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INTRO TO ANATOMY &
PHYSIOLOGY
Mrs. Yanac
Anatomy The study of the structure of organisms
and their relationship to each other. Answers the question “What are the
structures of the body?” Comparative Anatomy Gross Anatomy Regional Anatomy Systemic Anatomy Developmental Anatomy Embryology Microscopic Anatomy (Histology)
Physiology
The study of body function. Answers the question “How do
parts work?”Cell PhysiologySpecial PhysiologySystemic PhysiologyPathological
Relationship between A & P “Structure determines function” Anatomy & physiology are closely
related as to the function depends on how it is put together.
Levels of organization Chemical
- Atoms & molecules Cellular
- Basic structural & functional unit of all living things- Smallest unit of life
Tissue - Cells with similar structure & function
Organ - 2 or more tissue types that work together to perform 1 or
more functions Organ systems
- A group of organs working together Organism
- Many systems that work together to maintain life- Highest level of structural organization
Structural Organization
Human Organ Systems
1. Integumentary System – skin, hair, and nails
2. Skeletal System – support and protection
3. Muscular System – movement
4. Nervous System – control system
5. Endocrine System – communication within the body
6. Circulatory System – transport and delivery
7. Lymphatic System - body’s defense system
8. Respiratory System – gas exchange
9. Digestive System – breakdown of food & waste excretion
10. Urinary System – removes wastes from the blood
11. Reproductive System – production of offspring
Figure 1.2a–c
Figure 1.2d–f
Figure 1.2g–i
Figure 1.2j–l
Necessary Life FunctionsMaintaining boundaries
– Cell membranes and integumentary system
Movement– Muscular and skeletal systems
Responsiveness– Sensing changes in the environment (nervous system)
Digestion– Breaking down food to get energy
Metabolism– All chemical reactions within the body (endocrine system)
Excretion– Removal of wastes (urinary/excretory system)
Reproduction– Ensures continuation of the species
Growth & Development– Increase in size
Survival Needs Nutrients
Contain chemicals used for energy & cell building Oxygen
Needed to carry out cellular respiration Water
60-80% of body weightFluid base for the body
Body TemperatureNeeds to be maintained at 37oC (98oF)
Atmospheric PressureBreathing & gas exchange depend on proper pressure
Homeostasis
Maintaining a constant (stable) internal environment
Depends on a constant state ofChemical compositionTemperaturePressure & Volume
All body systems work together to maintain homeostasis, but it is mainly controlled by the nervous & endocrine systems.
Internal conditions may change & vary, but always within narrow limits…equilibrium is VITAL!
Homeostatic Regulation Autoregulation (intrinsic)
Adjust automatically in response to environmental change○ When O2 levels decline in tissue, cells release
chemicals that dilate local blood vessels to increase rate of blood flow which provides more O2
Extrinsic regulationResults from activities from nervous or endocrine
system○ We you set your hand on a hot stove, the heat produces
a painful, localized disturbance & the nervous system orders your muscles to pull your hand away from the stove
Regulatory Mechanism
ReceptorSensor that is sensitive to a particular
environmental change or stimulus Control Center
Area that receives & processes the info Effector
Cell or organ that responds to the commands of the control center
Action either opposes or enhances the stimulus
Negative Feedback Mechanisms
Stimulus produces a response that opposes the original stimulus
Example: Temperature control If body temp exceeds 37oC (98.6oF),
hypothalamus acts as a thermostat & heat loss is increased through enhanced blood flow to skin & increased sweating
Positive Feedback Mechanisms
Stimulus produces a response that enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus
Example: Blood Clotting Break in blood vessel wall causes
bleeding. Damaged cells release chemicals that attract platelets to which will block the break and stop the bleeding.
HOMEOSTASIS RECAP
Positive & Negative Feedback by BOZEMAN
Anatomical Position
Standing, feet apart, with palms forward and thumbs facing outwards.
Directional Terms Anterior and Posterior, which describe structures at the front
(anterior) and back (posterior) of the body. Superior and Inferior, which describe a position above (superior) or
below (inferior) another part of the body. Proximal and Distal, which describe a position that is closer
(proximal) or further (distal) from the trunk of the body. Superficial and Deep, which describe structures that are closer to
(superficial) or further from (deep) the surface of the body. Sometimes profound is used synonymously with deep.
Medial and Lateral, which describe a position that is closer to (medial) or further from (lateral) the midline of the body.
Ventral and Dorsal, which describe structures derived from the front (ventral) and back (dorsal) of the embryo before limb rotation.
Cranial and Caudal, which describe structures close to the top of the skull (cranial), and towards the bottom of the body (caudal).
Occasionally, sinister for left, and dexter for right are used
Body Planes
Anatomical Landmarks
Body Cavities
VIDEOS
CRASH COURSE: Intro to Anatomy & Physiology
BOZEMAN SCIENCE: Anatomy & Physiology
BOZEMAN SCIENCE: Positive & Negative Feedback Loop
See Mr. Ford’s video series on my website under HELPFUL VIDEOS