Moving Towards Sustainable Development

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Moving Towards Sustainable Development(Process document of development in Indira Colony village in one decade)

Kumarappa Institute of Gram SwarajKumarappa Institute of Gram Swaraj


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Moving Towards Sustainable DevelopmentProcess document of development in Indira Colony (Ramniwaspura) village in last one

decade (September 2003 - August 2013), Panchayat Samiti-Chaksu,

District-Jaipur, Rajasthan

Dr. Amit Kumar

Financed By Bhatia Trust, New Delhi(In memory of Late Shri. Jethanand P Bhatia)

To Encourage Self-Sustaining Development of the Village

In Cooperation With

Kumarappa Institute of Gram SwarajB-190, University Marg, Bapu Nagar,

Jaipur - 302 015 (Rajasthan), INDIA

Phone: 91-141- 2708695 Fax: 91-141-2708621

E-mail: [email protected], Website: www.kigs.org


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Moving Towards Sustainable Development

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1. BACKGROUND

Kumarappa Institute of Gram Swaraj is a voluntary organization engaged in

socio-economic research, study, survey, rural planning and development since 1968.The Institute has completed more than 50 projects of research-survey since its

inception. In the reference of rural development it has been the effort of the Institute

to establish social structure, which is free from exploitation and gives place to a

balanced and sustainable development. The Institute believes that it will lead to an

indigenous, self reliant and self-sufficient society. To achieve the aim of self-reliance

the village has been taken as the basic unit comprising of the villagers and rural

families. Although the achievement of these objectives in the existing conditions is a

difficult one, in the Indian society with its natural and social resources, it is certainly a

desirable effort in the direction to find an alternative social structure. The Institute is

making an effort to achieve these objectives by taking village as a unit in rural

development along with people's participation at the grassroots level.

Dr. Rattan Bhatia (a former senior official of the International Monetary Fund)

and his wife, Mrs. Doris Bhatia, proposed to create a Charitable Trust to promote

sustainable development in selected villages by providing financial and other

assistance and inviting labour and small financial complementary contributions from

the beneficiary villagers themselves. As a first experiment in this endeavour, Dr.

Bhatia contacted Professor Vijay Shankar Vyas to assist in identifying a village or

two for the purpose. Prof. Vyas contacted Kumarappa Institute of Gram Swaraj, of

which he is a senior member, recommending that the Institute collaborate with Dr.

Bhatia.

Naturally, the Institute appreciated the complementarities of Dr. and Mrs.

Bhatia's objectives and the Institute's mandate and decided to associate with them in

their endeavour. It was thought necessary that Bhatias should visit some of the

villages and discuss their problems. Dr. Vijay Shankar Vyas and Dr. Rattan Bhatia

with his wife visited Kalikheda (district Sikar) and Indira Colony - Ramniwaspura

(district Jaipur) villages on 19-20 September 2003 and discussed the problems with

the villagers. In the first phase, it was decided that the work might be started in


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Ramniwaspura (Indira Colony) because the size of the village was small and all the

families in the village belonged to the same dalit caste i.e. Bairwa. Also, since KIGS

was already working in the village for quite some time it was thought appropriate to

select this village. The socially harmonized profile of the village, and its small

number of inhabitants, was also commensurate with the financing capacity of the

trust. Extreme poverty and lack of possible self-generated resources together with

active participation of women in the initial exploratory visit by Bhatia family

encouraged the trust to take up development oriented activities in the village after

proper planning. For this purpose a base line survey of the village was taken up with

the cooperation of the villagers.

2. PROGRAMME MISSION

The programme mission in Indira Colony was gender-balanced socio-

economic development in which special focus was on improving living standards of

the local inhabitants, women/girls literacy and improved sanitation. The livelihoods

of people depended on subsistence agriculture and it was decided to integrate it with

the market economy as the principal route towards development. In brief, the

objectives of the project was "to make the best use of the natural and human resourcesof the village taking into account the social, economic and educational conditions, so

that the development of the families living in the village could be made sustainable".

In order to achieve the above aim it was essential that the basic conditions

(families and village as a whole) should be fully understood and with this in view

base line survey of the village was taken up. This survey provided the detailed figures

of the villages natural resources such as land, water, geographic conditions, human

resources and cattle wealth of village. In order to prepare the overall development

plan of the village, education, technical know how, economic data (income, debt etc.),

employment preferences of the people etc. was also collected.

3. PRINCIPLES OF ASSISTANCE

To ensure sustainability of the programme certain broad principles of

assistance was agreed between the trustees of Bhatia Trust and KIGS officials. All

projects were to be first reviewed by the Village Council (Gram Sabha) and then


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forwarded to the Trust for financing. While the proposal for a project was to be

advanced by the village or the individual, the Trust was to examine its cost-benefit

implications before approving the project; all projects should be demand driven. The

village, as well as the individual borrower, would contribute at least 10% of the cost

of the project either in terms of labour or cash; assistance would be in the form of

grants to the village; use of that assistance by individuals was to be treated as interest

free loan from the village to the individual to be repaid to the village voluntarily, the

schedule of the amount so repaid could be a self-determined proportion of the

increase in the individuals income as a result of the completed project.

Meeting with villagers

4. ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANISATION

The Village Council (Gram Sabha) was the supreme authority in project

preparation as well as its implementation. Sh. Kalyan Sahai Sharma and Sh. Pappulal

from KIGS acted as guide and mentor to the project. One of the important

achievements of the project was that Gram Sabha activities in all fields were


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strengthened. All the important discussions and decisions were taken in the gram

sabha meetings. The view of each and everyone was heard and decisions were taken

accordingly. The women self help group of the village needs special mention as they

were proactive in taking a lead in the entire endeavor. In brief the organizational

arrangement for the development of the village was as follows:

1. The role of Kumarappa Institute of Gram Swaraj was that of a counselor. The

Institute expanded full cooperation in preparing projects and its

implementation with the consent of Dr. Bhatia and the Gram Sabha.

2. Gram Sabha was the main organization and their decision in the

implementation of individual projects was final. Gram Sabha has formed its

own development and other committees which are responsible for executing a

particular program.

3. The Gram Sabha takes up the programs and other facilities extended by the

government.

4. With the view to meeting the trust-mandated principle that all trust-financed

projects should have a minimum local cash/labour complementary

contribution, and that the development programs may go on regularly with its

own sources, resource mobilization at the village level was initiated. These

resources were in the form of cash amount, cooperation in the form of labour -

mutual cooperation. Gram Sabha had prepared its action plan to implement the

mission of the project.

5. In view of the interest and activeness of the women in gender-based

development they have also prepared their own action plan aimed at raising

resources for mutual social and economic needs.

5. METHODOLOGY ADOPTED FOR BASELINE AND ENDLINE

SURVEY

The present study is to see the impact of various development initiatives taken

up during last 10 years in Indira Colony village. (a) A detailed account of each family

was prepared after full discussion with them. (b) The questionnaire has been used for

collecting the family data. (c) The senior workers of the Institute Shri Kalyan Sahai

Sharma and Shri Pappu Lal are associated with the villagers since beginning therefore


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it has been easy for them to go into the details of the problem. Discussions were held

on individual and group basis with both men and women in the village.

Discussion in Gram Sabha

6. LOCATION OF VILLAGE

Ramniwaspura is the main village, which is also a revenue village belonging

to Gram Panchayat Chandel and Panchayat Samiti Chaksu. Indira Colony a hamlet of

Ramniwaspura is situated at a distance of 45 km. from Jaipur on Chaksu to

Kotkhawada road. Chaksu is at a distance of 40 km. south of Jaipur on the Jaipur -

Kota national highway. The village is at a distance of 5 km. from Chaksu.

7. SOCIAL CONDITION

All the families of the village belong to Bairwa (Schedule) caste. Since all

belong to the same caste there is no social difference. The village has natural unity

and brotherhood.


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Women Group

The women group in the village is interested in picking up new things and

adopting them in practice. Before base line survey there was no tradition of meeting

and discussion and understanding about themselves. With persuasion and efforts of

Kumarappa Institute of Gram Swaraj an atmosphere has been created in which they

sit together and discuss about the betterment of their lives. A concrete result of this

has been the creation of an informal savings and loan 'bank' in which the women

contribute a regular sum each month which is on-lent to members in case of socio-

economic needs. The interest about education and self-employment is also increasing.

At the time of end line survey the Self Help Group in the village had Rs.

18,785/- as bank deposit and they have given loans worth Rs. 64,000/- to its members.

Village in initial phase


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8. POPULATION

The details regarding the population are as follows:

Base line (2003) End line (2013)

DetailsMore than 14

years

Less than 14

years

More than 14

years

Less than 14

years

Male 36 24 55 30

Female 35 26 60 19

Total 71 50 115 49

In the base line survey adult male were 36, female 35, boys 24, girls 26, total

families were 19, and average family size was 6.4. In the end line survey adult maleare 55, female 60, boys 30, girls 19, total families 22, average family size is 7.5.

Therefore, the population of the village has increased in comparison to base line

survey.

Newly build toilets


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9. FACILITIES

At the time of base line survey a road passed through the village, but now a

new highway has come up which is hardy 500 metres from the village. (2) Rajiv

Gandhi School has been opened, which is upto class V. (3) The village has got

electricity, in base line survey 5 families had electricity connection but in end line

survey all the 22 families have taken electricity connection. (4) One well had diesel

engine; another had electric pump. There is some difficulty in taking electric

connection for irrigation. (5) At the time of survey the village had 6 bicycles in all. (6)

There was no bathroom or toilet facility in the village. During the following years the

villagers were given essential information about sanitation and were encouraged to

construct the basic facility in the village.

During the end line survey people had motorcycle, television, etc. The village

has 18 bicycles, 18 TV, 12 motorcycles and 10 mobiles. One family has purchased

four wheeler (Bolero Jeep) which is used as taxi in Jaipur. One public toilet and 3

individual toilets have been constructed in the village. Bathroom is available in all the

houses. Bus service is available and now the girls are going to Chaksu school by bus

for higher studies. People go to Chaksu Bazaar for shopping (which is 5 km.) by bus.Earlier though they do not feel much difficulty by going on foot but now a days

everybody depends on transportation.

10. EDUCATION

In base line survey the position of education was not satisfactory in the village.

After the opening of Primary School, almost all children now go to school. But in end

line survey the position of education is good as compared to previous survey. In

previous survey the adult men and women lack literacy. Adult literate men and

women were 30 and 10 respectively. The men and women who had read up to 8th

standard were 8 and 3. In addition 15 children were studying in 5th - 8th class. Two

young persons had studied up to 10th class. One youth Shri Bhagwan Sahai is M.A.

(Passed) and is working as teacher in Rajiv Gandhi School.


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In the end line survey the adult men and women literacy rate has improved.

Adult literate men and women are 53 and 56. The men who have read up to 8 th

standard are 24 and women 15. 15 male and 10 female have read upto class 9 to 12. 4

men and 2 women are pursuing graduation. Bhatia Trust gave conveyance support to

21 girls to go to school from the village to Chaksu which is situated at a distance of 5

k.m from the village because the primary school in the village was up to class V.

Education Classification


Class Male Female Male Female

Illiterate 22 2 4

Literate 28 10 9 29Class 5-8 8 3 24 15

Class 9-10 13 8

Class 11-12 2 2

Graduation 4 2

Post Graduation/B.Ed. 1 0

Total 36 35 55 60

Note: In addition to the above data 15 children during baseline survey were studying

in 5-8 class.

School uniform for village students


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Life Skill and Sexuality Education for Adolescent Girls

11. AGRICULTURAL LAND AND ITS QUALITY

The village lacks natural resources. All the families are having small holdings.

In base line survey the total agricultural land was 51 bigha (revenue land). In addition

9 bigha land was fallow (banjar/sawai chak) which is common grazing land of the

village. Out of the total agriculture land 24 bigha had partial irrigation facility, and the

other 27 bigha was un-irrigated. The total agricultural land, if calculated per family,

was 2.68 bigha per family. If partial irrigated land was calculated per family, it comes

to 1.26 bigha per family. So far as the quality of land was concerned it is sandy, loamand saline. People have told that during last years, the use of fertilizers has damaged

the quality of land. Over the years the productive capacity has improved gradually by

the use of compost. With the view to improve the land structure, the use of compost

and green manure (locally produced in the village) has proved beneficial for

production and improving the land structure.

In end line survey the total agriculture land is 38 bigha. Out of the total

agriculture land 23 bigha have partial irrigation facility and the other 15 bigha is un-


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irrigated. The total agriculture land, if calculated per family will be 1.72 bigha per

family. If partial irrigated land is calculated per family, it will come to 1.045 bigha per

family. In comparison to base and end line survey agriculture land is reduced by 22

bigha. This land has been sold by villagers because it was far from the settlement and

was un-irrigated land in the dry river catchment area.

The money received after selling land was used for various productive

purposes like purchasing more animals for rearing especially goats and cow, the

increase in animals in the village is a result of land sale, a new taxi (jeep) was

purchased for hiring, etc. Some money was also used for consumption purposes such

as repaying old debts, repairing and construction of house, marriage, medical

treatment, etc.

The only source of irrigation in the village is well. At present irrigation facility

(engine and electric motor pumps) is from two wells. Support has been given for

engine on one well and generator for another well.

Organic Farm


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Some farmers use traditional way of ploughing by cows and bulls, but now

most of the farmers are doing it by tractor taken on rent.

Agriculture Land


Total Land

(in bigha)Irrigated Unirrigated Fallow

Total Land

(in bigha)Irrigated Unirrigated Sold

60 24 27 9 60 23 15 22

As a result of improved irrigation facility and other supportive infrastructure

provided by Bhatia Trust there has been significant increase in the agriculture

production. No increase is seen in monsoon crop such as millet, sesamum, mooth,

guar, chaula etc. But the winter crop production of wheat and barley has increased

from 71 quintals in 2007 to 124 quintal in 2013 an increase of about 75%. This was

possible because of the following initiatives - 1000 feet of underground pipeline was

laid for irrigation, side boring up to 200 feet was done on all the four sides of the well,

wired fencing of 4 hectares of land which is about 1600 running meters was done to

save crops from stray Neel Gai and other cattles, diesel generator of 10 KVA was

purchased which decreased the dependency on electricity for irrigation.

Agriculture Production


Millet (Bajra) 20 quintal

Sesamum (Til) 40 kg.

Mooth 40 kg.

Wheat and Barley (Joo) 71 quintal

Millet (Bajra) 21 quintal

Guar 3 quintal

Mooth 20 kg.

Chaula 50 kg.

Wheat and Barley (Joo) 124 quintal

12. CATTLE WEALTH

The cattle wealth has increased during last ten years. In 2003 many cattle were

either sold or died in famine. But in last ten years the cattle has slightly increased.

Thus farmers' interest in cattle has revived and they are conscious about the cattle. At

the time of base line survey the number of cattle was as follows: cows-14, buffaloes-

3, and goats-3. Thus their total number was 20.


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But in end line survey the numbers of cattle are: cows-29, buffaloes-4, goats-

51, male kids-7 and female kids-15.Therefore, the total number of cattle is 106. The

no. of cow has increased because it is much cheap than buffalo and the rearing cost is

also less.

Wire fencing to protect crops from stray cattle

Cattle Wealth

Cattle Base line (2003) End line (2013)

Cow 14 29

Buffalo 3 4

Goat 3 51

Male kids-cow, buffalo, goat 0 7

Female kids-cow, buffalo, goat 0 15

Total 20 106


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Villagers are interested in cows, so that they can get milk from them and also

cow-dung for compost to be used in agriculture. Thus they are much interested in

animal husbandry. Particularly, women are taking special interest.

13. HOUSING

House for dwelling here means only shelter and sleeping place at night. There

is no proper house for the family. In base line survey home covers one pucca room,

kitchen, sleeping place. There was no provision of toilet and bathroom. Out of 19

families, 15 had house with one pucca room and others had kaccha house - hut only.

They had huts near the pucca room which gave them shelter.

But in end line survey the ratio has slightly increased. Out of all the 22

families, 21 families have pucca home, 6 kuccha home and 4 huts. The number of

rooms in the village is 57. 4 toilets have been constructed in the village and bathroom

is available in all the houses in the village. They have some shelter for animals and

goats live along with them. There is no separate provision for keeping grains or

kitchen. They keep grain in their dwelling space. They use open space for kitchen.

Newly build house in the village


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The residents of the village had a good sense of cleanliness. They keep the

houses and the surroundings neat and clean. There may be one or two units of

individual who are lacking in norms of cleanliness i.e. civic sense.

Housing

Type of House Base line (2003) End line (2013)

Kaccha 4 6

Pucca 15 21

Hut 4 4

No. of rooms 15 57

14. EMPLOYMENT

Though from tradition and nature farmers are interested in agriculture,

villagers do not get full employment from agriculture. In base line survey due to

shortage of land it does not provide full employment. Shortage of cattle wealth in

village is also another reason for it. But in end line survey cattle wealth is increasing.

Villagers get more employment in non-agriculture activity as compared to previous

survey because the irrigated land has decreased. Women are particularly in search of

employment. In base line survey, information about main employment was collected.

18 families were fully dependent on agriculture and labour. Two families were

earning their living from labour and animal husbandry; one family had a small

grocery shop. The main places for labour were Chaksu, Jaipur and Tonk. Employment

was also available in near by villages. The main areas for employment were (a)

agricultural work - labour in nearby villages, women work in nearby villages too (b)

masons - generally men go for construction work (c) labour - housing work, road

work, other labour works in the market. In base line survey unskilled labour men got

Rs. 70-90 and women got Rs. 60-70. It was not necessary that they may get work

daily. Many times they had to return back without getting any work. The charge (fare)

for going and coming back was additional loss. The expenses on tea and other items

was also a loss. For how many days in a month they will get employment was not

certain. On an average we can say that the labour work was received for 10-15 days

but this was on an average.


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Self employment for village youth

In the end line survey there has been a shift from agriculture to labour oriented

livelihood, now unskilled labour men get Rs. 300 and women get Rs. 250 per day.

Now only 13 persons are engaged in agriculture (8 men, 5 women). Chaksu has now

become a big commercial centre, so getting labour work is not a problem. If someone

is ready to take up labour job he can get it easily. The rates in Jaipur and Chaksu are

same so people prefer to take up job in Chaksu itself.

Employment


Employment Male Female Male Female

Agriculture/Animal husbandry 8 5

Labour 26 1

Karighar 2 0

Small business/Mechanic 6 0

Housewife 0 43

Student 10 11

Nothing 2 1

Note: In the base line survey 18 families were fully dependent on agriculture and

labour, 2 families earn their living from labour and animal husbandry and 1 family

had a small grocery shop.


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Self employment for village women

15. HEALTH AND MEDICAL FACILITIES

Till date there is no medical facility available in the village. The nearest place

where medical facility is available is Chaksu (5 km.). There is government as well as

private dispensary. The facility for veterinary hospital is also available in Chaksu.

Generally common diseases occur in the village during change of season such as

fever; cough is common among children. Cold, amoebiasis, eye infections, stomach

problem, menstrual problems among women is common. It is generally seen that

people do not take proper care in the beginning, do not get proper treatment with the

result that the disease increases gradually. If the treatment is availed in the beginning

the disease will not become serious. It is also seen that treatment is delayed for

economic reason also. During last two-three decades the people have started taking

interest in allopathic treatment which has become very costly. Whereas ordinary

precautions, local herbals, homeopathy can cure the common diseases, etc. In view of

the above it is necessary that health treatment, cleanliness, knowledge about initial

treatment, training about local medicines, creating confidence in all the things


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discussed above will prove useful for the villagers. In view of the good environmental

condition in the village, training in health can improve health conditions in the village

and medical treatment facility can be provided to the villagers at minimum costs.

16. FOOD AND DIET

In village diet and food contains the local products. During the famine the

villagers had to purchase grains due to its shortage in the village. Usually the villagers

produce the quantity of food grains enough for their own use. Generally the diet

consists of bajra, wheat, barley, pulses or chilli. In case milk is available, chapati

(bread) and chach are sufficient. The use of vegetable is little. Generally the villagers

use only those things which are produced by them. In view of this bajra, wheat,

barley, moong moth, gram, onion, chilli, garlic is produced by all the families as far as

possible. These things are mostly used in their diet. The habit of tea has increased in

the villages. In general smoking has decreased.

Kitchen Garden


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17. SOURCES OF INCOME

It is general practice that family income is calculated in terms of rupees. This

norm of income is appropriate from the economic point of view. This process of

evaluation of economic position is convenient. But in the village the economic

structure is not based on cash amount. It is based on the habit of production, use and

availability of the commodity. Therefore there is basic difference in the calculated

income and actual economic life. Therefore it is appropriate only to certain extent to

calculate the income and expenditure on the basis of rupees. It becomes difficult to

evaluate the local (subsistence) production and available resources in terms of rupees.

Estimated Total Annual Income by Various Sources (Baseline - 2003)

Sources of Income

Total

Income

(Rs.)

Percentage

Annual

income

per family

(Rs.)

Monthly

income per

family (Rs.)

1. Agriculture Production 1,10,000 31 5,789 482

2. Income from Labour 2,14,000 61 11,263 939

3. Income from cattle wealth 12,000 3 632 53

4. Income from other sources 14,500 4 763 63

TOTAL 3,50,500 100 18,447 1,537

Self employment for village women


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During the base line survey the labour was the main source of income. The

agriculture got the second place and the position of other sources was nominal. Some

families got income from other sources. So far as various items of expenditure are

concerned this is estimate only. It is clear that the expenditure on food is 20 percent

where as on social items (marriage, death feast and various festivals) the percentage

of expenditure comes to 18%. From the tables below, it is clear that at 6.4 members

per family, the average income per member comes to eight rupee per day, and that the

average family is forced to go into debt to meet its minimum survival requirements.

Estimated Total Annual Income by Various Sources (End line - 2013)

Sources of Income

Total

Annual

Income

(Rs.)

Percentage

Annual

income

per family

(Rs.)

Monthly

income per

family (Rs.)

1. Agriculture Production 2,19,560 11 9,980 832

2. Income from Labour 10,15,000 52 46,136 3,845

3. Income from cattle wealth 3,70,000 19 16,818 1,402

4. Income from other sources 3,60,000 18 16,364 1,364

TOTAL 19,64,560 100 89,298 7,442

In the end line survey the income from agriculture decreased from 31% to

11% which is natural as the production from agriculture has reached saturation,

moreover the agriculture produce in Indira Colony was used for subsistance and not

for the market. It is interesting to see that the income from cattle wealth and other

sources has shown considerable growth, both increased from 3-4% to 19-18%. Labour

is still the main source of livelihood for the people of the village. The average income

per member comes to Rs. 33 per day, this is the reason why family debt has not

decreased over the years; as a result the family is forced to go into debt to meet its

minimum survival requirements.


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Estimated Cash Expenditure on Various Heads (Baseline - 2003)

Food contains mostly the local production or grains, and as such its evaluation

in terms of rupees is difficult. Whatever is available in their fields, they do with it and

it is divided in the family. Thus its calculation in rupees is difficult while its

calculation on other items is easy. The expenditure on development heads such as

agriculture, water, animals' etc. comes to 18 per cent. The travelling expenses for

going outside the village for labour are a separate item of expenditure. The expenses

on smoking has been 6 per cent which is certainly too much. The figures of income

and expenditure per month appear heavy. There may be some doubt as to how the

expenditure of the family is met. But it is true. Instead of calculating the life in terms

of money it should be calculated in terms of local and self produced things, in the

context of life style. How the family pulls on by eating and clothing? The standard of

family shall have to be seen in view of the above facts. It will be easy to understand

the position if the above details are studied in detail. The above figures are estimated

but the life does not go on the basis of the calculated figures. The expenditure on

other items is not monthly. The expenditure on clothes, medicine, social and

economic engagements does not work on monthly or daily basis. These are the

expenditure on special occasion. The items of daily diet are not purchased and there

are other things which are difficult to be calculated in terms of money. For example

the expenditure on fuel, vegetable, oil and species is minimum. The main expenditure

is made on grains. The picture becomes clear by actual calculation. In this village the

expenditure on grains in a family comes to 50-60 kg. per month (wheat or bajra), the

HeadTotal

Expenditure

%age

Annual

expenditure

per family

Monthly

expenditure

per family1. Food 92,000 20 4,842 404

2. Clothes 51,000 11 2,684 224

3. Education 35,000 7 1,842 154

4. Medicine 63,000 13 3,316 276

5. Travelling 35,000 7 1,842 154

6. Smoking 26,100 6 1,374 114

7. Social Expenditure 85,000 18 4,474 373

8. Development works

(Agriculture, animals etc.)

83,000 18 4,368 364

TOTAL 4,70,100 100 24,742 2,063


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cost of which come to about Rs. 300. The minimum expenditure on other items had

been Rs. 200. There may be some difference in this calculation. But it is not very

much far from truth. The last man of the society is living under these conditions, a

fact, which should be accepted.

Generator for improved irrigation


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Estimated Cash Expenditure on Various Heads (End line - 2013)

In the end line survey the expenditure on food has increased from 20% to 34%

and on clothes from 11% to 23% which shows the growing importance of food and

clothes in daily life. Now people have started taking nutritious food which include

fruits and vegetables which was lacking before. The expenditure on education and

travelling remains the same. Expenditure on smoking has decreased from 6% to 2%

mainly because of the fact that people have switched from smoking to chewing

tobacco (daily expenses on biddi is Rs. 15 and on tobacco is Rs. 2) also as a result of

KIGS intervention women have stopped smoking. It is interesting to see that expenses

on social functions and development works has decreased from 18% to 10%. During

the years KIGS has been educating people to cut expenses on social functions such as

marriages, death feast, etc. and people have positively responded to it. The feast inmarriages have decreased from two times to one, also earlier the invitation was given

to 5-6 adjoining villages now it has reduced to own village. The death feast is also

decreasing, people now avoid going to death feast.

Although a savings of Rs. 1000/- per month per family is visible under income

expenditure accounts but this is insignificant looking into the average family size of

7.5 members.

HeadTotal

Expenditure

%age

Annual

expenditure

per family

Monthly

expenditure

per family

1. Food 5,89,200 34 26,782 2,232

2. Clothes 3,92,800 23 17,855 1,488

3. Education 1,26,000 7 5,727 477

4. Medicine 1,25,000 7 5,682 473

5. Travelling 99,000 6 4,500 375

6. Smoking 33,000 2 1,500 125

7. Social Expenditure 1,82,000 11 8,273 6898. Development works

(Agriculture, animals etc.)

1,70,000 10 7,727 644

TOTAL 17,17,000 100 78,045 6,504


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18. THE POSITION OF DEBT

During the base line survey the position of debt in the village was very

serious, except in one family, all the families had liabilities. It was found that (one

family was free from liability) the total loan on 18 families was Rs.6, 80,000. If it is

calculated per family the amount comes to Rs. 37,778. The per head loan comes to

Rs. 5,620. Apparently, the debtor family pays an annual interest of around 24%. Thus

interest alone deprives the village of nearly 8-10 percent of their annual income and

certainly is a great drain on their meager income. If the figures of liability are

classified, the position of the families comes as below:

Amount of Debt per Family (Base line - 2003)

S.No. Classification of Debt (Rs.) Number of Families

1. Up to 10,000 2

2. 10,000 to 20,000 4

3. 20,000 to 40,000 5

4. 40,000 to 50,000 5

5. More than 50,000 2

TOTAL FAMILIES 18

Amount of Debt per Family (End line - 2013)

S.No. Classification of Debt (Rs.) Number of Families

1. Up to 10,000 1

2. 10,000 to 20,000 5

3. 20,000 to 40,000 6

4. 40,000 to 50,000 3

5. More than 50,000 3

TOTAL FAMILIES 18

During the last ten years the loan figure has not changed. The main purpose of

the loan has been found for meeting the daily needs, loans for agriculture and for

meeting other expenses such as marriage, social functions among relatives, etc.

Generally the amount of the loans has been taken from the moneylender. Some part of

it has been taken from relatives also.


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19. PROJECTS FINANCED DURING LAST 10 YEARS

On the basis of the information received in the base line survey an action plan

was made and the following activities were taken up in last 10 years.

Irrigation facility: A diesel engine was installed on a common well andagriculture has been started with it. The beneficiary families have also

contributed a part of the economic assistance.

Irrigation channels: About 1000 feet of underground pipeline was laid forirrigation. This is irrigating about 7 bighas of land, which is benefitting 14

families.

Livelihood support to landless: Three carts were provided to the youths. (a)Cart No. 1 - Shri Ram Bhajan s/o Shri Ramphool and Shri Mangilal s/o Shri

Ramphool (2) Cart No. 2 - Shri Ramlal s/o Shri Ganesh and Shri Hazari s/o

Shri Ganesh (3) Cart No. 3 - Shri Babu lal s/o Shri Ramdev and Shri Banwari

s/o Shri Ramdev.

Vocational training: Ten families of the village have taken training in stonecutting and machines were given to them.

Vocational training: Sewing machine was distributed to 11 members aftergiving week training at Jaipur. Girls are earning between Rs 500 to Rs 1000 in

a month.

Transport for girls to go to school: 21 girls were given conveyance supportto go to school from the village to Chaksu.

Roof-top rain water harvesting: Three houses have been equipped with rooftop rain water harvesting, in which the roof tops of the houses have been

connected with pipes to the ground water recharge tank. Also the waste water

of public hand pump has been connected with recharge tank.

Commercial Organic Farming: Organic agriculture was started in thevillage. Use of chemical fertilizers has been stopped. Preparation of compost

and collection of seeds has been taken up. Gypsum has been given in the 4

hectare piece of land lying on the opposite side of the road to improve the

productivity of the soil. It is expected that the production would increase by

50% as a result of gypsum treatment.


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Fencing of fields against animal grazing of crops: The wired fencing of 4hectares of land which is about 1600 running metres has been done. This has

helped the villagers to save their winter crops from stray animals especially

Neel Gai. It is estimated that about 50% of the crop has been saved as a result

of wiring.

Life Skill and Sexuality Education for Adolescent Girls: A survey of all theadolescent boys and girls was conducted and 30 participants were identified

for training in Indira colony. The residential training was conducted during

summer vocation when all the students were free.

School Uniform for village students: There were 50 students going to schooland all of them were given school uniform in the new session, which started in

July with the auspicious hands of Prof. Vyas and Mrs. Vyas.

Well-electrification: A diesel generator of 10 KVA was purchased, out ofwhich 20% contribution was from the villagers. The generator is expected to

decrease the dependency on electricity for irrigation. Generator was handed

over to the village committee by Prof. Vyas in a small village ceremony.

Toilet: With continuous motivation from Dr. Bhatia three villagers have madetoilets in their homes.

Establishing computer learning centre: The Bhatias raised substantial cashresources from their friends in the USA (many of whom had visited the village

in January 2010) to establish the DAN ARLENE McGINNIS Computer

Centre to provide computer training facilities to the students in the village and

its surrounding other villages. The Centre was initially set up in Indira Colony

village in June 2012, the Centre has infrastructure for computer class and can

accommodate 5 computers, on which 10 students can learn. Till March 2013

about 35 students have taken training.

Others: A group of about 50 people visited Indira Colony village on January12, 2010 under the leadership of Dr. Rattan Bhatia and Doris Bhatia. The

visitors had a great time in the village and received first hand information

about the rural development activities taken up by Bhatia Trust during the last

couple of years.


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During September October 2008 the villagers themselves cleaned the villagewell and it was deepened up to 10 feet, also side boring up to 200 feet was

done on all the four sides.

Computer Learning Centre

20. Complementary assistance attracted from other private individuals or

societies and Government:

A new hand pump has been installed by Panchayat for drinking water. Dry toilets have been made with support from Science and Technology

Department, GOR.

A Defluoride Water Tank is operational in the village this unit is installed byScience and Technology Department, GOR.

Ajit Foundation initiated a new concept of Kitchen Garden in the village;some villagers are practicing it also.

As the villagers belong to dalit community, they were not allowed to enter thetemples. Smt. Mani Bahen Kedia from Jaipur decided to construct a temple in


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the village and now the people are able to perform daily puja, bhajan and

religious activities in the village itself.

21. Problems still faced by the village:

A lot of efforts have been put up by the workers of KIGS in making Indira

Colony a model village in the last one decade but there are some issues which still

remain. Personal debt (costing about 8 to 10 percent of income in interest payments

alone) is one such issue; there has been no change in its status in last 10 years. Since

most of the villagers are daily bread earners and dependent on agriculture it is very

difficult for them to save money for emergencies. The flow of income is highly

irregular and daily expenses are necessary for survival; as a result there is always a

mis-match between income and expenditure which is taken care by taking loans.

Though people have started doing saving in the self help group but it is meager in

front of the daily increasing expenses. Also one emergency in a family dries up all the

lifelong savings. It is proposed to discuss this important issue with the families,

elucidating the implications of the current indebtedness and possible solution to

reduce the burden.

Although the income of the village has increased substantially, still the village

depends on subsistence farming for its food and other needs. Villagers have a natural

resistance to convert their fields for producing for the market, as they feel that price

fluctuations could undermine their assured supply of grains etc. A proposal by the

Trust for food security, under which the villagers who move to market-oriented

farming will be assured of the base-line food supply (equal to what they currently

produce) through financial assistance to make up for any price declines, could be tried

on an experimental basis.

Health and sanitation of the villagers is also a matter of concern. Traditionally

Rajasthani food uses lots of milk and ghee but now a day due to selling of milk in the

villages people have reduced milk and ghee intake. This has resulted in less immunity

towards seasonal diseases and weak health. People have been motivated for kitchen

garden but not all the villagers are taking part in it. Sanitation was never a concern for

the villagers, it was Dr. Bhatia personally, and NGO workers, who were making them


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aware of having toilets at home, at present three families have made toilets and other

villagers, are also being motivated to do so.

The population growth in India during the last decade (2001-2011) was

17.64% and that of Rajasthan was 21.4% which is 4 points more than the national

average. But the population growth in Indira Colony during the same period was

35.53% - or twice the average of the Rajasthan average growth - which is a matter of

concern. Efforts would be made to discuss this issue with the villagers and come out

with some practical solutions.

(The above survey and related factors have been discussed in Gram Sabha

who have approved it.)


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Moving Towards Sustainable Development