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Molecules to Metabolism II
Review
In the previous Powerpoint we looked at◦The elements in living organisms◦The importance of carbon◦The major molecules of life
Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids
Nucleic Acids
Uses: Hereditary material (DNA, RNA)◦High Energy Source (ATP)◦Cellular Messenger (cAMP)◦Co-enzyme involved in production of ATP(NADH)
◦ Structure: Made up of nucleotides (monomer) Each nucleotide is made up of a sugar, a phosphate and a nitrogen containing base (purine or pyrimidine)
Structure of a Nucleotide
A single nucleotide looks like this
DNA Structure
Two long strands of nucleotides then combine together to form something that looks like a twisting ladder
(called a double helix)
DNA Structure
There are 4 different bases1. Adenine 2. Thymine
3. Guanine 4. Cytosine
DNA Structure
Adenine only joins with Thymine
Cytosine only joins with Guanine
DNA Structure
The only thing that makes a living organism’s DNA unique is the sequence of bases in the chain
What is Metabolism?
Metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body
There are two types of metabolic reactions:
Anabolic & Catabolic
Anabolic Reactions
Anabolic reactions build large molecules from smaller ones
This usually requires (uses) energy
Example: Photosynthesis◦CO2 + H2O C6H12O6 + O2
◦Source of Energy: Sunlight!
Condensation/Dehydration Synthesis
Anabolic reactions often use a process called condensation or dehydration synthesis to link small molecules together
This process takes H from one molecule and OH from the other forming a molecule of water
Catabolic Reactions
Catabolic reactions break large molecules down into smaller ones
They usually release energy
Example: Cellular Respiration C6H12O6 + O2 H2O + CO2
◦Energy released is used to make ATP!
Hydrolysis
Catabolic reactions use a process called hydrolysis to split large molecules into small ones
H2O is used to “cut” the large moleculeIt is the exact opposite of condensation
Questions
1. What are the four most abundant elements in our bodies?2. List the elements that make up
◦ Carbohydrates◦ Lipids◦ Proteins◦ Nucleic acids
3. Draw a structural formula for Glucose4. Draw a structural formula for an amino acid5. Draw a structural formula for an adenine nucleotide6. Draw a structural formula for an 8 carbon saturated fatty acid7. Draw a structural formula for a 6 carbon mono-unsaturated fatty acid8. Show how condensation links two amino acids together9. Show how hydrolysis can split lactose into glucose and galactose
Other Stuff
Be sure to read page 63 in your textbook about the synthesis of urea
Falsification is a term used to describe the process of disproving an accepted theory
What theory was falsified when Friedrich Wohler synthesized urea in a lab?