Module_5_Session_04.ppt

7/27/2019 Module_5_Session_04.ppt

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ProjectIdentification

Module 5 Session 4


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Summary

This session gives introduction and approaches

to project identification. It looks at:

the context within which projects are developed

including national and sectoral plans e.g. UPE, District development plans, NGOs, and Donor

initiatives.

the types of surveys and data available for project

identification purposes.

It also looks at identification and prioritization of

needs and problems of different stakeholders.


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Introduction

A project may be seen as an investmentactivity where financial resources areexpended to create capital assets that produce

benefits over extended period of time.

Project identification is the initial phase of theproject development cycle. It begins with the conceiving of ideas or intentions

to set up a project.

These ideas are then transformed into a project.


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For projects to be properly conceived, thecharacteristics below must be clearly defined:

Objectives

Expected outputs

Intended beneficiaries

Planned lifespan

Extended outcome of the project Principle stakeholders

Financial plan and source of financing

Essential characteristics of

projects


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Individuals

Groups of individuals (community)

Local leaders

NGOs

Policy makers Planners

International development agencies

Government pronouncements

Project ideas may be due to: prevailing problems in a given area.

availability of resources in a given location.

Project ideas conceived by:


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Clear project identification allows you toanswers questions like:

a) How do the projects come about?b) Where do projects come from?

c) Why are projects where they are?

Project identification


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There are two major approaches to project

identification

(a) Top-down approach

(b) Bottom-up approach

Approaches to project

identification


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Projects are identified based on demands frombeyond the community.

This may include directives from:

international conventions (such as KyotoProtocol/climate change)

international institutions or NGOs that havedetermined particular priorities and thusprojects

national policy makers identifying projects thatpertain to party manifestos and/or national

plans.

Top-Down Approach


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It may be a rapid response to disasters likefloods, war outbreak because there is limitedtime and chance to consult the beneficiaries.

It can be effective in providing importantservices like education, health, water, roadsetc.

It can contribute to wider national or

international objectives and goals and therefore potentially be part of a wider benefit

(as in the case of trans-boundary resources, such asclimate, water or others)

Advantages of Top-Down

Approach


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In this approach community/beneficiariesare encouraged to identify and plan the

projects themselves with or withoutoutsiders.

Bottom-Up Approach


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Interveners accomplish more with limited resourcessince people tend to safeguard what they haveprovided for themselves.

Develops peoples capacity to identify problemsand needs and to seek possible solutions to them.

Provides opportunities of educating people.

Helps people to work as a team and develop aWE attitude - makes project progressive and

sustainable. Resources are effectively managed; dependence

reduces, there is increased equity, initiative,accountability, financial and economic discipline.

Advantages of Bottom-Up

Approach


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Not always effective for projects that requireurgency to implement

Time-consuming and requires patience and

tolerance. People sometimes dislike approach because

they do not want to take responsibility for action.

The agency using this approach is never in

control and cannot guarantee the results itwould want.

The priorities of communities may not fit withnational or international priorities that seek to

have a broader impact

Limitations of Bottom-Up

Approach


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1. The household (socio-economic) survey Studies social and economic situations of a given

area e.g. climate, geographical set-up, economic

activities, political set up, education system,culture, diet, social services, physical infrastructureetc.

Method is popular with the UBOS. Uses questionnaires, interviews, documentation,

and direct observation.

Data is collected, processed and analyzed andprojects are then identified

Top-down approaches to

project identification


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2. Rapid appraisal Called Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) when

carried out in a rural areas, and Rapid Urban

Appraisal(RUA) in an urban area. Method collects and assesses data quickly

using any data collection techniques.

Primary purpose is to acquire the information in

the shortest time possible and it lowers the cost. It is rapid because investigation, assessment and

identification of projects are done at the sametime.




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Rapid appraisal uses the following datacollection techniques:

Analysis of secondary data sources

Interviews

Direct observation at site

Visualization of Resources like social

organizational maps and time seriesmaps.


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3.Needs Assessment Survey

Also referred to as situation analysis(SITAN).

It involves:- Fact finding about problems or needs in a

given area or community.

Finding out what is lacking in a given area

or community. Investigating a situation in a given area.




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NAS is carried out to:

find out the problem in a given community so

as to identify the most appropriate solution(s)/project (s) to solve the problem (s) inquestion.

analyze the causes of the problems and seek

likely solutions to the problems leading toproject identification.


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1. Animation Process of stimulating people to become more

aware and conscious of problems they suffer from.

to gain confidence in their ability to deal with theseproblems and take initiatives to improve situation.

Animation makes the community better understandand be prepared to overcome its problems andtake decisions with full responsibility.

Carried out by Animators / Helpers / Changeagents.(Internal Animators if they come from within thecommunity orExternal Animators if from outside.)

Bottom-up approaches to



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2.Facilitation/Community action

an attempt to assist people to get overproblems by (say) training them in certain

skills, providing them with the neededinformation e.g. market information, linkingthem up with relevant agencies andorganizations to improve access to the

needed resources etc.




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3. Participatory Appraisal

Project identification should be participatory,and should involve local communities in

identifying and prioritizing their needs.The DTPC should consider the views of thecommunities during the screening andselection of various project proposals and

the selection of the preferred proposals forimplementation.




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PRA (participatory rural appraisal) when carriedout in rural areas; and PLU (participatory urbanappraisal) when carried out in urban areas

PRA/ PUA can be described as a family ofapproaches, methods and behaviours thatenable people to express and analyze therealities of their lives and conditions, to plan forthemselves what action to take, and to monitor

and evaluate the results. The key to PRA/PUA is that the only external

involvement is in facilitation. The communitiesthemselves determine the issues, priorities and

courses of action.


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The process of project identification ends withthe formulation of a problem statement.

It takes the form of:

Listing all the problems/needs

in thecommunity/area/ organization.

Prioritizing the problems and selecting 1 3 core(major) problems.

Finding out the root causes of the problems.

Sitting the likely effects of the problems on thecommunity.

Suggesting the probable solutions to theproblems.

Identifying the (projects) from the solutions.

The problem statement


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In Ms Word Project Identification notes, readthe New Visionarticle Monday, August 4,2003 by John Thawite

With reasons, identify a suitable project forthe region referred to in the article.

Using the example above, clearly state theproblem and identify another project relatedto your area of specialization/work.

Case Study - Practical


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Is the technology appropriate to the projects objectivesor local capabilities?

Is the risk involved manageable?

Is the demand for the expected outputs adequate, and

does the project actually have a comparativeadvantage?

Will the supply of raw materials or skills be adequate?

Is the design in agreement with the institutional andmanagerial capabilities available?

Will the recurrent costs be adequately met given theavailable financial resources?

Is there adequate commitment by the intendedbeneficiaries and support from District and central

government authorities?

The screening process of projects, inter

alia, responds to the following concerns:


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Is the project has negative effects on theenvironment? And if yes, can the effects bemitigated?

Is the project culturally acceptable by thecommunity

Is the project sustainable?

The screening process of projects, inter

alia, responds to the following concerns

(cont.):

Documents

Module_5_Session_04.ppt