence



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Infancy and Childhood:

Cognitive Development Babies are tupid


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Preoperational

)tage

(Conservation


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Preoperational

)tage

(Conservation


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Preoperational

)tage

(Conservation


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+gocentrism


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!onservation


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Concrete

5perational

)tage


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ormal 5perational )tage

(Abstract concepts


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%heory of &ind

3ev 8ygotsky

( social learning tends to precede "i#e#come before$ development#


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Autism

)ocial !evelopment


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)ocial !evelopmentOrigins of ttachment

Attachment(Body contact

1arry 1arlow9s

studies

(amiliarity

Critical period #mprinting

(:onrad 3oren;

)ensitive period

)ocial !evelopment


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)ocial !evelopmentttachment Differences! Temperament and Parenting

&ary Ainsworth9s 6strange situation7()ecure attachment

(#nsecure attachment

(!isorgani;ed Attachment


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)ocial !evelopment

)tranger aniety


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)ocial !evelopmentttachment Differences! Temperament and Parenting

%emperament

(+asy, difficult < slow to warm up babies

earful = yr. olds ( shy > yr. olds #ntense preschoolers ( intense adults

+rikson9s Basic trust( )ecurely attached children ( basic trust

)ocial !evelopment


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)ocial !evelopmentDeprivation of ttachment

+arly deprivation of attachment( 3eaves trauma to the brain

!isruption of attachment

( %rauma ( can recover if put in good environment

!oes day care affect attachment?( 1igh @uality ( no / poor @uality 2 yes


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)ocial !evelopment"elf#Concept

)elf2concept

()elf2esteem

()elf2awareness


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)ocial !evelopmentCulture and Child#Rearing

!ifferences in child2rearing from

culture to culture

(estern ( independent(+astern ( compliant

(:ey ( warm, authoritative


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)ocial !evelopment

+rik +rikson ( > Ages of &an

( > stages

( )ocial task to complete( Creates a crisis

( $esolve the crisis

Erik Eriksons 8


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Ages of Man

Stage Name &

Ages

Social Crisis DevelopmentalTask

'ral-ensory ( Birth

to )* mo#

+rust vs# ,istrust eeding

,uscular ( .nal ( )*mos# to / yrs#

.utonomy vs# hame1oubt

+oilet +raining

ocomotor ( / to 3yrs#

nitiative vs# uilt ndependent Play

atency ( 3 to )2 yrs# ndustry vs# nferiority chool


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Parents and Peers

P t d + l + i


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Parents and +arly +periences

+perience and brain development

P t d + l + i


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Parents and +arly +periences

1ow much credit -or blame doparents deserve? Parents - important for education6

discipline6 responsibility6 orderliness6charitableness6 and interacting &ithauthority 7gures#

P # fl


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Peer #nfluence Peer influence

Peers- important for learning cooperation67nding popularity6 inventing styles ofinteraction among peers


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Adolescence

# t d ti


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#ntroduction

Adolescence

Ph i l ! l t


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Physical !evelopment

Puberty

(Primary seual characteristics

menarche()econdary seual characteristics

(%iming of seual characteristics



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C iti ! l t


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Cognitive !evelopmentDeveloping Reasoning Po$er

Piaget9s formal operations

Cognitive Development


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Cognitive DevelopmentDeveloping Morality

.s moraldevelopment

progresses6 thefocus ofconcern moves

from the self tothe &ider social&orld#

Morality of abstract

+rinci+les to affirm

agreed0"+on rights and

+ersonal ethical +rinci+les

Morality of law and

social r"les to gain

a++roval or avoid

disa++roval

Morality of self0interest

to avoid +"nishment

or gain concrete rewards

Postconventional

level

/onventional

level

Preconventional

level

3awrence :ohlberg9s &oral 3adder

)ocial !evelopment


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)ocial !evelopment

orming an identity

(#dentity

()ocial identity(#ntimacy

Parent and peer relationships

Ages of Man


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g

Stage Name &Ages


'ral-ensory ( Birthto )* mo#


,uscular ( .nal ( )*mos# +o/ yrs#

.utonomy vs# hame1oubt

+oilet +raining

ocomotor ( / to 3

yrs#



.dolescence ( )2 to)* yrs#

dentity vs# 8ole!onfusion

dentity ormation9Peer8elationships

+merging Adulthood


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+merging Adulthood

+merging adulthood


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Ad"lthood



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Physical changes in middle adulthood

(&enopause

Physical changes in later life(3ife epectancy

()ensory abilities

(1ealth

(!ementia and Al;heimer9s !isease

dulthood: Physical


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dulthood: Physical

Development ) :e% ;egeman ))#2/

50 - 54

) teve 1avis ))#*0

55 - 5=

) +erry Bradsha& )/#50

30 - 34

) 8andall 'lson )/#=0

35 - 3=

) :ames agner )4#30

?0 - ?4

) ee .le@ander )5#=0

?5 - ?=

) Almer ,urman )3#=0

over *0


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Cognitive !evelopmentging and Memory

$ecall versus recognition

Prospective memory



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Cognitive !evelopmentging and Intelligence

Cross2)ectional +vidence

(Cross2sectional study

3ongitudinal +vidence(3ongitudinal study

#t all depends(Crystalli;ed intelligence

(luid intelligence

dulthood: Cognitive


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dulthood: CognitiveDevelopment

= = D EF FG HEFH >I

EG

E

G

FG

Age in years

$easoningability

score

/ross0sectional method

1ongit"dinal method

/ross0sectional method

s"ggests decline

1ongit"dinal method

s"ggests more stability

dulthood: Cognitive


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8ecalling ne&namesintroducedonce6 t&ice6 orthree times iseasier foryounger adultsthan for olderones "!rook est6 )==0$#

'2 3& 4& 5& 6&

Age gro"+

Percent

of names

recalled

&

'&

%&

7&

3&

4&

5&

6&

2&

)&

'&&

After one

introd"ctions

After two

introd"ctions

,lder age gro"+s have

+oorer +erformance

After three

introd"ctions

dulthood: Cognitive


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n a study bychon7eld 8obertson ")=33$6

the ability to recallne& informationdeclined duringearly and middle

adulthood6 but theability to recogniene& information didnot#

-"mber

,f words

remembered

%& 7& 3& 4& 5& 6&

&

3

2

'%

'5

%&

%3

Age in years

-"mber of words

recalled declineswith age

-"mber of wordsrecogni8ed is

stable with age


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)ocial !evelopment


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)ocial !evelopmentdulthoods ges and "tages

&idlife transition

)ocial clock

r r son sAges of Man


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g

Stage Name &Ages


'ral-ensory ( Birthto )* mo#


,uscular ( .nal ( )*mos# +o

/ yrs#

.utonomy vs# hame

1oubt

+oilet +raining

ocomotor ( / to 3yrs#



.dolescence ( )2 to

)* yrs#

dentity vs# 8ole

!onfusion

dentity ormation9

Peer8elationships

Eoung .dulthood)= to 40 yrs#

ntimacy vs# solation ove 8elationships

,iddle .dulthood40 ( 35 rs# enerativity vs#ta nation Parenting

)ocial !evelopment


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)ocial !evelopmentdulthood Commitments

3ove

ork

)ocial !evelopment


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)ocial !evelopment%ell#Being cross the &ife "pan

ell2being across the life span

!eath and dying

Biopsychosocial #nfluences on


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)uccessful Aging



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)uccessful Aging



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)uccessful Aging



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)uccessful Aging

=eflections on >wo Ma?or


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=eflections on >wo Ma?or

Develo+mental ss"es

%hree &a'or !evelopmental #ssues


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%hree &a'or !evelopmental #ssues

"ature versus nurture

Continuity and stages

)tability and change

Continuity and )tages


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%he +nd

0ender !evelopment


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0ender !evelopment

0ender

(#nfluences on social development

0ender !evelopment


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0ender !evelopment'ender "imilarities and Differences

0ender and aggression

(Aggression

Physical versus relational aggression 0ender and social power

0ender and social connectedness

0ender !evelopment


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0ender !evelopmentThe (ature of 'ender

)e chromosomes

(J chromosome

(K chromosome )e hormones

(%estosterone

0ender !evelopment


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0ender !evelopmentThe (urture of 'ender

0ender $ole

($ole

0ender and child rearing(0ender identity

(0ender typing

)ocial learning theory

0ender !evelopment


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0ender !evelopmentThe (urture of 'ender

+eacher nformation


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+eacher nformation Types of Files

( +his presentation has been saved as a HbasicI Po&erpoint 7le#

hile this 7le format placed a fe& limitations on thepresentation6 it insured the 7le &ould be compatible &ith themany versions of Po&erpoint teachers use# +o add functionality

to the presentation6 teachers may &ant to save the 7le for theirspeci7c version of Po&erpoint#

Animation( 'nce again6 to insure compatibility &ith all versions of

Po&erpoint6 none of the slides are animated# +o increase studentinterest6 it is suggested teachers animate the slides &herever

possible#

Adding slides to tis presentation( +eachers are encouraged to adapt this presentation to their

personal teaching style# +o help keep a sense of continuity6

blank slides &hich can be copied and pasted to a speci7clocation in the presentation follo& this H+eacher nformationI

section#

+eacher nformation


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+eacher nformation !yperlink Slides -+his presentation contain t&o types of hyperlinks#

;yperlinks can be identi7ed by the te@t being underlined and a di%erent color"usually purple$#

( "nit s#$sections yperlinksJ mmediately after the unit title slide6 a page"slide K/$ can be found listing all of the unitGs subsections# hile in slidesho& mode6 clicking on any of these hyperlinks &ill take the user directly tothe beginning of that subsection# +his allo&s teachers Luick access to eachsubsection#

( %old print term yperlinks Avery bold print term from the unit is included

in this presentation as a hyperlink# hile in slide sho& mode6 clicking on anyof the hyperlinks &ill take the user to a slide containing the formal de7nitionof the term# !licking on the Harro&I in the bottom left corner of the de7nitionslide &ill take the user back to the original point in the presentation#

+hese hyperlinks &ere included for teachers &ho &ant students to see orcopy do&n the e@act de7nition as stated in the te@t# ,ost teachers prefer the

de7nitions not be included to prevent students from only Hcopying do&n &hatis on the screenI and not actively listening to the presentation#

or teachers &ho continually use the Bold Print +erm ;yperlinks option6 pleasecontact the author using the email address on the ne@t slide to learn atechniLue to e@pedite the returning to the original point in the presentation#


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!ivision title -green print


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-g p

subdivision title -)lue print*

(

(

!ivision title -green print


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-g p

subdivision title -)lue print*

Lse this slide to add a table, chart, clip art, picture, diagram, or video clip. !elete

this bo when finished

!efinition )lide


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!efinition )lide

M add definition here


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!efinition

)lides

!evelopmental Psychology


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!evelopmental Psychology

M a branch of psychology that studiesphysical, cognitive, and social change

throughout the life span.

ygote


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ygote

M the fertili;ed egg, it enters a =2week periodof rapid cell division and develops into an

embryo.

+mbryo


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+mbryo

M the developing human organism fromabout = weeks after fertili;ation through

the second month.

etus


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etus

M the developing human organism from Dweeks after conception to birth.

%eratogens


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%eratogens

M agents, such as chemicals and viruses,that can reach the embryo or fetus during

prenatal development and cause harm.

etal Alcohol )yndrome -A)


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etal Alcohol )yndrome -A)

M physical and cognitive abnormalities inchildren caused by a pregnant woman9s

heavy drinking. #n severe cases,

symptoms include noticeable facialmisproportions.

1abituation


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1abituation

M decreasing responsiveness with repeatedstimulation. As infants gain familiarity with

repeated eposure to a visual stimulus,

their interest wanes and they look awaysooner.

&aturation


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&aturation

M biological growth processes that enableorderly changes in behavior, relatively

uninfluenced by eperience.

Cognition


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Cognition

M all mental activities associated withthinking, knowing, remembering, and

communicating.

)chema


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)chema

M a concept or framework that organi;esand interprets information.

Assimilation


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Assimilation

M interpreting our new eperiences in termsof our eisting schemas.

Accommodation


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Accommodation

M adapting our current understandings-schemas to incorporate new information.

)ensorimotor )tage


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)ensorimotor )tage

M in Piaget9s theory, the stage -from birth toabout = years of age during which infants

know the world mostly in terms of their

sensory impressions and motor activities.

5b'ect Permanence


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5b'ect Permanence

M the awareness that things continue toeist when not perceived.

Preoperational )tage


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Preoperational )tage

M in Piaget9s theory, the stage -from = toabout F or H years of age during which a

child learns to use language but does not

yet comprehend the mental operations ofconcrete logic..

Conservation


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Conservation

M the principle -which Piaget believed to bea part of concrete operational reasoning

that properties such as mass, volume, and

number remain the same despite changesin the forms of ob'ects.

+gocentrism


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+gocentrism

M in Piaget9s theory, the preoperationalchild9s difficulty taking another9s point of

view.

%heory of &ind


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%heory of &ind

M people9s ideas about their own and other9smental states ( about their feelings,

perceptions, and thoughts, and the

behaviors these might predict.


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M in Piaget9s theory, the stage of cognitivedevelopment -normally beginning about

age I= during which people begin to think

logically about abstract concepts.

Autism


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Autism

M a disorder that appears in childhood and ismarked by deficient communication, social

interaction, and understanding of other9s

states of mind.

)tranger Aniety


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)tranger Aniety

M the fear of strangers that infantscommonly display, beginning by about >

months of age.

Attachment


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Attachment

M an emotional tie with another personNshown in young children by their seeking

closeness to the caregiver and showing

distress on separation.

Critical Period


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Critical Period

M an optimal period shortly after birth whenan organism9s eposure to certain stimuli

or eperiences produces proper

development.

#mprinting


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#mprinting

M the process by which certain animals formattachments during a critical period very

early in life.

%emperament


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%emperament

M a person9s characteristic emotionalreactivity and intensity.

Basic %rust


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Basic %rust

M according to +rik +rikson, a sense that theworld is predictable and trustworthyN said

to be formed during infancy by appropriate

eperiences with responsive caregivers.

)elf2concept


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)elf concept

M our understanding and evaluation of whowe are.

0ender


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0e de

M in psychology, the biologically and sociallyinfluenced characteristics by which people

define male and female.

Aggression


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gg

M physical or verbal behavior intended tohurt someone.

J Chromosome


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M the se chromosome found in both menand women. emales have two J

chromosomesN males have one. An J

chromosome from each parent produces afemale child.

K Chromosome


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Mthe se chromosome found only in males.hen paired with an J chromosome from

the mother, it produces a male child.

%estosterone


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M the most important of the male sehormones. Both males and females have

it, but the additional testosterone in males

stimulates the growth of the male seorgans in the fetus and the development

of the male se characteristics during

puberty.

$ole


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M a set of epectations -norms about asocial position, defining how those in the

position ought to behave.

0ender $ole


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M a set of unepected behaviors for malesor for females.

0ender #dentity


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y

M our sense of being male or female.

0ender %yping


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yp g

M the ac@uisition of a traditional masculineor feminine role.

)ocial 3earning %heory


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g y

M the theory that we learn social behavior byobserving and imitating and by being

rewarded or punished.

Adolescence


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M the transition period from childhood toadulthood, etending from puberty to

independence.

Puberty


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y

M the period of seual maturation, duringwhich a person becomes capable of

reproducing.

Primary )eual Characteristics


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y

M the body structures -ovaries, testes, andeternal genitalia that makes seual

reproduction possible.

)econdary )e Characteristics


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y

M nonreproductive seual characteristics,such as female breasts and hips, male

voice @uality, and body hair.

&enarche


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M the first menstrual period.

#dentity


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M our sense of selfN according to +rikson,the adolescent9s task is to solidify a sense

of self by testing and integrating various

roles.

)ocial #dentify


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M the 6we7 aspect of our self2conceptN thepart of our answer to 6ho am #?7 that

comes from our group memberships.

#ntimacy


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M in +rikson9s theory, the ability to formclose, loving relationshipsN a primary

developmental task in late adolescence

and early adulthood.

+merging Adulthood


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M for some people in modern cultures, aperiod from the late teens to mid2twenties,

bridging the gap between adolescent

dependence and full independence andresponsible adulthood.

&enopause


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M the time of natural cessation ofmenstruationN also refers to the biological

changes a woman eperiences as her

ability to reproduce declines.

Cross2sectional )tudy


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M a study in which people of different agesare compared with one another.

3ongitudinal )tudy


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M research in which the same people arerestudied and retested over a long period.

Crystalli;ed #ntelligence


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M our accumulated knowledge and verbalskillsN tends to increase with age.

luid #ntelligence


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M our ability to reason speedily andabstractlyN tends to decrease during late

adulthood.

)ocial Clock


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M the culturally preferred timing of socialevents such as marriage, parenthood, and

retirement.

Documents

Myers AP - Unit 09 Notes