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8/17/2019 ME165 1_Week 10.1 Nuclear Energy
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ME165-
1
ALTERNATIVE ENERGY RESOURCES
Engr
Week-10.1 Nuclear Energy2015-2016 / 3T
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NUCLEAR ENERGY
Nuclear power, is it renewable?
Nuclear power is renewable as it doesn't use fossil fue
non-renewable resources in the production of energy; h
isn't as renewable as some of the alternatives, such as
solar power, which rely solely on natural phenomena to
their power. In the short term it is unlikely that uranium will run out
eventually it will.
Therefore we can say that nuclear power is only renew
short term.
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NUCLEAR ENERGY
Nuclear Energy
Nuclear energy comes from the energy stored inside th
of an atom.
Atoms are tiny - much too small to be seen even under
powerful microscope – but they make up everything in
around us.Nuclear energy is produced when an atomic nucleus is
when two light atomic nuclei are joined.
The energy released from either process – is so enorm
is the the soure of nuclear power.
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NUCLEAR ENERGY
Brief History
The pursuit of nuclear energy for electricity generation began s
discovery in the early 20th century that radioactive elements, s
radium, released immense amounts of energy, according to th
mass–energy equivalence. However, means of harnessing suc
impractical, because intensely radioactive elements were, by t
nature, short-lived (high energy release is correlated with short This situation changed in the late 1930s, with the discovery of
fission.
In 1932, James Chadwick discovered the neutron, which was i
recognized as a potential tool for nuclear experimentation beca
lack of an electric charge.
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NUCLEAR ENERGY
Brief History (cont’d.)
In 1934, Frédéric and Irène Joliot-Curie discovered induced radio
bombarding materials with neutrons.
Further work by Enrico Fermi in the 1930s focused on using slow
increase the effectiveness of induced radioactivity. Bombarding u
neutrons in his experiments, led Fermi to believe he had created
transuranic element, which was dubbed hesperium.
But in 1938, German chemists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann, Austrian physicist Lise Meitner and Otto Robert Frisch, conducted
with the products of neutron-bombarded uranium, as a means of
investigating Fermi's claims. They determined that the relatively t
the nucleus of the massive uranium atoms into two roughly equa
contradicting Fermi. The process was dubbed "fission" — involved
rupture of the nucleus.
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NUCLEAR ENERGY
Brief History (cont’d.)
In 1939, Frédéric Joliot-Curie experimentally confirmed and annoprevious finding that if fission reactions released additional neut
sustaining nuclear chain reaction could result. Many countries (i
United States, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, and the So
petitioned their governments for support of nuclear fission resea
the cusp of World War II, for the development of a nuclear weapo
In the United States, the first man-made reactor, known as Chicag
achieved criticality on December 2, 1942. This work became par
Manhattan Project, which made enriched uranium and built large
breed plutonium for use in the first nuclear weapons, which were
cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
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NUCLEAR ENERGY
Brief History (cont’d.)
After WWII, work in the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, aproceeded over the course of the late 1940s and early 1950s.
Electricity was generated for the first time by a nuclear reactor in 1
EBR-I experimental station in Idaho, which initially produced abou
Work was also strongly researched in the US on nuclear marine pr
eventually, the USS Nautilus, the first nuclear-powered submarinein 1955.
In 1953, US President Dwight Eisenhower gave his "Atoms for Pea
the United Nations, emphasizing the need to develop "peaceful" u
power quickly.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VJfIbBDR3
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VJfIbBDR3e8http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VJfIbBDR3e8
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NUCLEAR ENERGY
Brief History (cont’d.)
This was followed by the 1954 Amendments to the Atomic Energyallowed rapid declassification of U.S. reactor technology and enco
development by the private sector.
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NUCLEAR ENERGY
Processes
Nuclear energy is produced naturally and in man-made ounder human control.
Naturally :
Some nuclear energy is produced naturally.
For example, the Sun and other stars make heat and light by nuclear re
Man-Made: Nuclear energy can be man-made too.
Machines called nuclear reactors, parts of nuclear power plants, provi
many cities.
Man-made nuclear reactions also occur in the explosion of atomic and
bombs.
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NUCLEAR ENERGY
Processes (cont’d.)
Nuclear energy is produced in two different ways. In one method;are split to release energy, known as nuclear fission. In the othe
small or light nuclei are combined to release energy, known as nu
Nuclear Fission
In nuclear fission, the nucleus of an atom is split, causing
released. Inside the nucleus of an atom, some of the masform of “binding energy”, the energy needed to hold the nu
together.
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NUCLEAR ENERGY
Schematic Diagram of a
Nuclear Fission/Chain React
As shown in the diagram,
(1) if a slow-moving neutron strikes a
uranium atom, the atom’s nucleus
absorbs the neutron.
(2) The nucleus becomes so unstable that
it breaks apart. The result is two large
fission products, three neutrons and a
burst of energy.
(3) Also, once a uranium nucleus is split,the multiple neutrons that are
released are used to split other
uranium nuclei.
This phenomenon is known as a chain
reaction.
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NUCLEAR REACTION - FISSION
Uranium-235 (235U) Fission
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NUCLEAR ENERGY
Processes (cont’d.)
Nuclear FusionFusion, the exact opposite of fission, occurs by joining two lig
one heavier nucleus, and clean nuclear energy is given off w
Fusion could produce a self sustaining energy source. Howe
a thermonuclear reaction, can starts only at a very high tem
millions of degrees – even hotter than the sun.
Such intense heat destroys anything on earth that tries to ho
it, and a heat source that hot is hard to control.
The hydrogen bomb, a fusion reaction designed to explode,
atomic fission bomb to get it started. Clearly, that would not
trigger for a fusion power station.
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NUCLEAR ENERGY
Schematic Diagram
Nuclear FusionFusion of deuterium with tritium creating
helium-4, freeing a neutron, and
releasing 17.59 MeV of energy, as an
appropriate amount of mass changing
forms to appear as the kinetic energy of
the products, in agreement with kinetic E
= Δmc2, where Δm is the change in restmass of particles.
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NUCLEAR REACTION - FUSION
Hydrogen Fusion Reactions
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TECHNOLOGIES
Nuclear Reactorhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VJfIbBDR3e8
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VJfIbBDR3e8http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VJfIbBDR3e8
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TECHNOLOGIES
Nuclear Reactor
The central structure of a nuclear power plant is the rea
The reactor in a nuclear power plant does the same thin
boiler does in a fossil fuel plant - it produces heat.
The basic parts of a reactor are the core, a moderator , c
a coolant, and shielding .The core of a reactor contains the uranium fuel. For a
reactor with an output of 1,000 megawatts, the core
contain about 75 tons of uranium enclosed in approx
200 fuel assemblies.
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TECHNOLOGIES
Nuclear Reactor (cont’d.)
The neutrons produced by fission are travelling at greand in most reactors, are deliberately slowed down by
known as a moderator .
Slow neutrons are much more likely, when they co
the nuclei of U-235, to cause a fission and keep th
going.
A moderator is composed of light atoms and the m
most commonly used are carbon in the form of gra
water.
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TECHNOLOGIES
Nuclear Reactor (cont’d.)
For more precise control of the chain reaction, contro
inserted into the core of the reactor. Pushed in, they a
neutrons and slow down the reaction - pulled out they
speed up again. In this way the chain reaction is cont
The rods are usually made of boron, which absorbs
A separate set of shutdown rods can be inserted in
to stop the reactions quickly if there is an emergen
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TECHNOLOGIES
Nuclear Reactor (cont’d.)
Fissions occurring in the reactor generate an enormoof heat. A liquid or gas coolant carries this heat awa
reactor to a boiler where steam is made.
Shielding , typically made of steel and concrete about
thick, is an outer casing that prevents radiation from
into the environment.
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KINDS OF NUCLEAR REACTORS
There are several different kinds of nuclear reactors, altho
work in a similar way. Following are some of them: Pressurize Water Reactors
Boiling Water Reactors
Heavy Water Reactors
High-Temperature Gas-Cooled ReactorsOrganic-Cooled Reactors
Fast Breeder Reactors
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KINDS OF NUCLEAR REACTORS
Pressurize Water Reactor (PWR)
PWR Schematic Diagram
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KINDS OF NUCLEAR REACTORS
Pressurize Water Reactors operation
o The PWR has three water loops separated from one another that water in each loop never touch or sees the water in the
while the heat is transferred from one loop to another.
o In this kind of reactor, water in the first loop flows through th
core, where it is heated by nuclear fission.
The water in this first loop is kept under pressure so that itmuch like the water in a home pressure cooker.
When heated, this pressurized water is sent through a pipe
through a container, called a steam generator, where it hea
in the second loop.
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KINDS OF NUCLEAR REACTORS
Pressurize Water Reactor operation (cont’d.)
o This water, at a lower pressure than the water in the first into steam which rushes against the turbine’s blades to p
electricity.
The high-pressure water is pumped back to the reactor,
heated again.
The steam in the second loop change back into water, a
cooled down by the cooling water in the third loop, and
back to the steam generator again.
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KINDS OF NUCLEAR REACTORS
Boiling Water Reactor (BWR)
BWR Schematic Diagram
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KINDS OF NUCLEAR REACTORS
Boiling Water Reactor (cont’d.)
In the boiling water reactor, one loop performs both funcfirst and second loops.
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KINDS OF NUCLEAR REACTORS
Heavy Water Reactor (HWR)HWR Schematic Diagram
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KINDS OF NUCLEAR REACTORS
Heavy Water Reactor operation
A Candu reactor is an example of a Pressurized Heavy W
Reactor (PHWR). Fuel assemblies are placed horizontall
called a calandria.
Heavy water coolant is pumped through tubes containin
assemblies to pick up the heat generated from the nuclreaction.
The coolant then moves to the steam generators to prod
from ordinary water and back to the reactor.
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KINDS OF NUCLEAR REACTORS
Heavy Water Reactor operation (cont’d.)
Heavy water is a rare but natural form of water and iseffective moderator used in nuclear reactors to maint
continuous fissioning.
Ordinary water is a combination of one oxygen and tw
atoms (H2O). Heavy water is virtually identical, except
hydrogen atoms have an extra neutron.
This hydrogen isotope is called deuterium (D). Since h
(D2O) has almost all the extra neutrons it wants, it slo
in the reactor without significantly absorbing them.
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KINDS OF NUCLEAR REACTORS
Heavy Water Reactor operation (cont’d.)
The advantage of heavy water is that it permits the usunenriched uranium as fuel. This means two less ste
required in the conversion process resulting in a more
economical fuel source.
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KINDS OF NUCLEAR REACTORS
High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor
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KINDS OF NUCLEAR REACTORS
High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor operation
In high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR), the coousually helium or carbon dioxide, and graphite is used
moderator.
Both helium and carbon dioxide allow the reactor core
higher temperatures than water (or heavy water) coole
so HTGR can make electricity more efficiently than wat
and doesn’t depend on a water source.
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KINDS OF NUCLEAR REACTORS
Organic-Cooled Reactor
Organic cooled reactor (OCR) combines the advantage which can use unenriched uranium for fuel, and HTGR,
reach high temperature.
OCR uses an organic liquid (a liquid that must have at l
and hydrogen as components) as a coolant, which is ch
heavy water, but it is flamable, so the danger of fire or
greater than with other reactors.
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KINDS OF NUCLEAR REACTORS
Fast Breeder Reactor
The Fast Breeder Reactor (FBR) has a core of plutonium surroundU-238.
The U-238 nuclei absorb neutrons from the core and are transfor
plutonium (P-239).
For every four atoms of plutonium that are used up in the core of
five new plutonium atoms are made from the U-238. Therefore, F
plutonium.
Fast breeder reactors work at such a high temperature that they
coolant such as liquid sodium.
In addition, they are not equipped with a moderator to slow down
for this reason are called "fast" breeders.
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KINDS OF NUCLEAR REACTORS
Fast Breeder Reactor
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NUCLEAR ENERGY
REACTOR TYPES IN USE WORLDWIDE
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NUCLEAR ENERGY
Nuclear Power Reactors: Typical Characteristics
Type of Reactor Fuel Form Coolant Mod
BWR Enriched Uranium Dioxide Water W
PWR Enriched Uranium Dioxide Water W
PHWR Candu) Natural Uranium Dioxide Heavy Water Heav
GCR Natural Uranium Carbon Dioxide Gra
AGR Enriched Uranium Dioxide Carbon Dioxide Gra
LWGR Enriched Uranium Dioxide Water Gra
FBR Plutonium Oxide and
Uranium Dioxide
Liquid Sodium N
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NUCLEAR ENERGY
Uses and applications
Making Electricity. Nuclear energy can be used to makeThis happens at nuclear power stations.
Sterilization of medical equipment (e.g., bandages)
Foods. Stop food from going stale (e.g., dired spices)
Smoke detectorsNuclear Energy in Medicine. X-rays, Radiation theraphy
with cancer.
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NUCLEAR ENERGY
Uses and applications (cont’d.)
Nuclear-powered Transportation. Some ships and submuse nuclear energy to run their engines. Submarines c
under water longer when they use nuclear energy to ru
engines.
Nuclear Energy in Space. Some unmanned spacecraft
away from the sun use nuclear energy
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ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
Advantages
The Earth has limited supplies of coal and oil. Nuclear plants could still produce electricity after coal and oil b
scarce.
Nuclear power plants need less fuel than ones which b
fuels. One ton of uranium produces more energy than i
by several million tons of coal or several million barrels
Coal and oil burning plants pollute the air. Well-operate
power plants do not release contaminants into the env
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ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
Disadvantages
One possible type of reactor disaster is known as a meltsuch an accident, the fission reaction goes out of contro
to a nuclear explosion and the emission of great amoun
radiation.
In 1979, the cooling system failed at the Three Mile I
nuclear reactor near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Radia
forcing tens of thousands of people to flee. The probl
solved minutes before a total meltdown would have o
Fortunately, there were no deaths.
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ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
Disadvantages (cont’d.)
In 1986, a much worse disaster struck Russia's Cher
nuclear power plant. In this incident, a large amount
escaped from the reactor. Hundreds of thousands of
were exposed to the radiation. Several dozen died wi
days. In the years to come, thousands more may die
induced by the radiation.
In 2011, another nuclear disaster in Japan’s Fukush
facilities has resulted to radiation leaked, forcing tho
people living within 50 mile radius from the plant to f
Fortunately, no deaths reported that can be tied dire
the incident
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ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
Disadvantages (cont’d.)
Nuclear reactors also have waste disposal problems. Reactors pr
waste products which emit dangerous radiation. Because they co
who touch them, they cannot be thrown away like ordinary garbag
many nuclear wastes are stored in special cooling pools at the nu
reactors.
The United States plans to move its nuclear waste to a remote
dump by the year 2010. In 1957, at a dump site in Russia's Ural Mountains, several hu
from Moscow, buried nuclear wastes mysteriously exploded, k
of people.
Nuclear reactors only last for about forty to fifty years.
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ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
Disadvantages (cont’d.)
The nations of the world now have more than enough nuclear boevery person on Earth. The two most powerful nations -- Russia a
United States -- have about 50,000 nuclear weapons between th
What if there were to be a nuclear war?
What if terrorists got their hands on nuclear weapons?
Or what if nuclear weapons were launched by accident?
Nuclear explosions produce radiation. The nuclear radiation harm
of the body which can make people sick or even kill them. Illness
people years after their exposure to nuclear radiation.
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FUTURE OF NUCLEAR ENERGY
Some people think that nuclear energy is here to
we must learn to live with it. Others say that we should get rid of all nuclear we
and power plants.
Both sides have their cases as there are advantag
disadvantages to nuclear energy. Still others have opinions that fall somewhere in b
REFERENCES
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Textbooks
Renewable Energy Technologies, Jean-Claude Sabonnadiere, 2009 Energy Conversion, D. Yogi Goswami, Frank Kreith, 2008
Power Plant Engineering, 3rd Edition, PK Nag, 2008, Tata McGraw Hill
Web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power
http://library.thinkquest.org/06aug/01335/welcome.htm
http://www.cameco.com/uranium_101/uranium_science/nuclear_reactors/
Youtube Videos http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VJfIbBDR3e8
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BdbitRlbLDc
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Vua6uuJO_c
REFERENCES
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_powerhttp://library.thinkquest.org/06aug/01335/welcome.htmhttp://library.thinkquest.org/06aug/01335/welcome.htmhttp://www.cameco.com/uranium_101/uranium_science/nuclear_reactors/http://www.cameco.com/uranium_101/uranium_science/nuclear_reactors/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VJfIbBDR3e8http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VJfIbBDR3e8http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BdbitRlbLDchttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BdbitRlbLDchttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Vua6uuJO_chttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Vua6uuJO_chttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Vua6uuJO_chttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BdbitRlbLDchttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VJfIbBDR3e8http://www.cameco.com/uranium_101/uranium_science/nuclear_reactors/http://library.thinkquest.org/06aug/01335/welcome.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power