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Medicine of the Middle AgesAuthor: Ignatova A.I.
V – XV CENTURIES
1455, Roma)
Cosmas and Saint Damian
MONASTIC MEDICINE
September
September governs the black bile. All kinds of bitter foods should
be eaten, in particular boiled leeks, fresh leeks, leek soup,
boiled garlic, raw garlic and garlic in a spicy sauce. Among meat,
lamb; [among] birds, pigeons and geese and quails (chicks and
hens), ducks and wood pigeons and turtle doves and partridges;
beef, along with deer, gazelle, fallow deer, hare and wild boar
should be avoided. Among fish, grey mullet, cork wing and all
scaleless fish may be eaten; only salt fish is to be avoided. Among
pulses broad beans, lentils and grass peas are to be avoided;
others may be eaten. All kinds of asparagus and cepes de Bordeaux
may be eaten. Among fruits, white grapes, wild pears as they ripen,
sweet apples, green figs, peaches of both kinds (downy peaches and
nectarines), pomegranates, dates, quinces may all be eaten. Among
dry fruits, pistachios, walnuts, almonds and pine kernels. Drink
white and olive-oil colored wines and rose and wormwood wines.
Eight baths, using lotion. Make love.
UNIVERSITIES
Medieval theology + Renaissance humanism
When a finger is lost is this a disease in number
or in quality?
Is the virture of nutrition essentially the same as
the virture of growth?
HUMORAL THEORY
GALEN ON THE NATURAL FACULTIES BOOK I
Chapter 1 (Distinction between the effects of (a) the organism’s
psyche or soul) and (b) its physic or nature). Since feeling and
voluntary motion are peculiar to animals, whilst growth and
nutrition are common to plants as well, we may look on the former
as effects of the soul and the latter as effects of the nature. And
if there be anyone who allows a share in soul to plants as well,
and separates the two kinds of soul, naming the kind in question
vegetative, and the other sensory, this person is not saying
anything else, although his language is somewhat unusual. We,
however, for our part, are convinced that the chief merit of
language is clearness, and we know that nothing detracts so much
from this as do unfamiliar terms; accordingly we employ those terms
which the bulk of people are accustomed to use, and we say that
animals are governed at once by their soul and by their nature, and
plants by their nature alone, and that growth and nutrition are the
effects of nature, not of soul.
Ψυχς
Psychís
Gk. psyche, Lat. anima. soul ( - πνευματικς - pnevmatikós , - ψυχικ
- psychikí )
φσεως
fýseos
( - φση , φυσικς – )
The fact is that those (Sophists) who are enslaved to their sects
are
not merely devoid of all sound knowledge, but they will not even
stop
to learn! Instead of listening, as they ought, to the reason why
liquid
can enter the bladder through the ureters, but is unable to go
back
again the same way,—instead of admiring Nature’s artistic skill
-
they refuse to learn; they even go so far as to scoff, and
maintain
that the kidneys, as well as many other things, have been made
by
Nature for no purpose!
Now the method of demonstration is as follows. One has to
divide
the peritoneum in front of the ureters, then secure these
with
ligatures, and next, having bandaged up the animal, let him go
(for
he will not continue to urinate). After this one loosens the
external
bandages and shows the bladder empty and the ureters quite
full
and distended in fact almost on the point of rupturing; on
removing
the ligature from them, one then plainly sees the bladder
becoming
filled with urine.
VEIN IN ORDER TO WITHDRAW BLOOD OR INTRODUCE A FLUID,
OR (HISTORICALLY) AS PART OF THE PROCEDURE OF LETTING
BLOOD FROM THE ANTECUBITAL VEIN.
“We used to open blood on Mondays. The latest achievements of
science require that we open blood on Thursdays. The latest
achievements of science require that the patient be treated
severely.”
Bachelor Carrasco
Don Quixote.
SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE
All that we have learned so far, it was not
worth looking for and one should not know.
Wagner. Desk scientist.
physician) :
use the word oppilatio, because they do
not understand what it means.
“You will be like God, knowing good and
evil”. Mephistopheles.
university course (bachelor) – a minority that
created a taste for university physicians
medicine in the elites of Europe
Rational surgeons
hopeless doctors.
The doctor must have the eyes of a falcon, the girl's
hands, the wisdom of a snake and the heart of a lion.
THEORY AND PRACTICE, PSYCHOLOGY OR
MAGIC: ANECDOTIC CASES
scientia and magica
Love`s grief
Then if you can discover no cure except to unite the two in such a
wise as is sanctioned by religion and law you will do this. Ibn
Sina. Canon.
Fertility treatments
An amulet in a form of a belt is to be girded on a boy who is still
a virgin, saying first three Our Fathers (Prayer) and Hail Marys in
honour of God and the Holy Trinity and St. Catherin; and the
letters written on the belt are to be placed on the belly, on the
naked flesh…and did not hearken to women`s chatter. Letters to
Francesco di Marco Datini.
MUHAMMAD IBN ZAKARIYA AL-RAZI
ARNOLD OF VILLANOVA (1235-1312)
A contagion theory do not surface until the 16 c.
Lazaretto
Quarantine
wanderers, beggars, ambassadors
THE RENAISSANCE
Johannes Gutenberg started work on his printing press around
1436.
Leonardo da Vinci (15 April 1452 – 2 May 1519)
He for the first time in the history of anatomy displayed the
actual structure of the body.
He correctly showed the shape of the spine, depicted frontal and
maxillary sinuses, limb bones, many muscles, heart, large vessels,
pregnant uterus, fallopian tubes, ventricles and membranes of the
brain, many cranial nerves, eyes and other organs. During his life,
Leonardo da Vinci made thousands of notes and drawings devoted to
anatomy, but he did not publish his works.
LEONARDO'S STUDY OF A FOETUS IN THE WOMB
(C. 1510) ROYAL LIBRARY, WINDSOR CASTLE
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Casket with a detachable lid. Iran, Between
1776 and 1777. ( . 1776-
1777.© . -. 2019.) Permission to reproduce the photo in a
presentation on history of medicine and publication on this site is
given by the State Hermitage to Ignatova A.I. ( ..).
File:Justinian555AD.png. Wikimedia. The Eastern Roman Empire (red)
and its vassals (pink) in 555 AD during the reign of Justinian I.
Author Tataryn. Date 16 June 2012, Source /Own work/ This file is
licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
Unported license.
SS. Cosmas and Damian. Oil painting. Free to use with attribution
CC BY Credit: Wellcome Collection.
The Healing of Justinian by Saint Cosmas and Saint Damian. 1438-40
Tempera on wood, 37 x 45 cm. Museo di San Marco, Florence. WikiArt.
Public Domain.
Cuba, Johannes von / Breydenbach, Bernhard von: Gart der
Gesundheit, Mit Vorrede von Bernhard von Breydenbach, Augsburg,
1485.08.22. [BSB-Ink W-94 - GW M09751] http://daten.digitale-
sammlungen.de/0005/bsb00057068/images/index.html?id=00057068&groesser=&fip=yztssdaseayawqrseayaf
sdryztsxsxdsyd&no=2&seite=4
Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA
4.0)
Cuba, Johannes von / Breydenbach, Bernhard von: Gart der
Gesundheit, Augsburg, 1486.06.05. [BSB-Ink W-95 - GW M09754] (CC
BY-NC-SA 4.0) http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de
Fasciculo di medicina,February 5, 1493 [modern style, 1494]
Possibly Johannes de Ketham, German.
https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/352478 Credit
Line:Harris Brisbane Dick Fund, 1938. CC0 1.0 Universal (CC0 1.0)
Public Domain Dedication
The History of Don Quixote, Volume 1, Complete by Miguel de
Cervantes Saavedra/ The Project Gutenberg License/ Public
Domain.
H[ans] Stubenrauch: Osterspaziergang. A 6546. Verso: F. A.
Ackermanns Kunstverlag. G.m.b.H., München. Reihe 682 - H.
Stubenrauch: Goethes Faust (6 Karten). Nicht gelaufen.
File:Avicenna (980 - 1037).jpg Avicenna (980 - 1037) Arzt,
Gelehrter, Medizin, Porträt Date 18 th century
Source
https://www.bildarchivaustria.at/Pages/ImageDetail.aspx?p_iBildID=7326082
Author Unknown, Public Domain.