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Mesa CollegeBio 230 Human

AnatomyFall 2010

Tim Plagge,Instructor

Course Objectives

Upon successful completion of this course you should:

Know and be able to identify relevant tissues and microscopic structures of the human bodyKnow and be able to identify the relevant gross anatomical structures of the human bodyUnderstand the inter-relationships between the different systems of the body & how the structures of the systems relate to the functioning of the systems.

What I expect from you:

1. to be ready for class at the scheduled start time,2. read the assigned material prior to class, this allows

for more discussion & less blah, blah, blah….,3. to be prepared for quizzes,4. to fully utilize the lab time we have as well as open

labs… if you are planning on attending open labs, please consider being an open lab volunteer,

5. to handle and treat the lab materials care, the models are very expensive to replace.

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Examinations & QuizzesThere will be 5 lecture exams and 6 lab practical exams.Each lecture exam will be 50 points.Each lab exam will be 50 points.I will hand out lab guides and exercises. They are designed to help you in lab as well as lecture.Practical exams will be on models, as well as preserved specimens & cadavers (if available).Quizzes will be unannounced and will be worth 5 points each. They will start at 6:00 promptly, and there are no make-ups for quizzes.

Lab protocol

You should not:Wear open toed shoes in labHave long hair that is not pulled back (so it doesn’t hang into specimens you may be working with)Eat or drink in labDissect the cadavers when they are out… that is another classes job.

You should:Bring your book and any hand outs that were given or emailed to youBe prepared to use the entire lab timeBring gloves, or better yet, keep a few pair in your book bag.

Some FAQ’s

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1. What are your tests like?

Sample Lecture Exam QuestionLevel One (knowledge) Question

1. Intercalated discs are found in what tissue?a. intervertebral cartilageb. cardiac musclec. duodeno-jujenum junctiond. osseous tissue

Exams may consist of multiple choice, matching, true and false and short answer questions.

Sample Lecture Exam QuestionLevel 6 Question (evaluation)

1. The best tissue for increasing the stability of a diarthritic joint would be?

a. osseous tissueb. dense irregular tissuec. dense irregular tissued. hyaline cartilage

Exams may consist of multiple choice, matching, true and false and short answer questions.

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Some Sample Lab Exam Items

1. This tissue would be best identified as _____.

2. Does spelling count?

3. Why?

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4. I’m done… what should I do?

The Human Body:An Orientation

Today’s Topics. . . Overview of AnatomyStructural OrganizationSystem OverviewMicroscopic and Anatomical Study TechniquesGross AnatomyTerminologyPlanes & Sections, Regions & QuadrantsThe Body Plan & Body Cavities

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How The Body is Studied . . .

Anatomical Studythe examination of the structures from

Microscopic to gross anatomical structuresUsing different “tools” such as:

Microscopy (light & electron), CT scans, MRI, X-rays, dissection . . . more later

Physiological Studythe study of how the body functions

Also uses “tools” such as:PET scans, ECG, sphygmomanometer . . .

An Overview of Anatomy

Divisions of anatomyDevelopmental anatomyEmbryology Pathological anatomy (pathology)Radiographic anatomyFunctional morphology

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An Overview of Anatomy

Anatomical terminology – based on ancient Greek or Latin

Provides standard nomenclature worldwide

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Microscopic Anatomy

Preparing human tissue for microscopySpecimen is fixed (preserved) and sectionedSpecimen is stained to distinguish anatomical structures

Acidic stain – negatively charged dye moleculesBasic stain – positively charged dye molecules

Specimen is then imaged

Microscopic Anatomy

Microscopy – examining small structures through a microscope

Light microscopy – illuminates tissue with a beam of light (lower magnification)Electron microscopy – uses beams of electrons (higher magnification)

May be SEM or TEMSEM (scanning electron microscopy)TEM (transmission electron microscopy)

Clinical Anatomy – An Introduction to Medical Imaging Techniques

X ray –electromagnetic waves of very short length

Best for visualizing bones and abnormal dense structures

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Clinical Anatomy – An Introduction to Medical Imaging

TechniquesVariations of X ray

Fluoroscope – x rays emitted through the specimen and images are viewed on a fluorescent screen

Cineradiography – uses X-ray cinema film to record organ movements

Advanced X-Ray Techniques

Computed (axial) tomography (CT or CAT) –takes successive X rays around a person's full circumference

Translates recorded information into a detailedpicture of the body section

Advanced X-Ray Techniques

Digital subtraction angiography imaging (DSA) – provides an unobstructed view of small arteries, used to find blockages, aneurisms . . .

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Advanced X-Ray Techniques

Positron emission tomography (PET) – forms images by detecting radioactive isotopes injected into the body

Sonography (ultrasound imaging) – body is probed with pulses of high-frequency sound waves that echo off the body's tissues

Advanced X-Ray Techniques

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) – produces high-quality images of soft tissues

Distinguishes body tissues based on relative water content (densities)

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The Hierarchy of Structural Organization

Chemical Level – atoms form moleculesCellular level – cells and their functional subunitsTissue level – a group of cells performing a common functionOrgan level – a discrete structure made up of more than one tissueOrgan system – organs working together for a common purposeOrganismal level– the result of all simpler levels working in unison

Small/Simple

Large/Complex

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Levels of Structural Organization

Figure 1.1

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Overview of Systems & General Functions

IntegumentarySkeletalMuscularNervousEndocrineCardiovascularLymphatic/ImmuneRespiratoryDigestiveUrinaryReproductive

Integumentary System

Forms external body coveringProtects deeper tissues from injurySynthesizes vitamin DSite of cutaneous receptors (pain, pressure, etc.) and sweat and oil glands

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Skeletal System

Protects and supports body organsProvides a framework for musclesBlood cells formed within bonesStores fat (energy) & minerals

Muscular System

Allows for movementinternal movmentmovement of body

SupportFacial expressionMaintains postureThermogenesis

Nervous System

Fast-acting control systemIntegrates all sensory informationResponds to internal and external changes Developing neuron

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Endocrine System

Glands secrete hormones that regulate:

DevelopmentGrowthReproductionNutrient useMetabolism

Works in synergy with the nervous system

Cardiovascular SystemBlood vessels

transport bloodregulate pressure & control volume

Bloodcarries O2 & CO2also carries nutrients & wastescarries hormonesinvolved in hemostasis

Heart pumps bloodCreates pressure gradient for transportation and filtration

Lymphatic System/Immunity

Picks up fluid leaked from blood vesselsDisposes of debris in the lymphatic systemHouses white blood cells (lymphocytes)Mounts attack against foreign substances in the body

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Respiratory System

Keeps blood supplied with oxygenRemoves carbon dioxideAir exchange & gas exchange occurs through walls of air sacs in the lungsProtectionHormone production

Digestive System

IngestionDigestion: breaks down food into absorbable unitsAbsorptionMotilityIndigestible foodstuffs eliminated as feces

Urinary System

Eliminates nitrogenous wastesRegulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance

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Male & Female Reproductive Systems

Overall function is to produce offspringTestes produce sperm and male sex hormonesOvaries produce eggs and female sex hormonesMammary glands produce milk

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Gross Anatomy – An Introduction

Anatomical position – a common visual reference point

Person stands erect with feet together and eyes forwardPalms face anteriorly with the thumbs pointed away from the bodyDirectional terminology always refers to the body in anatomical position

Gross Anatomy – An Introduction

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Gross Anatomy – Terminology

Directional termsWill usually be relational (i.e. the eyes are medial to the nose . . . Or the nose is intermediate to the eyes).

Regional terms – names of specific body areasAxial region – the main axis of the bodyAppendicular region – the limbs

Orientation and Directional TermsSuperior

toward the upper part of a structure (or body), above

Inferior

toward the lower part of a structure (or body), below

Anterior

Toward (or at) the front of the body (or structure)

Posterior

Toward (or at) the back of the body (or structure)

The heart is superior to the diaphragm

The mouth is inferior to the nose

The trachea is anterior to the esophagus

The heart is posterior to the sternum

Orientation and Directional Termscontinued

MedialToward the midline of the body or structure

IntermediateBetween a more medial and a more lateral structure

LateralAway from the midline of the body or structure

ProximalCloser to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

DistalFurther from the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

The sternum is medial to the scapula

The nose is intermediate to, or between, the eyes

The scapula are lateral to the vertebral column

The shoulder is proximal to the elbow

The ankle is distal to the knee

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Orientation and Directional Terms continued

SuperficialNearer or closer to the surface of the body, external

DeepAway or further from the body surface, internal

The epidermis is superficial to the dermis

The muscles are deep to the skin

Regional TermsMenu

Body Planes and SectionsCoronal (frontal) plane

Lies vertically and divides body into anterior and posterior parts

Transverse planeRuns horizontally – divides body into superior and inferior parts

Median (midsagittal) planeSpecific sagittal plane that lies vertically in the midline

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Abdominal Regions and Quadrants

Abdominal regionsdivides abdomen into nine regions

Abdominal quadrantsdivides abdomen into four quadrants

Abdominal Regions

Figure 1.11a, b

These regions are formed by two vertical planes and two horizontal planes. The two vertical planes are the lateral lines LLL and RLL. These lines are dropped from a point half way between the jugular notch and the acromion process. The two horizontal planes are the transpyloric plane TPP and the transtubercular plane TTP. The tubercles are the tubercles of the iliac crests.

The Human Body PlanThese are characteristics shared with all Vertebrates!

Tube-within-a-tubeBilateral symmetryDorsal hollow nerve cordNotochord and vertebraeSegmentationPharyngeal pouchesBody Cavities

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Basic Human Body Plan and StructuresShared with all Vertebrates

Body Cavities and Membranes

Dorsal body cavityCranial cavityVertebral cavity

Ventral body cavityThoracic cavity – divided into three parts

Two lateral parts each containing a lung surrounded by a pleural cavity Mediastinum – contains the heart surrounded by the pericardial sac

Body Cavities and Membranes

Ventral cavity (continued)Abdominopelvic cavity – divided into two parts

Abdominal cavity – contains the liver, stomach, kidneys, and other organsPelvic cavity – contains the bladder, some reproductive organs, and rectum

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Body Cavities

Body Cavities and Membranes

Body Cavities and Membranes

Serous cavities – a slit-like space lined by a serous membrane and include:

Pleura, pericardium, and peritoneum

The membranes lining the cavities are named:Parietal serosa – outer wall of the cavityVisceral serosa – covers visceral organs

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Body Cavities and Membranes

outer layer = parietal serosa (membrane)

space in between = body cavity

inner layer = visceral serosa (membrane)

Body Cavities and Membranes

Pericardial Cavity

Pleural Cavity

Body Cavities and Membranes

Abdominal Cavity

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Body Cavities and Membranes

Other cavitiesOral cavityNasal cavityOrbital cavitiesMiddle ear cavitiesSynovial cavities