Modul English Intensif 2012

n

TENSES

since Present Perfect + time +Present Perfect Continuous

for Past Perfect Past Perfect

Continuous

Contoh: I had been doing my homework for an hour

when he came. She has known him since two years ago. They have watched the movie for half an

hour when he knocks at the door.

all+time+Present Perfect Continuous

Contoh: All these weeks, we have been trying to

solve the problem. She has been practising the song all these

months.

Since+Subject+verb + Pre. Perfect/Cont

was/were

Contoh: I have known him since he was a little boy. Since he knew I lied to him, he has never

called me. She hasn’t worked there since they fired

her.

When+S.Past+S.Past (jika when+S.Past adalah kejadian ke 2).

When+S.Past+Past Continuous (jika keduanya terjadi pada saat yang bersamaan).

Contoh: She was watering the flowers when her

boyfriend arrived. When she felt thirsty, she drank some water.

By+future time Pre. Future Perfect

By+the end of _____+ By+the time+S.Pre Pre. Fut. Perf.

Cont

Contoh: I will have finished my study by the end of

this year. She will have been cooking for an hour by

the time you come. We will have been in Jakarta by next

Sunday.

o’clockam next ___

pm later + Pre Fut Cont at this time + tomorrow at this moment tonight

at this present

Contoh: I will be watching TV at 8 pm tonight. She will be having lunch with her boyfriend

at 12 o’clock tomorrow. We will be visiting our grandma at this time

next Sunday.

o’clockam

pm yesterday at this time + last ____ + Past Cont at this moment ____ ago at this present

Contoh: I was sleeping at 3 pm yesterday. We were studying English at this moment

three days ago.

before+Simple Past+Past Perfect after+Past Perfect+Simple Past

Contoh: I had finished my report before you finished

yours. After she had known what really happened

she became angry.

tomorrownext __________ latersoon + Simple Future immediatelytonightforever

Contoh: We shall have an examination tomorrow. They will go to the zoo next Saturday. I will finish the report immediately.

yesterdaylast ____ + Simple Past Tense_____ agothis morningrecently

Contoh: I met him recently. They went to Paris last year. I got up late this morning.

nowright nowat this time + Pre. Continuous Tenseat this momentat this present

Contoh: I am making a cake at this moment. Mother is preparing lunch now.

They are watching a football game at this time.

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everyonce ____twice ____usually + Simple Present Tenseoften seldomrarely,etc

Contoh: The sun evolves around the sun. The boy goes to school on foot every day. She never gets flowers from her boyfriend.

1. “Hari started learning to play chess when he was only five years old and won his first national chess competition when he was ten.”This means that Hari ______ to play chess competition when he was ten.(A) had learned(B) was learning

(C) will have learning(D) would learn(E) has learned

2. “Can we postpone the class meeting until Friday?”“I’m afraid not. I _____ basketball on Friday.”(A) would play(B) will have been playing(C) have been playing(D) always play(E) played

3. “Is no one living with your grandmother in that house?”“No, and she _____ anyone do anything for her for years.”(A) never had(B) does not have(C) has never had(D) never has(E) will never have

4. “Vina had just finished her big dinner when Jody came in, bringing her favourite durian.” We may conclude that ______.(A) Vina had durians for her dinner.(B) Vina and Jordy had dinner together.(C) Vina would most unlikely have the durians

for dinner.(D) Vina would have dinner after eating

durians.(E) Vina must not have finished her dinner.

5. “Do you often go to restaurants?”“No, it _____ quite a long time since I went to a restaurant with my friends.(A) has been(B) would be(C) is being(D) was(E) had been

6. “Is the rescue team still looking for the survivors of the plane crash?”“Yes, they _____ the area for hours, but they have not found any yet.”(A) searched(B) were searching(C) have been searching(D) will be searching(E) had searched

7. “Did Ita decide to buy the car?”“Yes, after she _____ her brother.”(A) has consultant(B) was consulting(C) had consulted(D) consults(E) is consulting

8. “You were supposed to be here ten minutes ago. Where were you?”“I _____ for a place to park.”(A) am looking(B) looked(C) have looked(D) look(E) was looking

9. “Have you already decided where to go for your holiday?”“Certainly, we ____ to Italy.”(A) go(B) have gone


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(C) will have gone(D) are going(E) will have been going

10. A : I think we’re going to be here for a while.B : But we _____ in line for almost an hour.(A) are standing(B) have stood(C) stand(D) were standing(E) have been stand

11. “Last year I didn’t have to pay for my brother’s tuition fee.”“That’s great. I heard he ______ a scholarship from a foreign university.”(A) receives(B) had received(C) was receiving(D) would receive(E) has received

12. “I was the first to submit my paper yesterday.”“You’re wrong. I ______ mine before you did.”(A) submit(B) have submitted(C) was submitting(D) would submit(E) had submitted

13. “Your train was delayed, wasn’t it?”“Yes, therefore, when I arrived the driver picking me up ______ for more than an hour.”(A) waited(B) would wait(C) was waiting(D) would have waited(E) had been waiting

14. “I’m really worried about his health as hid next semester starts two weeks from now.”“Let’s just hope by that time he _____.”(A) has recovered(B) is going to recover(C) will be recovering(D) is recovering(E) will have recovered

15. All these years, Ira’s family ______ in poverty.(A) lived(B) has been living(C) had lived(D) was living(E) lives

16. “How long has he been the principal of our school?”“Since I _____ this school.”(A) was entering(B) have entered(C) had entered(D) entered(E) had been entering

17. “He has to take a TOEFL test before leaving for the U.S.”“No, _____ have to; he already took it a few months ago.”(A) he doesn’t (D) he mustn’t(B) he isn’t (E) he can’t

(C) he hasn’t

18. I can lend you the book next week because by that time I ______ reading it.(A) will be finishing(B) have finished(C) am finishing(D) will have finished(E) would finish

19. “We haven’t heard from Didi for such a long time.”“We haven’t either, since he ____ to Dili.”(A) moves(B) moved(C) was moving(D) has moved(E) had moved

20. “I wonder why Agus is absent. He might be sick.”“He isn’t. I saw him when I _____ for the bus.”(A) wait(B) was waiting(C) had waited(D) is waiting(E) have waited

21. My daughter _____ a lot of photograph of the Borobudur when she went there on her last vacation.(A) has taken(B) has been taking(C) would take(D) took(E) had taken

22. A taxi driver who witnessed the accident took my injured brother to the hospital and then _____ my parents.(A) call(B) called(C) calling(D) to call(E) was calling

23. The bus came after I _____ for about twenty minutes.(A) have been waiting(B) have waited(C) am waiting(D) had been waiting(E) was waiting

24. “The Anthropologist has been studying that tribe for the last five years.” It means: He_____ that tribe.(A) has finished studying(B) studied(C) was studying(D) had studied(E) is still studying

25. “You look so unhappy, Anton. What’s the matter?”“My father ____ his job.”(A) has just lost(B) has been losing(C) losing(D) is losing(E) loses

26. “When did you take the academic writing course?”“Last year, after I ____ Composition II.”


(A) complete(B) was completing(C) to complete(D) have completed(E) had completed

27. “Where is Tanti?”“I don’t know. In fact I ____ any of our friends since I arrived.”(A) did not see(B) was not seeing(C) have not seen(D) do not see(E) had not seen

28. “So you have finished typing those letters! When did you do it?”“When you ____ the meeting.”(A) were attending(B) attend(C) have attended(D) attended(E) had attended

29. “What are you looking for?”“My wallet. I don’t know where I ____ it.”(A) have been putting(B) am putting(C) had put(D) was putting(E) have put

30. Dina bought a cassette player last week and she _____ to music ever since.(A) has been listening(B) was listening(C) would have listened(D) will be listening(E) listened

31. When did you realize that you had lost your purse?When I ______ money to pay the bus fare.(A) was needing(B) needed(C) am needing(D) have needed(E) had needed

32. I didn’t hear the thunder during the storm last night because I _______ soundly.(A) have been sleeping(B) had slept(C) am sleeping(D) was sleeping(E) have slept

33. Did you see the children when you came home this afternoon?No, they _______ their teacher in Priok.(A) visited(B) had visited(C) to visit(D) were visiting(E) would have visited

34. Since when hasn’t she been feeling well?Since she _______ from Singapore.(A) returned(B) has returned(C) was returning(D) had returned(E) has been returning

PASSIVE VOICEPassive voice adalah kalimat passive di mana objek penderita menjadi subject nya.

Syarat: ACTIVE PASSIVESUBJECTOBJECT

VERB (sesuai tense)

TENSES

OBJECT (BY+PELAKU)

SUBJECTVERB3TETAP

Rumus Umum:

SUBJ+TO BE+VERB3+(BY+PELAKU)

Di dalam kalimat passive semua kata kerja adalah verb3 (past participle), tenses apa pun yang digunakan, sehingga yang menjadi pembeda tenses nya adalah TO BE.

Simple Present: is, am, are Simple Past: was, were Continuous: is, am, are/was, were + being Perfect: has, have, had + been Future: modals + be

Contoh: Active: We clean the house every day.

Passive: The house is cleaned by us every day.

Active: They will finish the report soon.Passive: The report will be finished by them.

Passive: The book is being read by my sister. Passive: The floor has been swept by her.




1. This institution for the handicapped ____ by the Minister of Social Affairs in 1950.(A) was founded(B) was to found(C) be founded(D) has been founding(E) was being founded

2. “Some workers were loading the containers into the van.”The passive form of the above sentence is: The containers _____ into the van.(A) were loaded(B) are loading(C) be loaded(D) were being loaded(E) are to be loaded

3. I became quite nervous when I knew that my speech ______.(A) was to record(B) to be recorded(C) being recorded(D) to be recording(E) was being recorded

4. The picture is not here anymore; it must have _____.(A) been taken away(B) been taking away(C) took away(D) taken away(E) being taken away

5. “Have you been informed about the exact number of victim of the airplane crash?”“Yes, ____ to the headquarters of Garuda.”(A) they are faxed(B) has faxed(C) the victims fax(D) it has been faxed(E) we fax it

6. “What is going to happen to the children who have become orphans due to the tsunami disaster?”“Don’t worry, they ______.”(A) will take care of(B) will have been taken care of(C) will have taken care of(D) will be taken care of(E) will be taking care of

7. When the bus broke down in the middle of the desert, we _____ that we would have to finish the journey to our destination on foot.(A) were telling (D) have been told(B) have told (E) had told(C) were told

8. “I haven’t got the report on the seminar held last week.”“I’m sure it _____ on your desk yesterday.”(A) put (D) was put(B) being put (E) putting(C) was putting

9. Some important researches in physics, funded by an international development agency, ______ at our university.(A) carried out(B) be carried out(C) are carrying out(D) are being carried out(E) to carry out

10. “When will the debate contest take place this year?”“I’ll let you know later as it _____.”(A) has not scheduled yet(B) has been scheduled(C) has to schedule(D) has been scheduling(E) has not been scheduled yet

11. “I want the dress displayed in the window yesterday.”“I’m sorry, it ______.”(A) had been selling(B) has to be sold(C) has to sell(D) has sold(E) has been sold

31. Fast-food restaurants have become popular in big cities because many people prefer ______ quickly.(A) served(B) being served(C) serving(D) they are served(E) be serving

32. “Do you really want to buy this old crumbling house?”“Yes, we know the house needs ______ but we love the surroundings.”(A) to repair(B) to be repairing(C) repairing(D) repaired(E) be repaired

33. Tati declined the offer of _____ to Singapore as a representative of our company.(A) being transferred(B) is transferred(C) to transfer(D) transferred(E) be transferred



34. “Did you get the cheap second-hand computer advertised in the newspaper?”“No luck. It _____ when I called them.”(A) had been sold(B) has been sold(C) is being sold(D) were sold(E) is sold

35. “Why am I not allowed to take Martha’s picture?”“Well, she doesn’t like _______.”(A) she photographed(B) was photographing(C) to be photographed(D) she was photographed(E) photographed

36. Jupiter’s four moons ______ through a telescope by Galileo.(A) were first viewed(B) first viewed(C) had been first viewed(D) were being first viewed(E) first being viewed

18. I put the clothes in the cupboard after they ________.(A) was ironed(B) had ironed(C) had been ironed(D) been ironed(E) were ironed

19. You look so sad. What happened?Don’t you know that my house _______ into by some thieves last night?(A) were broken (B) has been broken(C) was broken(D) broken(E) is broken

20. This skirt is too long for me. It wants ________.(A) shortening(B) to be shortening(C) shortened(D) is shortened(E) shorten

21. On her last birthday, Janet _____ a nice gown by her mother.(A) gave (D) was given(B) is given (E) had given(C) had been given

22. If you don’t pay attention to the pronunciation, a foreign language ______.(A) could not be learned(B) can learn(C) will not be learn(D) can be learned(E) cannot be learned

23. Your project proposal _____ when the telephone rang.(A) was being discussed(B) is being discussed(C) has been discussed(D) was discussing(E) to be discussed

24. The package _____ to your place tomorrow.(A) will deliver(B) be delivered(C) will be delivered(D) is going to be delivering(E) was delivered

25. The use of fertilizer _____ for centuries. People used both natural and chemical fertilizer.(A) have been used(B) has been using(C) are used(D) were used(E) has been used

26. The house _____ before the earthquake happened.(A) was renovated(B) has been renovated(C) renovated(D) had been renovated(E) was renovating

27. “Have you delivered the package to the customers.”“Not yet, some _______.”(A) are still being wrapped(B) have been wrapped(C) will have been wrapped(D) would be wrapped(E) were wrapped

28. The President Director agreed that the performance of the company has not been good these past few years. In fact, its organization _____ now for improvements.(A) restructured(B) is restructuring(C) is to restructure(D) is being restructured(E) restructuring

29. Silver was used in Chinese traditional jewelry more often than gold and _____ with gold to prevent discoloring.(A) was coated(B) coated(C) is coated(D) has been coated(E) was coating

30. The colony or the society of bees ______ into three groups namely queen, drone and worker.(A) are classified(B) is classified(C) classifies(D) was classifying(E) has classified


MODALSModalas adalah bagian kata kerja bantu yang berfunsi untuk menambah arti tertentu di dalam kalimat.

Jenis-jenis Modals antara lain:

1. Ability

Modals yang digunakan untuk menyatakan kemampuan atau kesanggupan, yaitu:

can+ Infinitive

couldbe able to +

infinitive

Contoh: The boy can lift the heavy box alone. The students could answer the questions

easily. We are able to win the game. She was able to play piano when she was

young.

2. Permission

Modals yang digunakan untuk menyatakan izin, yaitu:

may/can + infinitivemight/could

be allowed to + infbe permitted to

Contoh:a. I was allowed to stay up late last night.b. My father said that I might use the

motorcycle when I asked him yesterday.c. You may leave the room.d. He can take a rest if he has finished the

test.

3. Obligation/Suggestion

Modals yang menyatakan keharusan/kewajiban atau saran, yaitu:musthave to + infinitive/has to behad to

shouldought to + inf/behad better

Contoh:a. As a student, you must study hard.b. He had to pass the test to get the

job.c. You should clean your hands first.d. They had better do it themselves.

4. Possibility/Certainty

Modals yang digunakan untuk menyatakan kemungkinan/kepastian, yaitu:

Modals MeaningPossibility:may + infinitive/bemight

perhapspossible/y + Presentprobable/y

Certainty:must + infinitive/be sure

certain + Presentconclude

Contoh:a. He may come late because of the traffic

jam.


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It means: Perhaps he is late because of the traffic jam.

b. He must be sick. He looks so weak and pale.

It means: I am sure he is sick.c.There must be something wrong.

It means: I conclude there is something wrong.

5. Logical conclusion

Modals yang digunakan untuk menyatakan kesimpulan yang logis tentang masa lampau, yang berupa kepastian, kemungkinan, dan saran untuk sesuatu yang terjadi di masa lampau.

Logical conclusion Meaning

must have + vb3/been

sure certain + Pastconclude

may have+vb3/beenmight

perhapspossible/yprobable/y

should have+vb3/beenought to

S. Past (yang bertentangan)

Contoh:a. The room was so tidy. She must have

cleaned it. It means: I am sure she cleaned the room.

b. He might have forgotten his schedule.It means: It is possible that he forgot his schedule.

c.We should have known the truth.It means: We didn’t know the truth.

d. They shouldn’t have robbed the bank.It means: They robbed the bank.

1. To prevent accidents, parents _____ allow their children to play near the well.(A) might not(B) do not have to(C) cannot(D) would not(E) should not

2. He told me a lot about Philippines.He _____ there for a long time.(A) must have lived(B) might be living(C) ought to have lived(D) should be living(E) would have lived

3. “May I play outside with my friends?”“No, you ____ stay in the bed until the fever is gone.”(A) can (D) could(B) might (E) must(C) may

4. “Does Anto know that Mirna had an accident yesterday?”“I don’t think so. We _____ as soon as we knew it.”(A) may have told him(B) should have told him(C) had to tell him(D) must have told him(E) had better tell him

5. “We’re running out of fruits, while Fifi needs some this morning as she is on a diet.”“You ____ to the neighbouring fruit stall, then!”(A) had better hurry(B) would rather hurry(C) may hurry(D) could hurry(E) might hurry

6. “What should the country do maintain self-sufficient in rice?”“It _____ double its rice production.”(A) could (D) would(B) must (E) will(C) had to

7. “I am tired of watching that movie; there is too much violence.”“I agree; _____ the channel?”(A) I should change(B) Would we rather change(C) I must change(D) Shall I change(E) Had I better change

8. “Don’t forget to lock your front door when you leave.”“I ____ my niece will stay at home today.”(A) not need to (D) mustn’t(B) don’t lock (E) don’t have to(C) shall not

9. “I wonder where my reading glasses are. Have you seen them?”“No, I haven’t. You _____ left them in the office.”(A) should have(B) should be having(C) must be having(D) might have(E) ought to have

10. “There’s a letter stating that Ina has to leave for the U.S. next week.”“Well, she ____ the news right away then.”(A) should tell(B) should have told(C) should be telling(D) should be told(E) should be telling

11. “I wonder if the sound system and the overhead projector are ready for my presentation.”“You _____ check the equipment beforehand.”(A) had to(B) could have(C) had better(D) would rather(E) must have

12. They have lost all their possessions in the fire; they ____ a hard time now.”



(A) may have had(B) must be having(C) ought to have(D) used to have(E) must still have had

13. “My car was stolen from the garage and I don’t know if I can buy another one.”“You _____ it.”(A) had to insure(B) should have insured(C) will have insured(D) ought to insure(E) must have insured

14. “The doctor promised to come at 7 a.m., but he isn’t here yet.”“He ____ some patients.”(A) ought still to have(B) might still have(C) is still to have(D) would still have(E) must still have had

15. “Why were they suddenly ill after having lunch in the cafetaria?”“There _____ something wring with the food.”(A) must have been(B) ought to be(C) would have been(D) might be(E) should have been

16. “Tony no longer waits for Nita to eat lunch at the cafetaria; and he doesn’t call her either.”“Well, he ____ no longer be interested in dating her.”(A) could (D) has to(B) ought to (E) may(C) should

17. “Why weren’t you at Yanti’s birthday party last night?”“Oh, I _____ overtime.”(A) must work(B) must have worked(C) should work(D) ought to have worked(E) should work

18. My brother looked so exhausted last night.He _________ all day.(A) should have worked(B) would have worked(C) might to have worked(D) must have worked(E) might work

19. Vina was deported for having an expired visa.She _______ her visa renewed.(A) would have got(B) should have got(C) would rather get(D) had better get(E) must get

20. “It’s so hot in this room. _______ I open the window?”(A) might (D) must(B) can (E) ought to(C) will

21. “Tony got an ‘A’ for English.”“That’s great! He _____ about it.”(A) must be happy(B) had to be happy(C) could have been happy(D) should have been happy

(E) have to be happy

22. “The airline should have accepted the application of Agus, an experienced pilot.”This means that _______.(A) the airline hired Agus(B) Agus refused to work for the airline(C) the airline didn’t receive Agus’

application(D) Agus was rejected by the airline(E) the airline offered Agus a job

23. There were plenty of tickets left for the concert. We ____ have bought them in advance.(A) couldn’t (D) mustn’t(B) shouldn’t (E) wouldn’t(C) might not

24. “It is possible that there will be another rise in the price of petrol soon.”We can also say: “There _____ another rise in the price of petrol soon.”(A) must be (D) has to be(B) may be (E) had better be(C) should be

25. She probably attended the meeting. We can also say: ______.(A) She may attend the meeting(B) She might have attended the meeting(C) She could attend the meeting(D) She must have attended the meeting(E) She might not have attended the meeting

26. They ____ to the other states before the hurricane hit the city.(A) ought to have moved(B) should move(C) will have moved(D) must have to move(E) need to move

27. I’m sure he knows the fact.It means: He ____ the fact.(A) must know(B) would know(C) should have known(D) must have known(E) will know

28. You ____ come to the post office to get your package. It will be sent to you.(A) hadn’t had to(B) mustn’t(C) shouldn’t have(D) shouldn’t(E) don’t have to

29. “I’m glad Adi’s academic performance has greatly improved this semester.”“I bet, he ____ hard for that.”(A) should have worked(B) has to work(C) must have worked(D) would work(E) ought to have worked

30. “Perhaps the test is not so difficult.”We can also say: ______.(A) The test is not so difficult(B) The test might have not been so difficult


(C) The test might not be so difficult(D) The test should not have been so difficult(E) The test mustn’t have been so difficult

CAUSATIVE

Causative adalah kalimat menyuruh yang menggunakan have dan get sebagai kata menyuruh.

HAVE + OBJ+VERBGET

Causative dibagi 2, yaitu:

1. Active Causative

Kalimat menyuruh di mana subject menyuruh object melakukan pekerjaan.

have infinitiveSubject + + Object + get to infinitive

Contoh: I have him get some salt for me. They had the boy do their homework. She gets her sister to sweep the floor. We will get him to send the package.

2. Passive Causative

Kalimat menyuruh di mana subject menyuruh object dikenai pekerjaan.

haveSubject + + Object + P3 get

Contoh: I get the report done. The teacher had the exercise finished. They have had the car fixed.

Jika suatu kalimat Causative diminta kata lain selain have dan get, maka kata-kata kerja yang bias digunakan adalah:

ask, want, tell, order force + Obj + to infinitive let, make, bid + Obj + infinitive

Contoh: I have the cake cut by my sister = I ask my

sister to cut the cake = I make my sister cut the cake.

She had her secretary type the letter = She told her secretary to type the letter = She bid her secretary type the letter.

1. Since her handwriting is very bad, we will have her _____ her composition.(A) types (D) type(B) typed (E) to type(C) typing

2. ‘Mother has an interior decorator design the living-room’ means that _____.(A) Mother has to design the living-room(B) The living-room has already been

designed by an interior decorator(C) Mother has asked an interior decorator to

design the living-room(D) The interior decorator asked mother

whether he could design the living-room

(E) Mother has designed the living-room as the interior decorator requested

3. “When do you want to have the flowers ____ to your house?”(A) to deliver (D) delivered(B) delivering (E) deliver(C) be delivered

4. “We need to replace the glass in the picture.”“We can go to the shop and _____ now.”(A) it’s being done(B) have it done(C) have done(D) it’s done(E) do it

5. “Even though he has seen a doctor, I can see that his condition is not improving.”“______ a specialist then.”(A) Does he have(B) Isn’t he seeing(C) Have him see(D) He has seen(E) He too has seen

6. “Now that she has grown up, my niece has her old dresses lengthened.”This means that _____.(A) my niece has lengthened her old dresses(B) my niece asked someone to lengthen her

old dresses(C) my niece has to lengthen her old dresses

herself(D) my niece has been told to lengthen her

old dresses(E) my niece has been asked by someone to

lengthen her old dresses





7. “I can’t read this letter. I don’t understand French at all.”‘I don’t either, but let’s _____.”(A) translate it(B) have it translated(C) to translate it(D) have translated it(E) have to translate

8. The boy has his homework _______ by his sister.(A) do (D) done(B) did (E) to do(C) was done

9. I don’t know how to translate this English text. I_________.(A) will have it translate(B) will have to translate it(C) will have it translated(D) will translate it(E) will have translated it

10. We get him to bring the ball. We may conclude that ________.(A) we bring the ball(B) we asked him to bring the ball(C) we let him to bring the ball(D) we brought the ball(E) he brings the ball

11. They had her _______ the room.(A) cleans (D) clean(B) to clean (E) cleaned(C) cleaning

12. I don’t have time to wash all the clothes. ______ it.(A) I have my servant does(B) I have my servant do(C) I have my servant to do(D) I have my servant done(E) I have my servant doing

13. As I found out that not all of the workshop participants knew about this week’s schedule, I got my secretary _______ it right away.(A) distributing(B) distributed(C) she distributes(D) to distribute(E) in distributing

14. “I know that you have left these computers idle for some time because they are slow. Please, _______ at once to make them efficient for our work.”(A) having to be upgraded(B) have them upgraded(C) they have been upgraded(D) have them upgrade(E) to have them upgraded

15. “What are the workmen doing in your garden?”“Oh, I _________.”(A) am having a gazebo built(B) am building a gazebo(C) have built a gazebo(D) have to build a gazebo

(E) have been building a gazebo

16. “How can you determine students’ ability in writing?”“For a start, _______ a five-hundred-word essay.”(A) the students write(B) the students are writing(C) have the students to write(D) the students have written(E) have the students write

17. “What’s that noise upstairs?”“The school _______.”(A) have to renovate its second-floor

classrooms(B) has already renovated its second-floor

classrooms(C) is having its second-floor classrooms

renovated(D) will have to renovate its second-floor

classrooms(E) has had to renovate its second-floor

classrooms

18. “As I was sent out of town to work on a construction project, I could not help my fiancée with our wedding preparations”.“But you should ________”.(A) ask her to help(B) have helped her(C) ask us to help her(D) have somebody help her(E) have her help you

19. “What a nuisance! This is the second time that my cell phone isn’t working”.“Have you taken it to the service center _________?”(A) they will check it for you(B) to have it checked(C) they have to check it(D) you should check it(E) to have to check it

20. “How can the faculty accommodate the increasing number of incoming students with such limited classes?”“Well, I think the faculty will ________.”(A) has expanded its premises(B) to have its premises expanded(C) has to expand its premises(D) have to have its premises expanded(E) have had to expand its premises

21. “The manager needs the financial data for tomorrow’s meeting.”“All right, _______ immediately.”(A) I’ll have processed them(B) I want to process them(C) I’ll have them processed(D) I have already processed them(E) I’ll have processed them

22. She doesn’t know how to fix the television. So, she gets it _______.(A) repaired (D) repairs(B) repair (E) to repairing(C) to repair

23. We always get the gardener to cut the grass. It means that ________.(A) we always let the gardener cut the grass(B) we cut the grass(C) the gardener will cut the grass(D) we ordered the gardener to cut the grass


(E) the gardener always asks us to cut the grass

24. My sister doesn’t have time to do all the work herself. So, she ______ her.(A) has me helps(B) has me helped(C) have me help(D) have me helping(E) has me help

25. The man had his coat ______ by the best tailor in this town.(A) make (D) to make(B) makes (E) making(C) made

26. “The curtains of my room need washing”.“Well, go to the laundry and ________”.(A) wash them(B) they are washed(C) it should wash them(D) have them washed(E) make them wash

27. My little brother had scattered all his toys on my bed, so I had him _______ the bed before night fell.(A) clear(B) to clear(C) cleared(D) be clearing(E) to be cleared

28. The teacher had students who didn’t bring their identification cards _______ the auditorium where the exams were held.(A) left(B) leave(C) to leave(D) leaving(E) leaves

29. “I don’t think you can translate the whole book by yourself”.“You’re right. I’d like to ______ a part of it for me.”(A) have you translate(B) you have translated(C) have translated for you(D) you have to translate(E) have been translating

30. It is impossible for us to translate the whole book within 2 weeks. So we ______.(A) have to translate it all by ourselves(B) have some assistants help us(C) have translated the whole book(D) have been asked to translate it

(E) have given all the translation to the assistants

CONDITIONAL SENTENCE

CONDITIONAL adalah kalimat pengandaian. Conditional terdiri dari anak kalimat (if clause) dan induk kalimat (main clause).

Type IF CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSEI Simple

PresentPresent Future

II Simple Past Past Future

III Past Perfect Past Future




Perfect

Contoh: If he comes early, he won’t be punished. If there were a traffic jam, I would be late. He would have answered all questions if he

had studied.

Jika yang ditanya adalah meaning atau real fact suatu kalimat Conditional, maka:

Type I

kemungkinan (possibility) ditandai dengan:

perhaps Simple Present

possible/y + probable/y Present

Future

Type IISimple Present (bertentangan dengan Conditional nya)

Type III

Simple Past (bertentangan dengan Conditional nya)

Contoh: If I knew it, I would tell you. It means:

I don’t know it, so I don’t tell you. They will have breakfast if she prepares it

for them. It means:Perhaps, she prepares it for them.

He would have gone to the party if he had been invited. It means:He didn’t go to the party because he wasn’t invited.

SUBJUNCTIVE

SUBJUNCTIVE adalah ungkapan yang berisi harapan atau penyesalan.

Ciri-ciri Subjunctive dalam suatu kalimat adalah menggunakan kata-kata:

wish as if as though if only would rather

Cara mudah untuk mengingat Subjunctive adalah:

Jika ada Simple Present di awal atau di akhir kalimat, maka Subjunctive nya harus ada dalam S. Past Tense (Subject+verb2/were).

Contoh: He is not here. I wish he were here. The man is an office boy, but he acts as if he

worked as a manager.

Jika ada Simple Past di awal atau di akhir kalimat, maka Subjunctive nya harus dalam Past Perfect (Subject+had+verb3/been).

Contoh: He didn’t pass the test. If only he had

passed the test. He acted as if he had been there before.

Jika yang menjadi penanda bentuk Subjunctive nya adalah keterangan waktu, bukan kalimat, maka:

nowevery ____once ____ + Simple Pastusuallyoften seldom, etc

yesterdaylast __________ ago + Past Perfectthis morningrecently

tomorrownext _________ later + Past Futuretonightsoonimmediately

Contoh: I wish I always had much money. She acts as if she had come yesterday. I would rather we would finish the report

soon.

Sama dengan Conditional, Subjunctive juga mempunyai meaning atau real fact.

Subjunctive Meaning/Real fact Simple Past Simple Present Past Perfect Simple Past Past Future Present Future

Contoh: She acts as if she knew the truth.

It means: She doesn’t know the truth. I would rather I had passed the test.

It means: I didn’t pass the test. If only he could get much money.

It means: He can’t get much money.


1. If I had not quarreled with John, I could have gone to the party with him.It can be concluded that _____ to the party.(A) perhaps, I’ll go with John(B) John promised to go with me(C) I didn’t go with John(D) John would like to go with me(E) I went with John

2. When the little boy saw the dog, he ran away and was bitten.We can conclude that “_______.”(A) If he hadn’t run away, he wouldn’t have

been bitten(B) If he doesn’t run away, he won’t be bitten(C) If he ran away, he would be bitten(D) If he hasn’t run away, he wouldn’t be

bitten(E) Unless he ran away, he wouldn’t be bitten

3. If I hadn’t booked in advance, I would have had difficulties in getting good accommodation at a reasonable price.The sentence means that _____.(A) It was difficult to get a room although I

had a reservation.(B) I found a room in advance but it wasn’t

comfortable(C) The room I got was good but rather

expensive(D) I was lucky to get a good room without

reservation(E) I got a good room and I didn’t have to pay

much

4. I deposited all my idle money in the bank; if not, I ______ it on things I did not really need.(A) will spend(B) am going to spend(C) could spend

(D) can spend(E) would have spent

5. “Had the company been fair in giving bonuses, the employees would not have gone on strike.”From the above sentence we may conclude that _____.(A) the employees are still going on strike(B) the company gave the employees fair

bonuses(C) the employees were not given bonuses at

all(D) the company has lost many employees(E) the employees were very dissatisfied

6. If Angga had chosen to play football instead of going to Puncak with his friends on their motorbikes, he would not have got that terrible accident.From the above sentence we may conclude that now Angga is ______.(A) enjoying the holiday(B) hospitalized(C) very tired(D) still at the football field(E) in Puncak

7. “How was your test?”“Not very good. I ____ much better if I had not misread the direction for the last section.”(A) might do(B) must have done(C) should do(D) could have done(E) would do

8. A : Do you think it was Danu who broke Vindi’s bike?

B : ____. I’m sure he would have told you.

(A) If he broke it(B) Unless he had broken it(C) Because he had broken it(D) Unless he broke it(E) If he had broken it

9. “Did Paul get his work done?”“He ____ if his computer had not broken down.”(A) could(B) could be(C) could not(D) could have(E) could not have

10. We would not have lost our bag, if we ____ it in the hotel.(A) left(B) have left(C) had left(D) would have(E) would have left

11. She could have attended the meeting if she had taken the first train.It means that _____.(A) the first train was late(B) she didn’t like the meeting(C) she was too late for the first train



(D) the meeting was cancelled(E) she stayed at home that day

12. If the car were in better condition, we would make a long trip now.It may be concluded that we ____.(A) have to stay at home(B) are enjoying the trip(C) prefer staying at home(D) enjoyed the trip(E) stayed at home

13. Had I realized that Tim was a bad driver, I ____ my car.(A) would not lend him(B) did not lend him(C) will not lend him(D) had not lent him(E) would not have lent him

14. “Had my parents had enough money, I would have studied at this academy.”From the sentence we knew that the speaker _____.(A) failed the entrance test(B) was the student of the academy(C) had applied for a scholarship(D) was not a student of the academy(E) had not been given a scholarship

15. If he ____ more confident during the interview, he might have got the job he wanted.(A) were(B) would be(C) could have been(D) had been (E) was being

16. Had he flown to Madura, instead of taking the train, he would have seen the bull race.We may conclude that _____.(A) the bull race was cancelled(B) he came in time for the bull race(C) bull races frightened him(D) he found the bull race exciting(E) he was not present at the bull race

17. “If the company’s personnel department had mailed the letter earlier, I would not have been too late for the interview.”We may conclude that _____.(A) I did not want to be interviewed(B) the company did not send the letter(C) I went through the interview(D) the letter came too early(E) I missed the interview

18. They climbed higher so that they got a better view.We can also say: _____.(A) If they had not climbed higher, they

would not have got a better view(B) If they didn’t climb higher, they wouldn’t

get a better view(C) If they didn’t climb higher, they didn’t get

a better view(D) If they don’t climb higher, they won’t get

a better view(E) If they won’t climb higher, they don’t get

a better view

19. “Had I known you were expecting a call, I wouldn’t have used the phone so long.” The underlined words mean _____.(A) I would like to talk on the phone(B) I was about to use the phone

(C) I kept talking on the phone(D) I was waiting to use the phone(E) I stopped talking on the phone

20. Had he handed in his application, he ____ last week.(A) would be allowed to join the interview

test(B) was being allowed to join the interview

test(C) would have been allowed to join the

interview test(D) he will have been allowed to join the

interview test(E) he was allowed to join the interview test

21. If I had a car, I would drive to Puncak very often, means _____.(A) I didn’t have a car, so I didn’t drive to

Puncak very often.(B) I don’t have a car, so I don’t drive to

Puncak very often(C) I didn’t have a car, yet I drive to Puncak

very often(D) I don’t have a car, yet I drive to Puncak

very often(E) I had a car, so I could drive to Puncak

very often

22. “Do you know that Tanto had withdrawn his money from the bank just before it was liquidated?”“Oh yes, if he hadn’t done it, he ____ a great deal.”(A) lost(B) would lose(C) has lost(D) had lost(E) would have lost

23. I am sorry I cannot go to the airport to see your mother off. I wish I ____ to work overtime tonight.(A) wouldn’t have(B) haven’t had(C) won’t have(D) hadn’t had(E) don’t have

24. “You look tired. Why don’t you take a rest?”“I wish I ____. I have to finish this report.”(A) would have able(B) can(C) will be able(D) could(E) had been able

25. “Problems of transportation have caused donated food and clothing for the tsunami victims to be piled up at the airport.”“I wish ______.”(A) there are more volunteers to help(B) the victims should not have worried(C) the government can ask for help(D) the problem will be solved immediately(E) there were more helicopters available

26. Bill has been working for this book store for many years and now he acts as if he were the owner.From this sentence we may conclude that _____.(A) Bill is an honest man(B) Bill has become a rich man(C) Bill is shareholder(D) Bill is not the owner of the store(E) Bill is the one whom the owner trusts


27. “Is Evi still sick?”“Yes, I wish she ____ here now to help me type the report.”(A) is(B) will be(C) were (D) had been(E) would be

28. I am sure he is not the man in charge of the sales department. But now, he _____.(A) acts as if he is the sales manager(B) is acting as if he would be the sales

manager(C) would have acted as if he had been the

sales manager(D) would act as if he was the sales manager(E) acts as if he were the sales manager

29. He orders people around as if he were the owner of the restaurant.From the above statement we may conclude that ____.(A) he has worked hard to own the restaurant(B) he has been the owner for years(C) he is very proud of his restaurant(D) he is just an ordinary employee(E) he is a successful businessman

30. “Tita, are you going to see the dentist this afternoon?”‘I wish I didn’t have to.”We may conclude that ____ to the dentist.

(A) she doesn’t have to go(B) she needs to go(C) she is not going this afternoon(D) she is willing to go(E) she has gone

PARTICIPLEadalah bentuk kata kerja

1. Present Participle (VB.ING)

Bentuk :

VB.ing __________, S. Present/S. PastMeaning: Because As + S. Present/S. Past Since For

When + Present/Past Continuous While

Contoh: Trying hard to be the best in her class , she

studied hard every night.It means: As she tried hard to be the best in her class, she studied hard every night.

Walking alone in the mall , I meet an old friend.It means: While I was walking alone in the mall, I meet an old friend.

VB.ing that clause, S. Present/S. Past

Meaning: Because

As + S. Present/S. Past Since For

Contoh: Knowing that I lied to her , she was really

angry with me.It means: Because she knew that I lied to her, she was really angry with me.

Feeling that she needs to be alone , I leave the room.It means: Since I feel that she needs to be alone, I leave the room.

Being + adj/noun, S. Present/S. PastMeaning: Because

As + S. Present/S. Past Since For

Contoh: Being a gentleman , he lets her in first.

It means: Because he is a gentleman, he lets her in first.

Being tired , I couldn’t finish my homework.It means: Since I was tired, I couldn’t finish my homework.

2. Past Participle (verb3 = P3)




Bentuk :

P3 _________, S. Present/S. PastMeaning: Because

As + S. Present/S. Past (Passive)

Since For

Contoh : Painted by the famous painter , the painting

became a masterpiece.It means: As the painting was painted by the famous painter, it became a masterpiece.

Taken to the dentist , the boy cries.It means: Because he is taken to the dentist, the boy cries.

3. Perfect Participle

Bentuk :

Having + P3/been+P3 _______, S. PastMeaning: After+ Past Perfect Tense

Contoh : Having stolen the jewelry , the thief was

arrested.It means: After he had stolen the jewelry, the thief was arrested.

Having been beaten by the boy , the dog ran away.It means: After it had been beaten by the boy, the dog ran away.

Selain itu Participle digunakan :

After verbs of physical perception (kata kerja panca indera), antara lain:

see, watch, notice, Vb.ingobserve, hear, listen, + Obj +feel, taste, smell Infinitive

Contoh: I saw him standing there. We watch her play the violin. I hear her singing the song.

Pengurangan Relative Pronoun dalam Adjective Clause jika yang digunakan adalah kalimat Continous atau kalimat Passive.

Contoh: The man who is speaking to the police is a

detective = The man speaking to the police is a detective.

The boy who was punished by the teacher played truant yesterday = The boy punished by the teacher played truant yesterday.

Present Participle (Vb.ing) dan Past Participle (P3) dapat berfungsi sebagai adjective yang terletak sebelum kata benda (Noun).

Vb.ing

+ NOUNP3

Contoh: I like to see the blooming flowers. They tried to find the hidden treasure in the

island. I hate raining day. I can’t do anything

outside the house. The written manuscript has been found by

her.

Present Participle (Vb.ing) dan Past Participle dapat digunakan setelah:

find Vb.ingcatch + Obj +

leave P3

Contoh: They caught the thief breaking into their

house. I found my money stolen. He left his son crying.

1. Being an outstanding student of our school , he has been offered a scholarship to study in Australia.The underlined words mean: ‘_____ of our school.’(A) If he is an outstanding student(B) Although he is an outstanding student(C) When he is an outstanding student(D) As he is an outstanding student(E) Before he is an outstanding student

2. ____ a few million rupiahs, he went on a tour to Europe.(A) Saved



(B) Have saved(C) He has saved(D) Having saved(E) After he saves

3. The window pane _____ by Edi has not been repaired yet.(A) broke(B) breaking(C) be broken(D) broken(E) was broken

4. ____ near a beautiful beach, the town soon became a popular tourist resort.(A) Situation(B) It is situated(C) Situating(D) Situates(E) Situated

5. A few days after the interview, I received a letter _____ me a job.(A) he offered(B) offered(C) being offered(D) offering(E) it was offering

6. Trying to smuggle drugs into the country , the criminals were caught by custom officials at the airport.The underlined words mean: ‘____ to smuggle drugs into the country.(A) When the criminals were trying(B) Although the custom officials have tried(C) Before the smugglers tried(D) Because the custom officials were trying(E) Until the criminals were trying

7. Ornamented with beautiful traditional Balinese carving, ______.(A) many foreign tourists are curious to visit

the house(B) the antiquity of the house is admired by

many tourists(C) tourist guides often bring their guests to

visit the house(D) the owner of the house allows tourists to

visit and admire its beauty(E) the house of a local resident becomes an

object of tourism

8. _________, she was able to achieve what she had dreamed of.(A) Carefully did she plan her future(B) She planned her future carefully(C) Her future was planned with care(D) Her future was carefully planned(E) Having planned her future carefully

9. A symbol of royal prosperity in the past, the old castle, ______ firmly on the island shore, is frequently visited by foreign tourists.(A) stand(B) stood(C) standing(D) to stand(E) are standing

10. Holding posters with various messages for the Board, the factory workers are claiming better working condition.The underlined words mean ‘____ posters with various messages.(A) While they are holding(B) Because they held

(C) After they had held(D) Since they have held(E) Before they hold

11. Several individuals _____ different groups have become united in their efforts to make the government cancel the increase of fuel price.(A) represent(B) to represent(C) they represent(D) representing(E) represented

12. “Having seen the movie before, I did not find it as exciting as it had been.”The above sentence means ______.(A) The movie is very interesting(B) She has watched the movie at least twice(C) Because the movie was not exciting, she

did not watch it again(D) She watched the movie and she did not

like it(E) She likes watching the movie

13. Having read the document carefully, ______.(A) the manager signed it(B) the manager signature was affixed(C) the document is signed by the manager(D) it was signed by the manager(E) the document that is signed by the

manager

14. Wanting to get more consumers to use its service, ______.(A) there are bonuses given by Bank Arya on

customers’ deposits(B) customer get bonuses on their deposits

from Bank Arya(C) customers’ deposits are given bonuses by

Bank Arya(D) Bank Arya is giving bonuses on its

customers’ deposits(E) customers are given bonuses on their

deposits by Bank Arya

15. ____ by not more than 40 families, Kampung Naga is a unique village in West Java.(A) Inhabit(B) To inhabit(C) Inhabited(D) Inhabitant(E) Inhabiting

16. _____ at two prestigious universities, Amanda has a hard time deciding which one to choose.(A) Accepting(B) She was accepting(C) Accepted(D) To be accepted(E) She was accepting

17. In Biology, a cell is defined as the smallest unit of life, _____ all the components required for independent existence.(A) contains(B) is contained(C) it contains(D) containing(E) to be contained


18. Interested in developing tourism in Indonesia, _____. (A) the government cooperate with related

education centres(B) there is cooperation between the

government and related education centres

(C) the establishment of cooperation between government and related education centres has been realized

(D) cooperation between government and related education centres has been established

(E) it is necessary to establish cooperation between the government and related centres of education

19. “Having been defeated three times in a row, the boxer decided to give up fighting means” ______.(A) Although he was defeated three times in a

row, he decided to give up fighting(B) He decided to give up fighting, after he

had been defeated three times in a row(C) As he had decided to give up fighting, he

was defeated three times in a row(D) He decided to give up fighting, so he was

defeated three times in a row(E) When he decided to give up fighting, he

was defeated three times in a row

20. Noticing I had dropped my purse, ______.(A) the bus conductor called after me(B) I was called after by the bus conductor(C) it was the bus conductor who called after

me(D) there was the bus conductor calling after

me(E) the bus conductor was called after me

21. Running down the stairs , she slipped and broke her leg.The underlined words mean: _____ down the stairs.(A) While she was running(B) Because she was running(C) As she would run(D) After she had run(E) in order that she could run

22. Talking excitedly to each other , they forget to finish the exercise.The underlined words mean: _____ they forget to finish their exercise.(A) Although they talked excitedly(B) In order that they could talk excitedly(C) Because they were talking excitedly(D) When they had talked excitedly(E) If they talked excitedly

23. Two of my friends ____ in the school fight last weekend have been arrested by the police.(A) they were involved(B) involved(C) to be involved(D) involving(E) were involved

24. The young men _____ by the institute are all university graduates.(A) employ(B) employed(C) to employ(D) employing(E) be employer

25. The work ____ computers required well-trained personnel.(A) involved(B) involve(C) to be involved(D) involves(E) involving

26. When we got home yesterday, we saw a man _____ to get on our roof.(A) tried(B) was trying(C) had tried(D) tries(E) trying

27. The owner of the house found the front door _____ when he got home.(A) opening(B) open(C) to open(D) opened(E) had opened

28. I secretly heard him _____ the song.(A) sings(B) sang(C) to sing(D) to singing(E) sing

29. Having switched off the lights, _____.(A) it was the door he locked(B) the door was locked(C) this locked the door(D) the door was locked behind him(E) he locked the door

30. ____ a skillful photographer, a person should have both manual skill and a good eye for detail.(A) Becoming(B) He can become(C) To become(D) When he becomes(E) Having become


GERUNDGERUND: Vb.ing yang berfungsi sebagai kata benda (Noun).

Di dalam kalimat, Gerund digunakan:

Sebagai Subject

VB.ING + VB/Aux (singular)

Contoh: Singing makes me happy. Swimming is her hobby. Drinking too much causes him drunk.

Sebagai ObjectSebagai object, Gerund terletak setelah kata-kata kerja tertentu, antara lain:

avoid, deny, enjoy, consider,keep, mind, prevent, postpone, + Vb.

inggo, find, risk

Contoh: He avoids playing with the naughty boy. They kept asking to get into the room. We consider going for a picnic.

start, begin, remember, love, Vb.inglike, continue, dislike, stop, + finish, hate, forget To Infinitive

Contoh: The baby begins to walk. He loved watching a football game. They stop to take a rest.

look forward toobject to + Vb.ingto be + used toto be + accustomed to

Contoh: We are looking forward to visiting our

grandma. I object to listening to his excuse. She is accustomed to cooking herself.

Exception: used to + Infinitive

accustomed to

Contoh: He used to walk to school.

They accustomed to spend their time for nothing.

Sebagai Complement (pelengkap)

Subject + to be + vb.ing

Contoh: My hobby is cycling. What he likes is reading many books.

Setelah preposition/prepositional phrase in, on, at, before, after + vb.ing

with, without, of, off, about, etc

keen on, interested in, afraid of, bad at, good at,sorry for, astonished at, + Vb.ingworried about, sad about, happy about, etc

Contoh: Before entering the room, he opens his

shoes. I am sorry for coming late. He has been interested in painting for so

long.

INFINITIVEInfinitif adalah kata kerja dasar.

TO INFINITIVE; digunakan:

Setelah kata kerja tertentu: intend, decide, pretend,

try, refuse, hope, fail + to infinitive

Contoh: They intended to renovate their house. She pretends to be sick.

ask, agree, attempt,want, teach, promise, (Obj) + to infinitiveforce, tell

Contoh: He wants me to leave him alone. He forced us to do his homework.

beg, expect, warn + Obj + to infinitive




Contoh: Mother warns me not to go near the well. I expect you to come.

Setelah kata sifat dan kata benda adjective

noun + to infinitive

Contoh: The tree is too high to climb. He needs a knife to cut the cake.

Setelah kata tanya dalam noun clause Q. Word + to infinitiveContoh: I don’t know where to go. He learned how to fix cars from his father.

BARE INFINITIVE (INFINITIVE WITHOUT TO); digunakan:

Setelah kata kerja tertentu let, make, help, have, bid +

infinitiveContoh: I let her finish the work. He helped me solve my problem.

Setelah modals will, shall, can, may,

must, might, would, + infinitivecould, should

Contoh: We must call the police. You should come earlier.

Jika need, want, require ada dalam kalimat passive, maka:

need Vb.ingwant +

require to be + P3Contoh: The floor needs sweeping = The floor needs

to be swept. It wants cutting = It wants to be cut

1. Don’t put off _____ the application form.(A) to fill in(B) fill in(C) for filling in(D) filling in(E) you fill in

2. As a child, I always enjoyed ____ in the rain.(A) be playing(B) play(C) played(D) playing(E) to play

3. Despite criticism from political opponents, the new president continues his _____ abroad to appeal to foreign countries to invest in Indonesia.(A) to travel(B) travelled(C) travelling(D) be travelling(E) to be travelled

4. “Did you thank Andi for the dictionary he bought for you?”“Yes, I did; I really appreciate it for me.”(A) to buy(B) buys(C) buying it(D) to have bought(E) his buying

5. “What is annoying your mother so much?”“_____ in the bedroom.”(A) My father is smoking(B) The smoking of my father(C) It is my father who smokes(D) My father’s smoking(E) My father smokes

6. I am looking forward to _____ next week.(A) seeing(B) see(C) will see(D) be seeing(E) be seen

7. “Why don’t you want Amir to be the team leader?”“Well, I don’t like ____ people around!”(A) his ordering(B) why he orders(C) he is ordering(D) he orders(E) with his ordering

8. Being lost, the tourist stopped ____ at his map for the place they wanted to visit.(A) looking(B) to look(C) looked(D) he looked(E) was looking

9. “What are these horns of a buffalo used for?”



“Well, mostly for ____ handicrafts.”(A) make(B) to make(C) being made(D) they make(E) making

10. My brother, who was not used to _____ a room with someone else, was quite unhappy when he couldn’t have his own room in the dormitory.(A) sharing(B) share(C) be sharing(D) be shared(E) being shared

11. After ____ his pass, he was allowed to enter the building.(A) shown(B) have shown(C) showed(D) showing(E) to show

12. I remember ____ in this town when traffic wasn’t too heavy yet.(A) be driving(B) were drive(C) drive(D) driving(E) to drive

13. We always avoid ____ to the zoo on Sundays because it is too crowded.(A) going (D) to go(B) go (E) to be going(C) we go

14. According to the latest issue of the journal of the American Medical Association, ______ can reduce the risk of sudden cardiac death in men.(A) fish being eaten once a week(B) if we eat fish once a week(C) to eat weekly fish(D) fish to be eaten weekly(E) eating fish just once a week

15. “While living in Bogor, we always went to school on foot.”This means that we _____ on foot while we were living in Bogor.(A) go to school(B) are going to school(C) used to go to school(D) are used to going to school(E) liked going to school

16. “What did Adi finally decide?”“_____ his Master’s degree in Australia.”(A) He can take(B) His taking(C) Taking(D) Be taking(E) To take

17. “Do you think I can wear my new necklace?”“I wouldn’t advise you ____ jewelry in a difficult time like this.”(A) wear(B) to wear(C) to be wearing(D) wearing(E) be wearing

18. It is useful ___ the chapters before they are discussed in the class.(A) reads(B) reading(C) having read(D) for reading(E) to read

19. The acids, salts, and vitamins that fruits furnish are very helpful ______ a balanced and healthful diet.(A) to keep(B) kept(C) keeping(D) they keep(E) for keeping

20. My little brother had scattered all his toys on my bed, so I had him ______ before the night fell.(A) clear(B) to clear(C) cleared(D) be clearing(E) to be cleared

21. ‘What do the employees exactly want?’‘______.’(A) To get better working conditions(B) Increasing workers’ motivation(C) Whether the number of employees should

be reduced(D) Greater responsibilities are given to them(E) They get more training programs

22. All new students at this university are required _____ an English proficiency test.(A) taking(B) having to take(C) take(D) will take(E) to take

23. The motion picture originated when a series of still photographs were spliced and viewed in rapid succession ______ of movement and continuity.(A) for creation(B) in the creation of(C) creating(D) to create(E) created

24. ‘What did you tell the students?’‘_________.’(A) Not to wear sandals(B) You don’t wear sandals(C) They don’t wear sandals(D) For not wearing sandals(E) Wearing no sandals

25. ‘What is it that you want us to do?’‘______ all the lights when you leave the office.’(A) Turning off(B) For turning off(C) You turn off(D) To turn off(E) We turn off

26. The last person to leave the building must _____ out the lights.(A) turned(B) to turn(C) turning(D) turn(E) turns


27. The general watch the soldiers _____ the damaged village.(A) to renovate(B) renovate(C) renovation(D) be renovated(E) are renovating

28. Tom helped his mother ____ the dinner ready.(A) gets (D) get(B) got (E) to get(C) to getting

29. She never lets her children _____ very late.(A) stays up (D) staying up(B) to stay up (E) to be stay up(C) stay up

30. They would rather _____ in the country.They hate city life.(A) to live (D) lived(B) live (E) are living(C) living

CONCORDANCE adalah persesuaian bagian-bagian di dalam

kalimat.Persesuaian yang paling mendasar adalah persesuaian antara subject dengan verb atau auxiliary nya dan persesuaian antara subject dengan pronoun (kata ganti).

Contoh: The man was a criminal when he was young. She has submitted her report to the

manager.

Concordance yang lain:

not only _____ but also _____both _____ and _____ ______ and _______

Bagian-bagian yang kosong dalam rumus di atas harus diisi dengan jenis kata yang sama.

Contoh: He is both a guitarist and a vocalist. He was late not only because he was

trapped in a traffic jam but also because he got up late.

At last, my sister decides to study and to work.




neither ______ nor ______ N1 N2 + verb/auxeither ______ or ______ (sesuai

dengan noun ke 2)

Contoh: Neither my brother nor my sisters love

playing chess like me. Either the workers or the system needs to

be improved.

as well asN1 (together) with N2 + verb/aux of (sesuai dengan in addition noun ke 1)

Contoh: The students as well as their teacher are

marching to celebrate the Independence Day.

The boy with the black shoes plays football very well.

The sound of the birds is really comforting.

Jika yang diminta bukan verb atau aux, maka bagian yang diisi oleh Noun 1 dan Noun 2 harus diisi oleh jenis kata yang sama.

Contoh: He is either a liar or a thief. They neither worked nor had a rest. She is a secretary as well a mother.

every + Noun (sg)each either of + Noun (plu) + verb/aux (sg)neithernone + of + Noun (plu) + verb/aux (plu)

Contoh: Neither of them is here. Every child has their own toys. None of the girls like her.

The number of+noun (plu) + verb/aux (sg)A number of + noun (plu) + verb/aux (plu)

Contoh: A number of boys are watching the game. The number of the spectators is known. A number of rules have been issued.

1. Tini’s frequent absence from school and _____ for almost all subjects are caused by her addiction to narcotics.(A) she has bad grades(B) her grades that are bad(C) her bad grades(D) that her grades are bad(E) all her grades are bad

2. The great number of unskilled labor and _____ has made it difficult for the company’s products to compete with those of other companies.(A) there are no experienced managers(B) nor are there experienced managers(C) inexperienced managers(D) neither are the managers experienced(E) the managers are all inexperienced

3. The office building, as well as several houses, _____ completely damaged by the bomb explosion.(A) Was (D) were(B) they were (E) to be(C) it was

4. The news on the local radio stations as well as in the newspapers _____ that the riots have spread to other places in the city.(A) to be confirmed(B) is confirmed(C) confirm(D) are confirmed(E) confirms

5. The higher rate of pollution in this area is caused by the increasing number of cars as well as by _______.(A) the smoke from factories are emitted(B) the factories emit smoke(C) the smoke which factories emit(D) the factory smoke is emitted(E) the emission of the smoke from factories



6. Advertisements both influence people’s spending habits _______.(A) their standard of living is also raised(B) but also the rising of their standard of

living(C) they can raise their standard of living, too(D) and raise their standard of living(E) as well as the raise in their standard of

living

7. They have worked hard to prevent excessive government spending, protect environment, and ______.(A) provide quality education(B) the provision of quality education(C) providing quality education(D) quality education is provided(E) for providing quality education

8. In evaluating your progress, the teacher will take into account _______, attitude, and achievements.(A) how you performed(B) your performance(C) if you performed(D) that you performed(E) when you have performed

9. Either the management or the education system of our Institute _____ to be reviewed to increase the number of graduates next year.(A) that needs(B) to need(C) needs(D) needing(E) they need

10. Neither the hotel facilities ______ ensure a comfortable stay for the guests.(A) and also its services(B) nor its services(C) and nor its services(D) or its hotel services(E) both its hotel services

11. ‘I heard that the thieves managed to take your electronics.’‘Well, not only the electronics _____.’(A) as well my precious jewelry(B) but they took my precious jewelry too(C) and also my precious jewelry(D) but also my precious jewelry(E) and they took my precious jewelry

12. Anwar decided to quit school and _____ on his career in music.(A) concentrating(B) concentrates(C) he will concentrate(D) be concentrating(E) concentrate

13. Tari was punished by the teacher not only because she forgot to bring her book ______.(A) and she didn’t do her homework too(B) but she didn’t do her homework either(C) but also for not doing her homework(D) as well as she didn’t do her homework(E) but also because she didn’t do her

homework

14. This area is not feasible for transmigration because of its fertile soil and _______.(A) it has a dry climate(B) the climate is dry

(C) because the climate is dry(D) the dryness of the climate(E) dry climate

15. All the doctors in our hospital have their own practice room and each of them _____ a nurse to assist him.(A) needs(B) they need(C) he needs(D) need(E) to need

16. The installation of various high-tech electrical devices in our office ______ a sophisticated safety system.(A) requiring(B) requires(C) to require(D) require(E) it requires

17. The financial report states that the petty cash has been used for reimbursing transportations costs and ______ computers.(A) upgrading(B) it is to upgrade(C) to upgrade(D) we upgrade(E) we need to upgrade

18. Parliament members were troubled not only by the present political condition ______.(A) but the current socio-economic condition(B) and so is the current socio-economic

condition(C) besides the current socio-economic

condition is bad(D) but also by the current socio-economic

condition(E) as well as the current socio-economic

condition

19. None of the beauty contestants ____ to wear bikini provided by the committee.(A) refuses(B) are refusing(C) to refuse(D) refuse(E) they refuse

20. His out standing achievement includes the researches he has conducted and _____.(A) he has attended many international

seminars(B) the international seminars he has

attended(C) his attendance in many international

seminars(D) how many international seminars he has

attended(E) many international seminars that he has

attended

21. Everybody _____ to show _____ identification cards to enter the building.(A) have – they(B) have – their(C) has – them(D) has – their(E) has – theirs

22. “I have heard that the school where you teach is very good.”“Oh, yes, many of _____ have become popular leaders of the country.”(A) graduates


(B) her graduates(C) who graduates(D) its graduates(E) their graduates

23. “The newly established nuclear plant may pose a danger to people living in the neighbourhood.”“Well, the government needs to inform people about ____ potential risk.”(A) it (D) its(B) our (E) them(C) their

24. The members are still arguing among _______.(A) they (D) them(B) herself (E) themselves(C) itself

25. My sister and I were coming back from school when someone followed _____.(A) we (D) our(B) them (E) they(C) us

26. Many people read the novel. ______ are interested in ____ story.(A) They – it(B) They – it’s(C) It – their(D) They – its(E) Them – its

27. ____ women shop in the mall every Sunday.(A) That’s (D) This

(B) Those (E) These’s(C) That

28. She works hard for _________.(A) me and hers(B) me and herself(C) myself and her(D) myself and herself(E) my and herself

29. These books are _____. Those are ____.(A) him – mine(B) his – mine(C) him – my(D) his – my(E) he – mine

30. I know that you and Vina are best friends. I saw ____ at the cinema yesterday. I bet _____ are going to watch a movie.(A) you – they(B) them – they(C) you – you(D) you – your(E) you – them

NOUN CLAUSEadalah anak kalimat yang berfungsi sebagai pengganti kata benda. Noun clause ditandai dengan penggunaan that, whether, atau kata tanya (Question word).

Rumus:Q. Wordthat + verb/auxwhether

Posisi Noun Clause di dalam kalimat adalah: Noun Clause as Subject

Sebagai subject, noun clause terletak di awal kalimat atau sebelum verb atau auxiliary.

Noun Clause + verb/aux

Contoh: What he said made us angry. Whether he did it or not is still a mystery. That she will recover is a good news.

Noun Clause as ComplementSebagai complement, Noun Clause terletak setelah to be.

Subject + to be + Noun Clause

Contoh: This is what I want. He is whom I talked about. My marks are what my parents are worried

about.

Noun Clause as ObjectSebagai Object, Noun Clause terletak setelah kata kerja. Tenses Noun Clause sebagai Object dipengaruhi oleh tenses main clause nya. Jika main clause dalam present, Noun

Clause boleh dalam tenses present ataupun past.

Jika main clause dalam past tenses, maka Noun Clause harus dalam past tenses.

Subject + Verb + Noun Clause Present Pre/Past Past Past

Contoh: He tells me where he went. They agreed that they would pay the debt. I asked them why she was punished.




ADVERB CLAUSEadalah anak kalimat yang berfungsi sebagai keterangan. Adverb clause of reason:

Adverb clause yang berfungsi untuk menyatakan alasan sehingga menggunakan kata penghubung yang berarti karena antara lain:

becauseas + Clausesince (subject + verb/aux)for

because of + noun/vb.ing

Contoh: He is weak because he is ill. He is famous because of his generosity. They live on the street as they are homeless.

Adverb clause of purpose:Adverb clause yang berfungsi menyatakan maksud atau tujuan sehingga menggunakan kata penghubung yang berarti agar atau supaya, yaitu:

so thatin order that + Clauseso

in order to + infinitive

Contoh: He comes early so that he isn’t late. They practiced hard in order that they could

win the game. I am here in order to meet you.

Adverb clause of condition:Adverb clause yang berfungsi menyatakan keadaan atau syarat. Kata penghubung yang digunakan dalam adverb caluse ini beragam.

Conjunction of condition antara lain:

if, otherwise, unless, and, consequently, + clauseas a result, therefore, thus, moreover, furthermore

Contoh: If you are late, I’ll punish you. Unless you say the truth, I’ll hate you. You must go far away from here, otherwise

he’ll find you.

Adv. clause of concession (contrast):Adverb clause yang menyatakan pertentangan. Kata penghubung yang digunakan berjumlah cukup banyak dan mempunyai arti yang bermacam-macam.

Conjunction of concession antara lain:

althougheven though + Clausethough

despite+ noun/vb.ing

in spite of

however, nevertheless, yet,still, but, whereas, + Clause

Contoh: Although he never likes her, he doesn’t

show it. I know it’s hard but I’ll never stop trying. His clothes is not expensive yet it’s clean.

Adverb clause of place and time adalahAdverb clause yang berfungsi untuk

menjelaskan tentang tempat dan waktu.

Conjunction of place antara lain:where, wherever

Conjunction of time antara lain:when, whenever, as, while, before, after

Contoh: The boy was sleeping when his parents got

home. I’ll follow you wherever you go. Before you told me, I had known it.

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

adalah Anak kalimat yang berfungsi menerangkan kata benda sebagai pengganti kata sifat.

Dalam kalimat, adjective clause menggunakan Relative Pronoun, yaitu who, whom, which, whose, when, where, sebagai ciri-ciri nya.

1. WHO

Digunakan untuk menggantikan subject, jika subject nya adalah manusia.

Contoh: The boy is smiling alone.

He looks so happy.The boy who looks so happy is smiling alone.

He loves the girl who plays the piano so well.

The teacher who can teach very clearly is standing in front of the classroom.

2. WHOM

Digunakan untuk menggantikan object, jika objectnya adalah manusia.

Contoh:a. The men are naughty.

I don’t like them.The men whom I don’t like are naughty.

b. My sister whom he loves is at home now.

c.The little girl whom I met this morning goes to school on foot.

3. WHOSE

Digunakan untuk menggantikan kepunyaan untuk manusia maupun bukan manusia, namun lebih sering digunakan untuk manusia.

Contoh:a. My grandpa is in hospital.

His health hasn’t been good lately.My grandpa whose health hasn’t been good lately is in hospital.

b. The house looks so beautiful. Its garden is full of flowers.


The house whose garden is full of flowers looks so beautiful

4. WHICH

Digunakan untuk menggantikan benda selain manusia, baik sebagai subject atau pun sebagai object.

Contoh:a. I have a book.

It tells about an adventurous journey.I have a book which tells about an adventurous journey.

b. This is a letter.I wrote it last night.This is a letter which I wrote last night.

5. THAT

Digunakan untuk menggantikan who, whom, dan which.

Contoh: a. He is the boy whom I saw this morning

= He is the boy that I saw this morning.b. That is the car which can run so fast =

That is the car that can run so fast.

6. WHERE

Digunakan untuk menggantikan tempat. Where dapat digantikan oleh in which.

Contoh:a. This is the house where I spent my

childhood.b. That is the park where I met her for the

first time.

7. WHEN

Digunakan untuk menggantikan waktu. When dapat digantikan oleh on which.

Contoh: 23rd January is the date when I was born. Sunday is the day when I gave birth to my

baby.

1. _______ Michael Douglas a good actor is his ability to play the role of different characters so well.(A) That makes(B) Whether making(C) What makes(D) This is made(E) In order to make

2. She wanted to know _________.(A) from whom did he hear the news?(B) the news he heard from whom(C) who did he hear the news from(D) from whom he heard the news(E) he heard the news from whom

3. I wonder _______ since he quit his job.(A) what has he been doing(B) has he been doing

(C) what he has been doing(D) he has been doing(E) he has been doing what.

4. I know the reason _______.(A) that our teacher was angry(B) why our teacher was angry(C) our teacher was angry(D) whether our teacher was angry(E) while our teacher was angry

5. Don’t you know __________?(A) why did they postpone their travel(B) what they postponed their travel(C) why they postponed their travel(D) when did they postpone their travel(E) did they postpone their travel

6. ________ annoys her teacher very much.(A) Why does she always come late(B) If she always come late(C) Whether does she always come late(D) She always come late(E) That she always come late

7. ________ is not yet known.(A) Can he be involved in the trade of

narcotics(B) He is involved in the trade of narcotics(C) Whether he is involved in the trade of

narcotics(D) When he is involved in the trade of

narcotics(E) Why is he involved in the trade of

narcotics

8. I forgot to ask how _______.(A) his sick brother was(B) was his sick brother(C) is his sick brother(D) his sick brother be(E) are sick brother

9. Mike hoped ______ his letter.(A) would she answer(B) that she would answer(C) whether she would answer(D) why she answered(E) she was answering

10. I don’t remember _______ last year.(A) what did I give for her birthday(B) for her birthday what did I give her(C) what I gave for her birthday(D) I gave her what for her birthday(E) what for her birthday I gave her

11. ____ is a beautiful island and rich in culture has been confirmed by tourists from around the world.(A) Bali(B) Whether Bali(C) If Bali(D) That Bali(E) How Bali

12. ‘That woman over there looks confused.’‘Why don’t you ask her _____?’(A) does she need help(B) if she needed help(C) whether she needs help(D) do you need help(E) she needs help or not



13. ____ is a long holiday after passing your exam.(A) You need(B) Why you needed(C) It is needed(D) What you need(E) Whether you need

14. Do you know why nowadays most Indonesia TV stations ____ mystery programs?(A) do broadcast(B) does broadcast(C) broadcast(D) broadcasts(E) broadcasting

15. ____ is a big surprise to his colleagues.(A) Tanto has been promoted to replace the

retired Financial Manager(B) Do you know Tanto has been promoted to

replace the retired Financial Manager(C) I hear Tanto has been promoted to

replace the retired Financial Manager(D) That Tanto has been promoted to replace

the retired Financial Manager(E) Why was Tanto promoted to replace the

retired Financial Manager

16. He is the boy _______ we got the information about the scholarship.(A) whom (D) from that(B) from whom (E) who(C) from which

17. These old dresses, __________ belongs to my mother, are still good to wear.(A) most of them(B) some of whom(C) that’s(D) most of which(E) whose

18. That patient _______ leg is broken will be operated on tonight.(A) who is (D) whose(B) that (E) whom(C) which

19. The book, _______ these chapters are taken is an autobiography.(A) which from(B) from whom(C) which(D) from which(E) to which

20. These books on this shelf, _______ are about child education, belong to my sister-in-law.(A) which of most(B) in which(C) that of most(D) most of which(E) of which

21. “To whom are you going to dedicate your book?”“To those _______ patient and support have enabled me to write this book.(A) of which (D) whose(B) whom (E) who their(C) to whom

22. Thank you for showing me the support ______ I really need to get through this time of trial.(A) which is (D) there

(B) who (E) of which(C) that

23. This is the latest news about the kidnapping of the richest businessman in town ______ received a few minutes ago.(A) whom (D) whose(B) of which (E) which(C) where

24. Participants of the state university entrance test, _______ are high-school graduates from Java, are competing for a limited number of seats.(A) which most of them(B) a greater number(C) most of whom(D) the majority(E) a lot of them

25. “What is pediatrician?”“Oh, it’s a doctor ________ specialization is treating children.”(A) whom (D) that(B) which (E) whose(C) who

26. We sometimes miss the neighbourhood _______ we grew up.(A) in which (D) that is(B) in where (E) that(C) which

27. The Bank _____ will be suspended.(A) which I work(B) that I work(C) whom I work(D) who works(E) where I work

28. The cake ______ was so delicious.(A) who made by her(B) which she made(C) why she have made(D) when she makes(E) that is making

29. That is the book ______.(A) which I want(B) whom I wanted(C) who wants me(D) whose I am wanting(E) that want I

30. This is Mr. Flash ______.(A) which I told you(B) whom I told you about(C) I told you(D) that I told you(E) about which I told you


CONJUCTIONConjunction adalah kata penghubung yang menghubungkan anak kalimat dengan induk kalimat.

Ada beberapa macam conjunction, yaitu: Conjunction of reason adalah

kata penghubung yang berfungsi untuk menyatakan alasan sehingga arti kata penghubung tersebut adalah karena. Conjunction of reason yaitu:becauseas + Clausesince (subject + verb/aux)for

because of + noun/vb.ing

Contoh:He is weak because he is ill.He is famous because of his generosity.They live on the street as they are homeless.

Conjunction of purpose adalahkata penghubung yang berfungsi menyatakan maksud atau tujuan sehingga artinya adalah agar atau supaya. Conjunction of purpose yaitu:so thatin order that + Clauseso

in order to + infinitive

Contoh:He comes early so that he isn’t late.They practiced hard in order that they could win the game.I am here in order to meet you.

Conjunction of condition adalah

kata penghubung yang berfungsi menyatakan keadaan atau syarat. Arti kata penghubung ini beragam tergantung pada penghubungnya.Conjunction of condition antara lain:if, otherwise, unless, and, consequently, as a result + Clausetherefore, thus, moreover

Contoh:If you are late, I’ll punish you.Unless you say the truth, I’ll hate you.You must go far away from here, otherwise he’ll find you. Conjunction of concession (contrast)

adalahkata penghubung yang menyatakan pertentangan. Kata penghubung berjumlah

cukup banyak dan mempunyai arti yang bermacam-macam.Conjunction of concession antara lain:althougheven though + Clausethough

despite+ noun/vb.ing

in spite of

however, nevertheless, yet, still, but, whereas, + Clause

Contoh:Although he never likes her, he doesn’t show it.I know it’s hard but I’ll never stop trying.His clothes is not expensive yet it’s clean.

Conjunction of place and time adalahkata penghubung yang berfungsi untuk menjelaskan tentang tempat dan waktu.

Conjunction of place antara lain:where, wherever

Conjunction of time antara lain:when, whenever, as, while, before, after

Contoh:The boy was sleeping when his parents got home.I’ll follow you wherever you go.Before you told me, I had known it.

1. ________ he came late to attend the class, his teacher punished him.(A) Because of(B) Although(C) In order to(D) Therefore(E) Since

2. My brother went to bed so late last night, _________ he got up late this morning.(A) consequently(B) however(C) as if(D) in order that(E) nevertheless

3. He couldn’t answer all the questions _______ he had studied hard.





(A) so that(B) because(C) however(D) although(E) despite

4. ________ the earthquake, the villagers had to migrate.(A) because of(B) although(C) in order to(D) yet(E) nevertheless

5. She looks so weak, _______ she can do all the hard works alone.(A) therefore(B) yet(C) so(D) in order that(E) because

6. She didn’t prepare herself for the test, ________ she could answer all the questions easily.(A) because(B) thus(C) moreover(D) otherwise(E) unless

7. He studies hard for the test _______ be able to pass it successfully.(A) in order that(B) therefore(C) however(D) in order to(E) since

8. I seldom review my lessons at home, ________ I can’t do well in my final exam.(A) because(B) so that(C) consequently(D) although(E) on the other hand

9. ________ the rain, I couldn’t go out with my friends.(A) Because(B) Although(C) In order to(D) Because of(E) If only

10. “What did your father say when you told him you had lost all your money?”“He was so angry _____ he couldn’t say anything.”(A) therefore(B) after(C) that(D) so(E) when

11. “Was there any violence during last week’s demonstration?”“No, _______ there were thousands of demonstrators.”(A) since(B) even though(C) because(D) as(E) in spite

12. “Mom, why do you insist on my wearing a jacket?”

“______ I’m sure it’s going to be very cold.”(A) Until(B) Since(C) Although(D) So that(E) Even though

13. “How was the exam?”“It was not easy _____ I am sure I can pass.”(A) and(B) but(C) therefore(D) consequently(E) so

14. ______ three people have died of cholera, the old people of the village refused to get an injection against it.(A) Although(B) Because(C) In spite of(D) Since(E) As

15. ______ most people know that the success of a television show is measured by its rating’s, few know exactly how shows are rated.(A) Although(B) However(C) Since(D) Nevertheless(E) Because

16. All the members of the parliament applauded _____ the president was walking to his seat.(A) even though(B) although(C) as(D) otherwise(E) while

17. ______ Andy seldom attends classes, he is always one of the best students in class.(A) As(B) Since(C) Because(D) Although(E) If

18. He said that he had spent all his money on books, ______, he could have taken his girlfriend to a good restaurant.(A) moreover(B) otherwise(C) therefore(D) besides(E) yet

19. _____ the great inconvenience of traveling, many TV reporters went to the flooded area for their reports.(A) Despite(B) Nevertheless(C) Although(D) Where as(E) However

20. The expensive treatment had been well researched, however, ______.(A) it cured the patient effectively(B) it could comfort the patient(C) it was not very effective(D) it made the patient feel well(E) it did not cause discomfort

21. John is a very lazy student; besides _______. (A) he is good in extra-curricular activities


(B) he always does his homework(C) he prefers studying until late at night(D) he never pays attention in class(E) he sometimes practises English

22. “Did he say anything to the police?”“Well, _____ he admitted breaking into the car, he denied stealing the tape.”(A) even though(B) because(C) meanwhile(D) when (E) as soon as

23. ______ the great inconvenience of traveling, many TV reporters went to the flooded area for their report.(A) Despite(B) In addition to(C) Although(D) In case of(E) Because of

24. She could not finish her study in four years, _____ she would have been entitled to a scholarship for further study.(A) however(B) consequently(C) otherwise(D) moreover(E) nevertheless

25. The price of gold rises sharply, people keep buying it.(A) However(B) Even though(C) Nevertheless(D) In spite of(E) On the other hand

26. Danny has to take a part-time job during the vacation; ____ he will not be able to pay his tuition fee.(A) nevertheless(B) otherwise(C) moreover(D) therefore(E) besides

27. There was nothing for dinner; _____, we had to go to a grocery store.(A) otherwise(B) moreover(C) besides(D) however(E) therefore

28. You’ll have to call me early in the morning; _____ I will have left for work.(A) however(B) otherwise(C) furthermore(D) consequently

(E) moreover

29. The tourist bus came to our school thirty minutes late ____ we had repeatedly told the driver to be on time.(A) even though(B) so that(C) because(D) provided that(E) in order that

30. My brother wants to go hiking in the mountain; _____ my sister prefers to go to the beach.(A) moreover(B) consequently(C) on the other hand(D) otherwise(E) in spite of

Text ISeveral theories have been proposed

about why the dinosaurs disappeared from the face of the earth. In recent years one popular theory proposed that climatic changes caused the

dinosaurs to become extinct. This climatic change theory says that million of years ago the climate of the world gradually became colder. As the earth slowly became colder, fewer plants were able to grow. The cold weather finally resulted in a severe shortage of food for dinosaurs. As you




probably know, most of dinosaurs were vegetarians, and they depended on plants for their food supply. In summary, then, the disappearance of the dinosaurs was caused directly by a shortage of plants to eat, and indirectly by a change in climate.

Today there is new evidence for the theory that the dinosaurs did not disappear gradually, but they disappeared quickly and suddenly. The theory is known as asteroid theory. It states that a huge asteroid, or perhaps a comet hit the earth about 65 million years ago. When this comet or asteroid hit the earth, it caused a huge dust cloud. The huge dust cloud covered the whole earth and blocked out the sun for months. Since there is no sun for many, many months, most of the plants on earth died. The dinosaur’s food supply was destroyed in a period of months.

While this asteroid theory is not new, what is new is the evidence for the theory. Until recently there was no evidence that an asteroid or a comet had hit the earth 65 million years ago. What happened recently was that scientists found large amount of a rare earth element called iridium all over the world. This iridium was found in layers of the earth that are 65 million years old. The iridium was found in the same layers where the bones of the last dinosaurs were found.

The comet or asteroid theory explains two things: (1) It explains the larger amounts of rare element iridium found in the 65-million-year-old layers of earth, and (2) it explains why the dinosaurs disappeared from the earth.

Today scientists continue to debate two theories: the climatic change theory and the asteroid theory. In the future, evidence may be found that supports a totally new theory of why the terrible lizards died.

1. The main information of the text is about _________.(A) the climatic change theory(B) the era of dinosaurs 65 million years ago(C) the asteroid theory(D) different theories on the extinction of

dinosaurs(E) the iridium element theory

2. Which of the following statements is TRUE about the climatic theory?(A) Scientists believe that the climatic

change happened 65 million years ago.(B) The change in climate critically reduced

the food supply for the dinosaurs.(C) At the time of the dinosaurs all animals

were vegetarians.(D) The disappearance of dinosaurs affected

the climatic change.(E) The cold weather made animals living at

the time unable to survive.

3. Which of the following statements is TRUE about the iridium element?(A) It is believed that it originated in space.(B) It is an element found in the bones of

dinosaurs.(C) It came after the comet hit the earth.(D) It existed only 65 million years ago.

(E) It is an element commonly found on earth.

4. The asteroid theory states that _______.(A) the dust cloud originating from the

fallen comet killed all organisms on earth

(B) the effect of an asteroid hitting the earth developed gradually

(C) the spread of the dust cloud on earth darkened the earth for years

(D) the dinosaurs were killed by the asteroid hitting the earth 65 million years ago

(E) most vegetation died because of the dust cloud severing the whole earth

5. From the text we may conclude that ________.(A) modern scientists believe in the asteroid

theory(B) the new evidence for a new theory has

recently found(C) there is no agreement among scientists

about the two theories(D) scientists have accepted the truth of

both theories(E) both theories have been combined to

become scientifically acceptable

Text IIAlthough they are an inexpensive supplier

of vitamin, mineral, and high-quality protein, eggs also contain a little more than two-thirds of the suggested daily cholesterol limit. This knowledge has caused egg sales to drop abruptly in recent years, which in turn has brought about the development of several alternatives to eating regular eggs. One alternative is to eat substitute eggs. These eggs substitutes are not really eggs, but they look somewhat like eggs when they are cooked. They have the advantage of having lower cholesterol rates, and they can be scrambled or used in baking. One disadvantage, however, is that they are not good for frying, poaching, or boiling. A second alternative to regular eggs is a new type of eggs, sometimes called ‘designer’ eggs. These eggs are produced by hens that are fed low-fat diets consisting of ingredients such as canola oil, flax, and rice bran. In spite of their diets, however, these hens produce eggs that contain the same amount of cholesterol as regular eggs. Yet, the producers of these eggs claim that eating their eggs will not raise the blood cholesterol in humans.

Egg producers claim that their product has been portrayed unfairly. They cite scientific studies to back up their claim. And, in fact, studies on the relationship between eggs and human cholesterol levels have brought mixed results. It may be that it is not the type of eggs that is the main determinant of cholesterol, but the person who is eating the eggs. Some people may be more sensitive to cholesterol derived from food than other people. In fact, there is evidence


that certain dietary fats stimulate the body’s production of blood cholesterol. Consequently, while it still makes sense to limit one’s intake of eggs, even ‘designer’ eggs, it seems that doing this without regulating dietary fat will probably not help reduce the blood cholesterol level.

6. Eggs provide a lot of substances which are good for people’s health; however, they _________.(A) supply vitamins(B) contain minerals(C) are inexpensive(D) provide the needed protein(E) contain a high level of cholesterol

7. The text concludes that in terms of eating eggs, human cholesterol levels are determined by _______.(A) the type of eggs consumed(B) the ingredients of the eggs(C) one’s sensitivity to cholesterol(D) regulating dietary fats(E) daily consumption of eggs

8. ‘Designer’ eggs differ from regular eggs because of ________.(A) the changed diet for hens(B) the low rate of cholesterol content(C) the vitamins added to them(D) the different protein they supply(E) the disadvantage they give to consumers

9. Why have the sales of regular eggs declined?(A) There are low of eggs substitutes in the

market.(B) Consuming eggs may not be good for

one’s heart.(C) Eggs substitutes are much more

inexpensive.(D) Regular eggs contain less protein than

eggs substitutes.(E) It has been found that eggs contain too

much fat.

10. What is the main purpose of the text?(A) To convince people to eat ‘designer’ eggs

and eggs substitutes.(B) To persuade people that it is unhealthy to

eat eggs.(C) To introduce the idea that dietary fat

increases the blood cholesterol level.(D) To inform people about the relationship

between eggs and cholesterol.(E) To show the difference in producing

various kinds of eggs.

Text IIIFertilizer is any substance that can be added

to the soil to provide chemical element essential for plant nutrition. Natural substances such as animal droppings and straw have been used as fertilizers for thousand of years, and lime has been used since the Romans introduced it during the Empire. It was not until the nineteenth century, in fact, that chemical fertilizers become popular. Today, both natural and synthetic fertilizers are available in a variety of forms.

A complete fertilizer is usually marked with a formula consisting of three numbers, such as 4-8-

2 or 3-6-4, which designate the percentage content of nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash in the order stated.

Synthetic fertilizers are available in either solid or liquid form. Solids, in the shape of chemical granules are popular because they are easy to store and apply. Recently, liquids have shown an increase in popularity, accounting for about 20 percent of the nitrogen fertilizer used throughout the world. Formerly powders were also used, but these were found to be less convenient than either solids or liquids.

Fertilizers have no harmful effects on the soil, or the consumer as long they are used according to recommendations based on the results of local research. Occasionally, however, farmers may use more fertilizer than necessary, damaging not only the crop but also the animals or humans that eat it. Accumulations of fertilizer in the water supply accelerate the growth of algae and, consequently, may disturb the natural cycle of life, contributing to the death of fish. Too much fertilizer on grass can cause digestive disorders in cattle and infants who drink cow’s milk.

11. The topic of the text is ________.(A) natural and synthetic fertilizers(B) the formula of complete fertilizers(C) effects of fertilizers on the soil(D) the solid and liquid forms of synthetic

fertilizers(E) the damage caused by using excessive

fertilizers

12. The function of any fertilizer is _________.(A) to produce natural substance for

plants(B) to make chemical granules easy to store

and apply(C) to prevent the crop from being damaged(D) to replace animal droppings and lime(E) to provide rich nutrients to plants

13. In the formula 4-8-2, the content of ________.(A) phosphoric acid is twice as much as that

of nitrogen(B) nitrogen is much less than that of potash(C) potash is greater than that of nitrogen(D) nitrogen is equal to that of potash and

phosphoric acid(E) phosphoric acid is half of that of nitrogen

14. According to the text, which of the following statements is TRUE about fertilizers?(A) Today, farmers do not use animal dung to

fertilize their plants.(B) Throughout the world liquid fertilizers

are more popular than solids.(C) Using fertilizer in farming is a modern

phenomenon.(D) Farmers were introduced to synthetic

fertilizer in the 1800’s.(E) Powders are used as an alternative of

solids and liquids.

15. Which of the following is not the result of using excessive fertilizers?(A) Water creatures may die.(B) The soil can yield the expected crop.(C) Humans and animals may be intoxicated.(D) The growth of algae in water may

increase.(E) Cow’s milk may harm consumers.

Text IVLembaga Bimbingan Belajar QL 34

You learn in school through your ears as well as through your eyes. Experts who have studied human communication thoroughly have come up with some revealing facts. They show that the average individual spend approximately 70 percent of his or her time communicating. Only about 9 percent of this time is devoted to writing, 16 percent to reading, 30 percent to talking, and 45 percent to listening. However, in spite of the large amount of time spent in listening, the average person does not do it well. Estimates of listening efficiency show that the average skill is only about 25 percent of what it should be.

16. The following statements are TRUE according to the text, EXCEPT _______.(A) people spend most of their time

communicating(B) most people have efficient listening skills(C) people spend less time speaking than

listening(D) we learn things through listening and

speaking(E) average listening efficiency is low

17. The most important finding on the study of communication is ________.(A) the way people communicate(B) that people do a lot of communicating(C) the efficiency in learning(D) that people do not listen efficiently(E) the percentage of time in communicating

Text VThe immune system serves basic functions; to recognize foreign cells and attack them, to develop antibodies to recognize foreign invaders in the future, and to send white blood cells to the location of an injury to speed healing. Chronic stress can suppress the functioning of the immune system, so that just by being stressed for a long period of time, we can actually weaken our

immune system and fall victim to an illness that we would normally fight with ease.

18. The topic of the paragraph is ________.(A) the consequence of chronic stress(B) the functions of the immune system(C) the basic immune system(D) the weakening of the immune system(E) the development of antibodies

19. Which of the following is NOT TRUE about the immune system?(A) The immune system functions best when

a person is under continuous pressure.(B) After identifying foreign invaders in the

body, the immune system attacks them.(C) There are three main functions of the

immune system.(D) When the immune system is weak, a

person can become ill easily.(E) The main function of the immune system

is to help the body.

Text IThe use of computers is probably the most interesting innovation in modern automobiles. In the 1970s, minicomputers were first introduced to monitor the ___(1)___ of fuel automobiles used. Today, computers do far more than that. Many new cars have computers which monitor the engine and ___(2)___ make any changes that are necessary. Other computers actually “Speak” to the driver, warning of ___(3)___ and safety problem with messages such as, “Your engine oil pressure is low. Prompt service is required.” When the driver corrects the problem, the computer may even say “thank you.” Drivers do not need to know English ___(4)___ the computer can be programmed to speak several ___(5)___ languages.

1 (A) number (D) content

(B) size (E) total(C) amount

2. (A) especially (D) eventually(B) automatically (E) actively(C) manually

3. (A) mechanize (D) mechanize(B) mechanic (E) mechanical(C) mechanism

4. (A) since (D) as if(B) in order that (E) so that(C) although

5. (A) differ (D) differential(B) different (E) differentiation(C) difference




Text IIFor several decades, the term ‘psychosomatic’ has been in general use. It means mind-body relationship. But the ___(6)___ definition was the mind affects the body has not been ___(7)___ defined. As the result of recent research, however, it is possible to say that the specific changes take place throughout the body as the result of human attitudes.This mind-body effect should not be ___(8)___ in view of the experience over the years with placebos. The term “placebo” is used ___(9)___ “a pill” that contains no medical ingredients but that often produces the same effect as genuine medication. Placebos provide ample ___(10)___ that expectations can have an effect on body chemistry. According to a recent article on placebos, studies conducted over the past 25 years have shown that placebos ___(11)___ relieved symptoms which include fever, anginal pain, headache, and anxiety in an average of 35 percent of patients tested. The explanation for this strange phenomenon is that human mind ___(12)___ actual changes in body chemistry as a result of what it believes. If, ___(13)___, a person believes that a certain medication contains a substance that can accomplish a specific need, the body tends to move in that direction.

6. (A) precise (D) natural(B) short (E) direct(C) smart

7. (A) clear (D) clearly(B) clarity (E) clarifying(C) clarification

8. (A) shocking (D) interesting(B) terrifying (E) challenging(C) surprising

9. (A) describe (D) it describes(B) to describe (E) they describe(C) describing

10. (A) proofs (D) categories(B) studies (E) classes(C) pills

11. (A) satisfy (D) satisfactorily(B) satisfaction (E) satisfied(C) satisfying

12. (A) has to create (D) may have to create(B) can create (E) must be

creating(C) ought to create

13. (A) such as (D) in conclusion(B) in addition (E) therefore(C) for example

Text III

Most people who have a sweet tooth consume the equivalent of 20 teaspoons of sugar a day. For the __(14)__ person, there’s nothing wrong with sugar by itself, unless all the sweet foods in your daily diet are keeping you from eating and drinking the __(15)__ foods you need. __(16)__ for people who are trying to lose weight, or have to watch their blood sugar because of diabetes, too much sugar can be a problem.14. (A) sensitive (D) special

(B) unhealthy (E) common

(C) average

15. (A) nutrient (D) nutritious(B) nutrition (E) nutritiously(C) nutritionist

16. (A) And (D) As(B) But (E) Thus(C) So


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Modul English Intensif 2012