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8/17/2019 M130592 Anatomy & Terminology Module
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Anatomy and Terminology Module
8/17/2019 M130592 Anatomy & Terminology Module
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Section 1: Word Construction
Most medical terms can be broken down into two or more components or word elements. Tis
guide teaches you how to use this act to your advantage, providing you with a basic approach or
understanding unamiliar medical terms. o define an unamiliar term, you will simply:
Identiy its word elements1.
Analyze the meaning o each word element2.
Put the meanings o all the word elements together to define the word as a whole3.
In order to use this approach, you will need to be amiliar with the three basic types o word elements:
root words, suffixes and prefixes.
ROOT WORDS
Te central meaning o a term is conveyed by a word element called the root word. It is the oundation
to which other word elements are added to build a complete, meaningul word. All terms have at leastone root word.
When being connected to other word elements, root words are converted into combining orms. A
combining orm is a root word to which a combining vowel has been added in order to link the root
to a second root word or to a suffix. Te most common combining vowel is “o.” Combining orms are
typically represented by the root word, ollowed by a slash (/), ollowed by the combining vowel.
In medical terminology, root words (and their associated combining orms) usually reer to anatomic
structures or physiological concepts. Memorizing just a ew will enable you to understand a wide
variety o medical terms.
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Root Word and Combining Forms Meaning
anter/o front
arthr/o joint
bil/o bile, gall
carcin/o cancer
cardi/o heart
chol/e bile, gall
col/o colon, intestine
cysto/o urinary bladder
duoden/o duodenum
esophag/o esophagus
gastr/o stomach
gyn/o woman, female
hepat/o liver
hyster/o uterus
ile/o ileum
jejun/o jejunum
mamm/o breast
mast/o breast
muscul/o muscle
nas/o nose
nephr/o kidney
neur/o nerves
oophor/o ovaries
ovari/o ovaries
pancreat/o pancreas
peritone/o peritoneum
pharyng/o pharynx
proct/o anus
pulmon/o lungs
rect/o rectum
respir/o respiration
salping/o fallopian tube
sigmoid/o sigmoid colon
ur/o urine
ureter/o ureter
urethr/o urethra
uter/o uterus
vagin/o vagina
ven/o vein
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SUFFIXES
A suffix is a word element added afer a root word to modiy the basic meaning o the word.
Suffix Meaning
-ectomy surgical removal
-edema swelling
-esis condition
-gram record
-graphy recording
-itis inflammation
-lysis dissolution
-ology study of
-oma tumor, growth
-ostomy surgical opening
-otomy surgical incision
-pathy disease
-plasty surgical repair
-sclerosis hardening
-scopy visual exam
-stenosis narrowing
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PREFIXES
A prefix is a word element added beore one or more root words to modiy the basic meaning o the
root(s) and create a new word.
Prefix Meaning
ante- before, forward
anti- against
bi- two
brady- slow
contra- against, opposite side
di- two
electro- electrical
endo- inside, within
hemi- one-half
hyper- excessive
hypo- too little
inter- between, among
intra- within, inside
ipsi- same, same side
laparo- abdomen
macro- large
micro- small
para- beside, beyond
peri- surrounding
post- after
pre- before
pro- before, in front of
pseudo- false
quadri- four
retro- backward
semi- one-half
sub- under, beneath
supra- over, above
tachy- fast
trans- across, through
tri- three
uni- one
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WORD-BUILDING EXERCISES
Break each o the ollowing terms into its word elements. As in the examples below, draw a slash
between the letters to indicate where you think the word should be divided. Ten write the definition
or the term.
Word First Word Definition Second Word Definition Definition
cardi / ology cardi = heart ology = study of study of the heart
vascu / litis vascu = blood vessels itis = inflammation inflammation of blood vessels
bradycardia
cardiovascular
nephritis
arthroscopy
retroperitoneal
transurethral
peri-anal
transabdominal
colectomy
arthritis
mammoplasty
laparoscopy
peritonitis
ileostomy
hypothermic
postoperative
cholecystitis
gastrotomy
hyperthermic
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USING SUFFIXES IN WORD BUILDING
Use the suffixes you have learned to build medical terms describing the ollowing surgical procedures
Medical Term Definition
1. Surgical removal of the spleen
2. Surgical removal of the gall bladder
3. Surgical repair of a joint
4. Creation of an opening in the stomach
5. Surgical removal of all of the stomach
6. Visualization of the abdomen using a scope/camera
7. Surgical repair of the breast or breasts
8. Inflammation of the peritoneum
9. Surgical removal of the urinary bladder
10. Freeing up or separating of tissue from surrounding structures or organs
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Section 2: Position and Direction
DIRECTION
anteriorPositioned toward the ront
ascending Having an upward course
axillary Commonly reerred to as the underarm
descending Having a downward course
distal Farthest rom the point o reerence
inferior Situated below; in reerence to the lower surace or portion o an
organ or structure
lateral oward the side, arthest rom the middle or median
medial oward the middle
posterior Positioned toward the back
proximal Closest to the point o reerence
superior Situated above, in reerence to the upper surace or portion o an
organ or structure
transverse Having a lateral course; a eature or organ that proceeds across
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POSITION
lateral position Patient lying on side
(lef or right)
lithotomy Patient on back with legs up
in stirrups, with head tilted
down slightly
prone Patient lying on ront,
ace down
reverse Trendelenburg Patient on back with eet
tilted down and head slightly
elevated
supine Patient lying on back, ace up
Trendelenburg Patient on back with head
tilted down and eet slightly
elevated
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SELF-TEST
I a surgeon reers to something as having a lateral course, or a eature or organ that proceeds1.
across, they are reerring to which term?
transversea.
ascendingb.
descendingc.
I a clinician reers to something being situated below a particular structure, it is _________.2.
anteriora.
posteriorb.
ineriorc.
A patient in the “prone” position would be lying on his/her_________.3.
back a.
sideb.
rontc.
I the point o origin is the duodenum, the ileum is _________ in relationship.4.
distala.
proximalb.
superiorc.
mediald.
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Task:You are describing the location o particular organs or structures to a colleague. Use the “X” as
the point o origin in describing the location o the subject organ/structure; e.g., anterior, posterior,
superior, etc.
A. __________________________________
B. __________________________________
C. __________________________________
D. __________________________________
E. __________________________________
F. __________________________________
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Correctly label the ollowing patient positions
1. _________________________________
2. _________________________________
3. _________________________________
4. _________________________________
5. _________________________________
6. _________________________________
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NOTES
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Section 3: Abdominal Anatomy
antrum Distal section o the stomach
appendix Supplementary or dependent part attached to a main structure,
located in right lower quadrant
ascending colon Extending rom the cecum to the upper abdominal area, on
patient’s right
cecum Pouch or cul-de-sac o the ascending colon connected to the
distal small bowel (ileum)
colon Tis comprises the main length o the large intestine and is
responsible or water absorption. It is divided into our sections,
lies distal to the cecum, and proximal to the rectum
descending colon Extending rom the upper to the lower abdominal area, onpatient’s lef
duodenum Proximal portion o the small bowel; it connects to the distal
stomach
gallbladder Pear-shaped reservoir or bile; lies just posteriorly to the liver
hemorrhoidal or gonadal vessels Blood supply to and rom the rectum; branch off o the inerior
mesenteric artery and vein
hilum A depression or pit at that part o an organ where the major vessels and nerves enter
hiler vessels Te vessels that enter an organ through the hilum
ileum Distal portion o the small intestine
ileocecal valve Located between the ileum and cecum, it controls passage o fluid
waste rom the small bowel to the colon
ileocecal vessels Blood supply to and rom the ileum (distal small bowel) and
cecum (proximal colon), branch off o the inerior mesentericartery and vein
I MA (general) Inerior mesenteric artery
inferior mesenteric artery and vein Blood supply to and rom the lef colon, sigmoid colon, and
rectum
jejunum Small bowel that extends between the duodenum and ileum
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left colic vessels Blood supply to and rom the lef (descending) colon; branch off
o the inerior mesenteric artery and vein
liver Stores and filters blood; located in right upper quadrant
mesentery Membranous old attaching various organs to the body wall and
carrying the blood supply to these organs
middle colic vessel Blood supply to and rom the transverse colon; branches off o
the superior mesenteric artery and vein
omentum A peritoneal old extending rom the stomach to adjacent organs
in the abdominal cavity
pancreas Situated transversely behind the stomach; it produces and
secretes insulin directly into the bloodstream
pylorus Junction point between the stomach and the duodenum
pyloric sphincter A ring o muscles that controls the passage o ood rom the
stomach into the duodenum
right colic vessels Blood supply to and rom the right (ascending) colon; branch off
o the superior mesenteric artery and vein
sigmoid colon Te S-shaped end o the colon that leads into the rectum
sigmoidal vessels Blood supply to and rom the sigmoid colon; branch off o the
inerior artery and vein
small bowel A coiled 20-oot-long tube that winds rom the pyloric sphincter
o the stomach to the beginning o the large intestine, filling
much o the abdominal cavity, where the nutrients are removed
rom the bowel contents
spleen Located in the lef upper quadrant; it breaks down the red blood
cells and releases the hemoglobin
stomach Lies between the esophagus and duodenum, stores ood, located
in the upper lef quadrant
superior mesenteric artery and vein Blood supply to and rom the right colon, liver, stomach, spleen
and small bowel
transverse colon Extending rom one side o the abdomen to the other
umbilicus Te navel or belly button
viscera General term or contents o the abdomen
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Stomach in situFigure 3.1
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Arteries o stomach, liver and spleenFigure 3.2
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Figure 3.3 Greater Omentum & Abdominal Viscera
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Figure 3.4 Omentum Raised
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Mucosa and musculature o large intestineFigure 3.5
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Arteries o large intestineFigure 3.6
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Hepatic portal vein and tributaries: portocaval anastomosesFigure 3.7
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Be able to verbally trace the digestive system rom beginning to end, including all structures and
landmarks:
oral cavity •
pharynx•
esophagus•
stomach•
duodenum•
jejunum•
ileum•
cecum•
ascending colon•
hepatic flexure•
transverse colon•
splenic flexure•
descending colon•
sigmoid colon•
rectum•
anus•
Alimentary canal
Figure 3.8
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SELF-TEST
Te proximal portion o the small bowel is called the __________.1.
ileuma.
duodenumb.
jejunumc.
appendixd.
Te appendix comes off o what part o the intestines?2.
ascending colona.
cecumb.
ileumc.
descending colond.
Which organ is located in the upper lef quadrant and is responsible or disintegrating red blood3.
cells?
kidney a.
liverb.
pancreasc.
spleend.
Write the definition or each o the anatomical terms below
Medical Term Definition
ileum1.
liver2.
sigmoid colon3.
Write the terms or the definitions below
Medical Term Definition
1. Inflammation of the colon
2. Blood supply to and from the left colon, sigmoid and rectum
3. Surgical removal of the appendix
4. Surgical creation of an opening between the colon and surface of the abdomen, usually to
allow elimination of bowel content
5. Surgical repair of the abdomen
6. Visual examination of the abdomen using a scope/camera
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Section 4: Pelvic Anatomy
TERMINOLOGY
anus Te sphincter muscle that regulates the lower digestive tract, just
distal to the rectum.
bladder Sac-like organ in the pelvis that stores urine until excreted
cardinal ligament ( ) Suspensory ligament or the posterior aspect o the uterus; contains
the uterine artery
cervix ( ) Lower part o the uterus leading to the vagina, also reerred to as the
neck o the uterus
fallopian tube ( ) ransport tube through which the egg travels to the uterus
Infundibular Pelvic (IP) vessel Te ligament that supports and supplies the blood to the allopian
tube
inguinal Pertaining to the groin
ovarian ligament ( ) Attaches the ovaries to the allopian tubes and upper portion o the
exterior uterus
ovary ( ) Almond-shaped structure responsible or generating the egg in the
emale; one on each side o the uterus
perineum Te region between the anus and the external genitalia
prostate ( ) A donut-shaped muscular/glandular structure located beneath the
urinary bladder that surrounds the urethra
pubis Pubic bone; the bladder rests upon it
rectum Structure that stores eces and lies between the colon and the anus
round ligament ( ) Suspensory ligament or the anterolateral aspect o the uterus
ureter Narrow tube that carries urine rom the kidney to the bladder
urethra Membranous tube that carries urine rom the bladder to the external
exit o the body
uterosacral ligament ( ) Fibrous ligament that anchors the posterior uterus to the pelvic wall
uterus ( ) A hollow, muscular, pear-shaped structure suspended in the pelvic
cavity by bands o connective tissue called ligaments
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ANATOMY
Pelvic contents: emaleFigure 4.1
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Female pelvic visceraFigure 4.2
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Figure 4.4 Frontal section
Uterus and adnexa: anterior view Figure 4.3
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Prostate and seminal vesicles (sagittal section)Figure 4.5
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Urethra (male): anterior view Figure 4.6
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SELF-TEST
Write the term or the definitions below
MEDICAL TERM DEFINITION
1. Almond-shaped structure responsible for generating the egg in females
2. The region between the anus and external genitalia
3. Pelvic bone; the bladder rests on it
4. A hollow, pear-shaped structure suspended in the female pelvic cavity
5. Inflammation of the kidney
6. Surgical removal of the urinary bladder
7. Visualization of the ureter using a scope/camera
8. Referring to the kidney
9. Transurethral resection of the prostate
Te structure that carries urine rom the kidney to the bladder is called the __________.1.
urethraa.
ureterb.
uterusc.
prostated.
Te structure that acts as a transport tube or the emale eggs to travel to the uterus is the2.
__________.
ovary a.
cervixb.
perineumc.allopian tubed.
What is the suspensory ligament or the posterior aspect o the uterus that contains the uterine3.
artery?
round ligamenta.
cardinal ligamentb.
uterosacral ligamentc.
ovarian ligamentd.
Write the definition or the terms below.
MEDICAL TERM DEFINITION
urethra1.
inguinal2.
hysteroscopy3.
perineum4.
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NOTES
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Section 5: Head and Neck Anatomy and Terminology
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
jugular Large veins that return blood to the heart rom the head and
neck
mandible Reerring to the jaw
parotid gland Gland located near the ear, just above the jaw line
parotidectomy Surgical removal o the parotid gland, usually or malignancy
sternocleidomastoid muscle One o two muscles in the neck rising rom the clavicle toward
the ear
strap muscle Te muscles on each side o the Adam’s apple that run rom the
collarbone up under the jaw
thyroid An endocrine gland in the neck, anterior to and partially
surrounding the thyroid cartilage and upper rings o the trachea
thyroidectomy Surgical removal o the thyroid gland
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ANATOMY
Facial nerve branches and parotid glandFigure 5.1
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Superficial veins and cutaneous nerves o neck Figure 5.2
anterior view
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Tyroid gland:Figure 5.3
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Head and neck ateries and nerves: anterior view Figure 5.4
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Head and neck veins: left lateral view Figure 5.5
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Gilroy et al., Atlas of Anatomy. All rights reserved.© Thieme 2008, www.thieme.com
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Section 6: Other Anatomy
TERMINOLOGY
abdomen Lies between the thoracic cavity and pelvic cavity, lined by theperitoneum
aorta Te main vessel carrying oxygen-rich blood rom the heart and
lungs to the body
artery Blood vessel that carries oxygen-rich blood rom the heart and
lungs throughout the body
Calot’s triangle Area bordered by the cystic duct, common hepatic duct and
lower edge o the liver, reerenced during cholecystectomy
duct A tube or hollow structure
esophagus Passageway between pharynx and the stomach
fundus Reers to the upper portion o a hollow organ or structure; e.g.,
stomach or uterus
hemorrhoid Swollen veins in the lining o the anus, ofen causing rectal
bleeding and pain
IMA (cardiac) Internal mammary artery, located on posterior aspect o chestwall, used to bypass occluded blood vessels in the heart (CABG)
kidney Filters toxins, waste, and ingested water and minerals rom the
blood
larynx Passageway between the oral cavity and the lungs
lumen Te inside o a tube-shaped structure; e.g., blood vessel
lymph node Bean-shaped organ that filters and cleanses the clear fluid
transported by the lymphatic vessels
peritoneum Serous membrane lining the pelvic and abdominal walls
pharynx Passageway or ood between the oral cavity and esophagus
sphincter A circular shaped muscle that surrounds a natural opening; its
orm helps close the opening; e.g., anal sphincter
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thorax Part o the body between the neck and respiratory diaphragm,
encased by the ribs; i.e., the chest
vein Blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood rom the body back
to the heart and lungs
vena cavaLarge vein running along the right side o the spine that returnsthe deoxygenated blood rom the body back to the heart and
lungs
vessel Any channel or carrying fluid, such as blood
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Kidneys in situ: anterior view Figure 6.1
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Gross structure o the kidney Figure 6.2
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SELF-TEST
Write the definition or each o the terms below
Anatomy Definition
larynx
esophagus
sphincter
peritoneum
duct
kidney
artery
vein
lumen
fundus
IMA (general)
Te term or high blood pressure is ________.1.
extensiona.
hypotensionb.
hypertensionc.
normotensiond.
Te term intra-abdominal reers to structures ________ the abdomen.2.
outsidea.
insideb.
abovec.
below d.
All o the ollowing prefixes are used to describe a structure’s location except ________.3.
endo -a.
poly -b.
inter -c.sub -d.
Te suffix -pathy means ________.5.
deficiency a.
disease (any type)b.
tumor (or other type o growth)c.
nourishment or developmentd.
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NOTES
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Section 7: Terminology
ablation Removal o dead or diseased tissue, or the destruction o its
unction
abscess Collection o pus, usually as a result o inection
acute A condition that has a sudden onset or lasts a short period o
time
adhesion A fibrous band or structure by which structures abnormally
adhere or stick together
anastomosis Te joining o two (natural or man-made) tube-shaped
structures; e.g., blood vessels or bowel
anemic A condition marked by a decrease in red blood cells
anomaly Deviation rom what is accepted as normal
aneurysm Swelling o a blood vessel at a weakened point in the vessel wall
aspirate o withdraw air or fluid, usually by a needle
avascular Reers to tissue having no blood vessels or inadequate blood
supply
benign
Reers to a tumor that is not cancerous and does not spread toother sites
bifurcate o divide or separate into two parts
bile Te yellow-green secretion o the liver that aids in digestion
chronic Reers to long duration and requent occurrence
costal Pertaining to the rib
distended Being enlarged
edema Swelling caused by a collection o large amounts o fluid in tissue
embolus A mass o undisolved matter present in a vessel. Emboli may
be solid, gas, or liquid (e.g., air-embolus—an air bubble in the
patient’s vein)
endoscope A scope that allows the surgeon to view virtually any structure in
the body
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extra-peritoneal Outside the peritoneal cavity; e.g., the kidneys lie extra-
peritoneally (outside the peritoneal cavity on the patient’s
posterior side)
extubate Removal o a tube; e.g., removal o the endotracheal tube rom
the patient’s mouth/throat
fistulaAn abnormal passage rom one structure/organ to another orrom one structure/organ to the surace o the body
hematoma Collection o blood that has escaped rom the vessels and
become trapped in the tissue o the skin or in an organ; e.g., a
blood blister or blood clot
in vitro Biological process perormed in the laboratory rather than in the
body
in vivo Biological process perormed in the body
incision A cut made into body tissue with a surgical scalpel
indication A sign or reason or prescribing a treatment or medication or
disease
intra-muscular Within the muscle
intravenous Reers to the inside o a vein
intubate Insertion o a tube into any hollow organ, as into the larynx or
trachea (endotracheal tube in patient’s mouth/throat)
ischemia emporary lack o blood supply to an area
lesion A pathological change in tissue, an injury, wound or any other
tissue damage
ligation or ligate o tie or bind with a ligature; e.g., suture, clips and staplers
(mechanical) or LigaSure™ and ultrasonics (energy-based)
lipoma A benign tumor containing at
malignant Te process o disease that is severe, progressive and does not
respond to treatment
metastasis Te process by which tumor cells multiply and spread to other
organs
mobilization o ree up rom surrounding or attached structures or organs
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morsilate o chew-up or break down into small pieces; e.g., to morsilate
a large structure or organ, enabling it to be removed through a
small incision
necrosis Te death and breakdown o tissue
occlusion Blockage, as in an artery
palliative erm or soothing and/or relieving
palpate o examine by hand, exerting light pressure with the fingers or
the purpose o eeling or examining
pedicle A stem-like narrow part o a structure, a narrow strip o flap
tissue through which a structure receives its blood supply
peristalsis Involuntary muscular contractions occurring in a tubular
structure or organ; how ood is moved through the intestines
pronate Te act o turning so as to ace down; e.g., turning your hand so
the palm is acing downward
renal Relating to the kidneys
resection Surgical removal o a structure or organ
stenosis Narrowing or stricture o a canal or duct
stoma Any opening between two structures or on the surace o a
structure; e.g., the opening between two portions o the intestinein an anastomosis
stricture Narrowing o a canal, duct or other passage
subcostal Pertaining to below the rib
supinate Te act o turning so as to ace up; e.g., turning your hand so the
palm is acing upward
transection Cutting o tissue
tumor An abnormal mass o tissue within the body
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SELF-TEST
Write the terms or the definitions below
Medical Term Definition
1. Being enlarged
2. Refers to the cutting of tissue
3. Process by which tumor cells multiply and spread to other organs
4. Refers to the biological process performed in the body
5. The death and breakdown of tissue
6. Narrowing of a canal, duct or other passage
7. Collection of pus, usually as a result of infection
8. Swelling caused by a collection of large amounts of fluid in tissue
9. Refers to long duration and frequent occurrence
10. A tumor that is not cancerous and does not spread to other sites
11. The joining of two (natural or man-made) tube-shaped structures; e.g., blood vessels or bowel
Write the definitions or the each o the ollowing medical terms
Medical Term Definition
1. peristalsis
2. aspirate
3. lipoma
4. anemic
5. sub-costal
6. hematoma
7. resection
8. palpate
9. lesion
10. ischemia
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Section 8: Surgical Procedures
abdominal perineal resection Surgical removal o affected colon, rectum and anus.
Indication – cancer of the lower rectum
appendectomy Surgical removal o the appendix
cholecystectomy Surgical removal o the gallbladder; i the procedure is perormed
through a tube placed into the abdomen, it is called laparoscopic
cholecystectomy
colectomy Surgical removal o all or part o the colon, ofen to treat patients
with chronic colitis or Crohn’s disease
colostomy Surgical creation o an opening between the colon and the
surace o the abdomen, usually to allow elimination o the eces
into a bag attached to the skin
cystectomy Surgical removal o the urinary bladder
esophagogastrectomy Surgical removal o diseased portions o the esophagus and
stomach
gastrectomy Surgical removal o the stomach
gastrotomy Creating a hole in the wall o the stomach
hemorrhoidectomy Surgical removal o hemorrhoids
hysterectomy ( ) Surgical removal o the uterus; surgery may be trans-abdominal
(AH) or vaginal (VH)
laparoscopy Visual examination o the abdominal cavity using a laparoscope
low anterior resection Surgical removal o affected distal colon and portion o proximal
rectum.
Indication – cancer
mammoplasty ( ) Surgical reconstruction o one or both breasts (bilateral)
mastectomy ( ) Surgical removal o the breast
nephrectomy Surgical removal o the kidney
Nissen fundoplication Surgical wrapping o the stomach around the esophagus and
suturing it to itsel, usually to prevent gastric reflux
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oophorectomy ( ) Surgical removal o one or both ovaries; i both ovaries are
removed, the procedure is called a bilateral oophorectomy
orchiectomy ( ) Surgical removal o one or both testes
prostatectomy ( ) Surgical removal o all or part o the prostate gland
radical cystectomy ( ) Resection o the urinary bladder, distal ureters, pelvic lymphnodes, and prostate
( ) Resection o the urinary bladder, distal ureters, urethra,
uterus, cervix, proximal third o the vagina
radical hysterectomy ( ) Surgical removal o uterus, allopian tubes, ovaries, cervix and all
recognizable lymph nodes
radical mastectomy ( ) Resection o the breast and axillary lymph nodes
salpingectomy ( ) Surgical removal o one or both allopian tubes
sigmoidectomy Surgical removal o the sigmoid colon
Indication – cancer
splenectomy Surgical removal o the spleen
transplantation Surgical implantation o an organ or structure rom a compatible
donor into a recipient
Transurethral Resection of the Prostate
(TURP) ( )
Surgical removal o all or part o the prostate gland by placing
a special prostatectomy endoscope (resectoscope) through theurethra and removing pieces o the prostate gland through this
tube
Whipple procedure Resection o the head o the pancreas, the entire duodenum,
portion o the jejunum, distal third o the stomach and lower
hal o the common bile duct with reestablishment o biliary,
pancreatic and gastrointestinal tract systems
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SELF-TEST
Procedure Definition (include all structures being removed)
1. laparoscopy
2. low anterior resection
3. Visualization of the sigmoid colon using a scope
4. Surgical wrapping of the stomach around the esophagus and suturing it to itself, usually for
gastric reflux
5. cystectomy
6. hemicolectomy
7. lap-cholecystectomy
8. Abdominal approach to resection of the uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries
9. Surgical removal of all or part of the prostate gland
10. splenectomy
11. mastectomy12. Resection of the affected colon, rectum and anus
13. Resection of the uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, cervix and all recognizable lymph nodes
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NOTES
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Section 9: Medical Conditions
cirrhosis Chronic liver disease characterized by the destruction o liver cells,
eventually leads to impaired liver unction and jaundice
colitis Inflammation o the colon or large intestine, usually due to inection
Crohn’s disease ype o chronic inflammatory bowel disease, usually affects the
distal ileum, but may affect any part o the GI tract rom the lips to
the anus
cystitis Inflammation o the urinary bladder, usually due to inection
diverticulosis Condition characterized by the presence o diverticula (abnormal
outpouchings o the intestinal wall); i the diverticula are inflamed,
the condition is called diverticulitis
endometriosis When ragments o the lining o the uterus migrate out through
the allopian tubes into the pelvis, becoming implanted in the
peritoneum and causing severe pain
gastritis Inflammation o the stomach, usually due to irritation, inection or
stress
gastroenteritis Inflammation o the stomach and small intestine, usually due to
irritation or inection
hemorrhoidSwollen, varicosed veins that protrude rom the rectum and/oranorectal canal; may be internal or external
hepatitis Inflammation o the liver, usually caused by viral inection; the
inection is generally transmitted through blood products or sexual
contact
hernia Te protrusion o an organ or structure through weakened
abdominal tissue or membrane
nephritis Inflammation o the kidney, usually due to inection
nephroma umor arising rom kidney tissue
pancreatitis Inflammation o the pancreas, ofen resulting in damage to the tissue
by digestive enzymes
peritonitis Inflammation o the peritoneum, usually due to inection
prolapse Slipping o the uterus or rectum rom its usual position, usually due
to stretching o the supportive ligaments
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SELF-TEST
Inflammation o the urinary bladder, usually due to inection, is called _________.1.
prolapsea.
hepatitisb.
cystitisc.
A tumor rising rom the kidney is called a _________.2.
nephritisa.
nephromab.
nephrotomy c.
Inflammation o the colon or large intestine, usually due to inection, is called _________.3.
colitisa.
colectomy b.
colpotomy c.
Crohn’s diseased.A slipping o the uterus rom its usual position due to a stretching o the supportive ligaments is4.
known as _________.
herniaa.
prolapseb.
pronatec.
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A. superior
B. posterior
C. inferior
D. anterior
E. medial
F. lateral
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1. lateral
2. lithotomy
3. reverse Trendelenberg
4. supine
5. Trendelenberg
6. prone
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SECTION 4: PELVIC ANATOMY
MEDICAL TERM DEFINITION
1.ovaries Almond-shaped structure responsible for generating the egg in females
2.perineum The region between the anus and external genitalia
3.pubis Pelvic bone; the bladder rests on it
4.uterus A hollow, pear-shaped structure suspended in the female pelvic cavity
5.nephritis Inflammation of the kidney
6.cystectomy Surgical removal of the urinary bladder
7.ureteroscopy Visualization of the ureter using a scope/camera
8. renal Referring to the kidney
9.TURP Transurethral resection of the prostate
Te structure that carries urine rom the kidney to the bladder is called the __________.1.
urethraa.
ureterb.uterusc.
prostated.
Te structure that acts as a transport tube or the emale eggs to travel to the uterus is the2.
__________.
ovary a.
cervixb.
perineumc.
fallopian tubed.
What is the suspensory ligament or the posterior aspect o the uterus that contains the uterine3.
artery?
round ligamenta.
cardinal ligamentb.
uterosacral ligamentc.
ovarian ligamentd.
MEDICAL TERM DEFINITION
urethra1. membranous tube that carries urine from the bladder to the external exit
of the body
inguinal2. pertains to the groin
hysteroscopy3. visualization of the uterus using a scope/camera
perineum4. the region located between the anus and the external genitalia
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SECTION 5: HEAD AND NECK ANATOMY AND TERMINOLOGY
Te generic term or jaw is the __________.1.
torsoa.
crucibleb.
tactilec.
mandibled.
Te gland located just above the jaw near the ear is the __________.2.
tricuspida.
carotidb.
parotidc.
thyroidd.
I a surgeon is surgically removing the endocrine gland in the neck that surrounds the upper rings3.
o the trachea, he or she is perorming a __________.
parotidectomy a.
thyroidectomyb.
septoplexy c.
Te muscles that lie on each side o the Adam’s apple and run rom the collar bone up under the4.
jaw are known as the __________.
lat musclesa.
flap musclesb.
strap musclesc.
Te term or any o the large vessels that return blood to the heart rom the head and neck is5. __________.
carotida.
jugularb.
epiploicc.
mesentericd.
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SECTION 6: OTHER ANATOMY
Anatomy Definition
larynx passageway between the oral cavity and the lungs
esophagus passageway between the pharynx and the stomach
sphincter a circular shaped muscle that surrounds a natural opening
peritoneum serous membrane lining the pelvic and abdominal walls
duct a tube or hollow structure
kidney filters toxins, waste, and ingested water and minerals
artery vessel that carries oxygen-rich blood from the heart and lungs to the body
vein vessel that carries deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart and lungs
lumen the inside of a tube-shaped structure; e.g., blood vessel
fundus the upper portion of a hollow structure or organ; e.g., uterus or stomach
IMA (general) inferior mesenteric artery
Te term or high blood pressure is ________.1.
extensiona.
hypotensionb.
hypertensionc.
normotensiond.
Te term intra-abdominal reers to structures ________ the abdomen.2.
outsidea.
insideb.
abovec.
below d.
All o the ollowing prefixes are used to describe a structure’s location except ________.3.
endo -a.
poly -b.
inter -c.
sub -d.
Te suffix -pathy means ________.5.
deficiency a.
disease (any type)b.
tumor (or other type o growth)c.
nourishment or developmentd.
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SECTION 7: TERMINOLOGY
Medical Term Definition
1.distended Being enlarged
2. transection Refers to the cutting of tissue
3.metastasis Process by which tumor cells multiply and spread to other organs
4. in vivo Refers to the biological process performed in the body
5.necrosis The death and breakdown of tissue
6.stricture Narrowing of a canal, duct or other passage
7.abscess Collection of pus, usually as a result of infection
8.edema Swelling caused by a collection of large amounts of fluid in tissue
9.chronic Refers to long duration and frequent occurrence
10. benign A tumor that is not cancerous and does not spread to other sites
11. anastomosis The joining of two (natural or man-made) tube-shaped structures; e.g., blood vessels or bowel
Medical Term Definition
1. peristalsis involuntary muscle contractions occuring in a tubular structure
2. aspirate to withdraw air or fluid
3. lipoma a benign tumor containing fat
4. anemic a condition marked by a decrease in red blood cells
5. sub-costal below the rib
6. hematoma collection of blood that has escaped from vessels and become trapped in the tissue
of the skin or in an organ
7. resection the surgical removal of an organ or structure
8. palpate to examine by hand; light pressure with the fingers
9. lesion pathological change in tissue, an injury or wound to tissue
10. ischemia temporary lack of blood supply to an area
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SECTION 8: SURGICAL PROCEDURES
Procedure Definition (include all structures being removed)
1. laparoscopy visual examination of the abdomen using a scope/camera
2. low anterior resection surgical removal of the affected distal colon and portion of the proximal
rectum
3.sigmoidoscopy Visualization of the sigmoid colon using a scope
4.Nissen fundoplication Surgical wrapping of the stomach around the esophagus and suturing it to itself, usually
for gastric reflux
5. cystectomy surgical removal of the urinary bladder
6. hemicolectomy surgical removal of half the colon
7. lap-cholecystectomy resecting the gall bladder using laparoscopic approach
8.TAH-BSO Abdominal approach to resection of the uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries
9.prostatectomy Surgical removal of all or part of the prostate gland
10. splenectomy surgical removal of the spleen
11. mastectomy surgical removal of the breast
12. abdominal perineal resection Resection of the affected colon, rectum and anus
13. radical hysterectomy Resection of the uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, cervix and all recognizable lymph nodes
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SECTION 9: MEDICAL CONDITIONS
Inflammation o the urinary bladder, usually due to inection, is called _________.1.
prolapsea.
hepatitisb.
cystitisc.
A tumor rising rom the kidney is called a _________.2.
nephritisa.
nephromab.
nephrotomy c.
Inflammation o the colon or large intestine, usually due to inection, is called _________.3.
colitisa.
colectomy b.
colpotomy c.
Crohn’s diseased.
A slipping o the uterus rom its usual position due to a stretching o the supportive ligaments is4.
known as _________.
herniaa.
prolapseb.
pronatec.
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