MEDICINE IN MIDDLE AGESMEDICINE IN MIDDLE AGES

Assist.Prof.Dr. Mehmet KARATAŞ Assist.Prof.Dr. Mehmet KARATAŞ

Department of History of Medicine and EthicsDepartment of History of Medicine and Ethics

Medicine In Middle AgesMedicine In Middle Ages

500 AD-1500 AD500 AD-1500 AD First periodFirst period Second period: Mostly philosophica,Second period: Mostly philosophica,

Under influence of ancient medicine Under influence of ancient medicine ((Greek-Roma culturesGreek-Roma cultures))

Christianity appeared as a monotheistic religion in Christianity appeared as a monotheistic religion in Roman Empire and in 4rd century became a state Roman Empire and in 4rd century became a state religion. religion.

Jesus / PlagueJesus / Plague

Religion/DiseaseReligion/Disease

JewishJewish ChristianChristian MuslimMuslim

JesusJesus

Medicine In Middle AgesMedicine In Middle Ages

Caring for the sick people began as a charity in the Caring for the sick people began as a charity in the early Christian world and nuns began to care for the early Christian world and nuns began to care for the sick in medieval ages. Medicinal plants exist in herb sick in medieval ages. Medicinal plants exist in herb gardens in the monasteries. They were called gardens in the monasteries. They were called hortulihortuli. .

Early hospitals: After 335 AD.Early hospitals: After 335 AD. 1145 Montpellier–Holy Ghost Hospital1145 Montpellier–Holy Ghost Hospital

St Helena hospital (St Helena hospital (330 AD330 AD) Rome) Rome

Fabiola (Fabiola (343-420 AD343-420 AD) The first Christian ) The first Christian community hospital community hospital

Emperor ConstantineEmperor Constantine

Medicine In Middle AgesMedicine In Middle Ages

Schools of medicine in the Middle Ages Schools of medicine in the Middle Ages Italy (Italy (9th century9th century)) MilanoMilano SalernoSalerno PadovaPadova BolognaBologna NapoliNapoli

Montpellier (Montpellier (FranceFrance))

While religion was very influential at first on these schools, While religion was very influential at first on these schools, its influence started to decrease in time and in 1130 practice its influence started to decrease in time and in 1130 practice of medicine was prohibited for clergymen. of medicine was prohibited for clergymen.

There are important differences between the status of There are important differences between the status of priests and Physician priests and Physician

Saint BenedictSaint Benedict

Physician / Saint HumilitasPhysician / Saint Humilitas

Padua UniversityPadua University

MontpellierMontpellier

The four elementsThe four elements

Famous physiciansFamous physicians

LucaLuca PantaleonPantaleon Cosmas & DamianCosmas & Damian

cosmas & damiancosmas & damian

Cosmas and Damian murderCosmas and Damian murder

Miraculous HealingsMiraculous Healings

Christ performed some miraculous healings, and this Christ performed some miraculous healings, and this is depicted in the iconography of western art. It was is depicted in the iconography of western art. It was believed that cure of the disease was only possible believed that cure of the disease was only possible through praying. So patients expected miraculous through praying. So patients expected miraculous healings from Christ. In the Christian west in middle healings from Christ. In the Christian west in middle ages, they emphasized the salvation of the soul rather ages, they emphasized the salvation of the soul rather than the body.than the body.

People believed that Saints had an ability to heal People believed that Saints had an ability to heal patients and they expected health from different patients and they expected health from different Saints. People who had toothache had to pray Saint Saints. People who had toothache had to pray Saint ApolanaireApolanaire,, St. Antony was responsibly for curing St. Antony was responsibly for curing fevers, Stfevers, St.. Roch for plague etc. Roch for plague etc.

Saint LucySaint Lucy

Saint MarySaint Mary

Miraculous HealingsMiraculous Healings

Evil could be everywhere and could challenge human Evil could be everywhere and could challenge human beings. Psychiatric patients were believed to be in beings. Psychiatric patients were believed to be in cooperation with evil and they were burned in public cooperation with evil and they were burned in public in town centers. Sometimes priests tried to take devil in town centers. Sometimes priests tried to take devil from their body. This called was from their body. This called was exorcismexorcism and in fact, and in fact, they applied serious torture procedures to those poor they applied serious torture procedures to those poor patients.patients.

Woman / DevilWoman / Devil

Medicine In Middle AgesMedicine In Middle Ages

MonasticismMonasticism

Monasticism was a part of the Middle Age culture. Monasticism was a part of the Middle Age culture. Following the hermitic tradition of separation from Following the hermitic tradition of separation from

worldly society, monks lived in monasteries.worldly society, monks lived in monasteries.

Examination and dissectionExamination and dissection

Student / DissectionStudent / Dissection

Epidemics in the Middle AgeEpidemics in the Middle Age

Diseases prevalent Diseases prevalent

Through the Middle Ages Through the Middle Ages leprosyleprosy and and plagueplague were were important diseases. Leprosy people were stigmatized important diseases. Leprosy people were stigmatized in western world and separated from the society. In in western world and separated from the society. In fact, a variety of skin diseases were also identified as fact, a variety of skin diseases were also identified as leprosy. Epidemics of leprosy. Epidemics of typhustyphus, , smallpoxsmallpox, and other , and other diseases spread with crusaders through the continent. diseases spread with crusaders through the continent. PlaguePlague was the most horrible disease and was called was the most horrible disease and was called as as Black DeathBlack Death. Especially plague epidemics . Especially plague epidemics influenced societies so deeply. Many people died influenced societies so deeply. Many people died with this epidemic and those scenes were described with this epidemic and those scenes were described place in the Western art later on. place in the Western art later on.

PlaguePlague

Konuyla İlgili SORU/CEVAPKonuyla İlgili SORU/CEVAP

Soru 1: Soru 1:

Ortaçağ döneminde İtalya’da bulunan üç ünlü tıp Ortaçağ döneminde İtalya’da bulunan üç ünlü tıp okulu hangileriydi? okulu hangileriydi?

Cevap 1: Milano, Salerno, PadovaCevap 1: Milano, Salerno, Padova

Soru 2: Soru 2:

Orataçağ döneminde dünyada özellikle etkili olan Orataçağ döneminde dünyada özellikle etkili olan hastalıklar nelerdi?hastalıklar nelerdi?

Cevap 2: Veba, lepra, çiçek, tifüsCevap 2: Veba, lepra, çiçek, tifüs

ReferencesReferences

A. Selim ATAY, İnönü Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, translationA. Selim ATAY, İnönü Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, translation Tolga GÜVEN, Marmara Üniversitesi Tıp Tarihi ve Etik AD Tolga GÜVEN, Marmara Üniversitesi Tıp Tarihi ve Etik AD

ders notlarıders notları Ali Haydar BAYAT, Tıp TarihiAli Haydar BAYAT, Tıp Tarihi Emine ATABEK, Şefik GÖRKEY, Başlangıcından Rönesansa Emine ATABEK, Şefik GÖRKEY, Başlangıcından Rönesansa

Kadar Tıp TarihiKadar Tıp Tarihi Çağlar Boyu Tıp, Roche YayınlarıÇağlar Boyu Tıp, Roche Yayınları http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page