MUSCLES Modelling of Un s teady Combustion in Low Emission Systems

Mid Term Meeting, Sept. 21st-22nd, 2004, Karlsruhe Presentation by: F.Pittaluga - UNIGE-DIMSET

Dept. of Fluid Machinery, Energy Systems and Transportation - University of Genoa, Italy

1

MUSCLES

Modelling of Unsteady Combustion in Low Emission Systems

G4RD-CT-2002-00644

R&T Project within the 5th Framework Program of the European Union



Time Dependent Numerical Prediction of the Time Dependent Numerical Prediction of the Reactive Flow Field Within and Downstream an Reactive Flow Field Within and Downstream an

Avio LPP SystemAvio LPP System



COMPUTATIONAL GRIDS : Nozzle-Duct C05D PremixerCOMPUTATIONAL GRIDS : Nozzle-Duct C05D Premixer

Nozzle-Duct Premixer Nozzle-Duct Premixer

Grid type: Structured-MultiblockN° of total Blocks 175Azim. angle: 360.0°N° of total cells: 225000



COMPUTATIONAL GRID : Nozzle-Duct C05D Premixer & COMPUTATIONAL GRID : Nozzle-Duct C05D Premixer & Experimental Test RigExperimental Test Rig

Numerical Test RigNumerical Test Rig

Grid type: Structured-MultiblockN° of total Blocks: 203Geometry: Fully 3D°N° of total cells: 994000

Boundary Conditions Boundary Conditions

Mass Flow : 0.1405 kg/sStatic Temperature Inlet : 760 KStatic Pressure Outlet : 650000 Pa

Experimental Test RigExperimental Test Rig

Zmax = 158.5 mm - Xmax = 53.8 mm - Ymax = 53.8 mm



COMPUTATIONAL CASES : Nozzle-Duct C05D PremixerCOMPUTATIONAL CASES : Nozzle-Duct C05D Premixer

Numerical Boundary Conditions Numerical Boundary Conditions - Case N° 1 -- Case N° 1 -

Turbulence Model : TSDIACombustion Scheme : StandardRadiation Scheme : Off

- Case N° 2-- Case N° 2-Turbulence Model : TSDIACombustion Scheme : StandardRadiation Scheme : On

- Case N° 3 -- Case N° 3 -Turbulence Model : TSDIACombustion Scheme : DetailedRadiation Scheme : Off

- Case N° 4 -- Case N° 4 -Turbulence Model : TSDIACombustion Scheme : DetailedRadiation Scheme : Off

Boundary Conditions AIR Boundary Conditions AIR

Total Pressure Inlet : 650000 PaTotal Temperature Inlet : 760 KTotal Air Mass Flow Inlet : 0.1405 Kg/s

Boundary Conditions FUEL Boundary Conditions FUEL

Fuel : Kerosene Liquid [C12H23]Fuel Mass Flow Inlet : 0.005518 Kg/sTotal Temperature Inlet : 380 KDroplets Diameters : 40 Cone Angle : 50°Droplets Velocity : 50 m/s



COMBUSTION MODELSCOMBUSTION MODELS

STANDARD Model : 12 Species - 12 ReactionsSTANDARD Model : 12 Species - 12 Reactions

Species :Species :

CHCH1212HH2323 - O - O22 - N - N22 - OH - H - OH - H22 - O - H - O - H22O - CO -COO - CO -CO22 - N - H - NO - N - H - NO

DC* Model : 41 Species - 225 ReactionsDC* Model : 41 Species - 225 ReactionsSpecies :Species :

CC1212HH2323 - CH - CH44 - O - O22 - N - N22 - OH - H - OH - H22 - O - H - O - H22O - CO -COO - CO -CO22 - N - H - NO - CH - N - H - NO - CH33OCHOCH33 - HO - HO22 - H - H22OO22 - C - C22H H

- C- C22HH22 - C(S) - CH - C(S) - CH22O - HCO - CHO - HCO - CH33O - CHO - CH33OH - CHOH - CH22OH - CHOH - CH33 - CH - CH22 - HCOOH - C - HCOOH - C22HH33 - C - C22HH44 - -

CC22HH55 - C - C22HH66 - C - C33HH33 - C - C44HH22 - N - N22O - CH - CHO - CH - CH22(S) - C(S) - C33HH22 - C - C33HH66 - CH - CH33CO - CHCO - CH33HCO - CHHCO - CH22CO CO

DC*DC*: Detailed Chemistry



1. 2C12H23+ 12O2= 24CO+ 23H2 2. O2+ 2N2= 2N+ 2NO 3. 2O2+ N2= 2O+ 2NO 4. N2+2OH=CO2+H5.CO+ OH= CO2+ H 6. O2+ H= O+ OH 7. H2+ OH= H2O+ H 8. H2+ O= H+ OH 9. H2= 2H 10. O2 =2O11. N2=2N12. O2 + H2= 2OH13. O2+2H2O=4OH

STANDARD REACTIONS MECHANISMSTANDARD REACTIONS MECHANISM



0. CH12H23 + O2 = C12H22-1 + HO2 1. CH4 + O2 = CH3 + HO2 2. CH4 + H = CH3 + H2 3. CH4 + OH = CH3 + H2O 4. CH4 + O = CH3 + OH 5. CH4 + HO2 = CH3 + H2O2 6. CH3 + HO2 = CH3O + OH 7. CH3 + O2 = CH3O + O 8. CH3 + O2 = CH2O + OH 9. CH3 + CH2O = CH4 + HCO10. CH3 + HCO = CH4 + CO11. CH3 + O = CH2O + H12. CH3 + OH = CH2 + H2O13. CH3 + OH = CH2O + H2 14. CH3 + H = CH4 15. CH3 + CH3 = C2H6 16. CH3 + CH3O = CH4 + CH2O 17. CH3 + CH2OH = CH4 + CH2O 18. CH3 + C2H5 = CH4 + C2H4 19. CH3 + C2H4 = CH4 + C2H3 20. CH3 + C2H3 = CH4 + C2H221. CH3 + C2H2 = CH4 + C2H

22. CH3 + CH3 = C2H4 + H2 23. CH3 + M = CH2 + H + M 24. CH3 + HCO = CH2 + CH2O 25. CH2 + H2 = CH3 + H 26. CH2 + CH3 = C2H4 + H 27. CH2 + OH = CH + H2O 28. CH2 + OH = CH2O + H 29. CH2 + CH2 = C2H2 + H2 30. CH2 + HCCO = C2H3 + CO 31. CH2 + O = CO + H + H32. CH2 + O = HCO + H 33. CH2 + O2 = CO2 + H + H 34. CH2 + O2 = CH2O + O 35. CH2 + O2 = CO2 + H2 36. CH2 + O2 = HCO + OH37. CH2(S) + CH3 = C2H4 + H38. CH2(S) + H2 = CH3 + H 39. CH2(S) + CH4 = CH3 + CH340. CH2(S) + C2H6 = CH3 + C2H541. CH2(S) + C2H2 = C3H3 + H42. CH2(S) + N2 = CH2 + N2

DETAILED REACTIONS MECHANISM - 1DETAILED REACTIONS MECHANISM - 1



43. CH2(S) + AR = CH2 + AR44. CH2(S) + CO2 = CH2 + CO245. CH2(S) + CO2 = CH2O + CO46. CH2(S) + H2O = CH2 + H2O47. CH2(S) + O2 = CO + OH + H 48. CH2(S) + O2 = CO + H2O49. CH2(S) + H = CH + H250. CH2(S) + O = CO + H251. CH2OH + H = CH3 + OH52. CH3O + H = CH3 + OH53. CH3O + M = CH2O + H + M 54. CH2OH + M = CH2O + H + M55. CH3O + H = CH2O + H256. CH2OH + H = CH2O + H257. CH3O + OH = CH2O + H2O 58. CH2OH + OH = CH2O + H2O 59. CH3O + O = CH2O + OH60. CH2OH + O = CH2O + OH61. CH3O + O2 = CH2O + HO262. CH2OH + O2 = CH2O + HO2 63. CH + H2 = H + CH264. CH + O2 = HCO + O

65. CH + O = CO + H66. CH + OH = HCO + H67. CH + CO2 = HCO + CO68. CH + H2O = CH2O + H69. CH + CH2O = CH2CO + H70. CH + C2H2 = C3H2 + H71. CH + CH2 = C2H2 + H72. CH + CH3 = C2H3 + H73. CH + CH4 = C2H4 + H74. CH2O + OH = HCO + H2O75. CH2O + H = HCO + H276. CH2O + M = HCO + H + M77. CH2O + O = HCO + OH78. CH2O + O2 = HCO + HO279. CH2O + HO2 = HCO + H2O2 80. CH2O + HO2 = HCOOH + OH81. HCOOH + H = H + CO2 + H2 82. HCOOH + O = H + CO2 + OH83. HCOOH + OH = H + CO2 + H2O 84. HCOOH + HO2 = H2O2 + CO2 + H 85. HCOOH + CH3 = CH4 + CO2 + H 86. HCOOH + CH3OCH2 = CH3OCH3 + CO2 + H

DETAILED REACTIONS MECHANISM - 2 DETAILED REACTIONS MECHANISM - 2



109. C2H4 + CH3O2 = CH3HCO + CH3O110. C2H3 + OH = CH3HCO111. C2H4 + H = C2H5112. C2H5 + H = CH3 + CH3113. C2H5 + O2 = C2H4 + HO2114. C2H2 + O = CH2 + CO115. C2H + H2 = C2H2 + H116. C2H3 = C2H2 + H117. C2H3 + H = C2H2 + H2118. C2H3 + O = CH2CO + H119. C2H3 + O2 = CH2O + HCO120. C2H3 + O2 = C2H2 + HO2121. C2H3 + OH = C2H2 + H2O122. C2H3 + CH2 = C2H2 + CH3123. C2H3 + C2H = C2H2 + C2H2124. C2H3 + CH = CH2 + C2H2125. C2H2 + OH = C2H + H2O126. C2H2 + OH = CH2CO + H127. C2H2 + OH = CH3 + CO128. C2H2 + O = C2H + OH129. CH2CO + O = CO2 + CH2130. CH2CO + O = HCO + HCO

87. HCO + OH = H2O + CO88. HCO + H2O = H + CO + H2O 89. HCO + M = H + CO + M90. HCO + H = CO + H291. HCO + O = CO + OH92. HCO + O = CO2 + H93. HCO + O2 = HO2 + CO94. HCO + HCO = CH2O + CO95. HCO + HCO = H2 + CO + CO96. CO + O + M = CO2 + M97. CO + OH = CO2 + H98. CO + O2 = CO2 + O99. CO + HO2 = CO2 + OH100. C2H6 + CH3 = C2H5 + CH4101. C2H6 + H = C2H5 + H2102. C2H6 + O = C2H5 + OH103. C2H6 + OH = C2H5 + H2O104. C2H4 + H = C2H3 + H2105. C2H4 + O = CH3 + HCO106. C2H4 + OH = C2H3 + H2O107. C2H4 + HO2 = CH3HCO + OH108. C2H4 + CH3O = CH3HCO + CH3




131. CH2CO + H = CH3 + CO132. CH2CO + M = CH2 + CO + M133. C2H + O2 = CO + CO + H134. C2H + O = CH + CO135. C3H3 + O2 = CH2CO + HCO136. C3H3 + O = CH2O + C2H137. C2H2 + O2 = HCCO + OH138. C2H2 + M = C2H + H + M139. C2H4 + M = C2H2 + H2 + M140. H2 + O2 = OH + OH141. H2 + OH = H2O + H142. O + OH = O2 + H 143. O + H2 = OH + H 144. H + O2 + M = HO2 + M145. H + O2 + AR = HO2 + AR146. OH + HO2 = H2O + O2147. H + HO2 = OH + OH148. O + HO2 = O2 + OH149. H2 + HO2 = H2O + OH150. OH + OH = O + H2O151. H + H + M1 = H2 + M1152. H + H + H2 = H2 + H2153. H + H + H2O = H2 + H2O154. H + H + CO2 = H2 + CO2

155. H + OH + M = H2O + M156. H + O + M = OH + M157. O + O + M = O2 + M 158. H + HO2 = H2 + O2 159. HO2 + HO2 = H2O2 + O2160. H2O2 + M = OH + OH + M161. H2O2 + H = HO2 + H2162. H2O2 + OH = H2O + HO2163. H + HO2 = O + H2O 164. O + OH + M = HO2 + M165. H2O2 + H = H2O + OH166. H2O2 + O = H2O + O2 167. H2O2 + O = OH + HO2168. CH3CO + H = CH2CO + H2169. CH3CO + O = CH3 + CO2170. CH3CO + CH3 = C2H6 + CO171. CH3CO = CH3 + CO 172. C2H6 + O2 = C2H5 + HO2173. C2H4 + O2 = C2H3 + HO2174. C2H5 + HO2 = C2H4 + H2O2175. CH3OH = CH2OH + H176. CH3OH = CH3O + H177. CH3OH = CH3 + OH178. CH3OH + O2 = CH2OH + HO2




179. CH3OH + H = CH2OH + H2180. CH3OH + H = CH3O + H2181. CH3OH + O = OH + CH2OH182. CH3OH + O = OH + CH3O183. CH3OH + OH = CH2OH + H2O184. CH3OH + OH = CH3O + H2O185. CH3OH + HO2 = CH2OH + H2O2186. CH3OH + CH3 = CH2OH + CH4187. CH3OH + CH3 = CH3O + CH4188. CH3OH + CH3O = CH3OH + CH2OH189. CH3O + CH3O = CH3OH + CH2O190. CH2OH + CH2OH = CH3OH + CH2O191. CH2OH + HCO = CH3OH + CO192. CH3HCO = CH3 + HCO193. CH3HCO = CH3CO + H194. CH3HCO + O2 = CH3CO + HO2195. CH3HCO + H = CH3CO + H2196. CH3HCO + OH = CH3CO + H2O197. CH3HCO + O = CH3CO + OH198. CH3HCO + CH3 = CH3CO + CH4199. CH3HCO + HO2 = CH3CO + H2O2200. CH3OCH3 = CH3+CH3O201. C3H3 + OH = C3H2 + H2O202. C2H6 + CH = H + C3H6

203. C3H6 + O = CH3CO + CH3204. C3H6 + O = C2H5 + HCO205. CH3 + C2H3 = C3H6 206. C2H6 + O2 = C2H5 + HO2207. C2H4 + O2 = C2H3 + HO2208. C2H5 + HO2 = C2H4 + H2O2209. C3H6 + O = CH2O + C2H4210. C3H6 + OH = CH3 + CH3HCO211. C3H6 + OH = C2H5 + CH2O312. C3H3 + C3H3 = C6H5 + H213. C(S) + O2 = O + CO214. C(S) + CH3 = H + C2H2 215. C(S) + OH = CO + H216. C(S) + NO = CO + N217. N + CO2 = NO + CO218. N2 + O = NO + N 219. N + O2 = NO + O 220. NO + M = N + O + M 221. NO + NO = N2 + O2 222. N2O + M = N2 + O + M223. N2O + O = N2 + O2224. N2O + O = NO + NO225. N2O + N = N2 + NO




COMPUTATIONAL CASE : Nozzle-Duct C05D PremixerCOMPUTATIONAL CASE : Nozzle-Duct C05D Premixer

- Case N° 1 - - Case N° 1 - Boundary Conditions AIR Boundary Conditions AIR

Total Pressure Inlet : 650000 PaTotal Temperature Inlet : 760 KAir Mass Flow Inlet : 0.1405 Kg/s



Solver Setup Solver Setup

Combustion Model : StandardTurbulence Model : TSDIARadiation Model : OFF




Contours of CO2 [Mass Fraction]

Contours of H2O [Mass Fraction]

Contours of OH [Mass Fraction] Contours of NO [Mass Fraction]




Contours of Fuel Gas Mass Source [Kg/s]

Contours of Static Temperature [°K]

Contours of Turb. Kin. Energy [m2/s2] Contours of Velocity Magnitude [m/s]









Combustion Model : StandardTurbulence Model : TSDIARadiation Model : ONWall Temperature : 600 KEmissivity : 0.8





















Combustion Model : Detailed MechanismTurbulence Model : TSDIARadiation Model : OFF





















Combustion Model : Detailed MechanismTurbulence Model : TSDIARadiation Model : ONWall Temperature : 600 KEmissivity : 0.8















COMPUTATIONAL CASE : Particle Traces COMPUTATIONAL CASE : Particle Traces ColouredColoured by Static Temperature [K] by Static Temperature [K]

Case 1 : STD Mechanism - Radiation OFF Case 2 : STD Mechanism - Radiation ON

Case 1 : DC Mechanism - Radiation OFF Case 2 : DC Mechanism - Radiation ON



COMPUTATIONAL CASE : Static Temperature [K]COMPUTATIONAL CASE : Static Temperature [K]

Case 1 : STD Mechanism - Radiation OFF

Case 1 : DC Mechanism - Radiation OFF Case 2 : DC Mechanism - Radiation ON

Case 2 : STD Mechanism - Radiation ON



27

IterationsIterations

TTransient ransient PPerformance erformance MMethod : Functionethod : Function

-0.2

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

0.0E+00 5.0E+04 1.0E+05 1.5E+05 2.0E+05 2.5E+05 3.0E+05 3.5E+05 4.0E+05 4.5E+05 5.0E+05 5.5E+05

PositionFlameAxial

TPM Modified Functional Design Values

Functional Design Values

opt

opt







Fuel : Kerosene Liquid [C12H23]Fuel Mass Flow Inlet : 0.005518 Kg/sTotal Temperature Inlet : 298 K [Old value 380 K]Droplets Diameters : 80 Cone Angle : 40°[Old Value 50°]Droplets Velocity : 65 m/s [Old Value 50 m/s]


Combustion Model : Detailed MechanismTurbulence Model : TSDIARadiation Model : ONWall Temperature : 600 KEmissivity : 0.8




Contours of Fuel Mass Source [Kg/s]


Contours of Turb. Kin. Energy [m2/s2]

Contours of Velocity Magnitude [m/s]




Contours of HCO [Mass Fraction]

Contours of HCOOH [Mass Fraction]

Contours of HO2 [Mass Fraction]

Contours of N2O [Mass Fraction]




Contours of CO [Mass Fraction] Contours of CO2 [Mass Fraction]


Contours of H2O2 [Mass Fraction]




Contours of C2H [Mass Fraction]

Contours of CH [Mass Fraction]

Contours of CH2 [Mass Fraction]

Contours of CH2S [Mass Fraction]




Contours of OH [Mass Fraction]

Contours of NO [Mass Fraction]

Particle Traces Coloured by Static Temperature [°K]




Contours of NO [Mass Fraction]Contours of NO [Mass Fraction]




Contours of OH [Mass Fraction]Contours of OH [Mass Fraction]




Contours of Static Temperature Contours of Static Temperature [°K][°K]




Contours of Velocity Magnitude Contours of Velocity Magnitude [m/s][m/s]



FROM COMPUTATIONAL CASES TO EMISSION DATA SETSFROM COMPUTATIONAL CASES TO EMISSION DATA SETSX [m] Y [m] Z [m] Static Pres.[Pa] VEL. X [m/s] VEL. Y [m/s] VEL. Z [m/s] Static Temp[C] K [m2/s2] OH [Mol.Frac.] NO [Mol.Frac.]0.00E+00 0.00E+00 2.50E-02 6.51E+05 2.85E-02 -2.13E-02 3.94E+01 2.52E+01 1.82E+01 0.00E+00 0.00E+000.00E+00 0.00E+00 5.01E-02 6.51E+05 -9.43E-02 -2.20E-02 3.91E+01 2.71E+01 1.42E+01 0.00E+00 0.00E+000.00E+00 0.00E+00 7.51E-02 6.51E+05 5.40E-02 -2.00E-02 3.96E+01 2.65E+01 1.20E+01 0.00E+00 0.00E+000.00E+00 0.00E+00 1.00E-01 6.51E+05 -5.53E-03 6.53E-03 3.97E+01 2.77E+01 8.92E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+000.00E+00 0.00E+00 1.25E-01 6.51E+05 -6.79E-03 -2.43E-02 3.97E+01 2.83E+01 8.34E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+000.00E+00 0.00E+00 1.50E-01 6.51E+05 -1.41E-01 -2.42E-01 4.15E+01 2.94E+01 7.47E+00 5.19E-11 3.49E-110.00E+00 0.00E+00 1.75E-01 6.51E+05 -1.81E+00 6.04E-01 2.64E+01 1.66E+02 2.29E+01 2.67E-09 3.01E-090.00E+00 0.00E+00 2.00E-01 6.51E+05 -3.26E-01 -2.43E+00 2.38E+01 1.66E+02 2.68E+01 1.30E-09 1.69E-090.00E+00 0.00E+00 2.25E-01 6.51E+05 -8.13E-01 -1.38E+00 2.29E+01 1.72E+02 1.77E+01 1.08E-09 1.23E-090.00E+00 0.00E+00 2.50E-01 6.51E+05 -1.67E+00 -1.19E-01 1.90E+01 1.89E+02 2.39E+01 4.69E-10 5.61E-100.00E+00 0.00E+00 3.00E-01 6.51E+05 -2.16E-01 -7.26E-01 1.60E+01 1.99E+02 2.21E+01 5.14E-11 7.46E-110.00E+00 0.00E+00 3.51E-01 6.51E+05 1.44E+00 -2.21E+00 6.52E+00 2.66E+02 3.05E+01 3.98E-07 9.09E-070.00E+00 0.00E+00 3.76E-01 6.51E+05 -2.53E+00 -1.02E+00 3.69E+00 3.55E+02 3.81E+01 3.84E-06 9.35E-060.00E+00 0.00E+00 4.26E-01 6.51E+05 -5.65E-01 -1.44E-01 -6.94E+00 6.75E+02 4.29E+01 1.15E-05 2.66E-050.00E+00 0.00E+00 4.51E-01 6.51E+05 -8.41E-01 -2.20E+00 -1.28E+01 7.08E+02 4.79E+01 6.33E-06 1.01E-050.00E+00 0.00E+00 4.76E-01 6.51E+05 3.90E-02 -3.82E+00 -1.21E+01 7.19E+02 4.75E+01 6.28E-06 1.19E-050.00E+00 0.00E+00 5.01E-01 6.51E+05 6.58E-02 -1.56E+00 -9.98E+00 7.27E+02 5.87E+01 6.06E-06 1.01E-050.00E+00 0.00E+00 5.51E-01 6.51E+05 5.02E+00 -1.53E+00 5.30E+00 6.97E+02 4.98E+01 5.34E-06 8.12E-060.00E+00 0.00E+00 5.76E-01 6.51E+05 -8.94E-01 -2.26E+00 6.31E+00 9.79E+02 6.45E+01 9.07E-06 2.14E-050.00E+00 0.00E+00 6.01E-01 6.51E+05 2.20E+00 1.83E+00 1.24E+01 7.90E+02 4.93E+01 8.00E-06 1.39E-050.00E+00 0.00E+00 6.51E-01 6.51E+05 9.43E-01 -9.44E-01 1.83E+01 1.01E+03 4.71E+01 1.11E-05 2.47E-050.00E+00 0.00E+00 6.76E-01 6.51E+05 1.91E+00 -1.98E-01 2.26E+01 9.49E+02 3.68E+01 1.00E-05 2.10E-050.00E+00 0.00E+00 7.26E-01 6.51E+05 1.21E+00 -7.00E-01 2.94E+01 1.12E+03 2.75E+01 8.26E-06 1.96E-050.00E+00 0.00E+00 8.01E-01 6.51E+05 9.09E-01 -2.52E-01 3.10E+01 1.10E+03 2.40E+01 7.92E-06 1.78E-050.00E+00 0.00E+00 8.26E-01 6.51E+05 8.22E-01 6.13E-02 3.32E+01 1.09E+03 1.90E+01 6.47E-06 1.40E-050.00E+00 0.00E+00 8.76E-01 6.51E+05 1.17E+00 -5.95E-01 3.42E+01 1.22E+03 1.70E+01 7.32E-06 1.85E-050.00E+00 0.00E+00 9.26E-01 6.51E+05 1.01E+00 -5.42E-01 3.46E+01 1.23E+03 1.60E+01 6.44E-06 1.66E-050.00E+00 0.00E+00 9.77E-01 6.51E+05 6.07E-01 -2.42E-01 3.52E+01 1.23E+03 1.46E+01 5.51E-06 1.39E-050.00E+00 0.00E+00 1.00E+00 6.51E+05 8.57E-01 -6.33E-01 3.57E+01 1.34E+03 1.37E+01 4.86E-06 1.48E-050.00E+00 0.00E+00 1.03E+00 6.51E+05 5.60E-01 -1.13E-01 3.57E+01 1.22E+03 1.28E+01 4.88E-06 1.23E-050.00E+00 0.00E+00 1.08E+00 6.51E+05 5.27E-01 -1.38E-01 3.60E+01 1.25E+03 1.10E+01 4.28E-06 1.14E-050.00E+00 0.00E+00 1.10E+00 6.51E+05 5.59E-01 -3.03E-01 3.60E+01 1.30E+03 1.08E+01 4.35E-06 1.21E-050.00E+00 0.00E+00 1.15E+00 6.51E+05 4.15E-01 -1.74E-01 3.63E+01 1.30E+03 9.86E+00 3.67E-06 1.04E-050.00E+00 0.00E+00 1.23E+00 6.51E+05 3.60E-01 -1.69E-01 3.64E+01 1.31E+03 8.97E+00 3.06E-06 9.14E-06

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MUSCLES Modelling of Un s teady Combustion in Low Emission Systems