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MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY
HUMAN BODY ORIENTATION
ANATOMY
• MORPHOLOGY
PHYSIOLOGY
• FUNCTION
MOLECULAR HIERARCHY
• SUBATOMIC– Electrons– Neutrons– Protons
– ATOM– MOLECULE
HEIRARCHY CONT.
• MACROMOLECULES– Proteins– Carbohydrates– Lipids– Nucleic acids
HIERARCHY CONT.
• CELL (CYTOLOGY; CELL BIOLOGY)– NUCLEUS– CELL MEMBRANE (plasma membrane,
phospholipid bilayer)– CYTOPLASM (cytosol)– MITOCHONDRIA (cellular respiration;
conversion of glucose to carbon dioxide and water and ATP)
HIERARCHY CONT.
• CELL– LYSOSOME (digestive enzymes)– PEROXISOMES (detoxification, especially
alcohol)– ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
• SMOOTH ER (synthesis of lipids, detox, drug tolerance)
• ROUGH ER (protein assembly)• GOLGI APPARATUS (post-translational
modification)
Hierarchy cont
• CELL– NUCLEUS (in eukaryotes, protects genetic
info)– FLAGELLA AND CILIA (cell movement; 9=2
array)
HIERARCHY CONT
• TISSUE (HISTOLOGY)– EPITHELIAL (epithelium and endothelium,
glands)– CONNECTIVE (dense connective like bone,
adipose, loose connective like blood vessels, and blood and lymph)
– MUSCLE (cardiac, smooth, skeletal)– NERVOUS (nerves, spinal cord, brain)
HIERARCHY CONT
• ORGANS (see Table 2.2)
• ORGAN SYSTEMS– RESPIRATORY– NERVOUS– DIFESTIVE– CIRCULATORY
• ALL LEADS TO HUMA ORGANISM
ANATOMY
• BODY PLANES– VERTICAL (rt angle to horizon)
• MIDSAGITTAL – vertical, rt and left halves• SAGITTAL – unequal left and right portions• CORONAL- divides into anterior and posterior
ANATOMY
• BODY DIRECTIONS– ANTERIOR/VENTRAL– POSTERIOR/DORSAL– SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR– CEPHALIC AND CAUDAL– PROXIMAL AND DISTAL– MEDIAL AND LATERAL
BODY CAVITIES
• DORSAL (cranial and spinal)
• VENTRAL– Thoracic- ends at diaphragm– Abdominal– Pelvic- mainly reproduction and excretion– abdominopelvic
Abdominal divisions
• Right upper
• Left upper
• Right lower
• Left lower
ABDOMEN AND THORAX REGIONS
• RT AND LEFT HYPOCHONDRIAC
• EPIGASTRIC
• RT AND LEFT LUMBAR
• UMBILICAL
• RT AND LEFT ILIAC
• HYPOGASTRIC
PERITONEUM
PERITONEUM
• Membrane– Parietal – outer– Visceral – inner– Mesentery– Retroperitoneal– Ascites – fluid in peritoneum
CYTOLOGY
• DNA
• GENES
• MUTATION (somatic vs gametic)
• Genetic disorders– Huntington’s disease– Cystic fibrosis– Hemophilia– Down syndrome
GENETIC DISORDER CONT
– Sickle cell anemia– Tay sachs– Phenylketouria– Genetic vs congenital
• Fetal alcohol syndrome• Cerebral palsy
WORD PARTS
• OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY
PUTTING THEM TOGETHER
• “o” IS COMMON COMBINING VOWEL– IF ENDS IN CONSONANT– IF COMBING TWO OR MORE ROOT
WORDS
• “o” NOT NEEDED IF SUFFIX BEGINS IN A VOWEL
SIMPLE COMBING FORMS
• PREFIXES– OFTEN DENOTE TIME, LOCATION OR
STATUS• Pre-, peri-, post-• A-: without• Ab-:away from• Eu: good• Dys-:bad
Prefixes cont.
– Hyper-:above– Hypo-:below– Inter-:between– Intra-:within– Sub: below– Super- or supra-: beyond– Oligo-:few
PREFIXES CONT.
• BODY SYSTEMS– OSTEO- BONES– ARTHRO- JOINTS– CHONDRO- CARTILAGE– MYO – MUSCLES– CARDIO-HEART– PHLEB- VEINS– ARTERIO- ARTERIES
BODY SYSTEMS PREFIXES
– HEMA- OR HEMAT- BLOOD– SPLENO- SPLEEN– NAS-NOSE– PNUEMO-LUNGS– ORO-MOUTH– GASTRO-STOMACH– ENTERO-SMALL INTESTINE– COLO-LARGE INTESTINE
BODY SYSTEM PREFIXES
– HEPATO-LIVER– NEPHR- OR REN- KIDNEYS– CYST-, VESSICO- URINARY BLADDER– NEUR- NERVOUS SYSTEM– ENCEPHAL-BRAIN– MYELO-SPINAL CORD– OPTHAL, OR OCUL- EYES– OT-, ACOUST- EARS
BODY SYSTEM PREFIXES
– CUTAN-, DERMAT– SKIN– SEB- SEBACEOUS GLANDS– HIDR-SWEAT GLANDS– ORCH-TESTES– OOPHOR-, OVARI- OVARIES– HYSTER-, MET-, UTER- UTERUS
SUFFIXES
• Often indicate procedure, disorder, or disease– Ectomy : to remove– Tonsillectomy
– ac: pertaining to– -itis: inflammation of– - osis: abnormal condition
SUFFIXES CONT
– - dynia, - algia: pain or suffering (cephalgia, gastrodynia
– - malcia: abnormal softening (arteiomalacia)– - megaly: enlargement (hepatomegaly)– - necrosis: death (caessation necrosis – Tb)– - sclerosis: abnormal hardening
(arteriosclerosis)– - stenosis: abnormal narrowing (pyloric
stenosis)
SUFFIXES CONT
• PROCEDURES– - centesis: fluid removal (amniocentesis)– - ectomy: removal– - graphy, - gram: picture (arteriography,
pyelogram)– - plasty: to repair (rhinoplasty)– - scopy: visual exam (colonoscopy,
endoscopy)
SUFFIXES
• THE IMMPORTANT RR’S:– - rrhaphy: to suture (splenorrhaphy)– - rrhage: bursting forth (hemorrhage)– - rrhea: abnormal flow (diarrhea, amenorrhea)– - rrhexis: rupure (splenorrhexis)
BASIC MEDICAL TERMS
• EPIDEMIOLOGY
• SYMPTOM = SUBJECTIVE
• SIGN, CLINICAL MANIFESTATION = OBJECTIVE
• DIAGNOSIS– Differential– Prognosis
BASIC MEDICAL TERMS
• DISEASE– CHRONIC VS ACUTE– SYNDROME = COMPILATION OF CLINICAL
MANIFESTATIONS– REMISSION – ABSENCE OF SYMPTOMS
WITHOUT A CURE– EPIDEMIC VIS ENDEMIC, PANDEMIC– TRANSMISSION– INCUBATION PERIOD
BASIC MEDICAL TERMS
• INFECTIOUS DISEASE
• COMMUNICABLE
• IDIOPATHIC
• NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION
• IATROGENCI DISORDER
CONFUSING WORD PARTS
• ARTERIO- AND ATHERO-• ILEUM AND ILIUM• INFECTION AND INFLAMMATION• MUCOUS AND MUCUS• MYC-, MYEL-, AND MY-• -OSTOMY AND –OTOMY• PALPATION AND PALPITATION• PROSTATE AND PROSTRATE
CONFUSING WORD PARTS CONT
• SUPPINATION AND SUPPURATION
• PYELO-, PYO-, AND PYRO-
• TRIAGE AND TRAUMA
• VIRAL AND VIRILE
COLOR WORD PARTS• ERTYTH- RED (erythrocyte, erthroblastoma fetalis)
• MELAN- WHITE (malignant melanoma, melanosis)
• CYAN- BLUE (cyanosis, cyanotic)
• LEUK-WHITE (leukocyte, leukemia)
• POLI- GRAY (poliomyelitis)
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