MODELING OF WATER QUALITY OF SUNGAI MAONG … of Water Quality of Sungai... · MODELING OF WATER QUALITY OF SUNGAI MAONG USING INFORWORKS RIVER SIMULATION SOFrWARE. ... 1.1 Background

MODELING OF WATER QUALITY OF SUNGAI MAONG USING INFORWORKS RIVER SIMULATION SOFrWARE.

Penny Ak Sutnok

MASTER OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE (LAND USE AND WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT)

2007

Pusat KbidmiH . 1a ll"l i ~,u"': ali UI\1¥ERSm MALAYSIA SARAWAK

P,KHIDMAT MAKLUMAT AKADEMII<

111111111 fllfllllllllll ,1000246511

~"\.~~S~

~ ~ ~

\ % I

Faculty of Resource Science and Technology

MODELING OF WATER QUALlTY OF SUNGAI MAONG

USING INFOWORKS RIVER SIMULATION SOFTWARE .

.'

Penny Ak Sumok .

Master of Environmental Science

(Land Use and Water Resource Management)

2007

MODELING OF WATER QUALITY OF SUNGAI MAONG

USING INFOWORKS RIVER SIMULATION SOFTWARE.

PENNY AK SUMOK

A dissertation submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the

Master of Environmental Science

(Land Use and Water Resource Management)

Faculty of Resource Science and Technology

UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA SARAWAK

2007

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to personally give thanks and appreciation to my supervisor, Prof.

Salim Said for his valuable advice, comments, support and encouragement throughout the

course of the project. I am very much grateful and appreciate the help, guidance, advice

and assistant given by Mr. Darrien Mah Yau Seng, Ph.D. Candidate, Faculty of

Engineering to run the InfoWorks RS Water Quality Module model software.

My sincere thanks and appreciation to all academic and non-academic of SLUSE.

programme staff of UNIMAS for their great and enduring administrative to ensure

coherent conduct of the programme. I am enduringly grateful to my colleagues in the

NREB, for their help to gather some of the water qUality data, encouragement and moral

support throughout my study. This study was not being conducted so smoothly and

successfully without your support.

Last but not the least, I would like to express my gratefulness to my family for the

moral support, inspiration and encouragement throughout the period of this programme .. Thank you and God bless you all.

usat Khidmat Makluro t Akadcmik UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGECONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

111TABLE OF CONTENTS

VILIST OF FIGURES

VIILIST OF TABLES

1XLIST OF APPENDICES

xLIST OF PLATES

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND NOTATIONS Xl

XIVABSTRACT

XVABSTRAK

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Sungai Maong 1

1.2 Water Quality Issues ofSungai Maong 5

1.3 Sungai Maong Water Quality Status 6

1.4 Rational of Study 10

.' 1.5 Objectives of the Study 11

1.5.1 General Objective 11

1.5.2 Specific Objectives 11

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Water Quality Model 13

2.2 Info Works River Simulation (RS) Modeling 14

11

2.2.1 Saint-Venant Equations 16

2.3 InfoWorks Flow and Water Quality Simulation " 17

2.4 Boundary Conditions 21

2.5 Water Quality Modeling Using InfoWorks 21

2.5.1 Dissolved Oxygen 22

2.5.2 Temperature 23

2.5.3 Sediment 24

2.5.4 pH 24

2.6 Geographical Information System 25

2.7 River Water Quality in Sarawak 26

2.8 Existing Laws and Environmental Measures Related to

River Protection in Sarawak 29

2.9 Wastewater Characteristics 33

CHAPTER 3: MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY

3.1 Collection of Data and Materials 35

3.1.1 Water Quality Data 35

3.1.2 Hydrological Data 37

3.1.3 "Maps 37

3.2 Topographical Model Input Preparation 39

3.3 Hydrodynamic Model Development 41

3.4 Water Quality Model Development 45

3.5 Model Calibration 46

3.6 Model Validation 46

3.7 Model Application 46

1ll

CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISClJSSION

4.1 Water Quality Data 47

4.2 Model Calibration Results 48

4.3 Model Verification Results 54

4.4 Model Application Results 56

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Conclusions 60

5.2 Recommendations 61

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

Appendix I

Appendix II

Appendix III

Appendix IV

62

Flow Data 64

Modeling Event Simulation Data 67

Calibration and Validation Event Data 70

Plates- Sampling Locations (Plates NI to N7) and

Pollution Sources (Plates 8 to 14) 78

iv

LIST OF FIGURES PAGE

" Figure 1: Sungai Sarawak System and Kuching City. 2

Figure 2: Study Areas - Catchment map of Sungai Maong 4

Figure 3: Sungai Maong catchment and the sampling points ofNREB 7

Figure 4: The recorded concentrations of total coliform count

in Sungai Maong, 1999 - 2006 8

Figure 5: The recorded concentrations of biochemical oxygen

demand in Sungai Maong, 1999 - 2006 9

Figure 6: The recorded concentrations of dissolved oxygen

in Sungai Maong 1999 - 2006 9

Figure 7: The recorded concentrations of ammoniacal nitrogen

in Sungai Maong, 1999 - 2006 1-0

Figure 8: Relationship of flow and water quality simulation 19

Figure 9: Vertical Structure of the Model 20

Figure 10: Dependency ofProcesses and Variables 25

Figure 11: Digital Map of Sungai Maong developed using ESRI

ArcView 38

Figure 12: TIN Ground Surface Model of Sungai Maong cathment 40

Figure 13: Ground Model ofSungai Maong Imported to InfoWorks RS 41

Figure 14: Viewing of Sungai Maong Main Junction Network using

Geoplan of Info Works 43

Figure 15: Comparison of Actual and Computed DO at station N5

at a decay rate 0.1 (Correlation Coefficient = 0.820) 50

v









Figure 20: Comparison ofActual and Computed DO at station N5








Figure 24: Graphics of Low Flow Scenario 58

Figure 25: Graphics ofFlood Flow Scenario 59

Vl

LIST OF TABLES PAGE

Table 1: Characteristics of Sungai Maong 1

Table 2: National Water Quality Standards for Malaysia 28

Table 3: Effluent Discharge Standards for Malaysia Inland Waters 31

Table 4: Composition ofTypical Residential Untreated Wastewater 34

Table 5: Dissolved oxygen reading taken on 5th December 2006 47

Table 6: Dissolved oxygen reading taken on 7th December 2006 48

Table 7: Calibration Event (for data on 5th December 2006) 49

Table 8: Verification Event (for Data on 7th December 2006) 55

Table 9: Computed DO value based Different Hypothetical Flow

Scenarios at Central Park Station along Sungai Maong 57

Vll

LIST OF APPENDICES PAGE

",

64Appendix I Flow Data

67Appendix II Modeling Event Simulation Data

70Appendix III Calibration and Validation Event Data

Appendix IV Plates- Sampling Locations (Plates N1 to N7) and

Pollution Sources (plates 8 to 14) 78

.'

Vlll

PAGELIST OF PLATES

78Plate 1 Sampling Point NI - Batu 3 Jalan Bonnill Estate

78Plate 2 Sampling Point N2 - J alan Keretapi

78Plate 3 Sampling Point N3 - Metro Park

Plate 4 Sampling Point N4 - Jalan Stapok 79

Plate 5 Sampling Point N5 - 5MB Chung Hua 79

Plate 6 Sampling Point N6 - Cabang Sg. Maong Kiri & Kanan 79

Plate 7 Sampling Point N7 - Kampong Sungai Maong 80

Major Sources of Pollution (plates 8 to 14)

Plate 8 Domestic wastewater from households 80

Plate 9 Grey water discharged to stonn water drains without

any treatment 80

81Plate 10 Toilet

Plate 11 Septic tank 81

Plate 12 Outlet to drain 81

Plate 13 Wet markets 82

Plate 14 Eating outlets 82

IX

I-D

2-D

3-D

A

AutoCAD

BOD

COD

cm, m, Ian

DANIDA

DEM

D.I.D Sarawak

DO

DOE

D1M

DUFlow

EIA

ESRI

ESRI ArcInfo

ESRI ArcView

EQA

FC

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND NOTATIOS

One-Dimensional

Two-Dimensional

Three-Dimensional

Area in Km2

Automatic Computer Aid Design

Biochemical Oxygen Demand

Chemical Oxygen Demand

Centimeter, meter, kilometer

Danish International Development Assistance

Digital Elevation Model

Department of Irrigation & Drainage Sarawak

Dissolved oxygen

Department of Environment

Digital Terrain Mode

Dutch Flow, licensed hydraulic modeling software

• Environmental Impact Assessment

Environmental Sciences Resea~ch Institute

A GIS software package ofESRI

A GIS software package ofESRI

Environmental Quality Act

Faecal coliform

x

GeoPlan

GIS

Hr

InfoWorks

InfoWorKs RS

ISIS

Kpg.

L

Maplnfo

mg/1

NREB

NREO

NWQS

n

Q

Qp

RWQMP

Sg.

TSS

TCC

tb

Geographical Plan, a GIS tool of InfoWorks RS

Geographical Infonnation System

Hour

A licensed hydraulic modeling software of Wallingford

Software Ltd. UK

River Simulation, a modeling software package of info Works

A licensed hydraulic modeling software of Wallingford

Software Ltd. UK

Kampong

Length in m

A licensed GIS software

milligram per litre

Natural Resources & Environment Board

Natural Resources and Environment Ordinance

National Water Quality Standards

Manning's roughness Coefficient

Discharge in m3Is

Peak Discharge in m3/s

River Water Quality Monitoring Programme

Sungai

Total suspended solid

Total colifonn count

Time Base

xi

Time of Concentrationtc

Time to Peak tp

Triangulated Irregular Network TIN

University Malaysia Sarawak UNIMAS

Volume in m3 V

Velocity in m3 v

Water Ordinance WO

XlI

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT

In this study a modeling technique, the InfoWorks RS software with GIS-based

was used to study the water quality of Sungai Maong. A water quality simulation model

for Sungai Maong was explored with a focus on predicting the dissolved oxygen (DO)

parameter. The model adopted a hydrodynamic flow simulation to capture advection

and diffusion due to different flow condition~ The on-site hourly (from 9:00 to 15:00)

DO data from seven sampling locations (3rd Mile, lIn Bormill Estate N1, lambatan lIn

Keretapi N2, lambatan Metro Park N3, lambatan lIn Stapok N4, 5MB Chung Hua N5,

Cabang Sg. Maong Kiri & Kanan N 6 and Kpg. Sg Maong N7) along Sungai Maong

were collected in December 2006. The hourly DO data collected is considered as

Concentration-Time Boundary pollutants. The data was fed into the model except one

station N5 that was selected for validation purposes. The calibration of a decay rate, K

oforganic matters was found to be satisfactory at a rate of 0.1 per day. The correlation

coefficient of the observed and simulated DO concentration at 5MB Chung Hua Station

(N5) was at 0.82 (82%). The low DO readings and the slow decay rate of organic

matters indicated that the river is alarmingly unhealthy. The developed model by the

means values is deliberately descriptive of the transportation of the DO in response to

the decaying components. Hypothetical flow conditions of high and low flow scenarios

in Sungai Maong Kiri were tested against the advection and diffusion of the concerned

pollutants. For demonstration here, an average day in December was simulated at the

urban center of Central Park Station (3 rd Miles Area). The results show that the flow

conditions had little effects on the DO concentration. The river could be said as being

lost ofits ability to self-cleansing.

XIV

ABSTRAK

Dalam kajian ini, perisian Infoworks berasakan GIS telah digunakan untuk

mengkaji kualiti air Sungai Maong. Model simulasi kualiti air Sungai Maong telah

diteliti dengan memfokuskan kepada ramalan parameter oksigen yang terlarut (DO).

Model in; telah menggunakan simulasi aliran hidrodinamik untuk mendapatkan adveksi

dan diffusi disebabkan keadaan pengaliran yang berbeza. Data DO setiap jam telah

dikumpulkan dari tujuh lokasi kajian di sepanjang Sungai Maong (iaitu Batu 3, Jln

Bormill Estate N1, Jambatan Jln Keretapi N2, Jambatan Metro Park N3, Jambatan Jln

Stapok N4, 5MB Chung Hua NS, Cabang Sg. Maong Kiri & Kanan N6 and Kpg. Sg

Maong N7) pada bulan Disember 2006. Data terkumpul itu dianggap sebagai

pencemaran sempadan masa kecekapan. Data tersebut dimasukkan ke dalam model

kecuaJi stesen NS yang telah dipilih untuk tujuan verifikasi kajian. Kalibrasi untuk

kadar reputan, K, bagi bahan organic didapati memuaskan pada kadar 0.1 per hari.

KoejJlsien leolerasi bagi bacaan DO yang dikaji di lapangan dan bacaan simulasi DO

untuk NS adalah 0.82 (82%). Bacaan DO dan kadar pereputan yang rendah

menunjukkan bahawa Sungai Maong mengalami pencemaran yang amat tinggi. Model

yang dibina telah mengambil kira kepekatan DO berkadaran dengan komponen.

Senario pengaliran hipotetikal pada kadar tinggi dan rendah di Sungai Maong Kiri

telah diuji berbanding adveksi dan difJusi bahan pencemaran yang terlibat. Sebagai

(contoh keadaan) hari biasa bulan Disember telah disimulasikan di pusat Bandar

Central Park Station (Kawasan Batu 3). Hasil kajian menunjukkan keadaan pengaliran

IIdDk memberikan kesan yang tinggi terhadap kepekatan DO. Maka Sungai Maong

boleh dikatakan sebagai hilang keupayaan untuk pembersihan semulajadi.

xv

--=

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER!

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Sungai Maong

Sungai Maong flows through the south-western parts of Kuching City. It is one

of the tributaries of Sungai Sarawak and the largest sub-catchment draining the city

into Sungai Sarawak. Sungai Maong has two tributaries, the Sungai Maong Kiri and

Sungai Maong Kanan. The Sungai Maong catchment covers an area of about 47 km2

passing through the sub-urban Batu Tiga and Batu Kawa areas. The tributary

confluences with Sungai Sarawak at about 37 km from the river mouth, therefore the

tidal flushing is significant in removing pollutant from the river system naturally, prior

to the construction of Kuching barrage in 1998.

Table 1: Characteristics of Sungai Maong

Name of River Catcbment Areas (kml) Length of River (km)

S1Dlgai Maong Kiri

• at confluence

• at Batu Tiga Bridge

19.94 .

10.55

8.3

S1Dlgai Maong Kanan

• at confluence

• at Batu Kawa Road Bridge

19.05

12.20

7.5

I

Source: Department of Irrigation & Drainage Sarawak

1

Figure 1: Sungai Sarawak System and Kuching City.

Sungai Sarawak had experienced a major flow regime change. In 1998, under

the Sungai Sarawak Regulation Scheme the State Government established the

Kuching Barrage (Figure 1) with gate systems to control the floodwater level

especially in front of the city center. The operation of the gate systems have reduced

the tidal flushing, thereby partly caused the deterioration of water quality. The

situation is caused by the narrow fluctuation range of river water level and the

meandering nature of the river.

As Sungai Maong (Figure 2) runs through the city, its water quality is greatly

affected by the land use and activities of the area. Urbanization has been linked to the

2

degradation of the urban waterways which has adverse impact on the quantity, quality

and distribution of the Sarawak's water resources (Memon and Murtedza, 1999).

There are more than 70,000 of Kuching population residing in the catchment, mostly

along Sungai Maong Kiri. The public generally perceives Sungai Maong as a waste

dumping conduit.

The Sarawak State Government is concerned with the health hazard potential

in the area. In view of the urgency to minimize and control the water quality

degradation, the Sarawak State Government and all the relevant agencies are

responsible to carry out their respective functions. As the lead environmental agency

in the State, pursuant to Section 5 of the Natural Resources and Environment

Ordinance, Chap. 84 (Laws of Sarawak), 1993, the Natural Resources and

Environment Board (NREB) embarked on the River Water Quality Monitoring

Program (RWQMP) in 1999. This programme will continue into the future, with the

objective of establishing a baseline data for the relevant agencies that are involved in

river management in the State.

As the State g~vernment aims to meet its target of Class lIB water quality in

most of its rivers, it is a tremendous task ahead to identify measures and develop

strategies to fulfill this ambition. It demands a huge amount of resources to undertake

such ambition and achieve its goals. The constraint of such resources demands that

llrategies be formulated to identify rivers that can be rehabilitated with stringent goals

to achieve Class lID quality.

3

Figure 2: Study Area - Catchment map of Sungai Maong

Source: Department of Irrigation & Drainage Sarawak

4

Kh'dmat Maklumat Akademik Pusat 1 ..... A 1 AYSlA SARAWAJ(UNlVERSm lT~

1.2 Water Quality Issues of Sungai Maong

Sungai Maong is affected by many problems, including flash flooding and poor

water quality and poor river aesthetic and often perceived by the general public as a

waste dumping conduit. It is heavily polluted by high concentrations of organic

matters, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) levels and ammoniacal nitrogen. In

addition, the river is highly polluted with faecal-derived coliform bacteria (NREB,

2002).

Based on the study conducted by Danish International Development Agency

(DANIDA) in corporation with NREB Sarawak through Sustainable Urban

Development Project (NREB, 2001), reported that households are by far the main

lQU1'Ces of pollution, followed by food outlets in the Sungai Maong catchment area.

Most residential households in Kuching city are equipped with two separate

WlllDwater outlets systems, one outlet for black water (toilet water) and a number of

UUI.m&ZIi for grey water (washing, bathing, kitchen and cleaning). Grey water from

JIG_balds is discharged directly to the storm water drains without any treatment.

water is treated in individual tanks at each premise, though few housing estates

covered by co~munal treatment facilities (Iml}.off tanks). Overflows from the

• tanks are directed to the storm water drains as well.

Few food outlets are installed with oil and grease trap. Most of the food outlets

c1iIcbarging wastewater directly into the storm water drains. Oil and grease clogs

- 1III.anmlS and is a cause for foul odour.

5

1.3 Sungai Maong Water Quality Status

In line with the main objective of RWQMP, water samples are collected at four

fixed locations and monitored monthly along the Sungai Maong Kiri, most densely

populated area (Figure 3). The degree of pollution in Sungai Maong is monitored and

recorded by NREB since the year 1999. Water samples were collected and analysed

for biochemical oxygen demand (BODs), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total

auspended solid (TSS), ammoniacal nitrogen, total colifonns counts (TCC) and faecal

colifonns (FC). pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), conductivity, turbidity, salinity and

temperature are measured in-situ using portable equipments .

. The average concentration of different monitoring parameter is statistically

l88eased in the attempt to make evaluation and classification of the river system by

compared to the (National Water Quality Standards for Malaysia (NWQSM) and Class

of the standards which has been set as a goal for all rivers in Sarawak. The

contamination of faecal bacteria is still identified as the major problem in Sungai

'."10 Faecal bacteria pollution encountered in Sungai Maong is mainly attributed to . ow septic tanks, raw sewage and wet markets. The other pollutants that

,_.rately degraded the Sungai Maong water quality are identified as nutrients and

6

Documents

MODELING OF WATER QUALITY OF SUNGAI MAONG … of Water Quality of Sungai... · MODELING OF WATER QUALITY OF SUNGAI MAONG USING INFORWORKS RIVER SIMULATION SOFrWARE. ... 1.1 Background