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29/08/2017
2
NO DROP CERTIFICATION
BLUE DROP NO DROP GREEN DROP
1 WSP 1Strategy, planning &
implementation1 W2RAP
2 Asset management 2 Asset management 2 Asset management
3 Technical skills 3 Technical skills 3 Technical skills
4Credibility and
accountability4
Credibility and
accountability4
Credibility and
accountability
5 Compliance 5Compliance &
Performance5 Compliance
6 Local regulation 6 Local regulation
7 Customer care
Incentive-based regulation
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3
Objectives of No Drop certification
To change behaviour towards improved
water use and water demand management by
municipalities
To reduce water loss and increase water use
efficiency
To use credible data to report against defined
targets
To benchmark within defined municipal- and
performance clusters and/or contribute to
sector-wide benchmarking initiatives
STATE OF NRW / WATER LOSSES IN SA
(2009/10 data)
(2011/12 data) (2011/12 data) (2011/12 data) (2011/12 data)
29/08/2017
4
STATE OF NRW / WATER LOSSES IN SA
(2015/16 data) (2015/16 data)(Dec 2016 data)
(2011/12 data)
(2012/13 data) (2012/13 data) (2012/13 data) (2011/12 data)
8 Large Systems 8 Large Systems Non-delegated
(2015/16 data)
National
(2014/15 data)
8 Large Systems
WATER LOSS BENCHMARKING
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5
Basic principles
• The IWA water balance should provide a true reflection of the water use efficiency, water loss and non-revenue water in a distribution system
• The water balance should be based on actual data with minimum estimation
• All information must have an audit trail
• The water balance is based on the potable water supply (system input volume) and does not allow for treatment losses
• The water balance is a volumetric balance and does not include non-payment
Modified IWA water balance
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6
Authorised connection?
• Connection
- Yes – unmetered and
informal
- Usually installed out of
desperation or convenience
• Authorised
- No – installed by user
- Yes – utility allows user to
continue using the
connection
Number of connections
• A connection is defined as any formal or
accepted point of water supply
• Authorised = no intension of disconnecting
• All other connections should be considered
unlawful and removed
• This means all users supplied with potable water
must have a metered or unmetered connection
• Use number of accounts from billing system
- No of meters distorted by combination meters
- No households ≠ no of connections
- No stands = no of connections (outdated cadastral)
29/08/2017
7
Connection decision flow chart
Connection
Authorised Unauthorised
Illegal connection
Remove or formalise
Metered Unmetered
Billed Unbilled
Authorised consumption Water losses
Mains leakage
• Connection yes / no
• Authorised yes / no
• Metered yes / no
• Billed yes / no
Water Losses
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8
Connection leakage (before meter)
• Connection yes / no
• Authorised yes / no
• Metered yes / no
• Billed yes / no
Water Losses
House connection
• Connection yes / no
• Authorised yes / no
• Metered yes / no
• Billed yes / no
Authorised Metered Billed
29/08/2017
9
Internal Plumbing Leakage
• Connection yes / no
• Authorised yes / no
• Metered yes / no
• Billed yes / no
Authorised Metered Unbilled
Yard connection
• Connection yes / no
• Authorised yes / no
• Metered yes / no
• Billed yes / no
Authorised Unmetered Unbilled
29/08/2017
10
Tanker supply
• Connection yes / no
• Authorised yes / no
• Metered yes / no
• Billed yes / no
Authorised Metered Unbilled
Inefficient water use and wastage
• Connection yes / no
• Authorised yes / no
• Metered yes / no
• Billed yes / no
Authorised Metered Unbilled
29/08/2017
11
Live stock watering
• Connection yes / no
• Authorised yes / no
• Metered yes / no
• Billed yes / no
Unauthorised Connection - Remove
Public stand pipe
• Connection yes / no
• Authorised yes / no
• Metered yes / no
• Billed yes / no
Authorised Metered Unbilled
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12
Informal connection
• Connection yes / no
• Authorised yes / no
• Metered yes / no
• Billed yes / no
Authorised Unmetered Unbilled
Water loss or Authorised consumption
Authorised consumption
Meter or unmetered
Billed or unbilled
After connection
Water losses
Commercial losses
Physical losses
Before connection
Reticulation (Government) Stand (Consumer)
Connection
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14
Indigent water user (metered)
Actual use =
18 kl/month
Free Basic Water =
6kl/month
Balance =
12 kl/month
Metered
unbilled
Metered billed
(billed at zero rate)
Flat rate water user (unmetered)
Estimated actual use =
22 kl/month
Flat rate consumption =
10 kl/month
Balance =
12 kl/month
Unmetered
unbilled
Unmetered billed
Billed for 10kl/month
(Includes FBW)
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15
KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS
Key Performance Indicators
• Litres / capita / day
• Losses m3 / connection / day
• Losses m3 / km mains / day
• % Non-revenue water
• Infrastructure Leakage Index- Current Annual Real Losses___
Unavoidable Annual Real Losses
29/08/2017
16
Litres / capita / day
WTW
4 Ml/d
Formal water supply areas
10 000 water users
Informal water supply areas
6 000 water users
3 Ml/d
1 Ml/d
300l/c/d
60 l/c/d
250 l/c/dFormal water supply areas
10 000 water users400 l/c/d
UARL = ( 18 x Lm + 0.8 x Nc + 25 x Lp ) x P
Unavoidable Annual Real Losses
Length of mains
Average
operating
pressureNumber of service
connectionsLength of underground
pipe:- not used in
South African cases
29/08/2017
17
Infrastructure leakage index (ILI)
• The ILI provides an indication of the actual physical leakage versus
the expected minimum level of leakage
• For example, an ILI of 4 indicates that the physical leakage in the
distribution network is 4 times higher than expected.
ILI =
CARL
UARL UNAVOIDABLE ANNUAL REAL LOSSES
UARL = (18 x Lm + 0.8 x Nc + 25 x Lp) x P
CURRENT ANNUAL REAL LOSSES
CARL = system input volume – components of
authorised consumption - apparent losses
Metro No Drop basic information
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
BUF CPT EKU ETH JHB MAN NMB TSH
55 54
44
53
65
57 60
55
Ave
rage
sys
tem
pre
ssu
re (
m)
0
2 000
4 000
6 000
8 000
10 000
12 000
14 000
BUF CPT EKU ETH JHB MAN NMB TSH
2 954
10 86710 096
12 219 11 847
3 6584 454
10 116
Len
gth
of
mai
ns
(km
)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
BUF CPT EKU ETH JHB MAN NMB TSH
1.01.1
2.1
1.6
2.7
1.6
1.0
1.3
Ho
use
ho
lds
per
co
nn
ecti
on
0
100 000
200 000
300 000
400 000
500 000
600 000
700 000
BUF CPT EKU ETH JHB MAN NMB TSH
104 639
631 491
478 979
488 270
476 614
133 972219 157
530 674
121 694
21 000
54 973
156 855105 572
8 338
163
46 400
Metered connections: Unmetered connections:
29/08/2017
18
Metro No Drop Results
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
CPT EKU ETH TSH NMB JHB MAN BUF
83.5%
76.0% 75.0%70.5% 67.6% 67.3%
56.7% 54.9%
No
Dro
p S
core
Average performanceGood
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
BUF CPT EKU ETH JHB MAN NMB TSH
39.5%
21.1%
37.8%39.4%
40.9%
31.4%
42.3%
23.6%
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
BUF CPT EKU ETH JHB MAN NMB TSH
242
200
285
252
333
305
249275
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
BUF CPT EKU ETH JHB MAN NMB TSH
4.2
2.6
6.36.8
7.5
5.2
6.2
4.4
Average ILI = 5.4Average l/c/d = 274
Average No Drop score = 69% Average NRW = 34.3%
Other Physical Water Loss Indicators
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
BUF CPT EKU ETH JHB MAN NMB TSH
77
60
53 5349
39
49
57
Co
nn
ecti
on
s /
km m
ain
s
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
BUF CPT EKU ETH JHB MAN NMB TSH
18
9
17
22
28
15
21
16
Rea
l lo
sse
s (m
3/
km m
ain
s /d
ay)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
BUF CPT EKU ETH JHB MAN NMB TSH
241
153
316
411
570
375
434
272
Rea
l lo
sse
s (m
3/c
on
nec
tio
n/d
ay)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
BUF CPT EKU ETH JHB MAN NMB TSH
4.2
2.6
6.36.8
7.5
5.2
6.2
4.4
Infr
astr
uct
ure
Lea
kage
Ind
ex
22
5
29/08/2017
19
0
750 000
1 500 000
2 250 000
3 000 000
3 750 000
4 500 000
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
Connection losses (
m3/a
nnum
)
Infr
astr
uctu
re L
eakage I
ndex (
ILI)
Connections / km
Density of connections vs ILI
Constants
• Length of mains = 1000 km
• Average pressure = 50 m
• CARL = 6 000 000 m3/annum
• Connection losses = 110 litres / connection / day
𝐼𝐿𝐼 =𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠
( 18 x Lm + 0.8 x Nc) x P
40 000 connections 100 000 connections
CONCLUSIONS
29/08/2017
20
Misleading IWA Water Balance
System input
Authorised consumption
Water loss
Real loss
Billed metered
Billed unmetered
Apparent loss
Revenue water
Non-revenue
water
50% 50%
50% 50% 50%
20%
30%
Informative IWA Water Balance
Apparent loss
System input
Authorised consumption
Water loss
Unbilled metered
Unbilled unmetered
Real loss
Billed metered
Billed unmeteredRevenue water
Non-revenue
water
27%
50%
73%
23%
50%
17%
10%
50%
29/08/2017
21
Conclusions
• Include all authorised connections supplied
by the utility in the water balance
• Authorised connection = connection with no
intension of disconnecting
• Losses before the user connections =
physical or commercial losses
• Consumption and “losses” after the user
connection = authorised consumption
• Review all KPIs to ensure key issues are
identified and addressed
THANK YOU