MODULE “COST ESTIMATION, CALCULATION AND COST CONTROL”

SAFE DECOMMISSIONING OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS

Project BG/04/B/F/PP-166005, Programme “Leonardo da Vinci”

Project BG/04/B/F/PP-166005, Programme “Leonardo da Vinci” 2

CONTENTS

1. Scope of the cost items

2. Evaluation of the costs for immediate decommissioning and for safe enclosure

3. Collective dose estimation

Project BG/04/B/F/PP-166005, Programme “Leonardo da Vinci” 3

TRAINING OBJECTIVES

Upon completion of training trainees should be able to: List the factors and activities which impact to the scope of

the costs. Describe and compare the different factors and activities

impact for immediate and for safe enclosure decommissioning options/strategies.

Explain collective dose estimation during safe enclosure and during immediate decommissioning.

Project BG/04/B/F/PP-166005, Programme “Leonardo da Vinci” 4

COST ITEMS AND COST GROUPS Cost items:

• Pre-decommissioning actions;• Facility shutdown activities;• Procurement of general equipment and material;• Dismantling activities;• Waste processing, storage and disposal;• Site security, surveillance and maintenance;• Site restoration, cleanup and landscaping;• Project management, engineering and site support;• Research and development;• Fuel and nuclear material;• Other costs.

Cost groups:• Labour costs;• Investment costs;• Expenses;• Contingency.

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PRE-DECOMMISSIONING ACTIONS

Preliminary studies:• The inventory of active materials;• The inventory of non-active materials.

Cost assessments; Technical concepts:

• Preliminary planning.

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FACILITY SHUTDOWN ACTIVITIES

Defueling and transfer of fuel to the spent fuel pool of the units;

Removal of various operational wastes; Study of systems which should be kept in operation; Offering of spare parts and equipment that are inactive for

sale on the market.

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PROCUREMENT OF GENERAL EQUIPMENT AND MATERIAL

General site dismantling equipment; General equipment for personnel/tooling; General radiological protection and health physics

equipment; and General security and maintenance equipment for long-

term storage.

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DISMANTLING ACTIVITIES

Decontamination of areas and equipment in buildings to facilitate dismantling;

Dismantling operations on reactor pressure vessel and internals;

Removal of primary and auxiliary systems; Removal of biological/thermal shield; Removal and disposal of asbestos; Building decontamination; Decontamination for recycling and reuse.

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WASTE PROCESSING, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL

Starting point of decommissioning is when no operational wastes are left in the facility.

Radioactive waste generated during operations should be continuously processed.

The waste management costs are higher for model 213. Large scale decommissioning activities may require that

additional storage or disposal areas for conditioned radioactive waste are available.

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SITE SECURITY, SURVEILLANCE AND MAINTENANCE

Site security operation and surveillance; Inspection and maintenance of buildings and systems in

operation; Site upkeep; Energy and water; Periodic radiation and environmental survey.

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SITE RESTORATION, CLEANUP AND LANDSCAPING

Activated buildings – decontamination; Demolition of buildings – if required; Using of concrete debris:

• for backfilling of voids and cavities;• may be recycled in the non-nuclear industry.

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PROJECT MANAGEMENT, ENGINEERING AND SITE SUPPORT

Selection of main contractor:• a newly established organisation;• an organisation derived from the former operator.

Defining of the management of the decommissioning project;

Defining of the organisational structure during decommissioning;

Distribution of the work between the responsible organisation and the potential subcontractor(s).

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RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

2 opinions concerning the necessity for any research and development activity:• there should be no need for any research and development

activity;• there is a continuous need to make progress in this area.

Unit-specific research and development work for WWER-440 reactors – in the area of activation of the reactor pressure vessel and its biological shield.

Project BG/04/B/F/PP-166005, Programme “Leonardo da Vinci” 14

FUEL AND NUCLEAR MATERIAL

Handling of spent fuel is practically independent from the chosen decommissioning option;

A spent fuel pool storage; An interim spent fuel storage:

• type – a wet or a dry storage unit;• capacity.

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OTHER COSTS

Staff reduction programmes; Re-assignment/-training programmes; Key employee retention/incentive programmes; Various taxes.

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COST CATEGORIES

Labour costs; Capital, equipment and material costs (investment costs); Expenses; Contingency.

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COSTS FOR IMMEDIATE DECOMMISSIONIGMain cost item Name of the main cost item

Decommissioning costs in MUSD/1998

Armenia Germany Slovak R. Finland Hungary Slovak R.

440/270 440/230 440/230 440/213 440/213 440/213

01. Pre-decommissioning actions * 29.4 7.4 7.4 9.2 7.4

02. Facility shutdown activities 4.1 490.8 3.1 31.4 58.3 3.1

03. Procurement of general equipment 4.0 10.9 7.2 8.2 9.4 7.2

04. Dismantling activities 28.0 197.0 53.4 93.0 100.1 59.1

05. Waste processing, storage and … 53.3 498.1 106.9 42.7 262.1 113.3

06. Site security, surveillance and … 14.7 53.7 22.5 8.0 15.8 22.5

07. Site restoration, cleanup and … 25.0 14.5 75.1 n.r. 94.1 97.7

08. Project management 49.2 17.5 34.0 6.0 26.4 34.0

09. Research and development * 0.0 6.2 n.r. 2.6 6.2

10. Fuel and nuclear material 34.0 58.0 n.r. 11.0 26.9 n.r.

11. Other costs 0.2 n.a. 11.2 11.5 27.2 11.2

  Total: 212.5 1369.9 327.0 219.2 632.1 361.7

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SUMMARISED DECOMMISSIONING COSTS FOR IMMEDIATE DECOMMISSIONING

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

Armenia440/270

Germany440/230

Slovak R.440/230

Finland440/213

Hungary440/213

Slovak R.440/213

MUSD-98

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EVALUATION OF THE COSTS FOR IMMEDIATE DECOMMISSIONING

Post-operational and site operation activities until the end of the project, starting at the unplanned shutdown;

Construction and operation of the interim storage, processing of operational waste and waste disposal costs;

The costs for defuelling and interim storage of removed fuel in containers;

The higher labour costs as compared to other countries in the study.

Project BG/04/B/F/PP-166005, Programme “Leonardo da Vinci” 20

COSTS FOR SAFE ENCLOSUREMain cost item Name of the main cost item

Decommissioning costs in MUSD/1998

Armenia Bulgaria Russian F. Slovak R. Czech R. Finland Hungary Russian F. Slovak R. Ukraine

440/270 440/230 440/230 440/230 440/213 440/213 440/213 440/213 440/213 440/213

01. Pre-decommissioning actions * 18.7 20.6 7.4 1.5 7.4 9.2 20.6 7.4 3.4

02. Facility shutdown activities 4.1 27.1 ** 3.1 2.7 24.8 53.6 ** 3.1 6.9

03. Procurement of general equipment

4.0 5.0 n.a. 7.8 3.4 8.2 10.0 n.a. 7.8 6.8

04. Dismantling activities 28.1 151.9 165.2 55.4 14.9 83.0 83.0 148.7 61.3 27.9

05. Waste processing, storage and … 47.6 10.7 13.6 86.0 17.3 40.0 84.1 13.6 92.6 136.5

06. Site security, surveillance and … 24.1 47.3 ** 24.4 70.3 69.0 45.5 ** 24.4 13.0

07. Site restoration, cleanup and … 25.0 72.0 38.5 75.1 95.4 n.r. 94.1 34.6 97.7 6.8

08. Project management 90.8 10.5 ** 34.0 ** 7.0 28.3 ** 34.0 5.6

09. Research and development * n.a. 9.5 6.2 4.2 n.r. 2.1 9.5 6.2 2.0

10. Fuel and nuclear material 34.0 10.8 *** 0.0 0.0 11.0 26.9 *** 0.0 n.a.

11. Other costs 0.8 5.12 25.6 11.2 0.2 17.1 32.2 23.0 11.2 65.9

  Total: 258.4 359.1 273.0 310.6 209.9 267.5 469.0 250.0 345.6 274.8

Project BG/04/B/F/PP-166005, Programme “Leonardo da Vinci” 21

SUMMARISED DECOMMISSIONING COSTS FOR SAFE ENCLOSURE

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

Armenia440/270

Bulgaria440/230

Russian F.440/230

Slovak R.440/230

Czech R.440/213

Finland440/213

Hungary440/213

Russian F.440/213

Slovak R.440/213

Ukraine440/213

MUSD-98

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EVALUATION OF THE COSTS FOR SAFE ENCLOSURE

Scattering is smaller than for immediate decommissioning; There seems to be remarkable agreement between the

costs for a couple of countries.

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COLLECTIVE DOSE ESTIMATION

Immediate decommissioning:• An average value - 19 man Sv;• The maximum value - 34 man Sv in case of the model 270 in

Armenia.

Safe enclosure:• The lowest value - 2 man Sv in Finland;• The highest value - 21 man Sv in Slovakia.

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REFERENCES

Decommissioning Costs of WWER-440 Nuclear Power Plants. Interim report: Data Collection and preliminary Evaluations, IAEA-TECDOC-1322 (2002)