Medical HistoryMedical PioneersAndAdvancements(Part 2 and 3)

Early Medical Pioneers▫Vesalius

Human dissection Book on the human body with over 300

illustrations

Early Medical Pioneers

▫William Harvey Arteries – blood flows away from heart Veins – blood flows to the heart Same blood pumped repeatedly Blood purified in lungs 2 ounces of blood passed with each

heartbeat Died before he knew how the blood got

from the arteries to the veins (capillaries)

Early Medical Pioneers▫Malpighi (Italian) and van Leeuwenhoek

(Dutch) and Hooke (English)Microscope invented

Early Medical Pioneers▫Pare (French)

Wound dressing Tying off of bleeding vessels versus

cauterizing them Invented forceps

Modern Medical Pioneers▫Medicine has evolved in the last 250 years

Invention of microscope Discovery of microbes Advancement in physics and chemistry

Modern Medical Pioneers▫John Hunter

Founder of Scientific Surgery Artificial feeding

Modern Medical Pioneers▫Edward Jenner

1749-1823 Englishman First Vaccination (Cowpox)

Modern Medical Pioneers▫Gabriel Fahrenheit

1688-1736 German physicist First mercury thermometer

Modern Medical Pioneers▫Rene Laennec

1781-1826 Frenchman Invented stethoscope First was a piece of paper, then a wooden

tube

Modern Medical Pioneers▫Dr. WTG Morton

1819 – 1868 First anesthetic (Greek meaning “not

feeling”)– Ether

Modern Medical Pioneers▫Dr. James Simpson

1811-1870 anesthetic – Chloroform

Modern Medical Pioneers▫Louis Pasteur

1822-1895 French Chemist Pasteurization

Heating and sealing of wine bottles to destroy microorganisms

Vaccine for rabies

Modern Medical Pioneers▫Joseph Lister

1827-1912 London, England Medical asepsis

Destruction of or cleaning off of organisms Used carbolic acid to clean and disinfect

Modern Medical Pioneers▫Wilhelm von Roentgen

1845-1923 German professor of physics Discovered x-rays Named Roentgen rays

Modern Medical Pioneers▫Dr. Elias Metchnikoff

1845-1916 Russian Jew Nobel prize in medicine for studying how

white blood cells protect the body from disease

Modern Medical Pioneers▫Frederick Banting

1891-1941 Canadian Isolated insulin

Modern Medical Pioneers▫Gerhard Domagk

1895- 1964 German Bacteriologist Discovered a red dye that killed many germs Developed Sulfa drugs

Modern Medical Pioneers▫Sir Alexander Fleming

1881-1955 Discovered that mold prevented the growth

of bacteria Beginning of the development of penicillin

(antibiotic)

Modern Medical Pioneers▫Dr. Christian Barnard

December 3, 1967 First successful heart transplant (South

Africa)

Early Leaders in American Medicine

▫Benjamin Franklin The Pennsylvania Hospital in Philadelphia -

1753▫Not first hospital, but oldest surviving institution

for the care of the sick in the US

Early Leaders in American Medicine

▫Ephraim McDowell 1771-1830 removed a large ovarian tumor was called a murderer (but patient lived for

many more years) many of his surgical techniques are still usedtoday

Early Leaders in American Medicine

▫Walter Reed 1851-1902 Experimented with human subjects, giving them Yellow Fever His work made the panama canal possible –

without it, the construction would have never restarted. It was halted because it was believed that

Yellow Fever was contagious (they didn’t know it was spread by mosquitoes)

Early Leaders in American Medicine

▫Theobald Smith 1859 – 1934 professor of bacteriology laid the foundation for the prevention of

diseases (vaccines) typhoid, diphtheria, meningitis

Early Leaders in American Medicine

▫Alexis Carrel Nobel Prize in medicine in 1912 Work in joining blood vessels.

Early Leaders in American Medicine

▫Dr. Jonas Salk Polio vaccine in 1954 Many got sick and died

▫Dr. A.B. Sabin Attenuated oral vaccine (dead viruses) for

polio

Early Leaders in American Medicine

▫1954 first successful kidney transplant organ compatibility

Early Leaders in American Medicine

• 1962 first severed limb reattached

Early Leaders in American Medicine

• 1938 began the development of a dialysis machine

Early Leaders in American Medicine

• 1966 a portable (dialysis) machine developed.

Early Leaders in American Medicine

• 1950’s radioisotopes used to see organs

Compression Fracture in Spine Gallbladder

Early Leaders in American Medicine

▫Mid 20th Century Brain surgery Transplanted organs Artificial parts Cataracts removed and plastic lenses

inserted Plastic surgery Heart surgery normal

Replacement Parts▫Arteries replaced with artificial tubing▫Pacemakers (1970, 10 year battery life)

Replacement Parts▫Artificial organs have not been perfected,

although there has been much progress made with artificial hearts

▫Artificial valves

Replacement Parts▫Stem cells

Cells that can differentiate into any type of cell/tissue etc

Cells could be used to “grow” new organs for someone and be a perfect match.

Cloning Highly controversial

Ethical, moral and legal implications Embryonic

Comes from embryos (to this date, NO useable therapies have been developed using embryonic stem cells)

Adult Stem cells In body of adults, but have limited uses (so far,

all therapies have originated from adult stem cells)

Replacement Parts▫Human Genome

Identification of the genes in the DNA of cells Manipulation of genes

Ethical, moral and legal implications