Meeting CulturesCh.1 & Ch.2 & Ch.3

What is the main goal of Southern settlers?

What is the main goal of Northern settlers?

Be able to explain why and how the North and the South develop differently.

Why is the relationship between England and the colonies already starting to become fragile?

Big Questions!!!

What was Europe recovering from by the 15th century?

How would a massive increase in population influence Europe?

-Land values increase-Prosperity= Landlords want more land.-Trade increases-Rise in government power.

Europe is Finally Growing

Portugal- First to finance a long voyage-Start Slave Trade in Africa

-Columbus- Finally endorsed by Spain-Takes 3 ships (Nina, Pinta, & Santa Maria) -Lands in the BahamasCONSEQUENCE???

Europe is Changing

Conquistadores- Claim the whole worldGiven encomiendas- 1518- Cortez & 600 in MexicoAztecs defeat them initiallySmallpox takes over

Spain & the 3 G’s

Pope Innocent VIII Treaty with Spain

Goal-Assimilate Natives

Spain & the Pope

Impact of combining two cultures DiseaseExtermination by ConquistadoresSpread ChristianityNew crops and domestic livestockEurope- New crops and gold+silver

Spain & the Americas

Florida- 1513 Juan Ponce de Leon Why go to Florida?Left quickly because of hardship French threatened Spanish ships, Menendez

de Aviles pushed them out and established St. Augustine in 1565, earliest European founded city.

Spanish finale in America

Spanish moved to New Mexico to find silver and spread Christianity

-Met resistance-Increased gold supply by over 500 percent,

and became the richest nation in Europe

Spanish finale in America

Why leave England?

What will the goal be for those going to the south?

English going to America

Charter- Each colony was given a charter (document granting special privileges)

 Corporate colonies- operated by joint-stock company.

Ex: Jamestown

Royal colonies- Under direct authority and rule of the king’s government. Ex: Virginia

Proprietary colonies- Under authority of individuals given charters by the king. Ex: Maryland, Pennsylvania

How do they get permission?

Joint-Stock Companies- Investors pool money to support a colony, but only if they received a charter.

Colonization- When one country takes control over another society and establishes a colony there.

How do they get the $

MercantilismAn economic policy that views the control of

trade as the most important factor in a nations prosperity.

Inc nation’s total wealth, but your limited by your nation

What should they do then?

Money Makin Mentality

Nationalism-Sir Francis Drake- “Sea Dogs” Raid Spanish

merchant ships (1560-1605)-Spanish Armada retaliate and fail

Why is this a big deal?

First English Settlements

Godspeed, Discovery, and Susan Constant

Landed on Jamestown, which became the first enduring colony in America.

The 3 Ships that were real, did have names, and were important!

Introduced Headright System- Pay for a voyage to America, get 50 acres.

Import Indentured Servants from England. Native AmericansSlavery- 1619- Dutch ship brought first

Africans over. 1650 only 400 African slaves in Viriginia.

Labor Shortage In Virginia

1622- English in Virginia started to become less friendly to Natives.

Costly attacks by the Powhatan Indians left Virginia Company broke.

James I revoked the charter and made it a Royal Charter.

Issues with the Natives

William Berkeley- Governor set up harsh taxes and used them for his own good. Controlled the Virginia House of Burgesses.

-Mostly hurt poorer settlers. Native American issues continued to rise and nothing was being done.

Nathaniel Bacon- decided to raise a militia and fight the Native Americans himself.

Berkeley declared this group illegal.

The rebellion continued and they even set Jamestown on fire.

Bacon died and the rebellion stopped.

Bacon’s Rebellion (Virginia)

Lasting DisputesSharp class differences between wealthy

planters and landless or poor farmersColonial resistance to royal control.

Rebellion Consequences

Acts of Trade and Navigation- Mercantilist policy with a series of

Navigation Acts (1650-1673)

1)Trade to and from the colonies could be carried only by English ships and operated by English crews

2)All goods imported to the colonies could only pass through English ports

3)Specified goods from the colonies could only be exported to England. Ex: Tobacco

Big Brother England

New England shipbuilding prosperedChesapeake tobacco had a monopoly in

EuropeEnglish military forces protected the colonies

from potential attacks from the French and Spanish

Positive Effects

1) Colonial manufacturing was severely limited. 2)Chesapeake farmers received low prices for

their crops.3)Colonists had to pay high prices for

manufactured goods from England.

*How do you think the colonists respond to these effects?

*What does Bacon’s Rebellion foreshadow about the future?

Negative Effects

Reformation leads to ProtestantismKing Henry VIII leaves Catholic Church

(1534)Mary- Rejoins Catholic Church (1553)Elizabeth- Leaves Catholic Church (1559)James- Divine rule- Strongly favored

Catholicism

Indecisive England

Puritans- Purify the Church of England

Separatists- Leave the ChurchEx: Pilgrims

Can I get an Amen?

Pilgrims-Founded Plymouth Colony in 1620

Puritans1630- Arrive at Massachusetts Bay Colony

First Governor, John Winthrop hoped to be a “City upon a hill”

Off to New England

Roger Williams (Started Rhode Island)1) Treat Natives Fairly2) No Punishment for religious beliefs

Why does that sound familiar?Ann Hutchinson- Challenged the religious

beliefs.

Dissent in the Community

1560 & 1570England colonizes IrelandIrish “savages”Brutal and indecent to IrishCreate plantations in Ireland

England and Ireland

Pequot War-Connecticut 1637

King Philip’s war -16751/10th of colonial men in New England killed

Troubles with the Natives

Original 13 Colonies

King Charles I-Create proprietorships instead of corporate

colonies WHY?

Act of Toleration- English Catholics allowed for religious freedom to all Christians.

Protestant Revolt- Repeal of Act of Toleration

Maryland

Reverend Thomas Hooker- Led Puritans in 1636

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639) – Legislature elected by popular vote and governor chosen by that legislature.

Connecticut

1640’s

Military Alliance

Fight off threats from Natives, the Dutch, and the French.

New England Confederation

Charles II

Close gap between New England and Chesapeake colonies. Was colonized by the Dutch.

Gave the colonies to James IIOrdered taxes, duties, and rentsMet strong opposition

New York

Quakers- Non-violent, equality for all men and women.

Religious authority in individuals soul.

William Penn- Inherited land grant in 1681

3 Hopes in new colony1)Religious refuge for those persecuted2) Enact liberal ideas in government3) Generate income and profits for himself

Pennsylvania and Delaware

Funded by British

Created for 2 reasons

1)Buffer the Carolinas2)Send imprisoned from England over to

Georgia.

Georgia

James II 1685Attempts to unite New York, New Jersey, and

New England Colonies

Sent Sir Edmund Andros to be governor. Levied Taxes, limited town meetings, and

revoked land titles.Glorious Revolution in 1688- Led to his fall

from power.

Dominion of New England

Industrial North & Agricultural South

Ch.3

English attempt to enforce Navigation Acts1)Smuggling trials by English judges2) Board of trade

* Salutary Neglect- Relaxed enforcement, IF the $ kept coming.

We will follow through, sometimes…

Government = Governor and Local Assembly

Governors appointed by BritainLocal assembly (elected by land-owning

whites)

Governor can…1)Call or disband assembly2) Appoint or dismiss judges3) Control colonial trade

Self- Government: Controlled by Britian

Driven by cash cropsPlantations, not townsWhy?Charles Town- Most thriving southern city

Agricultural South

Women considered second-class citizensNo voting or preachingLittle Education

Main job- Rear children and domestic affairs

No Southern Hospitality for Women

1) Reduced immigration2)Dependable work force3)Cheap Labor

Slave LawsMassachusetts- 1st to recognize slavery of

“lawful” captives.Virginia- 1661- Children inherit slavery

Slavery

1)Ship of rum from New England to West Africa and traded for slaves.

2) Middle Passage- Slaves to West Indies and traded for a cargo of sugarcane.

3) Ship with sugarcane would return to New England.

Triangular Trade

Triangular Trade

“The closeness of the place, the heat of the climate, added to the number in the Ship, which was so crowded that each had scarcely room to turn himself, almost suffocated us. This produced copious perspirations, so that the air soon became unfit for respiration from a variety of loathsome smells, and brought on a sickness among the slaves, of which many died.”

Olaudah Equiano

Stono Rebellion173920 slaves in Charles TownKilled several planter familiesWhite militia put the rebellion down.

Significance: Tightened slave laws!!!

Africans enslaved, but not without a fight!

Lifestyle

Merchants- Most powerful groupBoston, NYC, and Philadelphia- Major port

cities

Northern population- Diverse

Slavery did exist in the North (Some Rights)

Commercial North

Hysteria over witchcraft 20 killed and 150 imprisonedFaulty accusations

Salem Witch Trials

1700’s- knowledge movement based on reason and the scientific method.

Example: Ben Franklin

Consequences:Great public educationEmphasis on human reasoning.

Enlightenment

Zenger Case

Risk of Libel for offending political authorities1735- John Peter Zenger (New York Editor and

Publisher) -Brought to trial for criticizing NY’s royal governor

Andrew Hamilton argued Zenger spoke the truthZenger was acquitted.

The Press

Puritan church losing controlChurch expectations lowered

Jonathan Edwards- Disagreed with the lowered expectations

Edwards- Preached messages on sin and hell

Great Awakening- Religious revival through traveling preachers teaching on condemnation.

Hellfire and Brimstone

More diversity in the church

Challenged authority of established churches.

Increased attendance in higher education.

Consequences of the Great Awakening

King William’s War (1689-1697)-Tried to capture Quebec, failed.

Queen Anne’s War (1702-1713)-Gained Nova Scotia

King George’s War (1744-1748)-Gained Louisbourg, but gave it back in a treaty

for political and economic gains in India.

4 Wars between Britain and France(1689-1763)

VS

French and Indian War (7 Year’s War)

French and Indian War

1682- Robert Cavelier claimed entire Mississippi River Valley. (Named Louisiana in honor of King Louis XIV)

New France- French colony of North America

Lack of growth- Focus on trade and converting Natives

Good Relationship with Natives (Algonquins)

France in North America

Ben Franklin Intercolonial governmentRecruitment of troopsTaxes

Failed because of the taxing issue!!!

Albany Plan of Union

1754French built Fort Duquesne (Modern day

Pittsburgh)

British promised this land to wealthy planters

Virginia governor sends militia led by George Washington

Washington had to surrender

Start of the War

Washington led a second attack1500 soldiers were ambushed by the French

and Native allies

Britain not use to this type of warfare. Between 1755 & 1756, British suffer

numerous defeats

If at first you don’t succeed, try again…

King George II elects William Pitt to run the government in 1757.

Start winning battles and the Iroquois become allies.

1759- Quebec- Surprise attack and victory for British

And Again…

Treaty of Paris 1763

Immediate ConsequencesBritish acquire all of North America East of

the Mississippi, including Florida. .

Spain gain land west of Mississippi

British Victory

Long-Term Consequences of the WarBritish gain supremacy of North America

British view colonial military effort as inept

Colonial believe they are capable of protecting themselves and that Britain is unimpressive.

Changing Relationship

1754 1763

1763- Ottawa leader Pontiac captured 8 British forts

British spread smallpox through peace offering blankets

British establish Proclamation of 1763-Banning settlement west of the Appalachians.

Issues with Natives, AGAIN!!!

1) British lack empathy

2) British tighten colonial smuggling-Writs of assistance- British customs could

search any ship or building.

3)George Grenville hired as prime minister in 1763

-Establishes Sugar Act (1764)-

Consequences of the Proclamation

(Also Known as the Revenue Act of 1764)

Halved the duty on foreign-made molasses.(Stricter enforcement of the Navigation Acts)Duties on imports.Try smugglers in British courts

Sugar Act (King George III)