InternationalConference

Migration and European integration of minorities

ConferenceProgramme

06-09November2014 Oradea,Romania

ThisconferencewasfinancedthroughtheJeanMonetprojectn.543008-LLP-1-2013-1-RO-AJM-MOwiththetitle“Migra-tionandEuropeanIntegrationofMinoritiesattheEasternBorderoftheEuropeanUnion”

Programme

Thursday,6thofNovember2014

1600 - 2000 Participantsarrivalandregistration

2000 Dinner

Friday,7thofNovember2014

1000 - 1030 Openingceremony LibraryoftheUniversityofOradea

Speakers: Sorin Curilă,PresidentoftheSenat,UniversityofOradea Constantin Bungău,RectoroftheUniversityofOradea Ioan Horga,DeanoftheFacultyofHistory,InternationalRelations, PoliticalScienceandCommunicationScience,UniversityofOradea Mircea Brie,HeadoftheDepartmentofInternationalRelations andEuropeanStudies,UniversityofOradea

1030 - 1200 PlenarySession

Süli Zakar István, Palóczi Ágnes(Debrecen,Hungary) QuestionsofRomaIntegrationandMigrationEndeavouringofthe RomaPeopleofSouth-EasternEurope

Ioan Horga(Oradea,Romania) The impact of the Transatlantic Partnership on the labour force mobility(Oradea,Romania)

Anatoliy Kruglashov(Chernivtsi,Ukraine) EthnicdimensionsofUkrainianmigrationprocess:nationaland regionaltrends

Vasile Cucerescu(Chișinău,Rep.ofMoldova) Cohesion,IntegrationandSecuritisationChallengesforEU MigrationLawandPolicy

1200 - 1230 Discussions 1230 Lunchbreak

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Workshops

Thematic sessions: Workshop 1 MinorityandMajorityintheEasternEuropeanArea RoomAlbertBarker Workshop 2 ThePhenomenonofMigrationinEurope.Migrationandintegration ofimmigrantsintheEU RoomBirouSenat Workshop 3 ManagingInterethnicRelationsandCommunitySecurity RoomBarbuȘtefănescu

1500-1615 1st Presentation Interval

Workshop 1 Room Chairmen:CorneliuPadurean,GabrielMoisa AlbertBarker Aurelian Lavric(Chișinău,Rep.ofMoldova) TheintegrationoftheRussian-speakingminorityintheRepublicof Moldova:difficultiesandconsequencesontheEuropeanpathofthe country

Nataliya Nechayeva-Yuriychuk(Chernivtsi,Ukraine) TheProblemofRussian-speakingPeople Integration inPost-Soviet States

Mircea Brie (Oradea,Romania) Ethno-religiousmutationsintheRomanianspace100yearsafterthe outbreakofWorldWarI

Octavian Țîcu (Chișinău,Rep.ofMoldova) From Soviet Union to European integration: the changing role of nationalminoritiesintheRepublicofMoldovaafterindependence

Grama Vasile, Anna Židová(Oradea,Romania-Prešov,Slovakia) Romaminority–maps,chartsandtables

Pénzes János, Pásztor István(Debrecen,Hungary) GypsypopulationinHungary-databasesandtheirbackground

1630-1645 Discussions

1645-1700 Coffeebreak

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Workshop 2 Room Chairmen:MolnárJudit,RoșcaLudmila BirouSenat

Mihai Sofonea (Bucharest,Romania) Theimmigrationundertheintelligencepanopticoneffect

Ambrus Attila & Károly Teperics(Debrecen,Hungary) Migration analysis in order to learn from the perspective of two academicmedicalcentersOradeaandDebrecenUniversity

Constantin Țoca (Oradea,Romania) ErasmusProgramme.EuropeanInstrumentforEuropeaneducational migration

Roșca Ludmila (Chișinău,Rep.ofMoldova) MoldovanDiasporainItaly:valuableexperiencesofsocialintegration

Polgár István(Oradea,Romania) Integration of migrants in the EU. Socio-economic, political and culturaldimensions

Mirela Mărcuț(ClujNapoca,Romania) Migration across the electronic frontier: challenges of the digital divideintheEuropeanUnion

Cosmin Chiriac, Filimon Claudiu, Filimon Lumintia(Oradea,Romania) Migration and the perspective of revitalization of the rural environmentintheMetropolitanAreaofOradea

1630-1645 Discussions

1645-1700 Coffeebreak

Workshop 3 Room Chairmen:KozmaGábor,DanaPantea BarbuȘtefănescu

Dana Pantea (Oradea,Romania) TheImageofWomanasanImmigrant

Mészáros Edina(ClujNapoca,Romania) IstheEuropeanUnionturningintoagatedcommunity?

Gabriela Goudenhooft(Oradea,Romania) TheEuropeanCourtofJusticeasanInstitutionalActorofEuropean Integration

Dana Blaga (Oradea,Romania) Rethinking cultural diversity: the European take on the politics of complexdiversity

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Sassano Silvia(Siena,Italy) Anoverviewonminorities locatedat theEU internalborders: the roleofEuropeanCross-bordercooperation

Tonk Márton, Székely Tünde (ClujNapoca,Romania) HungarianMinorityandMinorityHigherEducationSysteminRomania

1630-1645 Discussions

1645-1700 Coffeebreak

1700-1900 2nd Presentation Interval

Workshop 1 Room Chairmen:CorneliuPadurean,GabrielMoisa AlbertBarker

Penka Peeva(Bourgas,Bulgaria) TheTurkishminorityinBulgaria–historyandproblemsofintegration

Corneliu Pădurean(Arad,Romania) Matrimonial relations between majority and minority under communism.(CaseArad)

Gabriel Moisa (Oradea,Romania) Minority and Majority: the Case of the Historical Romanian CommunityfromHungaryinPostTrianonEra

Natalia Putină (Chișinău,Rep.ofMoldova) National Minorities in Moldova between Eastern and Western aspirations:RisksandChalenges

Baidic Robert Paul (Budapest,Hungary) Minority Rights in Central and Eastern Europe. The Autonomy QuestionofSzeklerlandCase

Mihai Husarik(ClujNapoca,Romania) RusynsinEurope

Constantin Liviu Demeter(Oradea,Romania) “TwentyfiveyearsoftheGermanDemocraticForuminOradea”

1900–1915 Discussions

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Workshop 2 Room Chairmen:MolnárJudit,RoșcaLudmila BirouSenat Radics Zsolt, Fekete József György(Debrecen,Hungary) InternationalmigrationtrendsinTurkeyandtheBalkans

Cristina Matiuță(Oradea,Romania) MigrantsIntegrationinEuropeanSocieties:EUPoliciesandSocialRealities

Grigore Silași, Ovidiu Simina(Timișoara,România) MigrationandGlobalization.TheViewoftheGlobalizationProcess inTermsofMigration

Shcherbatiuk Oleg(Chernivtsi,Ukraine) ThespecificfeaturesofethnicgroupsinteractioninBukovyna(inthe contextofthemigrationprocess)”.

Alina Stoica(Oradea,Romania) Portuguese Perception of Migration and Acculturation Processes andTheirInfluenceupontheImageoftheCountry

Molnár Judit, Kóródi Tbor(Glasgow,Scotland–Miskolc,Hungary) AneweraofemigrationofHungarians?WhyresidentsofHungary arethinkingaboutleavingtheirhomecountry?

Oltean Anca(Oradea,Romania) TheemigrationofRomanianJewsinIsraelduringtheyears1945-1969

1900–1915 Discussions

Workshop 3 Room Chairmen:KozmaGábor,DanaPanteaBarbuȘtefănescu Dorin Dolghi(Oradea,Romania) EthnicdiversityandthechallengesforEuropeansecurity

Molnár Ernő, Palóczi Gábor, Lengyel István Máte(Debrecen,Hungary) Changing commuting patterns in Hungary after the turn of the millennium

Kozma Gábor, Czimre Klára(Debrecen,Hungary) Characteristics of the cross-border suburbanisation process in the Oradeaagglomeration

Florentina Chirodea, Luminița Șoproni (Oradea,Romania) European Instruments for the IntegrationofMinorities.Hungary - RomaniaCross-BorderCo-operationProgramme(2007–2013)

Mariana Iatco (Chișinău,Rep.ofMoldova) “RezultatelesiexperientaRepubliciiMoldovainobtinerearegimului devizecuUniuneaEuropeana”

Cezar Morar(Oradea,Romania) MinorityandMajorityforBuildingCommunitiesthroughEUfunds, inBihorCounty,Romania

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1915–1930 Discussions

2000 Dinner

Saturday,8thofNovember2014

1000-1115 1st Presentation Interval

Workshop 1 Room Chairmen:PolgárIstván,DorinDolghi AlbertBarker Hegedüs Renáta (Oradea,Romania) MigrationandIntegrationofImmigrants

Hanga-Fărcaș Gheorghe (Oradea,Romania) EU’srefugeepolicy

Juraj Peregrin(Bratislava,Slovakia) ComparativeAnalysisofNationalReformProgrammesinV4countries intermsofmigrantintegrationintheEurope2020strategy

Moise Alin Ionut Cornel (Oradea,Romania) MigrationandintegrationofimmigrantsintheEU

Peter Scavnicky(BanskáBystrica) PerceptionoftheRomacommunityintheEUcountries.Casestudy Slovakia

Szabó Léda (Oradea,Romania) Romania andHungary’s political attitude after the 2ndWorldWar regardingthejewishpopulationformtheNorthVestTransylvania

1115–1130 Discussions

1130–1200 Coffebreak

1245-1300 CONCLUSIONS Presented by: IoanHorga Workshop1:MirceaBrie,CorneliuPădurean Workshop2:MolnárJudit,RoșcaLudmila Workshop3:KozmaGábor,DanaPantea

1330-1500 Lunch

1530-1800 Visit to churches of various confessions from Oradea

2000 Dinner

Sunday, 9th November 2014 Departureoftheparticipants

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Abstracts

Ambrus Attila & Károly Teperics Migrationanalysis inorder to learn from theperspectiveof twoacademicmedicalcentersOradeaandDebrecenUniversity

Thepurposeofthisstudyistoanalyzethetwoacademicmedicalcenterscrossbordersin terms of students provenance, the services offered by the faculties concerned,tuitionfees,aswellasareasofpolarizationexertedbythetwoinstitutionsetc.Thestudy is looking to the correct diagnosis in terms of the love of the two currentuniversitiesonthemarketinthetwoCountries.

Baidic Robert Paul MinorityRightsinCentralandEasternEurope.TheAutonomyQuestionofSzeklerlandCase

ThepaperswilltrytoofferapreliminarycomparativeanalysisontheSpecialStatuteoftheautonomousregionofSzeklerlandinRomaniafrom2014.ComparingtheproposeddocumentwithothermodelsofautonomyfromcentralandeasternEuropeanstates,especially but not onlywewill try to understandwhat are the possibilities or/andthe limits to put in practice such an asymmetric autonomymodel. Will this offermoreprotectionto thehungarianminorities?Arethereanycurrentstatestructurelimitations?Thesearearejustofthefewquestionsthatwewilltrytoanswerinthispaper.

Dana Blaga Rethinkingculturaldiversity:theEuropeantakeonthepoliticsofcomplexdiversity

The nowadays concept of complex diversity places the discussion in a social andpoliticalcontextinwhichdiversityhasbecomeafluidmultidimensionalandempiricalphenomenon,tofollowinthefootstepsofthebordersevolution.Atthesametime,because the lines are blurred in our globalized world and especially in a “unityin diversity”- typeof Europe, it calls for a thorough investigationof thenormativeframeworkthatgivesusthebaseforwhenwetalkaboutidentitypolitics,migration,integrationorrecognition.Thisarticletriesto identifythemainethno-nationalandcultural expressions of complex diversity in present-day Europe, with the criticalanalysisofthedominantapproachtowardsdiverseidentitiesthatisconnectedtotheprocessof European integration.AlthoughEurope’sofficial political discourse sings

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the praises of diversity, the term seems to be used sometimes superficially, beinglinkedrathertothedynamicsofthesocietyandthemarketthantoareflectiveidentitypolitics.Theboundariesbetweentheoryandempirical researchhavebecomefluidandifwewanttograspthetruepotentialofcomplexdiversity,weneedtofindthebalancedvantagepointthatavoidsmakingculturethe quintessencethatmakestheworldgoround,yetisfullyawareofthekeyimportancethattheculturallygroundedpraxishavewhenaimingforpoliticsofrecognition.

Mircea Brie Ethno-religious mutations in the Romanian space 100 years after the outbreak ofWorldWarI

100yearsaftertheoutbreakofWorldWarIwecannoticecertainmutationsintheethno-religiousstructureoftheRomanianpopulation.Beitoflargermagnitudeorjustsmall fractions, thesechangesaretheconsequenceofbothanormaldevelopmentprocess,andofthebrutalpoliticalinterventionsinthenaturalevolution.Theethnicstructureofthisregionhasbeenheavilyinfluencedbytheevolutionofthevarioushistorico-geographical factorsandpolicies.Mostof this structure,however,is linked to the evolution of the denominational structure. Ethnicity in this case isclosely related to religion. The political reality, the events with political overtonesthatoccurredduringthesecenturieshadadirectinfluenceregardingtheconductofprocesses andphenomena related to the ethno-confessional evolutionof the areasubjecttoourresearch.Majorgeopoliticalchangesofthetwentiethcenturyandpoliticaldecisions,especiallyextremistdictatorial regimes (Horthyst-Hungarianandcommunist-Romanian) led tosignificantchangesintheethnicstructureoftheregionnorthwestTransylvania.Policydecisions,especiallythosetakenduringthedictatorialpoliticalandextremistregimesduring the twentieth centurywere able to seriously affect ethno-religious realitiesoftheRomanianspace,especially inTransylvania.BeittheHungarianorRomanianauthoritiesduringthetwoworldwarsorthecommunistdictatorship,decisionsweretaken that changed the ethnicmapof the Romanian space. Suffice it to recall thedramaoftheJewishcommunityoftheSecondWorldWarorthe„sale”oftheGermansandtheJewsbytheCommunistsinthepostwarperiod.

Florentina Chirodea, LuminițaȘoproniEuropean Instruments for the IntegrationofMinorities.Hungary - RomaniaCross -BorderCo-operationProgramme(2007–2013)

The integration ofminorities is one of the subjects constantly approached by theEuropeanUnion,policiesandinstrumentscreatedinordertoachievethisobjectiverepresentingasubjectforanalysisanddebatesbetweenspecialists.Fromthispointofview,thestudyproposesanevaluationofHungary-RomaniaCross-BorderCo-operation Programme in period between 2007 and 2013, analysing the impact offinancedprojectsonthecommunitiesofminoritiesfromtheRomanian–Hungarianborder.

Cosmin Chiriac, Filimon Claudiu, Filimon Lumintia Migration and the perspective of revitalization of the rural environment in theMetropolitanAreaofOradea

TheMetropolitanAreaofOradeaisoneoftheoldestassociationsofadministrativeunitsinRomaniaanditincludesthecityofOradeaand11communesthatsurroundit.Theadaptionoftheeconomicenvironmentandlifeingeneral,inRomania,totherealitiesofthefreemarketeconomyhashadanegativeimpactontheevolutionoftheruralenvironment,generatingademographicdeclinecaused,inpart,bylowbirthratesand,inpart,bythephenomenonofmigration.SomeofthecommunesoftheMetropolitanAreaofOradeahavemanagedtocounterthisdemographictrend,especiallythroughthedevelopmentofnewresidentialareas.OuraimistofindoutwhatistheeffectofthemigrationthesedevelopmentsgeneratedandifitgivesanyperspectivetowardstherevitalizationoftheruralenvironmentintheMetropolitanAreaofOradea.

Vasile CucerescuCohesion,IntegrationandSecuritisationChallengesforEUMigrationLawandPolicy

It isexaminedthephenomenonofmigrationintheEuropeanUniononthreebasiclayers–cohesion,integrationandsecuritisation,whichseemtobeemblematicbothforUnion’sandMemberStates’lawandpolicyinthefield.MigrationintheEuropeanUnionrepresentsaverycomplexandstuffytopicfortheoristsandpractitioners.Eu-rope, embodiedby theEuropeanUnion, is a large familyofpeoples committed topromotecommonvalues.ThroughoutitshistoryEuropehasbeenconsideredasthe“OldContinent”,thecradleofcivilisation,thelandofprosperity,and,forthelastsixtyyearperiod,thelandofpeace;thisshouldbetakenintoconsiderationwhentacklingthephenomenonofmigrationintheEuropeanUnion.ThereareanalysedEUlegalpro-visionsandEUpolicyissuesonmigration,beingfocusedontopicrationale,premises,motives,causesandeffects,whichareproducedbothinsideandoutsidetheEuropeanUnion.ThepapergivesaninsightonmigrationintheEuropeanUnion,followingthetwo-foldsecuritisation:humanandUnion’ssecurityinatoorapidlychangingworld,determinedbytheEuropean(community)legalorderandthenew(shifting)interna-tionallegalorder.

Constantin Liviu Demeter TwentyfiveyearsoftheGermanDemocraticForuminOradea

GermanDemocraticForuminOradeaisrelevantforhistoryofTransilvania,becauseincludes german group “Swabians” and germans group “Saxons” without havingaround hermore than a village colonized.Of course, trade activity in local historyinvitedtheminoritytoparticipateeconomy.OradeawasacitywithChristianrootsandresidentswasinthemiddleofmanyreligionsbutthegermanscitizensrepresentedmeeting point between Catholic church, evangelical church and jews speakers ofgermanlanguage.Inconclusion,inrespectofthehistory,germansinOradeaworthopeninganinstitutiontodefendtraditionandtheirpastdeedsforthepresentcultureinwesternRomania.

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Dorin Dolghi EthnicdiversityandthechallengesforEuropeansecurity

As European Union represents one of the most culturally heterogeneous regions(national, linguistic, ethnic and religious), one of the challenges of the integrationprocess is to provide the necessary governance structure in order tomaintain thebalancebetweensupranational,nationalandsub-nationalentities.EachEUmemberstate, without exception, has experienced during its membership a process ofdecentralizationand internal re-organization inorder tocreate themost functionalstructures able to implement the common policies.Within this phenomenon, theapplication of subsidiarity principle and the increasing political influence of sub-national regional cultural groups have underlined the devolution of states and anincreasingexpressionondifferenttypesofautonomiesandevenindependenceclaims.Thisraisessomesecurityissues(mostlyinpoliticalandeconomicterms)bothfromthestate’sperspective,aswell as fromanEUperspective.Within thecontribution,wewillprovideananalysisfromaEuropeanmulti-levelsecuritygovernance,testingtheoptionsofthetheoreticalinterpretationsofneo-medievalism,consociationalismandfederalism,astoolstomaintaintheEU’scohesion,stateintegrityandtoregulatetheintra-staterelations.

Grama Vasile, Anna Židová Romaminority–maps,chartsandtables

WithapopulationinEuropeestimatedat8to12million,theycanbefoundeverywherefromFinlandtoGreeceandfromIrelandtoRussia,buttheyhavenohomeland.ThegreatestnumberliveinCentralEasternEurope:Romania,Slovakia,Bulgaria,Hungary,andtheformerYugoslavia.EasternEuropeishometobetween6and8millionRoma.Accuratepopulationestimationsaredifficultbecauseofinfrequentdatacollection,theRoma’smobility,andtheRoma’sreluctancetoregisteras“Roma”incensusesforfearofbeingstigmatized.Thearticleinvestigatesthedifferent(sometimescontradictory)maps, tables and charts representing the Roma minority in Central Europe andelsewhere.

Gabriela GoudenhooftTheEuropeanCourtofJusticeasanInstitutionalActorofEuropeanIntegration

Establishedin1951asaCourtofAppealforstrictcompetence,theEuropeanCourtofJustice,asitiscallednowadays,succeededtobecomeoneofthemostimportantinstitutionalactorsofEuropean integrationand itspowersareextendingmoreandmoreover the years. The ECJ’s jurisdiction incumbent taskof ensuring compliancewith EU’s law in the interpretation and application of the text of the Treaties. IntheEUorder theECJhasasovereignpower.CourtdecisionscannotbequestionedeitherbyMemberStatesorbyotherEU institutions.Therefore, it isacknowledgedthattheECJcaselawisasourceofEUlaw.EuropeanlawhasmajorrelevanceinthecontextofintegrationnotonlybecauseitisaddressedtotheMemberStatesinorderto harmonize their national legislation, but also because it gives individuals rightswhichmaybeinvokedincertaincircumstancesbeforenationalcourtsagainstpublic14

bodiesoragainstotherindividuals.ItiswhatiscalledthedirecteffectofEUlaw(VanGendenLoosdecisionfrom1963).ECJ,byanother famousdecision(Costavs.Enelfrom1964)hasestablished theprincipleof supremacyofEU lawover thenationallawofMemberStates.TheobjectivepursuedfortheECJistoensuretheEuropeanintegrationthroughenforcinganduniformlyinterpretingEUlawinallMemberStates.ItisarisingfromthenatureoftheEUthattheprimacyofEUlawovernationallawisasinequanonconditionofintegration.

Hanga-FărcașGheorghe EU’sRefuggePolicy

ThispapersaimstoanalysetheEuropeanUnion’s(EU)asylumpoliciesandthestepsEUMember States take in harmonizing their national policies while treating withasylumseekersandrefugeesasminotitieslivingontheirterritory.Forthis,IconductedacriticalreviewofkeylegislationandpoliciesinthefieldofasylumandrefugeepolicyandthewayitevolvedinEU.AlthoughEUappearstobeopenformigrantswitheffortsbeingmadetoencouragethe immigrationof skilledworkers, theEUspace is stillperceivedas close towardsmigrants.Migration is seen as somethingnegativebecauseof burdening the labormarket,becauseofsecurityriskslinkedtoimmigrationandbecauseitburdensonthesocialsecuritysystem.With the latestdevelopmentsat theEUborder in countries likeUkraineandSyria,theresultingwaveofimmigrantsthatseekforasylumintheEUhastobedealtwithproperly.EUneedstorethinkitsrefugeepolicy.TheEUhastoconstanlyimproveandadapttheCommonEuropeanAsylumSystem(CEAS)totheglobalchallengesandtoset out common high standards and stronger co-operation to ensure that asylumseekersaretreatedequallyinanopenandfairsystem.

Hegedüs Renáta MigrationandIntegrationofImmigrants

The subject of this article deals with the problems regarding migration and theintegration of the immigrants in the target society. The individuals’ decision ofmigrationhasseveralcauses,whichcanbecultural,political,religious,andeconomicaswell.Thosewhodecidetoemigratemayencountervariousdifficulties.Firstofall,therearethelinguisticproblems,sinceonehastobefamiliarwiththeofficiallanguageofthetargetstateorwithaninternationallanguage.Secondly,therearetheculturalissues,sincetheintegrationof individuals intoanewsocietyrepresentsaproblem.Forthosewhoimmigratethisisadifficultybecausetheycomefromdifferentculturalenvironments,possessingaculturalidentitythatisalreadyformed.Atthesametime,thisisanissuealsoforthesocietyofthetargetstate.Culturalintegrationisadifficultandlongprocess,whichimpliesthecoexistenceofmanydifferentcultures,therefore,thepeacefulcoexistenceisacomplicatedprocess.Anotherproblemdiscussed inthisessay isrelatedtothe immigrants’choiceofthetarget state. These choicesmay be the result of a socio-cultural relation betweentwostatessharingacommonpast.Anothercausecanbethefinancialcrisisleadingthecitizenstoemigrateforamorestablefutureasfarasfinancialsareconcerned.In

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addition,thechoiceofatargetstatecanbealsorelatedtotheculturalandreligiousaffinitiesoftheinvolvedstates.Evenacivilwarwithmilitaryinterventionscancauseindividualstoleavetheplaceoforigin.Theaspectofintegrationandculture,observedfromthecommunities’perspective,seen from theviewpointof the secondgenerationof the immigrants,which refersto the maintaining of relations through various ways of communication with thecommunitymembersofthestateoforiginandtheaspectsofthesecondgenerationoftheimmigrantsregardingthepracticeofculturalvaluesandthehabitsofthehomesociety.

Ioan HorgaTheimpactoftheTransatlanticPartnershiponthelabourforcemobility

Population mobility is a phenomenon which has characterized the society fromancienttimesuntil today.Therefore,hasaprofoundhistoricalbackgroundandhasmanifesteddifferently in space andtimedepending on the factors and conditions,concrete,specificfromonestagetoanotherandfromoneplacetoanother.The concept of mobility has a very broad range of coverage of the territory andthesocial issues. Inthissensewecandefinepopulationmobilityastheprocessbywhichpeoplechange their residential status,professionalor social. Thus, it canbedistinguished:spatialmobility(territorialorgeographical)mobilityandsocialmobility,changingmaritalstatus,educationalstatuschange.Ofall,themostcomplexandinfluenceothertypesofmobilityisthemobilityspace,territorial or geographical population. It is a process that comprises the sum ofpopulationmovementsinspace,duetovariouscauses,thedistanceslargeorsmall,withorwithoutpermanentchangeofresidence.

Mihai HusarikRusynsinEurope

Rusyns(Carpatho-Rusyns)areanethnicgrouplivingindifferentCentralandEastern-European countries. Their homeland lies in three European countries: Ukraine(Transcarpathia , Subcarpathian Rus), Slovakia and Poland. Many other groupsare scattered in different European countries, or on the American and Australiancontinents.Rusynsareanethnicgroup,whichisconsideredtobethemostwesterngroup among the Eastern Slavs. The vast majority of Rusyns belong to the GreekCatholic/ByzantineorOrthodoxchurches.Theirname,Rusyn,createsaconnectiontotheeast,totheinhabitantsofthemedievalstateofRus’withitscenterinKiev.Thereareapproximately1,2millionRusynsinEurope.Rusynsdonothavetheironestate.TheyarelegallyrecognizedasanationalminorityinsomeEuropeancountrieswherethereisanactiveRusynminority.ThestruggletocodifyagenerallyacceptedRusynlanguagewasprobablyoneofthegreatestprojectsofthisethnicgroup.Afterachievingthisdesiderata,theRusyneliteshavemore leverage inasking formore rights for their coethnics living indifferentEuropeancountries.

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Mariana Iatco RezultatelesiexperientaRepubliciiMoldovainobtinerearegimuluidevizecuUniuneaEuropeana

În2007,MoldovaaanulatînmodunilateralregimuldevizepentrustatelemembrealeUE,iarînacelaşitimp,țărileUEsuntprintrecelemairestrictiveînceeacepriveştelibertateacirculației.Deasemenea,înanul2007,întreBruxellesșiChișinăuaufostîn-cheiateAcordurideFacilitareșiReadmisieaVizelor,faptcareafacilitatobținereavizeipentru15categoriideprofesioniștișipersoanedezavantajate,inclusivfaptulprincareprețulpentrueliberareavizeiafostscăzutdela60eurola35euro.Dar,înacelașitimp,MoldovașiUEși-auasumatresponsabilitateadea-ireîntoarceînțarăpeaceicareauședereailegalăpeteritoriilecarecadsubincidențaprezentuluiacord.Subiectullibera-lizăriiregimuluidevizeafostmenționatîncadrulplatformelorParteneriatuluiEsticșiulterior,încadrulDeclarațieiComuneaUEșiRepubliciiMoldova,careastipulatexpresDialogulprivindliberalizarearegimuluidevize.

Kozma Gábor, Czimre KláraCharacteristics of the cross-border suburbanisation process in the Oradeaagglomeration

In our days, cross-border suburbanisation has become one of the most peculiarphenomenawhichispartlyduetothegrowingimportanceofthesecondandthirdstagesofthemodernurbanisationcycle,andpartlytotheweakeningofthedividingrole of borders. The fundamental objective of the presentation is to demonstratethe cross-border aspect of the suburbanisation trend observed in the Oradeaagglomeration.Inthecourseoftheresearchthesocio-economiccharacteristicsofthepopulationmovingfromtheRomaniancitytotheHungariansideoftheborder,themotivationsforthemigrationandtheimpressionsacquiredonthenewresidencieswerestudiedwiththehelpofquestionnaires.

Anatoliy KruglashovEthnicdimensionsofUkrainianmigrationprocess:nationalandregionaltrends

Ukrainesinceits IndependenceandevenmuchearlierforpreviousagesisatransitcountryofEurasianmigration.InthesametimeforthelastdecadescitizensofUkrainearelookingaroundforthebetterplacetoleaveandwork.Labormigrationleadstoemigrationfromthecountryabroad.Vise-verse,theimmigrationtothecountryfromsomepost-sovietandAsiancountriesseemstobemoreandmoreinfluentialfactorasfarasthedomesticsituationinUkraineisconcerned.LatestRussia-UkraineWarmakesmigratoryprocessesinthecountrymoredynamicanddramaticones.InthepaperthegeneraltrendsofUkrainianmigrationsprocesswillbeconsidered.Botharetoberegardedfromtheall-nationalpointofviewandregionalstandpoint.The latter is concentrated on the case study of Chernivtsi oblast (region) situationwithmigration.Theauthorisgoingtocharacterizetheethnicspecificityofmigratoryprocess, how members of different ethnic communities partake in immigration/emigrationdynamics andwhat is the contradictory impact of them to the countrypolicyandpolitics.

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Somegeneralconclusionsaretobemade,especiallyregardingprosandconsofpublicpolicy towardsmigration inUkraineandcivicsocietystanceconcerning thehottestissuesofmaking themigration lessexhaustiveandchallenging for thecountryandcitizensofUkraine.

Aurelian Lavric TheintegrationoftheRussian-speakingminorityintheRepublicofMoldova:difficultiesandconsequencesontheEuropeanpathofthecountry

Thespecificsofthepost-SovietstateMoldova(RM)isthatRussian-speakingminoritycomprisesnotonly theRussiannationalminority (5.95%), but alsoothernational/ethnic minorities, which in Soviet times were subjected to an intense process ofdenationalization and Russification (by educational system if teaching in Russianlanguage, media, military service in the Soviet army, where was used exclusivelyRussian, work detachments of youth in Kazakhstan, Siberia). Thus, the Ukrainian(8.34%)andtheBulgarian(1.94%)nationalminoritiescurrentlyuseinpublicRussian.AlsoGagauzethnicminority(4.36%)usesRussianlanguagebothinadministrationandineducation.So,withsomeexceptions,national/ethnicminoritiesinMoldovaareonelinguisticminority–ofRussian-speaking.ItsintegrationintotheMoldovancultureisquite low. Romanian-speakingmajority consists of 75.8% declaredMoldovans and2.16%declaredRomanians.BeingboundbythelanguageofthecultureoftheRussianFederation,Russian-speakingminority inMoldova feelssafe in termsof integrationof RM into the Russian cultural space: the Eurasian Union. Often, the support fortheEasternvectoristheresultsofworseinformationduetoignoranceofthestatelanguage(Romanian).AbadintegrationintoMoldovansociety,apoorknowledgeofRomanian languageby theRussian-speakingminority leads to fact that theyprefertheEasternvector,despitetheclearadvantagesofferedbytheEuropeanintegration.ThesuccessofagoodforwardofthecountryonthepathofEuropean integration,supportedbya reinforcedmajorityofMoldovansociety, involvesmakingefforts tobetterintegrationoftheRussian-speakingminority.

Cristina Matiuta MigrantsIntegrationinEuropeanSocieties:EUPoliciesandSocialRealities

Legal migration and integration in Western European societies of both non-EUnationalsandEUcitizenscomingfromEasternEuropeanMemberStatesarepartofanimportantdebateacrosstheEU.ProsperouscountriesoftheEuropeanUnionareconfrontedtodaywithintegrationchallenges.Thepaperaimstoexplorethesechallenges,referringtotheEUpoliciesinthefield,designed to improve integration, as well as to the perceptions and attitudes ofindigenouspopulationtowardsmigrants.

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Mirela Mărcuț Migrationacrosstheelectronicfrontier:challengesofthedigitaldivideintheEuropeanUnion

Thedigitaldivideislooselydefinedastheexistenceofasocio-economicinequalityintheaccess,useandskillsofinformationandcommunicationtechnologies.IthasbeenpinnedasoneofthemainimpedimentsinthegrowthofthedigitaleconomyintheEuropeanUnion,whichhasputinplacestrategiestoeliminateit.Europeancitizens,orbetteryet,usersareencouragedtostrengthentheiruseandskills,whilethepublicinstitutions and private companies aim to improve access across Europe.With theInternetbeingthebiggestsupplierofinformation,itispossibleforEuropeanuserstomigratewithintheinformationsocietybyupgradingtheirdigitalskillsandthusbeingbetterperformersinthelabourmarket.Inthiscase,theaimofthispresentationwillbetoascertainwhetherthephenomenonofmigrationcanbetransplantedintotheinformationsocietyandwhetherwecandefineanewphenomenon,namelyvirtualmigration.

Gabriel Moisa MinorityandMajority:theCaseoftheHistoricalRomanianCommunityfromHungaryinPostTrianonEra

AftertheFirstWorldWarended,inHungaryremainedaromaniancommunitywhosenumbervariedovertime.Itsintegrationinthenewhistoricalcontextwasdifficultandpainfullinthesametime.Thetearingofconnectionswiththerestoftheromaniancommunity,leftdeeptracesinitsevolution.Deprivedofitsculturalandpoliticalelites,itenteredinaveryshorttime,fromallpointsofview,onadescendingtrend.Mostobviouswasitsnumericalevolution.Fromaquarterofamillionofromanianethnicsininterwarperiod,tofourthousandstoday,accordingtoofficialdataoftheregisteredminorityvoterslists.The integration of romanian comunity in the hungarian „landscape” was constantin the last century, becoming one of the best ancored ethnic communities withinHungary.

Moise Alin Ionut Cornel MigrationandintegrationofimmigrantsintheEU

Inourdayswecanspeakaboutanageofmobility,wherethemovementofpeoplewillcontinuetoincreaseinthedecadesahead.Nearly3%ofworldpopulationlivedoutsidetheircountryofbirthin2005.And2-2.5%oftheworldpopulationhasalwaysmovedforthelast40years.IntegrationisoneofthemajorconcernintheEUpolicies.MostMemberStatesareexperiencingmigratoryphenomenaandareconfrontedwithintegrationchallenges,someoftheMemberStateshaveonlyrecentlybeenfacedwithimmigration,butothershavedealtwith immigrationand integrationchallenges fordecadesbutnotalwayswithsatisfactoryresults,andtheyareconsequentlyrevisingtheirpolicies.Thattellsusweneedtocomeupwithsomecommonpoliciesstrongerandnotbereviewedagain.Thepromotionoffundamentalrights,nondiscriminationandequalopportunitiesforallarekeyintegrationissues.

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Mészáros Edina IstheEuropeanUnionturningintoagatedcommunity?

A few decades ago immigrants were welcomed in Europe, as they have providedcheapworkforce,whichwasusedtofillinthegapsinthelabourmarket,andalsothephenomenonofillegalmigrationwasperceivedasamatterofsecondaryimportanceontheagendaofthenationstates.Nowadaysthisstatushaschanged,andthefightagainst irregularimmigrationhasbecomeoneofthemostpressingconcernsattheleveloftheEuropeanUnionaswhole.AsaresultoftheexclusionarypoliciesattheEUborders,strictasylumpolicies,heavyvisaregimesandcutting-edgetechnologiesdesignedtotacklethisphenomenon;theEUhasfullyearneditsnicknameofFortressEurope.InthisscientificreflectionweconsiderthemetaphorofFortressEuropeasanobsoleteterm,deliberatelyreplacingitwiththeconceptofgatedcommunity,becauseitblendsrestrictivemeasureswithselectivepermeability,constrainingtheaccesstothosewhoareconsidereddangerouselements,andgivespermissiontothosewhobringbenefitstothecommunity.Throughgatedcommunityweunderstandaresidentialdevelop-mentestablishedonaterritorialareasurroundedbywalls,fencesornaturalbarriers,restrictedaccessthroughasecureentrance,guardedbyaprofessionalprivatesecuritypersonnelusingrefinedtechnologies,monitoringandcontroldevices.Wewill try to proveour hypothesis by analysing recent irregularmigratory eventsandtheirconsequencesupontheEU’sborderpoliciesandasylumsystem.Further-morewetargettodemonstratetheexistenceoftheprincipleofselectivepermeabilityfromaveryunusualanglethatoffootball,ascommunitybordersareclosedforan overwhelmingmajority,yetopenforsome,thesocalledbufferzonenotbeingimple-mentedincaseoftopmanagers,engineers,PhDstudentsandtalentedsoccerplayersfromthirdcountries.

CezarMorarMinorityandMajority forBuildingCommunities throughEUfunds, inBihorCounty,Romania

Thewell-beingandsuccessofacommunityisdependentonthequalityofrelationshipsamongthepeopleofthatcommunity.Inthisrespectthestudywillbefocusedonhowtheminority-majorityrelationinfluencestheCommunitiesBuildingprocessandalso,howsuccessfularetheselocalcommunitiesfromBihorCounty,RomaniainusingthelocaldevelopmentEuropeanUnionfunds.

Molnár Judit, KóródiTbor AneweraofemigrationofHungarians?WhyresidentsofHungaryarethinkingaboutleavingtheirhomecountry?

MoreandmorecitizensdecidetoleaveHungaryandtrytogetajobabroad.Amongthemmoreandmoreareyoungandskilled.ThissituationisverydisadvantageousforthecountryduetoHungary’sagingpopulation.InadditionthecountrywouldnotonlyneedtokeeptheirpeopleinHungarybutalsotoattractskilledworkersfromabroad.Thispaperaimstoinvestigatethereasonforthishighnumberofemigrants,whythey20

decidedtoleave,whichcountriestheyprefertoliveinandwhichpartofHungarytheyarefromandhowlongtheyplantostayabroad.

Molnár Ernő, Palóczi Gábor, Lengyel István Máte ChangingcommutingpatternsinHungaryaftertheturnofthemillennium

Thepresentationfocusesonthephenomenonofcommuting,asoneformofspatialmobilityrelatedtotheemploymenthavingmoreandmoresignificanceintherecentHungary.Ourexamination isbasedonsettlement leveldata (NUTS5/LAU2)of theHungarian censuses from 2001 and 2011.We analyze the most important spatialprocessesofcommutingafter the turnof themillennium,withspecialattentiontothedynamicsandimportanceofemploymentcenters,aswellastothechangesandspatialdifferencesofcommutingintensityandbalance.ByanalyzingcommutingdataweattempttotracethemostimportantspatialeconomicrestructuringprocessesinHungarycharacterizedbytheinequalitiesofcapitalandruralregions,theEast-WestSlopeaswellasthedifferencesbetweenlocalcentersandperipheries.

Oltean Anca TheemigrationofRomanianJewsinIsraelduringtheyears1945-1969

Thispaperdealswith theproblemof theemigrationofRomanian Jews in Israelasrevealed by a few historical writings and in published documents. The RomanianJews’emigrationinIsraelwasacontinuousprocessinspiteofthecommunistregimeestablishedinRomaniaafterthewaranditwasoneofthemainprioritiesofRomanian-Israelidiplomaticrelations.Theresearchfocusedontheyears1945-1969.

Dana Pantea TheImageofWomanasanImmigrant

21stcenturyhistoryischaracterizedbyanidentityandnationalismrevival,phenomenawhichhaveanincreasingimportanceastheybringaboutethnicandnationalconflictsanddefinitelyaffecttheOtherwho,usually, istheimmigrant.Withintheglobalizedworldtheimmigrantcommunitiesaregrowingandtheiraccommodationinthehostnationhasbecomeamatterofconcernallovertheworld.Xenophobiaandracism,prejudiceagainstimmigrantsarecurrentlyregardedassecurityissues.Alargenumberofimmigrantsandrefugeesarewomen,whoagainstthisbackgroundhavetostrugglewith an acculturation process in which their identity changes in the attempt toimprovetheirlivesandbecomeamemberofthenewsociety.Factorsthatdeterminethisprocessofacculturationaregender,class,raceandage.Theresituationswhenstrongpressuresaremadetoacculturate;underthesecircumstanceshomeculturebecomesidealized,itsvaluesandcustomsensurestabilityinpersonalidentity.Whenfacingandreactingtotheseproblemsimmigrantwomencreateanimagewhichthisarticleintendstopresentandanalyze.

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Corneliu PădureanMatrimonialrelationsbetweenmajorityandminorityundercommunism.(CaseArad)

DespitethenationalistcommunistregimepromotedbyNicolaeCeausescu, marriagesbetweenmajorityandminority,thatwereinfactmixedmarriagesethnicalbutalsoconfessionallymixedmarriageswere a reality in the townofArad. Their statisticalweightwasvariable,beinginaconnectionwiththegeneralmarritalbehaviourofthepopulation.Thepopulation`sattitudetowardsmixedmarriageswasalsoinfluencedbythegeneralpoliticalevolution.Fundamentallythough,theywerebasedonlove,inmostcases.But,thestatisticalweightofdivorcesresultedfrommixedmarriageswashigherthanthatofmonogamousmarriages.Thecauseistobefound,inouropinion,firstlyintheculturaldifferences(language,religion,traditions,masspsychologicalprofileetc).

Penka Peeva TheTurkishminorityinBulgaria–historyandproblemsofintegration

TheMuslimemigrationfromBulgariatoTurkeyhasbeengoingonformorethanacentury.Withsomeexceptions,theemigrantwavesresultedfromcausedandforcedmigration.AlmostamillionBulgarianethicTurksleftthecountry,390000ofthemonlyduringtheperiodbetween1989and1997.TheInternationalhumanitarianorganizationsqualifiedthisprocessasthebiggestmigrationofgroupsofpeopleaftertheWorldWarII.Thepurposeof this research is toevaluate the influenceof theEuropean regionalpolicy on the Bulgarian strategy forminority integration. The research focus is onthebiggestBulgarianethno-religiousminority–theBulgarianethnicTurks,itssocialstatus,self-identificationandparticipationintheintegrationprocesses.

Pénzes János, Pásztor István GypsypopulationinHungary-databasesandtheirbackground

The situation the Gypsy population gives one of themost important issues in thesocial-economic perspectives of Hungary. Comprehensive and detailed informationis required about the number of Gypsy population and their location in order tomakestepstothedirectionofeffectiveintegration.CurrentstudyaimstoprovideanoverviewaboutthespatialpatternoftheGypsypopulationonthelevelofsettlementsrepresenting themost characteristic tendencies in their number.With the help ofthe census data from 2011 and of our extended survey, a complete and detaileddescriptioncanbecreatedaboutthenumberofHungarianGypsypopulation.Aspartofthestudy,themajorlimitsofeachdatabasearerepresented.

PolgárIstvánIntegrationofmigrantsintheEU.Socio-economic,politicalandculturaldimensions

Internationalmigrationhasbecomeamajorphenomenonworldwideinrecentdecades.Europe has received a significant share of it. This paper discusses the integration22

processesofimmigrantsandminoritieswitharecentimmigrantbackground,andthepoliciesrelatedtotheprocessofsettlementofthesenewcomersinEuropeansocieties.MigrationmovementsintoEuropehaveavarietyofbackgroundsandforms.Ontheonehand,unevendevelopmentandpoliticalinstability,combinedwiththeavailabilityandaffordabilityofnewcommunicationmediaandtransport,havegeneratedgreatermigrationpressuresandsupply-drivenmigrationmovements.

Natalia Putină NationalMinoritiesinMoldovabetweenEasternandWesternaspirations:RisksandChalenges

SinceindependenceofRepublicofMoldova,politicalbothpoliticalforces,leadershipsand parties, as well as the population is divided between foreign policy vector –East or West. Currently, Moldovan Government made the choice in favor of EU,whichgenerates serious consequences ineconomicandpolitical relationswith theRussianFederation.It’sknownthatMoscowisaPatron-stateforethnicssegmentofpopulationfromformerSovietrepublics,andutilizestheseaffinityrelationshipsasatooltopressuregovernmentsofpost-Sovietstates.The analytical goal of this paper is to undertake an objective of the complexity ofMoldova’sEuropeanintegrationprocess,pointingontheroleandbehaviorapproachof national minorities in this way; underling the potential security concern risksforMoldova in suchareas that Transnistria andGagauzia.Alsowewill analyze themeasures promoted by Chișinău to prevent new challenges in this aspect, and topromotepro-Europeanaspirationamongpersonsbelongingtonationalminorities.

Radics Zsolt, Fekete József György InternationalmigrationtrendsinTurkeyandtheBalkansInthepastdecades,themigrationfromTurkeyandtheBalkanstotheEuropeanUnionhasbeendiversifiedbythemigrationoffamilymembersofthelabourmigrantsandthe asylum seekers in the 1990s. The emigration increasingly becomes an issue oftransnational diaspora communities. For thefirst time in 2010, fifty years past thebeginningofextensivemigrationfromTurkeytoEurope,thenumberof immigrantsto Turkey exceeds the number of emigrants from Turkey. This phenomenon wasalsoboostedbytheincreaseinthenumberofreturnees.Turkeyplaysanimportantrole in the regulation of illegalmigration, aswell. Turkey and the EuropeanUnionhave signed an agreement in 2013, allowing EU governments to send back illegalimmigrantscrossing intoEurope fromTurkey,becauseTurkey liesonamajor routeforillegalmigrationintoEuropefromAfricaandtheMiddleEast.ThepreviousstudiesdealtwiththephenomenonofTurkeyasamigrant-sendingcountry,butthiskindofaspect isnowsupplementedwiththeroleofamigrant-receivingcountry.However,westfromTurkey,wecouldobserveslightlydifferentcausesandconsequencesoftheinternationalmigration in theBalkans.Meanwhile thehighest numberofmigrantsfromTurkeytotheEUcametoseekforajob,intheWesternBalkans;thousandsofpeoplewerepursuedinthetimeoftheYugoslavWarsuntilthemillennium.InadditiontothattheWestBalkansissometimesdeterminedasagatewayforillegalimmigrantstotheEU.

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Roșca LudmilaMoldovanDiasporainItaly:valuableexperiencesofsocialintegration

The integration of Moldovans into Italian society, their conditions of work, rest,socialization,needs/interestsandthewaysoftheirsatisfaction-isanimportanttopicto investigate the phenomenon of migration, its consequences for the country oforigin, for thecountryof residence.OrganizingofDiaspora,establishingor resizingof relations with public institutions in the country of residence, contacting withpublicinstitutionsfromthecountryoforigin,exploitationof‘bestpractices’- isthecentralgoaloftheresearch.Achievementofthisobjectivewouldallowpredictingtheextenttowhichmigration,diasporascouldmakethechangeinthelifeandactivityofcommunities,bilateralandmultilateralrelationsbetweenEuropeanstates.Evaluationandontimeresolutionthesocioeconomicproblemscausedbymigrationandregionalintegrationprocessesisaprerequisiteforthedynamicstabilityofthepoliticalsysteminboththecountryoforiginandcountryofresidenceofmigrants.What are the relations between the Italian public administration, civil society andtheMoldovanDiaspora?Aboutexistenceofsomerelationshipstalkthe28diasporasorganizations registered in the towns of Naples, Como, Torino, Rome, Alexandria,Reggio Emilia, Palermo, Turin, Trento, Perugia, Varese, Venezia, Fidenza, Bologna,Veneto,Padua,Verona.WhatistherelationshipbetweentheMoldovanDiasporaandtheGovernmentofItaly,theRepublicofMoldova?WhatistheinteractionbetweenDiaspora and majority of society? Existing strategies which involve the MoldovanDiasporaintoItaliansocietyandcanserveasthe“bestpractices”fortheofCentralandEasternEuropeancountries?Analysisoflegalissues,norms,beliefsandpracticesof interculturaldialogue,theexperienceoftheRepublicofBelarusinthemigrationprocesses’ regulationwill allowus to increase the efficiencyof social policy of thecountry.

Sassano Silvia Anoverviewonminorities locatedat theEU internalborders: the roleofEuropeanCross-bordercooperation

Borderstudies,whichhavebeenincreasinginthelast20years,arewellrelatedtotheminorities’studies.Someliteratureonborderstudieshas,infact,focaliseditsworksonborderminorities.Therefore, within the International Conference panel dedicated to “Minority andintegrationintheEU”,Iwouldliketotalkaboutminoritiesfromtheborderregionswithin EU, focusing on how EU territorial cooperation programs (cross-border,interregional,transnational)helpthemtogooutformtheir“isolation”fromtherestoftheStateandhowtheysupporttheintegrationoftheminoritiesinthenationalandEuropeanframework.ThemainaimofthisspeechistoseehowthesituationoftheseminoritieshasbeenevolvingwithintheEUcontext.Severalexamples,especiallyconcerningItalianborderregionsafterdeSecondWorldWar, will be presented as important case studies, e.g. Südtirol, Alto Adige at theAustrianborderandFriuliVeneziaGiuliaattheSlovenianborder.

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Mihai Sofonea Theimmigrationundertheintelligencepanopticoneffect

Thenationstateisseenasanimperfectandvulnerableformofpoliticalorganization.Supranational forces represent without any doubt a challenge to the nation stateand immigrationproves tobeoneof these forces.Due to the riseof transnationalcrime,internationalterrorismandinternationalmigrationthenationstatetroughtheintelligenceandpolicestructurescooperationhastopushthelimitsofsurveillanceinsearchforaneffectivepolicyandremediesbeyond itsnationalborders.Aquestionarises:howtheStateplanstomanagethissupranationalforces?SwitchingthefocusonFoucault’semphasisontheintimateconnectionbetweenpowerandknowledgeandonthecrucialimportanceofindividualsurveillancewemayfindananswerthatsuitsperfectlythe”moderntime”welivetoday.AsimmigrantsarewonderfullyinventiveatfindingwaystobeatState’scontrolsystemsandtoavoiddirectobservationevenbythemostspecializedpoliceorintelligencepersonal,biometricsimprovetheState’scapacityofidentitymanagementandprovemoreandmoretobethemissinglinkinfilteringopportunistsimmigrantsfromopportuneones.

Süli Zakar István + Palóczi Ágnes QuestionsofRoma IntegrationandMigrationEndeavouringof theRomaPeopleofSouth-EasternEurope

ThelargestethnicminorityoftheEuropeanUnionisconstitutedbytheapproximately10-12 million Roma population. Geographically they are primarily located in theSouthEasternEuropeanEUMemberStates,andthesolutionoftheRomaquestionconstitutes a number one problem in the home affairs of these countries. Mostof the countries are alreadymembers – or candidatemembers – of the EuropeanUnionbut their joining to theWesternmarket economies is not lackingproblems.Asaconsequenceof thecurrentfinancialandeconomiccrisis, theEUhasbecomeevenmore“two-speed”.InthiscrisissituationthesituationoftheRomapopulationliving here has becomeparticularly hopeless. The rapid increase in the number ofthe Roma population in South Eastern Europe living among the conditions of thedemographicboom,aswellastheirgeographicalexpansionintensifythesensitivityofthemainstreamsocietyregardingthequestionsofthetransformingcoexistence.Theshiftintheratiowithinthepopulationsharpenedandmagnifiedthedifferencesbetweenthedissimilar lifestyleandthephilosophyof liferespectingthetwomajorsocialgroupswhichledtosharpeningtensions.Ofcourse,thedeeplydesperateRomapopulationmakesmoreandmoreattemptsinordertobeabletomigratefromtheEastCentralEuropeancountriestothericherregionsofWesternEuropeandNorthAmericainthehopeofaneasierlife.They,however,facemoreandmoreobstacles.ThesocialandeconomicintegrationoftheRomapopulationinSouthEasternEuropeismainlyhinderedby the low levelofeducation, thehigh levelofunemployment,criminality and the existing prejudices experienced in themainstream society. Themigrationattemptsofthegypsies– itcanbeseenmoreandmoreclearly–mostlyend in failure, the gypsies of South Eastern Europe are forced to remain on theirhomelands. However, here in the “second speed” EUMember States, which theyarestillthecitizensof,duetotheprotractedsocio-economicproblems,onlylimitedfinancialsourcesshallbeavailableforfinancingtheirintegration.Thesocio-economic

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integrationoftheGypsies isapanEuropean interestandtask.CatchingupmaybesuccessfulonlywiththeeffectivesacrificeoftheEuropeanUnion.

Alina Stoica PortuguesePerceptionofMigrationandAcculturationProcessesandTheirInfluenceupontheImageoftheCountry

Globalizationandpopulationmobilityaswellasurbanizationhaveincreasedasneverbefore cultural contacts and cohabitation between different ethnic-cultural groupsandtheirwaysoflife.ThecurrentstudyanalyzesthePortuguesepointofviewwithregardtothemigrationand acculturation phenomenon the Western states have been confronting withduringthelastfifteenyearswithspecialemphasisonthesituationinPortugal.Firstandforemostwewillinsistontheculturalidentity,language,preservingtheculturalpatrimonyandthenonthepsychologicalwellbeing.Ouranalysis isbasedupontheinterviews done in the Romanian community (common Latin background) and theAfricanCommunityinLisbon(aspartoftheLusophoneWorld)butalsoontheofficialandPortuguesemediapointofview.

Octavian Țîcu FromSovietUniontoEuropeanintegration:thechangingroleofnationalminoritiesintheRepublicofMoldovaafterindependence

From the very beginning of its independency the Republic ofMoldova has had toendurethedifficultconcequencesoftheUSSRbreakup.ThecountryfacedabloodyTransnistrian conflict which lasted some months in 1992 as a real war betweenMoldovanauthoritiesandthePridnestrovianoneswiththefullysupportofthe14thRussianarmystationedthere.AsresultMoldova’sincoherenceinforeignpolicyafter1991hasbeenmuchcomplicatedbythesecessionistconflict inTransnistriaandbyassertive Russian power influence in the region. Therefore, certain equilibrium inforeignpolicyandneutralityasa securitypolicyoptionwerechosenas safeguardsofMoldovanfragilestatehood.Havingtheseinplay,MoldovawasreluctanttofollowtheexamplesprovidedbyBalticStatesinapproachingtheirrelationswiththeEU.Atthesametime,incoherenceinforeignpolicyofsubsequentMoldovanGovernmentsmadetheEUtobereticenttowardsMoldova,too.Thepaperreferstotheimpactoftheethnicminorities’militantnationalism(Russian,Ukrainian,Gagauz,Bulgarian)onthestateandnation-buildingprocessesinthepost-SovietMoldova,butexplicitlytheirimplicationintheimpedingtheprocessofEuropeanintegrationoftheMoldovanstatealongsidewiththeinterferenceandsupportoftheRussianFederation.

Constantin Țoca ErasmusProgramme.EuropeanInstrumentforEuropeaneducationalmigration

Erasmus program represents one of themost active, visible and efficient programof the European educational instruments, a component part of Lifelong LearningProgram,whichallowstostudents,teachers,researchesandstaffoftheuniversity,to26

beparttoeducationalandpractice–basedorresearch-basedstagesofmobility,intheframeworkofEuropeaneligiblecountries.ThedimensionoftheprogramErasmusisample,focusingonmobility,sothat,intheframeworkofourstudy,wewillunderlinetheimportanceofthisEuropeaninstrumentfrom the perspective of European educational migration, through the analysis ofofficialdocumentswiththeirkeysthatfollowstobededuced.Bytheirmeans,Iwillbe able to underline frequencies, percentages and classifications of the differentcountriesinvolvedinthisprocessbutalsooftheuniversitieswhichtakeadvantagesofthiseducationalelement.

Tonk Márton, Székely Tünde HungarianMinorityandMinorityHigherEducationSysteminRomania

The purpose of the study is to analyse the current problems and challenges ofHungarian language education policy in Romania, in the context of the educationpolicyof theEuropeanUnion, respectively theprocessesgoingon in theEuropeanHigher Education Area. In this sphere of thought we briefly outline some of theconsequencesoftheso-called“BolognaProcess”regardingdomestichighereducation(andHungarianminorityhighereducationwithinit),afterwhichweattempttoanalysethespecificproblemsofHungarianlanguageuniversityeducation.Inthecourseofthelatterinquiry,whichisthelargerpartofourstudy,weintendtobemindfulofboththenationalpolicy,demographicandminorityaspectspertainingtotheTransylvanianHungarian minority and the higher education offer and institutional system in aqualifiedsense.

Nataliya Nechayeva-Yuriychuk TheProblemofRussian-speakingPeopleIntegrationinPost-SovietStatesAfterthecollapseoftheUSSRtheproblemofRussian-speakingpeopleintegrationintoother languagecommunity inpost-Soviet statesbecameespecially actual.MoscowasaformercenteroftheSovietUniondidn’twantto loose its influenceonformerSoviet republics and one of the instruments of influence on these states. So, thegovernmentsofnewstatesviewednotonlypolitical,social-economicalproblemsbutalso theproblemof integrationof Russian-speaking people (in some statesmostlyRussiansbynationality)intonewpoliticalandculturalreality.Balticstateswerethefirstinpost-sovietspacewhichproclaimeditscourseforEuropeanintegration.TheywantedtocutalltieswithformerSovietpastasfastaspossible.ButinallofthemabigRussian-languagecommunityisliving.So,newlawsaboutlanguage,servinginstateinstitution,citizenshipwereadopted.TherealizationofthesestepsranintooppositionofRussian-speakingcommunitywhichwassupportedbyMoscow.InlightofcontemporarysituationinUkrainesuchEuropeanstatesasLithuania,LatviaandEstoniaunderstandthattheyalsohaveratherbigcommunitieswhichareloyaltoRussiaandcansupportPutinincriticalmoment.That’swhytheproblemofintegrationRussian andRussian-speaking communities in post-Soviet states is actualizing rightnow.

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Scientific Commmitte

Professor PhD Ioan Horga,UniversityofOradeaProfessor PhD Süli Zakar István, UniversityofDebrecenProfessor PhD Anatoliy Kruglashov,YuriyFedkovychChernivtsiNationalUniversityProfessor PhD Pădurean Corneliu,AurelVlaicu”UniversityofAradProfessor PhD Mircea Brie,UniversityofOradeaProfessor PhD Monár Judit,UniversityofGlasgowProfessor PhD Kozma Gábor,UniversityofDebrecenProfessor PhD Vasile Cucerescu,ECSAMoldova,Rep.ofMoldovaLecturer PhD Polgár István,UniversityofOradea

Organizing Committee

Coordinators,membersofJeanMonnetModule“MigrationandEuropeanIntegrationofMinoritiesattheEasternBorderoftheEuropeanUnion”

Ioan Horga,UniversityofOradeaMircea Brie,UniversityofOradeaPolgár István,UniversityofOradea-Moduleleader

Members:DanaBlaga,UniversityofOradeaCosminChiriac,UniversityofOradeaFlorentinaChirodea,UniversityofOradeaDorinDolghi,UniversityofOradea MirelaMărcuț,BabesBolyaiUniversity,ClujNapocaMészárosEdinaBabesBolyaiUniversity,ClujNapocaMolnárErnő,UniversityofDebrecenAncaOltean,UniversityofOradeaDanaPantea,UniversityofOradeaPénzesJános,UniversityofDebrecenAlinaStoica,UniversityofOradeaLuminițaŞoproni,UniversityofOradeaRadicsZsolt,UniversityofDebrecenConstantinȚoca,UniversityofOradeaElenaZierler,UniversityofOradea

Notes