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Immunosecretory DisordersImmunosecretory Disorders
Masatoshi Kida, M.D.Dept. of Pathology
University of Vermont
Immunosecretory DisordersImmunosecretory Disorders
• tend to occur in middle aged to elderly people
• monoclonal proliferation of B-cells
Immunosecretory DisordersImmunosecretory Disorders
• tend to occur in middle aged to elderly people
• monoclonal proliferation of B-cells
• secretion of Ig or portions of Ig (paraproteins, M component)
The amount of paraprotein produced is roughly proportional to the size of the proliferating cells
Immunosecretory DisordersImmunosecretory Disorders
• tend to occur in middle aged to elderly people
• monoclonal proliferation of B-cells
• secretion of Ig or portions of Ig (paraproteins, M component)
• generally behave in a malignant fashion
Immunosecretory DisordersImmunosecretory Disorders
I. Monoclonal Gammopathies of Unknown Significance (“Benign” Monoclonal Gammopathies)
II. Multiple Myeloma (Plasma Cell Myeloma)III. Variant Forms of “Myeloma”
A. smoldering multiple myelomaB. plasma cell leukemiaC. non-secretory myelomaD. osteosclerotic myeloma (POEMS syndrome)E. solitary plasmacytoma of boneF. extramedullary plasmacytomaG. primary macroglobulinemia (lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma) (Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia)H. heavy-chain disease
Monoclonal Gammopathies of Monoclonal Gammopathies of Unknown Significance Unknown Significance
(“Benign” Monoclonal Gammopathies)(“Benign” Monoclonal Gammopathies)
• presence of M protein in asymptomatic individual• 1-2% of adults over 30 y/o (usually over 50 y/o)• 90% are of IgG• stable for >3 yr• BM: plasma cells are <15% of all cells• ~20% evolves into overt myeloma in 10-15 yr• occasionally associated with
a. carcinomas, lymphomas & leukemiasb. other immune disorders
Multiple Myeloma Multiple Myeloma (Plasma Cell Myeloma)(Plasma Cell Myeloma)
• most common form of plasma cell malignancy• extensively involves BM• middle aged to elderly male• Sx: bone pain
osteolytic lesions fractures
severe osteoporosis (osteoclast activating
factor)
most common primary bone tumor in adult
Multiple Myeloma Multiple Myeloma (Plasma Cell Myeloma)(Plasma Cell Myeloma)
• most common form of plasma cell malignancy• extensively involves BM• middle aged to elderly male• Sx: bone pain osteolytic
lesions fractures severe
osteoporosis (osteoclast activating factor)
• monoclonal protein spikes• Bence-Jones proteins (Ig light chains) in the urine• plasmacytosis/multiple plasma cell aggregates
Multiple Myeloma Multiple Myeloma (Plasma Cell Myeloma) (Plasma Cell Myeloma)
genetic abnormalitygenetic abnormality
• deletion 13q• rearrangement 14q• balanced translocation t(4;14)(p6.3;q32)
Multiple Myeloma Multiple Myeloma (Plasma Cell Myeloma) (Plasma Cell Myeloma)
clinical courseclinical course
• infection, renal failure, hemorrhage
• progressive course
• death within 2-5 yrs
Multiple Myeloma Multiple Myeloma (Plasma Cell Myeloma) (Plasma Cell Myeloma)
Ig secretionIg secretion
52% Ig G
18% Ig A
11% Ig M
1% Ig D
rare Ig E
Variant Forms of “Myeloma”Variant Forms of “Myeloma”
A. smoldering multiple myelomaB. plasma cell leukemiaC. non-secretory myelomaD. osteosclerotic myelomaE. solitary plasmacytoma of boneF. extramedullary plasmacytomaG. primary macroglobulinemia (lymphoplasmacytic
lymphoma)H. heavy-chain disease
smoldering multiple myelomasmoldering multiple myeloma
• serum M-protein >3g/dL• >10% plasma cells in BM• no anemia, renal insufficiency or skeletal lesionClinical feature:• starting as “benign” monoclonal gammopathy• transforms into multiple myeloma
need to be closely observed over timeTreatment:• must not be treated unless progression occurs
plasma cell leukemiaplasma cell leukemia• >20% plasma cells in peripheral blood• absolute plasma cell count at least 2000/LClinical feature:1) primary (60%) : diagnosed in leukemic phase
• younger age• hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy• longer survival (median 6.8 mo)(vs 1.3 mo)
2) secondary (40%) : following previous MMTreatment:• generally unsatisfactory, but some response to melphalan and
prednisone• secondary plasma cell leukemia rarely responds to chemotherapy
non-secretory myelomanon-secretory myeloma
• no M-protein in serum or urine
• account for 1 to 2% of myeloma
• less renal involvement
Treatment:
• similar response to chemotherapy as “secretory” myeloma
osteosclerotic myelomaosteosclerotic myeloma(POEMS syndrome)(POEMS syndrome)
• Polyneuropathy, Organomegaly, Endocrionopathy, M-protein, Skin change
Clinical feature:• chronic inflammatory-demyelinating polyneuropathy with
motor disability• sclerotic skeletal lesions• hepatomegaly (~50%)Treatment:• radiation for localized lesion• chemotherapy (melphalan and prednisone)
solitary plasmacytoma of bonesolitary plasmacytoma of bone
• solitary bone lesion (histologically similar to MM)(vertebrae, pelvis, femur, humerus)
• no M-protein in serum or urineClinical feature:• 50% alive at 10 yrs• 15 to 25% disease-free at 10 yrs• progression into MM within 3 to 4 yrsTreatment:• radiation therapy• no significant effect with chemotherapy
extramedullary plasmacytomaextramedullary plasmacytoma
• lesions outside BMClinical feature:• upper respiratory tract involvement (~80%)
(nasal cavity, sinuses, nasopharynx, larynx)• may also seen in GI tract, CNS, U bladder, thyroid,
breast, testes, parotid gland, lymph nodes• may be solitary, may metastasize• rarely transforms into MMTreatment:• radiation therapy
• caused by uncontrolled proliferation of lymphocytes and plasma cells (hybrid of lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma/leukemia and multiple myeloma) (lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma)
Clinical feature:• age : ~65 yrs, 60% male• normocytic, normochromic anemia (moderate to severe)• weakness, fatigue, bleeding (oozing from oronasal area), pallor,
hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, sensorimotor peripheral neuropathy
• no destructive skeletal lesions• hyperviscosity syndrome (retinal
hemorrhage, transient paresis, mental confusion, CHF, bleeding)
primary macroglobulinemiaprimary macroglobulinemia(Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia)(Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia)
Treatment:
• should not be treated unless symptomatic
• chemotherapy (chlorambucil)
• RBC transfusion (for anemia)
• plasmapheresis (for hyperviscosity)
Prognosis:
• median survival : 5 yrs
primary macroglobulinemiaprimary macroglobulinemia(Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia)(Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia)