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Molecules to Metabolism II

Molecules to Metabolism II. Review In the previous Powerpoint we looked at ◦The elements in living organisms ◦The importance of carbon ◦The major molecules

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Page 1: Molecules to Metabolism II. Review In the previous Powerpoint we looked at ◦The elements in living organisms ◦The importance of carbon ◦The major molecules

Molecules to Metabolism II

Page 2: Molecules to Metabolism II. Review In the previous Powerpoint we looked at ◦The elements in living organisms ◦The importance of carbon ◦The major molecules

Review

In the previous Powerpoint we looked at◦The elements in living organisms◦The importance of carbon◦The major molecules of life

Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

Page 3: Molecules to Metabolism II. Review In the previous Powerpoint we looked at ◦The elements in living organisms ◦The importance of carbon ◦The major molecules

Nucleic Acids

Uses: Hereditary material (DNA, RNA)◦High Energy Source (ATP)◦Cellular Messenger (cAMP)◦Co-enzyme involved in production of ATP(NADH)

◦ Structure: Made up of nucleotides (monomer) Each nucleotide is made up of a sugar, a phosphate and a nitrogen containing base (purine or pyrimidine)

Page 4: Molecules to Metabolism II. Review In the previous Powerpoint we looked at ◦The elements in living organisms ◦The importance of carbon ◦The major molecules

Structure of a Nucleotide

A single nucleotide looks like this

Page 5: Molecules to Metabolism II. Review In the previous Powerpoint we looked at ◦The elements in living organisms ◦The importance of carbon ◦The major molecules

DNA Structure

Two long strands of nucleotides then combine together to form something that looks like a twisting ladder

(called a double helix)

Page 6: Molecules to Metabolism II. Review In the previous Powerpoint we looked at ◦The elements in living organisms ◦The importance of carbon ◦The major molecules

DNA Structure

There are 4 different bases1. Adenine 2. Thymine

3. Guanine 4. Cytosine

Page 7: Molecules to Metabolism II. Review In the previous Powerpoint we looked at ◦The elements in living organisms ◦The importance of carbon ◦The major molecules

DNA Structure

Adenine only joins with Thymine

Cytosine only joins with Guanine

Page 8: Molecules to Metabolism II. Review In the previous Powerpoint we looked at ◦The elements in living organisms ◦The importance of carbon ◦The major molecules

DNA Structure

The only thing that makes a living organism’s DNA unique is the sequence of bases in the chain

Page 9: Molecules to Metabolism II. Review In the previous Powerpoint we looked at ◦The elements in living organisms ◦The importance of carbon ◦The major molecules

What is Metabolism?

Metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body

There are two types of metabolic reactions:

Anabolic & Catabolic

Page 10: Molecules to Metabolism II. Review In the previous Powerpoint we looked at ◦The elements in living organisms ◦The importance of carbon ◦The major molecules

Anabolic Reactions

Anabolic reactions build large molecules from smaller ones

This usually requires (uses) energy

Example: Photosynthesis◦CO2 + H2O C6H12O6 + O2

◦Source of Energy: Sunlight!

Page 11: Molecules to Metabolism II. Review In the previous Powerpoint we looked at ◦The elements in living organisms ◦The importance of carbon ◦The major molecules

Condensation/Dehydration Synthesis

Anabolic reactions often use a process called condensation or dehydration synthesis to link small molecules together

This process takes H from one molecule and OH from the other forming a molecule of water

Page 12: Molecules to Metabolism II. Review In the previous Powerpoint we looked at ◦The elements in living organisms ◦The importance of carbon ◦The major molecules

Catabolic Reactions

Catabolic reactions break large molecules down into smaller ones

They usually release energy

Example: Cellular Respiration C6H12O6 + O2 H2O + CO2

◦Energy released is used to make ATP!

Page 13: Molecules to Metabolism II. Review In the previous Powerpoint we looked at ◦The elements in living organisms ◦The importance of carbon ◦The major molecules

Hydrolysis

Catabolic reactions use a process called hydrolysis to split large molecules into small ones

H2O is used to “cut” the large moleculeIt is the exact opposite of condensation

Page 14: Molecules to Metabolism II. Review In the previous Powerpoint we looked at ◦The elements in living organisms ◦The importance of carbon ◦The major molecules

Questions

1. What are the four most abundant elements in our bodies?2. List the elements that make up

◦ Carbohydrates◦ Lipids◦ Proteins◦ Nucleic acids

3. Draw a structural formula for Glucose4. Draw a structural formula for an amino acid5. Draw a structural formula for an adenine nucleotide6. Draw a structural formula for an 8 carbon saturated fatty acid7. Draw a structural formula for a 6 carbon mono-unsaturated fatty acid8. Show how condensation links two amino acids together9. Show how hydrolysis can split lactose into glucose and galactose

Page 15: Molecules to Metabolism II. Review In the previous Powerpoint we looked at ◦The elements in living organisms ◦The importance of carbon ◦The major molecules

Other Stuff

Be sure to read page 63 in your textbook about the synthesis of urea

Falsification is a term used to describe the process of disproving an accepted theory

What theory was falsified when Friedrich Wohler synthesized urea in a lab?