Myers Psychology for AP, 2e
David G. Myers PowerPoint Presentation Slides by Kent Korek Germantown High School Worth Publishers, 2014 AP is a trademark registered and/or owned by the College Board , which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product. Unit 7: Cognition Unit 07 - Overview Studying and Building Memories
Memory Storage and Retrieval Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Memory Improvement Thinking, Concepts, and Creativity Solving Problems and Making Decisions Thinking and Language Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation. Module 31: Studying and Building Memories Studying Memory Studying Memory Memory Extremes of memory Studying Memory Memory Models
Encoding Storage Retrieval Parallel processing Studying Memory Memory Models: Working Memory
Atkinson and Shiffrin Theory Sensory memory Short-term memory Long-term memory Modified version of the three-stage processing model of memory Studying Memory Memory Models: Working Memory
Modified version of the three-stage processing model of memory Working memory Studying Memory Memory Models: Working Memory
Modified version of the three-stage processing model of memory Working memory Studying Memory Memory Models: Working Memory
Modified version of the three-stage processing model of memory Working memory Studying Memory Memory Models: Working Memory
Modified version of the three-stage processing model of memory Working memory Studying Memory Memory Models: Working Memory
Modified version of the three-stage processing model of memory Working memory Studying Memory Memory Models: Working Memory
Modified version of the three-stage processing model of memory Working memory Studying Memory Memory Models: Working Memory
Modified version of the three-stage processing model of memory Working memory Studying Memory Memory Models: Working Memory
Modified version of the three-stage processing model of memory Working memory Studying Memory Memory Models: Working Memory
Modified version of the three-stage processing model of memory Working memory Studying Memory Memory Models: Working Memory
Modified version of the three-stage processing model of memory Working memory Studying Memory Memory Models: Working Memory
Modified version of the three-stage processing model of memory Working memory Studying Memory Memory Models: Working Memory Building Memories: Encoding Explicit memory (declarative memory) Effortful processing
Building Memories: Encoding Dual-Track Memory: Effortful Versus Automatic Processing Explicit memory (declarative memory) Effortful processing Automatic processing Implicit memory (nondeclarative memory) Building Memories: Encoding Dual-Track Memory: Automatic Processing and Implicit Memories
Space Time Frequency Effortful processing Sensory Memory Iconic memory Echoic memory
Building Memories: Encoding Dual-Track Memory: Effortful Processing and Explicit Memories Effortful processing Sensory Memory Iconic memory Echoic memory Magic number Seven Plus or minus 2
Building Memories: Encoding Dual-Track Memory: Effortful Processing and Explicit Memories:Capacity of Short-Term and Working Memory Magic number Seven Plus or minus 2 Building Memories: Encoding Dual-Track Memory: Effortful Processing and Explicit Memories:Effortful Processing Strategies Chunking Building Memories: Encoding Dual-Track Memory: Effortful Processing and Explicit Memories:Effortful Processing Strategies Chunking Building Memories: Encoding Dual-Track Memory: Effortful Processing and Explicit Memories:Effortful Processing Strategies Chunking Building Memories: Encoding Dual-Track Memory: Effortful Processing and Explicit Memories:Effortful Processing Strategies Chunking Building Memories: Encoding Dual-Track Memory: Effortful Processing and Explicit Memories:Effortful Processing Strategies Chunking Building Memories: Encoding Dual-Track Memory: Effortful Processing and Explicit Memories:Effortful Processing Strategies Chunking Building Memories: Encoding Dual-Track Memory: Effortful Processing and Explicit Memories:Effortful Processing Strategies Chunking Mnemonics Visual imagery Peg word system ROY G BIV Acronym - HOMES
Building Memories: Encoding Dual-Track Memory: Effortful Processing and Explicit Memories:Effortful Processing Strategies Mnemonics Visual imagery Peg word system ROY G BIV Acronym HOMES Building Memories: Encoding Dual-Track Memory: Effortful Processing and Explicit Memories:Effortful Processing Strategies Hierarchies Overlearning Spacing effect Testing effect Massed practice
Building Memories: Encoding Dual-Track Memory: Effortful Processing and Explicit Memories:Distributed Practice Overlearning Spacing effect Massed practice Distributed practice Testing effect Shallow processing Deep processing
Building Memories: Encoding Dual-Track Memory: Effortful Processing and Explicit Memories:Levels of Processing Shallow processing Deep processing Making material meaningful Self-reference effect
Building Memories: Encoding Dual-Track Memory: Effortful Processing and Explicit Memories:Making Material Personally Meaningful Making material meaningful Self-reference effect Module 32: Memory Storage and Retrieval Memory Storage Memory Storage Retaining Information in the Brain
Memories are NOT stored in one part of the brain. Hippocampus Amnesia Damage to either hemisphere
Memory Storage Retaining Information in the Brain:Explicit-Memory System: The Frontal Lobes and Hippocampus Hippocampus Amnesia Damage to either hemisphere Consolidation during sleep Cerebellum Basal Ganglia Infantile amnesia
Memory Storage Retaining Information in the Brain:Implicit-Memory System: The Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia Cerebellum Basal Ganglia Infantile amnesia Memory Storage The Amygdala, Emotions, and Memory
Flashbulb Memories Memory Storage Synaptic Changes
Aplysia Long-term potentiation Mild neurocognitive disorders Memory Storage Memory Storage Memory Storage Memory Storage Memory Storage Memory Storage Memory Storage Memory Storage Memory Storage Memory Storage Memory Storage Memory Storage Memory Storage Retrieval: Getting Information Out Retrieval: Getting Information Out Measuring Retention
Recall Recognition Relearning Retrieval: Getting Information Out Retrieval Cues: Priming Retrieval: Getting Information Out Retrieval Cues: Priming Retrieval: Getting Information Out Retrieval Cues: Priming Retrieval: Getting Information Out Retrieval Cues:Context-Dependent Memory
Context effects Retrieval: Getting Information Out Retrieval Cues:Context-Dependent Memory Retrieval: Getting Information Out Retrieval Cues:Context-Dependent Memory Retrieval: Getting Information Out Retrieval Cues:Context-Dependent Memory Retrieval: Getting Information Out Retrieval Cues:Context-Dependent Memory Retrieval: Getting Information Out Retrieval Cues:Context-Dependent Memory Retrieval: Getting Information Out Retrieval Cues:Context-Dependent Memory State dependent memory Mood congruent memory
Retrieval: Getting Information Out Retrieval Cues:State-Dependent Memory State dependent memory Mood congruent memory Serial position effect
Retrieval: Getting Information Out Retrieval Cues:Serial Position Effect Serial position effect Recency effect Primacy effect Module 33: Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Memory Improvement Forgetting Forgetting Forgetting and the Two-Track Mind
Anterograde amnesia Retrograde amnesia Forgetting Encoding Failure Forgetting Encoding Failure Forgetting Encoding Failure Forgetting Storage Decay
Ebbinghaus curve Forgetting Storage Decay Forgetting Storage Decay Forgetting Retrieval Failure Forgetting Retrieval Failure Forgetting Retrieval Failure Forgetting Retrieval Failure: Interference
Proactive interference (forward acting) Retroactive interference (backward-acting) Forgetting Retrieval Failure: Motivated Forgetting
Self-serving personal histories Repression Forgetting Retrieval Failure: Motivated Forgetting
Self-serving personal histories Repression Forgetting Retrieval Failure: Motivated Forgetting
Self-serving personal histories Repression Forgetting Retrieval Failure: Motivated Forgetting
Self-serving personal histories Repression Memory Construction Errors Memory Construction Errors Misinformation and Imagination Effects
Loftus memory studies Misinformation effect Memory Construction Errors Source Amnesia
Source amnesia (source misattribution) Dj vu already seen Memory Construction Errors Discerning True and False Memories
Memory studies Children eyewitness recall Memory Construction Errors Repressed or Constructed Memories of Abuse?
Areas of agreement Sexual abuse happens Injustice happens Forgetting happens Recovered memories are incomplete Memories before 3 years are unreliable Hypnotic memories are unreliable Memories can be emotionally upsetting Improving Memory Improving Memory Rehearse repeatedly Make the material meaningful
Activate retrieval cues Use mnemonic devices Minimize interference Sleep more Test your own knowledge, both to rehearse it and to help determine what you do not yet know Module 34: Thinking, Cognition, and Creativity Thinking and Concepts Thinking and Concepts Cognition (thinking) Concepts Prototypes Creativity Creativity Creativity Convergent thinking Divergent thinking Creativity Sternbergs five components of creativity Expertise
Imaginative thinking skills A venturesome personality Intrinsic motivation A creative environment Creativity Ways to boost creativity Develop your expertise
Allow time for incubation Set aside time for the mind to roam freely Experience other cultures and ways of thinking Module 35: Solving Problems and Making Decisions Problem Solving: Strategies and Obstacles Problem Solving: Strategies and Obstacles
Algorithms Step-by-step Heuristic Insight Confirmation bias Mental set Problem Solving: Strategies and Obstacles Problem Solving: Strategies and Obstacles Problem Solving: Strategies and Obstacles Problem Solving: Strategies and Obstacles Forming Good and Bad Decisions and Judgments Forming Good and Bad Decisions and Judgments
Intuition Automatic unreasoned feelings and thoughts Seat of their pants Truck Driver versus a professor of classics at an Ivy League school.
Forming Good and Bad Decisions and Judgments The Representativeness Heuristic The Representative Heuristic Prototype Likelihood of something Truck Driver versus a professor of classics at an Ivy League school. The Availability Heuristic
Forming Good and Bad Decisions and Judgments The Availability Heuristic The Availability Heuristic Forming Good and Bad Decisions and Judgments Overconfidence Belief perseverance Framing Consider the opposite
Forming Good and Bad Decisions and Judgments Belief Perseverance and Framing Belief perseverance Consider the opposite Framing Intuition Intuition is huge Intuition is usually adaptive
Forming Good and Bad Decisions and Judgments The Perils and Powers of Intuition Intuition Intuition is huge Intuition is usually adaptive Intuition is recognition born of experience Module 36: Thinking and Language Introduction Language Language Structure Language Structure Phoneme Morpheme English about 40 phonemes
Learning another languages phonemes Morpheme Includes prefixes and suffixes Language Structure Grammar Semantics Syntax Language Development Language Development Receptive language Productive language
Babbling stage One-word stage Two-word stage Telegraphic speech Language Development Language Development Language Development Language Development Language Development Language Development Language Development Explaining Language Development
Chomsky: Inborn Universal Grammar Language acquisition device Universal grammar Language Development Explaining Language Development
Statistical Learning and Critical Periods Statistical learning Critical (sensitive) period The Brain and Language The Brain and Language Aphasia Brocas Area Wernickes Area Language and Thought Language and Thought Language Influences Thinking
Whorfs linguistic determinism Bilingual advantage Language and Thought Language Influences Thinking The End Teacher Information Types of Files Animation
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Just as Myers Psychology for AP 2e is color coded to the College Board AP Psychology Course Description (Acorn Book) Units, so are these Powerpoints.The primary background color of each slide indicates the specific textbook unit. Psychologys History and Approaches Research Methods Biological Bases of Behavior Sensation and Perception States of Consciousness Learning Cognition Motivation, Emotion, and Stress Developmental Psychology Personality Testing and Individual Differences Abnormal Psychology Treatment of Abnormal Behavior Social Psychology Teacher Information Hyperlink Slides - This presentation contain two types of hyperlinks.Hyperlinks can be identified by the text being underlined and a different color (usually purple). Unit subsections hyperlinks:Immediately after the unit title and module title slide, a page can be found listing all of the units subsections.While in slide show mode, clicking on any of these hyperlinks will take the user directly to the beginning of that subsection. Bold print term hyperlinks:Every bold print term from the unit is included in this presentation as a hyperlink.While in slide show mode, clicking on any of the hyperlinks will take the user to a slide containing the formal definition of the term.Clicking on the arrow in the bottom left corner of the definition slide will take the user back to the original point in the presentation. These hyperlinks were included for teachers who want students to see or copy down the exact definition as stated in the text.Most teachers prefer the definitions not be included to prevent students from only copying down what is on the screen and not actively listening to the presentation. For teachers who continually use the Bold Print Term Hyperlinks option, please contact the author using theaddress on the next slide to learn a technique to expedite the returning to the original point in the presentation. Teacher Information Continuity slides
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Use this slide to add a table, chart, clip art, picture, diagram, or video clip.Delete this box when finished Definition Slide = add definition here Definition Slides Memory = the persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage and retrieval of information. Encoding = the processing of information into the memory systems for example, by extracting meaning. Storage = the process of retaining encoded information over time. Retrieval = the process of getting information out of memory storage. Parallel Processing = the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brains natural mode of information processing for many functions.Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving. Sensory Memory = the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system. Short-Term Memory = activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing before the information is stored or forgotten. Long-Term Memory = the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system.Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences. Working Memory = a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory. Explicit Memory = memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare. (Also called declarative memory) Effortful Processing = encoding that requires attention and conscious effort. Automatic Processing = unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings. Implicit Memory = retention independent of conscious recollection. (Also called nondeclarative memory) Iconic Memory = a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second. Echoic Memory = a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds. Chunking = organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically. Mnemonics = memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices. Spacing Effect = the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice. Testing Effect = enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading information.Also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning. Shallow Processing = encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words. Deep Processing = encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention. Hippocampus = a neural center that is located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage. Flashbulb Memory = a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event. Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)
= an increase in a cells firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation.Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory. Recall = a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learning earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test. Recognition = a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test. Relearning = a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again. Priming = the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory. Mood Congruent Memory = the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with ones current good or bad mood. Serial Position Effect
= our tendency to recall best the last (a recency effect) and first items (a primacy effect) in a list. Anterograde Amnesia = an inability to form new memories. Retrograde Amnesia = an inability to retrieve information from ones past. Proactive Interference
= the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information. Retroactive Interference
= the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information. Repression = in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories. Misinformation Effect
= incorporating misleading information into ones memory of an event. Source Amnesia = attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined.(Also called source misattribution.) Source amnesia, along with the misinformation effect, is at the heart of many false memories. Deja Vu = that eerie sense that Ive experienced this before. Cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience. Cognition = the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. Concept = a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people. Prototype = a mental image or best example of a category.Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin). Creativity = the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas. Convergent Thinking = narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution. Divergent Thinking = expands the number of possible problem solutions (creativity thinking that diverges in different directions). Algorithm = a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem.Contrasts with the usually speedier but also more error-prone use of heuristics. Heuristic = a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms. Insight = a sudden realization of a problems solution; contrasts with strategy-based solutions. Confirmation Bias = a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence. Mental Set = a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past. Intuition = an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning. Representativeness Heuristic
= judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information. Availability Heuristic
= estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common Overconfidence = the tendency to be more confident than correct to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments. Belief Perseverance = clinging to ones initial conceptions after the basis on which they are formed has been discredited. Framing = the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements. Language = our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning. Phoneme = in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit. Morpheme = in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix). Grammar = in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others. In a given language, semantics is the set of rules for deriving meaning from sounds, and syntax is the set of rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences. Babbling Stage = beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language. One-Word Stage = the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words. Two-Word Stage = beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements. Telegraphic Speech = early speech state in which a child speaks like a telegram go car using mostly nouns and verbs. Aphasia = impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Brocas area (impairing speaking) or to Wernickes area (impairing understanding). Brocas Area = controls language expression an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech. Wenickes Area = controls language reception a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe. Linguistic Determinism
= Whorfs hypothesis that language determines the way we think.