MIS03.ppt

Management Information Systems

INFO 6240MBA Programme

Management Center / IIUM

Ahmed M. [email protected]

Mar - May 2007

3

mailto:[email protected]

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INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

Organizations need business intelligenceOrganizations need business intelligence Business intelligence (BI)Business intelligence (BI) – knowledge – knowledge

about your customers, competitors, about your customers, competitors, business partners, competitive business partners, competitive environment, and internal operations to environment, and internal operations to make effective, important, and strategic make effective, important, and strategic business decisions.business decisions.

IT tools help process information to create IT tools help process information to create business intelligence according to:business intelligence according to: OLTPOLTP OLAPOLAP

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OLTPOLTP

Online transaction processing (OLTP)Online transaction processing (OLTP) – the – the gathering of input information, processing gathering of input information, processing that information, and updating existing that information, and updating existing information to reflect the gathered and information to reflect the gathered and processed informationprocessed information Databases support OLTPDatabases support OLTP Operational databaseOperational database – databases that support – databases that support

OLTPOLTP

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OLAPOLAP

Online analytical processing (OLAP)Online analytical processing (OLAP) – the – the manipulation of information to support manipulation of information to support decision makingdecision making Databases can support some OLAPDatabases can support some OLAP Data warehouses only support OLAP, not OLTPData warehouses only support OLAP, not OLTP Data warehouses are special forms of Data warehouses are special forms of

databases that support decision makingdatabases that support decision making

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Building BIBuilding BI

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THE RELATIONAL DATABASE THE RELATIONAL DATABASE MODELMODEL

There are many types of databasesThere are many types of databases The relational database model is the most The relational database model is the most

popularpopular Relational databaseRelational database – uses a series of – uses a series of

logically related two-dimensional tables or logically related two-dimensional tables or files to store information in the form of a files to store information in the form of a databasedatabase

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Databases Are…Databases Are…

Collections of informationCollections of information Created with logical structuresCreated with logical structures With logical ties within the informationWith logical ties within the information With built-in integrity constraintsWith built-in integrity constraints

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Databases – Collections of Databases – Collections of InformationInformation

Databases have many tablesDatabases have many tables Consider Solomon Enterprises that Consider Solomon Enterprises that

provides concrete to home and provides concrete to home and commercial builders. Tables or files commercial builders. Tables or files include:include: OrderOrder CustomerCustomer Concrete TypeConcrete Type EmployeeEmployee TruckTruck

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Databases – Collections of Databases – Collections of InformationInformation

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Databases – Created with Logical Databases – Created with Logical StructuresStructures

In databases, the row number is irrelevantIn databases, the row number is irrelevant Not true in spreadsheet softwareNot true in spreadsheet software In databases, column names are very In databases, column names are very

important. Column names are created in important. Column names are created in the data dictionarythe data dictionary

Data dictionaryData dictionary – contains the logical – contains the logical structure of the information in a databasestructure of the information in a database

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Databases – With Logical Ties Databases – With Logical Ties Within the InformationWithin the Information

Logical ties must exist between the tables Logical ties must exist between the tables or files in a databaseor files in a database

Logical ties are created with primary and Logical ties are created with primary and foreign keysforeign keys

Primary keyPrimary key – field (or group of fields in – field (or group of fields in some cases) that uniquely describes each some cases) that uniquely describes each recordrecord Can you find primary keys in Figure 3.2 on Can you find primary keys in Figure 3.2 on

slide 11 (Page 129)?slide 11 (Page 129)?

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Foreign keyForeign key – primary key of one file that – primary key of one file that appears in another fileappears in another file

Foreign keys help you create logical ties Foreign keys help you create logical ties within the information in a databasewithin the information in a database

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Databases – With Built-In Integrity Databases – With Built-In Integrity ConstraintsConstraints

Integrity constraintsIntegrity constraints – rules that help – rules that help ensure the quality of the informationensure the quality of the information

ExamplesExamples Primary keys must be uniquePrimary keys must be unique Foreign keys must be presentForeign keys must be present Sales price cannot be negativeSales price cannot be negative Phone number must have area codePhone number must have area code

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DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM TOOLSTOOLS

Database management system (DBMS)Database management system (DBMS) – – helps you specify the logical organization helps you specify the logical organization for a databases and access and use the for a databases and access and use the information within a databaseinformation within a database Word processing software = documentWord processing software = document Spreadsheet software = workbookSpreadsheet software = workbook DBMS software = databaseDBMS software = database

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DATABASE MANAGEMENT DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM TOOLSSYSTEM TOOLS

5 software components:5 software components:1.1. DBMS engineDBMS engine

2.2. Data definition subsystemData definition subsystem

3.3. Data manipulation subsystemData manipulation subsystem

4.4. Application generation subsystemApplication generation subsystem

5.5. Data administration subsystemData administration subsystem

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DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM TOOLSTOOLS

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DBMS EngineDBMS Engine

DBMS engineDBMS engine – accepts logical requests – accepts logical requests from the various other DBMS subsystems, from the various other DBMS subsystems, converts them into their physical converts them into their physical equivalent, and actually accesses the equivalent, and actually accesses the database and data dictionary as they exist database and data dictionary as they exist on a storage deviceon a storage device

DBMS engine separates the logical from DBMS engine separates the logical from the physicalthe physical

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DBMS EngineDBMS Engine

Physical viewPhysical view – how information is – how information is physically arranged, stored, and accessed physically arranged, stored, and accessed on some type of storage deviceon some type of storage device

Logical viewLogical view – how you as a knowledge – how you as a knowledge worker need to arrange and access worker need to arrange and access informationinformation

With a database, you only concern With a database, you only concern yourself with your logical viewyourself with your logical view

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Data Definition SubsystemData Definition Subsystem

Data definition subsystemData definition subsystem – helps you – helps you create and maintain the data dictionary create and maintain the data dictionary and define the structure of the files in a and define the structure of the files in a databasedatabase

You must create a data dictionary before You must create a data dictionary before entering information into a databaseentering information into a database

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Data Manipulation Data Manipulation SubsystemSubsystem

Data manipulation subsystemData manipulation subsystem – helps – helps you add, change, and delete you add, change, and delete informationinformation

This is your primary DBMS interface as This is your primary DBMS interface as you work with a databaseyou work with a database ViewsViews Report generatorsReport generators QBE toolsQBE tools SQLSQL

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ViewsViews

ViewView – allows you to see the contents of a – allows you to see the contents of a database filedatabase file Make whatever changes you wantMake whatever changes you want Perform simple sortingPerform simple sorting Query to find the location of informationQuery to find the location of information Looks similar to a workbook with no row Looks similar to a workbook with no row

numbersnumbers

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ViewsViews

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Report GeneratorsReport Generators

Report generatorReport generator – helps you quickly – helps you quickly define formats of reports and what define formats of reports and what information you want to see in a reportinformation you want to see in a report

You can save report formats and generate You can save report formats and generate reports at any time with up-to-date reports at any time with up-to-date informationinformation

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QBE ToolsQBE Tools

Query-by-example (QBE) toolQuery-by-example (QBE) tool – helps you – helps you graphically design the answer to a graphically design the answer to a questionquestion

““What driver most often delivers concrete What driver most often delivers concrete to Triple A Homes?”to Triple A Homes?”

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QBE ToolsQBE Tools

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SQLSQL

Structured query language (SQL)Structured query language (SQL) – – standardized fourth-generation language standardized fourth-generation language found in most DBMSsfound in most DBMSs

Performs the same task as a QBE toolPerforms the same task as a QBE tool But uses a sentence structure instead of point-But uses a sentence structure instead of point-

and-click interfaceand-click interface SQL is used mostly by IT peopleSQL is used mostly by IT people

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Application Generation SubsystemApplication Generation Subsystem

Application generation subsystemApplication generation subsystem – – contains facilities to help you develop contains facilities to help you develop transaction-intensive applicationstransaction-intensive applications Data entry screen (called forms)Data entry screen (called forms) Programming languagesProgramming languages

Used mostly by IT specialistsUsed mostly by IT specialists

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Data Administration SubsystemData Administration Subsystem

Data administration subsystemData administration subsystem – helps you – helps you manage the overall database environmentmanage the overall database environment Backup and recoveryBackup and recovery Security managementSecurity management Query optimizationQuery optimization Concurrency controlConcurrency control Change managementChange management

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Backup and recoveryBackup and recovery Periodically back up informationPeriodically back up information Recover a database if a failure occursRecover a database if a failure occurs

Security managementSecurity management Who has access to what informationWho has access to what information Who can perform certain tasks (e.g., add, Who can perform certain tasks (e.g., add,

change, or delete) on informationchange, or delete) on information

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Query optimizationQuery optimization Restructure physical view of information to Restructure physical view of information to

optimize response times to queriesoptimize response times to queries Concurrency controlConcurrency control

What happens if two people makes changes to What happens if two people makes changes to the same information at the same time?the same information at the same time?

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Change managementChange management What is the effect of structural changes to a What is the effect of structural changes to a

database?database? What if you add a new column?What if you add a new column? What happens if you delete a column?What happens if you delete a column? What happens if you change a column’s What happens if you change a column’s

attributes?attributes?

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DATA WAREHOUSES AND DATA DATA WAREHOUSES AND DATA MININGMINING

Data warehouses support OLAP and Data warehouses support OLAP and decision makingdecision making

Data warehouses do not support OLTPData warehouses do not support OLTP Data-mining tools are the tools you use to Data-mining tools are the tools you use to

work with a data warehousework with a data warehouse DBMS software = databaseDBMS software = database Data-mining tools = data warehouseData-mining tools = data warehouse

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What Is a Data Warehouse?What Is a Data Warehouse?

Data warehouseData warehouse – logical collection of – logical collection of information – gathered from operational information – gathered from operational databases – used to create business databases – used to create business intelligence that supports business intelligence that supports business analysis activities and decision-making analysis activities and decision-making taskstasks

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MultidimensionalMultidimensional Rows and columnsRows and columns Also layersAlso layers Many times called Many times called hypercubeshypercubes

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What Are Data-Mining Tools?What Are Data-Mining Tools?

Data-mining toolsData-mining tools – software tools that you – software tools that you use to query information in a data use to query information in a data warehousewarehouse Query-and-reporting toolsQuery-and-reporting tools Intelligent agentsIntelligent agents Multidimensional analysis toolsMultidimensional analysis tools Statistical toolsStatistical tools

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What Are Data-Mining Tools?What Are Data-Mining Tools?

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Query-And-Reporting ToolsQuery-And-Reporting Tools

Query-and-reporting toolsQuery-and-reporting tools – similar to QBE – similar to QBE tools, SQL, and report generators in the tools, SQL, and report generators in the typical database environmenttypical database environment

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Intelligent AgentsIntelligent Agents

Use various artificial intelligence tools Use various artificial intelligence tools such as neural networks and fuzzy logic to such as neural networks and fuzzy logic to form the basis for “information discovery” form the basis for “information discovery” and building business intelligenceand building business intelligence

Help you find hidden patterns in Help you find hidden patterns in informationinformation

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Multidimensional Analysis ToolsMultidimensional Analysis Tools

Multidimensional analysis (MDA) toolsMultidimensional analysis (MDA) tools – – slice-and-dice techniques that allow you to slice-and-dice techniques that allow you to view multidimensional information from view multidimensional information from different perspectivesdifferent perspectives Bring new layers to the frontBring new layers to the front Reorganize rows and columnsReorganize rows and columns

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Statistical ToolsStatistical Tools

Help you apply various mathematical Help you apply various mathematical models to the information stored in a data models to the information stored in a data warehouse to discover new informationwarehouse to discover new information RegressionRegression Analysis of varianceAnalysis of variance And so onAnd so on

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Data MartsData Marts

Data warehouses can support all of an Data warehouses can support all of an organization’s informationorganization’s information

Data marts have subsets of an Data marts have subsets of an organization-wide data warehouseorganization-wide data warehouse

Data martData mart – subset of a data warehouse in – subset of a data warehouse in which only a focused portion of the data which only a focused portion of the data warehouse information is keptwarehouse information is kept

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Data MartsData Marts

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Data Mining as a Career Data Mining as a Career OpportunityOpportunity

Knowledge of data mining can be a Knowledge of data mining can be a substantial career opportunity for yousubstantial career opportunity for you Query and Analysis and Enterprise Analytic Query and Analysis and Enterprise Analytic

Tools (Business Objects)Tools (Business Objects) Business Intelligence and Information Access Business Intelligence and Information Access

tools (SAS)tools (SAS) Many in Cognos (the data warehouse leader)Many in Cognos (the data warehouse leader) PowerAnalyzer (Informatica)PowerAnalyzer (Informatica)

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Considerations in Using a Data Considerations in Using a Data WarehouseWarehouse

Do you need a data warehouse?Do you need a data warehouse? Perhaps database OLAP is sufficientPerhaps database OLAP is sufficient

Do all employees need the entire data Do all employees need the entire data warehouse?warehouse? If no, build smaller data martsIf no, build smaller data marts

How up-to-date must the information be?How up-to-date must the information be? What data-mining tools do you need?What data-mining tools do you need?

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MANAGING THE INFORMATION MANAGING THE INFORMATION RESOURCERESOURCE

Information is an organizational Information is an organizational resourceresource

Just like people, capital, and Just like people, capital, and equipmentequipment

It must be managed effectivelyIt must be managed effectively

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Who should oversee your organization’s Who should oversee your organization’s information resource?information resource? Chief information officer (CIO)Chief information officer (CIO) – oversees an – oversees an

organization’s information resourceorganization’s information resource Data administrationData administration – plans for, oversees the – plans for, oversees the

development of, and monitors the information development of, and monitors the information resourceresource

Database administrationDatabase administration – technical and – technical and operational aspects of managing informationoperational aspects of managing information

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Is information ownership a consideration?Is information ownership a consideration? If you create information, you “own” itIf you create information, you “own” it You will also share it with othersYou will also share it with others Because you “own” it, you are responsible for Because you “own” it, you are responsible for

its qualityits quality

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How “clean” must your information be?How “clean” must your information be? Duplicate information (records) must be Duplicate information (records) must be

eliminatedeliminated Inaccurate information must be correctedInaccurate information must be corrected Information forms the basis of business Information forms the basis of business

intelligenceintelligence If your business intelligence is bad, you will If your business intelligence is bad, you will

make poor decisionsmake poor decisions

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MIS03.ppt