MotivationMotivation

INTC 5110

Fall 2010

Paradigms and MotivationParadigms and Motivation

• Behaviorist view• Rewards, reinforcements and punishments

• Cognitive Processing• Internal cognition due to extrinsic rewards

and consequences• Can also be intrinsic – cognition based on

internal drives

Paradigms and MotivationParadigms and Motivation

• Objectivist view• Find the motivation and provide it to the learner

• Constructivist view• Each person has their own motivations based on

meaning they associate

• Social Learning• Contextual and cultural influences on what is valued

and strength of motivation

Sources of MotivationSources of Motivation

• Curiosity

• Variance of instruction

• Imagination/Fantasy

• Problems

• Choice

• Relevance

Goal SettingGoal Setting

• Set by Individual and/or Instructor?• Explicit Better than General• Increase in Difficulty• Proximal (close & quick) over Distal

(distant)• Performance vs. Learning• Motive Matching - aligned with learner

motives

Self-Efficacy (Bandura)Self-Efficacy (Bandura)• Learner Beliefs about themselves • Difficulty of Task

• Performance accomplishments (past success)• Vicarious experience (successful model)• Verbal persuasion (convinced of capability)• Physiological states (gut feeling)

• Outcome of Task• Personal value of achieving goal/task

ConsequencesConsequences• Natural consequences (learning more=doing

more)• Positive consequences (rewards)• Intrinsic motivation vs. extrinsic• Attribution Theory

• We have a need to attribute cause to successes and failures

• Search for understanding of success/failure• Internal vs. External• Stable vs. Unstable• Controllable vs. Uncontrollable

Keller ARCS ModelKeller ARCS Model

• Here is one of the original publications of the model

• A resource is at http://ide.ed.psu.edu/idde/ARCS.htm

• Another resource: http://www.ericdigests.org/1998-1/motivation.htm

Keller ARCS ModelKeller ARCS Model• Attention

• Arousing and sustaining curiosity and interest

• Relevance• Link to learners' needs, interests, and motives

• Confidence• Positive expectation for successful achievement

• Satisfaction• Provide extrinsic and intrinsic reinforcement for

effort

ARCS StrategiesARCS Strategies

• Use unexpected and novel approaches

• Use engaging problems

• Vary presentation styles

• Relate to personal goals

• Build on previous positive experiences

• Build expectation via goals/objectives

• Allow for immediate use of learning

ARCS ARCS Design Design ProcessProcess

Analyze audience and create a profileDefine motivational objectivesDesign motivational strategyTry and revise

ConclusionConclusion

• Many takes on motivation

• Very difficult to quantify and measure• Changing variables• Internal process

• Important as a first step in almost all learning