Mechanisms of Inheritance

Biology 40S Mechanisms of Inheritance

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Name:_____________

Mechanisms of Inheritance

Work Booklet

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Protein Synthesis Worksheet

Replication Review

1. Steps in DNA replication

a. The enzyme _______________ uncoils the DNA by breaking the

___________________ bonds.

b. A second enzyme brings in free _____________________ and reforms

the ___________________ bonds.

c. The DNA __________ back up and forms the characteristic

_____________________________ shape.

2. The following the template strand of DNA. What would the complimentary

strand read when replicated?

DNA template DNA compliment

T

C

A

G

A

T

A

G

T


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Transcription Practice

1. The m in mRNA stands for _____________________.

2. Draw a picture of an RNA nucleotide. In your picture label the ribose sugar,

base and phosphate group.

3. What are the 3 types of RNA?

4. If the following strand is a mRNA, what is the sequence of the DNA strand it

copied itself from?

UUA GCG CGG GAU UAA GCU CGA AUA

5. What does rRNA do?

6. Name the 2 places in the cell where you can find RNA?

7. What is the mRNA strand that would be copied from this DNA TEMPLATE

strand?

GGC TAT ATC CTG CGC TAT ACG CTA


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8. For each DNA strand, determine mRNA would be made from it.

DNA mRNA DNA mRNA DNA mRNA

T

A

C

T

G

C

G

G

A

T

G

T

G

C

A

A

C

T

T

A

C

G

A

T

G

G

C

A

T

T

A

C

G

A

T

T

T

A

C

C

A

A

C

C

T

G

A

T

T

G

G

A

T

C

9. You are given 2 test tubes. One contains DNA adenine nucleotides. The other

contains mRNA adenine nucleotides. Chemically, how are the two different?


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Translation (Protein Synthesis) Practice

1. For each mRNA strand, determine what amino acid it would code for using the

chart.

mRNA Amino

Acid

mRNA Amino

Acid

mRNA Amino

Acid

A

U

G

A

A

A

A

A

G

U

G

G

A

U

G

U

G

A

A

U

G

U

C

C

A

A

U

G

C

C

G

C

A

U

A

A

A

U

G

C

G

U

U

U

U

C

G

G

G

A

G

U

A

G


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2. For the amino acid to be brought in the mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon

must first pair up. For each mRNA codon determine the tRNA anticodon that

compliments it.

mRNA tRNA

anticodon

mRNA tRNA

anticodon

mRNA tRNA

anticodon

A

U

G

A

A

A

A

A

G

U

G

G

A

U

G

U

G

A

A

U

G

U

C

C

A

A

U

G

C

C

G

C

A

U

A

A

A

U

G

C

G

U

U

U

U

C

G

G

G

A

G

U

A

G

3. Compare and contrast the following terms:

a. transcription and translation

b. messenger RNA and transfer RNA

c. codon and anticodon


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4. Put it all together.

DNA mRNA tRNA Amino Acid

1.

T

A

C

2.

U

C

G

3.

G

G

G

4.

A

A

G

5.

T

T

A

6.

A

C

C

7.

C

C

U

8.

A

T

T


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DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis Worksheet 1. Define the following terms:

a. Replication –

b. Transcription –

c. Translation –

2. Break the following DNA sequence into triplets. (Draw a line to separate

triplets)

C C G A T A C G C G G T A T C C C A G G G C T A A T T T A A

3. If the above code showed the bases on one strand of DNA, what would the

complementary strand read?

4. What would the code in problem #2 be transcribed into (What would the

mRNA sequence be?)

5. How many codons are there in the above problem?

6. What is the three letter sequence on a tRNA molecule called?

7. How many different amino acids are there that make up all the proteins in our

body?

8. How many different codons are there?


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9. What would the amino acid sequence be translated from the mRNA sequence in

problem #4? (Use the Genetic Code table below to translate)

10. Complete the table below. Use the following DNA sequence.

C G G C T A T T C G A C C C T T A C G G T A T T G G G

DNA triplets mRNA codon tRNA anticodon

CGG GCC CGG


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Gene Mutations worksheet

FRAMESHIFT MUTATIONS

DNA sentence THE BOY CUT HIS LIP AND ATE THE HOT DOG

Insertion Example THE BOY CUT HIS SLI PAN DAT ETH EHO TDO

Insertion

Deleted Base

Deletion Example THE BOY CUT HIS LIP AND ATE THE HOT DOG

THE BOY CUT HIS LIP ANA TET HEH OTD OG

The Insertion shifts the reading frame to the right. The deletion frames shifts the

reading frame to the left.

1. Insert a letter C for the insertion. For the deletion, delete the H

DNA sentence THE BOY CUT HIS LIP AND ATE THE HOT DOG

Insertion THE BOY _____________________________

Deletion THE BOY CUT _________________________


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2. Write the correct base sequence per line and decide where you want to cause

the mutation. Circle where the mutation occurred.

Original DNA TAC GGA CGA TCT CAG GAG CCT ATA ATC

Insertion DNA ______________________________________

Mutated mRNA ______________________________________

Mutated Amino Acids ______________________________________

Original Amino Acids Met Pro Ala Arg Val Leu Gly Tyr STOP

3. Write the correct base sequence per line and decide where you want to cause the

mutation. Circle where the mutation occurred.

Original DNA TAC GGA CGA TCT CAG GAG CCT ATA ATC

Deleted DNA ______________________________________

Mutated mRNA ______________________________________

Mutated Amino Acids ______________________________________

Original Amino Acids Met Pro Ala Arg Val Leu Gly Tyr STOP

BASE SUBSTITUTION MUTATIONS

Base substitution is a different type of gene mutation. It is the simplest type of

mutation where a nucleotide pair is replaced with a different nucleotide pair.

Base Substitution GAC GGC

A third type of base substitution is called silent mutation. A silent mutation happens

when one base in a codon is changed but both code for the same amino acid.

DNA CTT CTG

Amino Acid Leu Leu


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Use the DNA code below to demonstrate a silent mutation. All you have to do is

change one DNA base but the amino acid stays the same. Circle the mutated DNA

base.

Original DNA TAC CAT TCT CGC TGT AAA AGG GCG ATT

Silent DNA ______________________________________

Mutated mRNA ______________________________________

Mutated Amino Acid _______________________________________

Original Amino Acid Met Val Arg Ala Thr Phe Ser Arg STOP

A base mutation that creates a new stop codon in place of an amino acid is called a

nonsense mutation.

DNA TGT TGA

Amino Acid Cys STOP

Use the DNA code below to demonstrate a nonsense mutation. All you have to do is

change one DNA base to create a stop codon.

Write each codon and circle the mutated DNA base.

Original DNA TAC GGT AAT CAA ATA GAA CCT GAG ACT

Nonsense DNA ______________________________________

Mutated mRNA ______________________________________

Mutated Amino Acid _______________________________________

Original Amino Acid Met Pro Leu Val Thr Leu Gly Leu STOP


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DNA & Protein Synthesis Review

Section DNA

1. What does DNA stand for?

2. What is DNA’s primary function?

3. What is the function of proteins?

4. What are the repeating subunits called that make up DNA?

5. Name the 3 parts of a DNA nucleotide.

6. Sketch and label a DNA nucleotide.

7. Name the 4 nitrogen bases on DNA.

8. What is the difference between a purine & a pyrimidine?

9. Name 2 purines.

10. Name 2 pyrimidines.

11.Who is responsible for determining the structure of the DNA molecule & in what

year was this done?

12. The model of DNA is known as a ____________________________ because it

is composed of two ___________________ chains wrapped around each other.

13. What makes up the sides of a DNA molecule?

14. What makes up the "steps" of a DNA molecule?

15. How did Rosalind Franklin contribute to determining the structure of DNA?

16. What type of bonds holds the DNA bases together? Are they strong or weak

bonds?


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17. What makes up the "backbone" of the DNA molecule?

18. On DNA, a ____________________ base will always pair with a

__________________ base.

19. How many hydrogen bonds link cytosine & guanine? adenine & thymine?

20. How does the nucleotide sequence in one chain of DNA compare with the other

chain of DNA?

21. Why must DNA be able to make copies of itself?

22. Define DNA replication.

23. What is the first step that must occur in DNA replication?

24. What acts as the template in DNA replication?

25. What enzymes help separate the 2 strands of nucleotides on DNA? What bonds

do they break?

26. What is the function of DNA polymerase?

27. ____________________ are joined to replicating strands of DNA by

________________ bonds.

28. If the sequence of nucleotides on the original DNA strand was A – G – G – C – T –

A, what would be the nucleotide sequence on the complementary strand of DNA?

29. When replication is complete, how do the 2 new DNA molecules compare to each

other & the original DNA molecule?

30. Is DNA replicated (copied) before or after cell division?

31. What is a mutation?

32. Name several things that can cause DNA mutations.


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Section RNA

33. What sugar is found on RNA?

34. What base is missing on RNA, & what other base replaces it?

35. Uracil will pair with what other on DNA?

36. Is RNA double or single stranded?

37. Name the 3 types of RNA and tell the shape of each.

38. Which type of RNA copies DNA’s instructions in the nucleus?

39. Which type of RNA is most abundant?

40. What does tRNA transport?

41. What 2 things make up ribosomes?

42. Define transcription.

43. In what part of a cell are proteins made?

44. What is RNA polymerase & tell its function.

45. Are both strands of DNA copied during transcription?

46. As RNA polymerase moves along the DNA template strand, what is being added?

47. What bases pair with each other during transcription?

48. What are the products of transcription called?

49. In transcription, ________________________’s instructions for making a

protein are copied by _______________________.

50. What happens to the newly made mRNA molecule following transcription in the

nucleus?


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Section Protein Synthesis

51. What makes up proteins, what are the subunits called, & what bonds them

together?

52. How many different kinds of amino acids make up proteins?

53. What is the genetic code & why is it important?

54. What is a codon & what does each codon code for?

55. How many codons exist?

56. Name the amino acid coded for by each of these codons:

a. UUA

b. AUU

c. UGU

d. AAA

e. GAG

f. UAA

57. What codon starts protein synthesis?

58. What codons stop protein synthesis?

59. Sketch and label a tRNA molecule & tell its function.

60. Define translation & tell how it starts.

61. Where are amino acids found in a cell & how are they transported?

62. What is an anticodon & where is it found on tRNA?

63. Draw an amino acid


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1A Technology. Use the DNA fingerprints below to answer the following questions.

DNA Fingerprint #2 DNA Fingerprint #1

1. Who it the real felon in DNA fingerprint #1? ____________

2. Who is the Lone Pharaoh and the Queen's child in DNA fingerprint #2?____

3. Who is the Pharaoh and the Queen's child in DNA fingerprint #2? ___

4. A. Which band of DNA (b1, b2, etc.) migrated the farthest? _Why?___

B. Which band of DNA (b1, b2, etc.) migrated the least? _ Why? ________

Mutations: Look at the sequences of DNA below and answer the questions that follow.

Normal ADN: TAC GTA AGT CCG TAC GTC AGT TGC ATG C...

Mutation 1: TAC GTG AGT CCG TAC GTC AGT TGC ATG C…

Mutation 2: TAC GTA AGT CCG TTC AGT TGC ATG C…

Mutation 3: TAC GTA AGT CCG TTA CGT CAG TTG CAT GC…


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1. What type of mutation is shown in mutation #1? _______________________

2. What type of mutation is shown in mutation #2? _______________

3. What type of mutation is shown in mutation #3? ______________

4. What type of mutation (substitution, deletion or addition) causes sickle cell anemia? ___________________________________

5. What type of mutation (substitution, deletion or addition) causes B-thalassemia? ___________________________

6. What is the name or a mutation in which ONLY one base is substituted? ______________________

7. What is the term for when all of the base pair position are shifted from their original position? ___________________

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Mechanisms of Inheritance