ME165-1_Week-7. Energy From the Ocean_1342170

8/17/2019 ME165-1_Week-7. Energy From the Ocean_1342170

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ME165-1

ALTERNATIVE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES

Engr. EWeek-7 Energy from the Oceans2015-16 / 3T


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OCEAN ENERGY

• Ocean energy or ocean power (also sometimes referred to a

energy or marine power) refers to the energy carried by ocea

tides, salinity, and ocean temperature differences.

• The movement of water in the world’s oceans creates a vast

kinetic energy, or energy in motion.

• This energy can be harnessed to generate electricity to powe

transport and industries.

• The term ocean energy encompasses both wave power — po

surface waves, and tidal power — obtained from the kinetic

large bodies of moving water.


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OCEAN ENERGY

• Offshore wind power is not a form of marine energy

power is derived from the wind, even if the wind tu

placed over water.

• The oceans have a tremendous amount of energy a

close to many if not most concentrated populations• Ocean energy has the potential of providing a subst

amount of new renewable energy around the world


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OCEAN ENERGY

• Forms of Ocean Energy

IV. Wave Power

• The power from surface waves.

V. Ocean Thermal Energy• The power from temperature differences at varying depths.


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I. MARINE CURRENT POWER

• Marine current power is a form of marine energy obtained froharnessing of the kinetic energy of marine currents, such as th

stream.

• Marine current power has an important potential for future e

generation. Marine currents are more predictable than wind a

power.• A 2006 report from United States Department of the Interior

that capturing just 1/1,000th of the available energy from the

Stream, which has 21,000 times more energy than Niagara Fa

of water that is 50 times the total flow of all the world’s fresh

would supply Florida with 35% of its electrical needs.


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•

Marine currents are caused mainly by the rise and fall of the tresulting from the gravitational interactions between earth, m

sun, causing the whole sea to flow.

• Other effects such as regional differences in temperature and

the Coriolis effect due to the rotation of the earth are also ma

influences.• The kinetic energy of marine currents can be converted in mu

way that a wind turbine extracts energy from the wind, using

types of open-flow rotors.

• The potential of electric power generation from marine tidal c

enormous.


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• There are several factors that make electricity generation from

currents very appealing when compared to other renewables

• The high load factors resulting from the fluid properties.

• The predictability of the resource, so that, unlike most of othe

renewables, the future availability of energy can be known an

for.


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•The potentially large resource that can beexploited with little environmental impact,

thereby offering one of the least damaging

methods for large-scale electricity

generation.

•The feasibility of marine-current power

installations to provide also base grid power,

especially if two or more separate arrays

with offset peak-flow periods are

interconnected.


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• Early Experiences• The possible use of marine currents as an energy resource

draw attention in the mid-1970s after the first oil crisis.

• In 1974 several conceptual designs were presented at the

Workshop on Energy.

• In 1976 the British General Electric Co. undertook a partiagovernment-founded study which concluded that Marine

Power deserved more detailed research.

• Soon after, the ITD-Group in UK implemented a research

involving a year performance testing of a 3-m hydroDarrie

deployed at Juba on the Nile.


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• Early Experiences (cont’d.)

• The 1980s saw a number of small research projects to eva

Marine Current Power systems. The main countries wher

were carried out were the UK, Canada, and Japan.

•

In 1992 –1993 the Tidal Stream Energy Review identified sin UK waters with suitable current speed to generate up t

TWh/year. It confirmed a total Marine Current Power reso

capable theoretically of meeting some 19% of the UK elec

demand.


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• Early Experiences (cont’d.)• In 1994 –1995 the EU-JOULE CENEX project involved a res

assessment compilation of a database of European locatio

which over 100 sites ranging from 2 to 200 km2 of sea-bed

identified, many with power densities above 10 MW/km2

• Both the UK Government and the EU have committed theinternationally negotiated agreements designed to comba

warming.

• In order to comply with such agreements, an increase in l

electricity generation from renewable resources will be re


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• Early Experiences (cont’d.)

• Marine currents have the potential to supply a substantia

future EU electricity needs.

• The study of 106 possible sites for tidal turbines in the EU

total potential for power generation of about 50 TWh/yea

• If this resource is to be successfully utilized, the technolog

could form the basis of a major new industry to produce

for the 21st century.


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• Available technologies in marine-current-power applications• There are several types of open-flow devices that can be

marine-current-power applications; many of them are mo

descendants of the old concept of the waterwheel or sim

• However, the more technically sophisticated designs, der

wind-power rotors, are the most likely to achieve enough

effectiveness and reliability to be practical in a massive m

current-power future scenario.


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• Available technologies in marine-current-power (cont’d.)

• Even though there is no generally accepted term for thes

hydro-turbines, some sources refer to them as water-cur

turbines.

• There are two main types of Water Current-Turbines thatconsidered: axial- flow horizontal -axis propellers (with bot

pitch or fixed-pitch), and cross- flow vertical -axis Darrieus


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• Available technologies in marine-current-power (cont’d.)

• Both rotor types may be combined with any of the three

methods for supporting Water-Current Turbines: floating

systems, sea-bed mounted systems, and intermediate syst

•Sea-bed-mounted monopile structures constitute the firsMarine Current Power systems. They have the advantage

existing (and reliable) engineering know-how, but they ar

relatively shallow waters (about 20 to 40 m deep).


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SEAGEN in Northern

Ireland’s Strangford

Lough.


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II. OSMOTIC POWER (SALINITY GRADIENT POWER)

• Osmotic power or salinity gradient power is the energy avail

the difference in the salt concentration between seawater a

water.

• Two practical methods for this are reverse electrodialysis (RE

pressure-retarded osmosis (PRO).• Both processes rely on osmosis with ion specific membranes.

• The key waste product is brackish water.• This byproduct is the result of natural forces that are being harness

fresh water into seas that are made up of salt water.

• The technologies have been confirmed in laboratory conditio

being developed into commercial use in the Netherlands (RE

Norway (PRO).


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• The cost of the membrane has been an obstacle. A new, che

membrane, based on an electrically modified polyethylene p

made it fit for potential commercial use.

• Other methods have been proposed and are currently under

development. Among them, a method based on electric doucapacitor technology and a method based on vapor pressure


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• The world's first osmotic power plant with capacity of 4 kW wby Statkraft on 24 November 2009 in Tofte, Norway.

• This plant uses polyimide as a membrane, and is able to p

1W/m² of membrane. This amount of power is obtained a

water flowing through the membrane per sec, and at a pr

10 bar. Both the increasing of the pressure as well as the

the water would make it possible to increase the power o

Hypothetically, the output of the SGP-plant could easily b


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• Basics of salinity gradient power• Salinity gradient power is a specific renewable energy alte

that creates renewable and sustainable power by using n

occurring processes.

• This practice does not contaminate or release carbon diox

emissions (vapor pressure methods will release dissolvedcontaining CO2 at low pressures—these non-condensable

be re-dissolved of course, but with an energy penalty).

• Salinity gradient energy is based on using the resources o

pressure difference between fresh water and sea water.”


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• Basics of salinity gradient power (cont’d.)

• All energy that is proposed to use salinity gradient techn

on the evaporation to separate water from salt.

• Osmotic pressure is the "chemical potential of concentra

dilute solutions of salt".When looking at relations betwee

osmotic pressure and low, solutions with higher concent

salt have higher pressure.

• Salinity gradient energy is based on using the resources o

pressure difference between fresh water and sea water.”


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• All energy that is proposed to use salinity gradient techno

on the evaporation to separate water from salt.

• Osmotic pressure is the "chemical potential of concentrat

dilute solutions of salt".When looking at relations betwee

osmotic pressure and low, solutions with higher concentr

salt have higher pressure.

• Differing salinity gradient power generations exist but one

most commonly discussed is pressure-retarded osmosis (


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Statkraft Osmotic Power


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•

"Statkraft says osmotic power would be especially suitedgenerating electricity for large cities, situated where larg

into the sea and therefore not needing new transmission

• A commercial 25 megawatt plant would be the size of a

field.

• An osmotic plant could, however, have the same environimpact as a hydropower facility, so the right site is crucia

• "The new technology is based on the principle of osmos

diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane

how plants draw water from the soil.


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• Fresh water and salt water is guided into separate chamb

divided by an artificial membrane.

• When the fresh and seawater meet on either side of the

membrane, the fresh water is drawn towards the seawat

• The flow puts pressure on the seawater side, and that pr

be used to drive a turbine, producing electricity."


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• This method of generating power was invented by Prof. Sin 1973 at the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersh

• Within PRO, seawater is pumped into a pressure cham

the pressure is lower than the difference between fres

water pressure.

• Fresh water moves in a semipermeable membrane anits volume in the chamber.

• As the pressure in the chamber is compensated a turb

generate electricity.

II OSMOTIC POWER (SALINITY GRADIENT POWER)


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• In Braun's article he states that this process is easy to u

a more broken down manner.•

Two solutions, A being salt water and B being fresh water area membrane.

• He states "only water molecules can pass the semipermeable

As a result of the osmotic pressure difference between both

water from solution B thus will diffuse through the membran

dilute the solution".

• The pressure drives the turbines and power the generator ththe electrical energy.

• Osmosis might be used directly to "pump" fresh water o

Netherlands into the sea. This is currently done using el

pumps.


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Electricity By Osmosis


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Electricity By Osmosis

III TIDAL POWER


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III. TIDAL POWER

• Tidal Power

• The energy from moving masses of water — a popular form of

hydroelectric power generation.

• Tidal Power Generating Methods

•TIDAL STREAM GENERATOR

• TIDAL BARRAGE

• DYNAMIC TIDAL POWER


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III. TIDAL POWER

• TIDAL STREAM GENERATOR

• Tidal stream generators (or TSGs) make use of the kinet

moving water to power turbines, in a similar way to win

that use wind to power turbines.

• Some tidal generators can be built into the structures of

bridges, involving virtually no aesthetic problems.


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III. TIDAL POWER

• TIDAL STREAM GENERATOR (CONT’D.)

• Tidal Stream is the name given to the horizontal flow of w

through the oceans caused by the continuous ebb and fl

tide, which as we know is the vertical up-down moveme

oceans water.

• Unlike water currents which are a continuous, unidirectioform a steady horizontal movement of water flowing dow

stream etc, a tidal stream or tidal current, changes its sp

direction and horizontal movement regularly according t

of the tide controlling it.


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III. TIDAL POWER

• TIDAL STREAM GENERATOR (CONT’D.)

• Tidal stream generation is a non-barrage tidal schem

extracts the kinetic energy (energy in motion) from m

water generated by the tides without altering the en

thereby making it a Hydrokinetic Energy system.


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III. TIDAL POWER


The world's first commercial-scale and grid-connected tidal stream generator

– SeaGen – in Strangford Lough, Northern Ireland. The strong wake shows the

power in the tidal current.


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III. TIDAL POWER


TidalStream Deep Sea Generators

Pentland Firth, Scotland, UK

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8-sFLGMSMac

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8-sFLGMSMachttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8-sFLGMSMac


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III. TIDAL POWER

• TIDAL BARRAGE

•

Tidal barrages make use of the potential energy in the dheight (or head) between high and low tides. When usin

barrages to generate power, the potential energy from a

seized through strategic placement of specialized dams.

• When the sea level rises and the tide begins to come in,

temporary increase in tidal power is channeled into a larbehind the dam, holding a large amount of potential ene

• With the receding tide, this energy is then converted int

mechanical energy as the water is released through larg

that create electrical power though the use of generator


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III. TIDAL POWER

• TIDAL BARRAGE

The Rance Tidal Power Station, a tidal barrage in France


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III. TIDAL POWER

• TIDAL BARRAGE

Tidal barrages have a lot in common with dams for traditional hydro power, the

resource availability and patterns are the same as for tidal streams.


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III. TIDAL POWER

• TIDAL BARRAGE• Ebb Generation

• While the tide is rising, the reservoir behind the dam

water through open sluices.

• The gate to the turbine is closed. When high tide is re

sluices are shut.

• Once sea level has receded to sufficiently low levels, gate is opened and the water from the reservoir chan

the turbine.

• Due to low head (


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III. TIDAL POWER

• TIDAL BARRAGE

• Flood Generation

• While the tide is rising, water flows through the turbi

reservoir, generating electricity during flood.

• Less efficient than ebb generation.

• Pumping

• In combination with ebb generation, use surplus grid

pump additional water into the reservoir, similar to h

storage.


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III. TIDAL POWER

• TIDAL BARRAGE


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III. TIDAL POWER


• Dynamic tidal power (or DTP) is an untried but promising

that would exploit an interaction between potential and k

energies in tidal flows.

• It proposes that very long dams (for example: 30 –50 km l

built from coasts straight out into the sea or ocean, witho

an area.

• Tidal phase differences are introduced across the dam, le

significant water-level differential in shallow coastal seas

strong coast-parallel oscillating tidal currents such as foun

China and Korea.


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III. TIDAL POWER


Top-down view of a DTP dam. Blue and dark red colors indicate low and high tide

respectively

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vzm0zkxBNZw

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vzm0zkxBNZwhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vzm0zkxBNZw


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IV. WAVE POWER

•

Wave Power• The power from surface waves.

• Wave energy

• It is the transport of energy by ocean surface waves, an

capture of that energy to do useful work – for example,generation, water desalination, or the pumping of wate

reservoirs).

• Machinery able to exploit wave power is generally kn

wave energy converter (WEC).


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IV. WAVE POWER

• Physical Concepts• Waves are generated by wind passing over the surface o

• As long as the waves propagate slower than the wind sp

above the waves, there is an energy transfer from the w

waves.

• Both air pressure differences between the upwind and tof a wave crest, as well as friction on the water surface b

making the water to go into the shear stress causes the

the waves.


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IV. WAVE POWER

• Physical Concepts (cont’d.)• Wave height is determined by wind speed

duration of time the wind has been blowi

(the distance over which the wind excites

waves) and by the depth and topography

seafloor (which can focus or disperse the

of the waves).


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IV. WAVE POWER

• Physical Concepts (cont’d.)

When an object bobs up and down on a

ripple in a pond, it experiences an elliptical

trajectory.

Motion of a particle in an ocean wave.

A = At deep water. The orbital motion of

decreases rapidly with increasing depth b

B = At shallow water (ocean floor is now

movement of a fluid particle flattens with

1 = Propagation direction.

2 = Wave crest.

3 = Wave trough

IV WAVE POWER


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IV. WAVE POWER


• A given wind speed has a matching practical limit over wh

distance will not produce larger waves.

• When this limit has been reached the sea is said to be "fu

developed".

• In general, larger waves are more powerful but wave pow

determined by wave speed, wavelength, and water densit

• Oscillatory motion is highest at the surface and diminishe

exponentially with depth.

• However, for standing waves (clapotis) near a reflecting c

energy is also present as pressure oscillations at great dep

producing microseisms.

IV. WAVE POWER


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• These pressure fluctuations at greater depth are too sma

interesting from the point of view of wave power.

• The waves propagate on the ocean surface, and the wav

also transported horizontally with the group velocity.

• The mean transport rate of the wave energy through a v

of unit width, parallel to a wave crest, is called the wave (or wave power, which must not be confused with the ac

generated by a wave power device).

IV WAVE POWER


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IV. WAVE POWER

• Wave power formula

In deep water where the water depth is larger than half the wavelengenergy flux is

with: P the wave energy flux per unit of wave-crest length,

H m0 the significant wave height,

T the wave period,

ρ the water density and

g the acceleration by gravity.

The above formula states that wave power is proportional to the wave period and

the wave height. When the significant wave height is given in meters, and the wav

seconds, the result is the wave power in kilowatts (kW) per meter of wavefront len

IV. WAVE POWER


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• Example Problem No. 1: Consider moderate ocean swells, in deep water, a few km o

with a wave height of 3 m and a wave period of 8 seconds. Using the formula to solv

we get

meaning there are 36 kilowatts of power potential per meter of wave crest.

In major storms, the largest waves offshore are about 15 meters high and have a pe

15 seconds. According to the above formula, such waves carry about 1.7 MW of pometer of wavefront.

An effective wave power device captures as much as possible of the wave energy fl

the waves will be of lower height in the region behind the wave power device.


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V. OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY

•

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)• Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion uses the temperature

between cooler deep and warmer shallow or surface oce

to run a heat engine and produce useful work, usually in

electricity.

•

However, the temperature differential is small and this imeconomic feasibility of ocean thermal energy for electric

generation.

• The most commonly used heat cycle for OTEC is the Ran

using a low-pressure turbine.


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•

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (cont’d.)• Systems may be either closed-cycle or open-cycle.

• Closed-cycle engines use a working fluids that are typi

thought of as refrigerants such as ammonia or R-134a

• Open-cycle engines use vapour from the seawater itse

working fluid.• OTEC can also supply quantities of cold water as a by-pro

can be used for air conditioning and refrigeration and the

deep ocean water can feed biological technologies. Anoth

product is fresh water distilled from the sea.

V OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY


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• OTEC Diagram and Applications

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aQmfRNz


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aQmfRNzLNQshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aQmfRNzLNQs


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• History•

1880s, attempts to develop and refine OTEC statrted. Jacqd'Arsonval, a French physicist, proposed tapping the ther

of the ocean.

• 1930, D'Arsonval's student, Georges Claude, built the first

plant, in Matanzas, Cuba. The system generated 22 kW of

with a low-pressure turbine.• In 1935, Claude constructed a plant aboard a 10,000-ton

moored off the coast of Brazil. Weather and waves destro

before it could generate net power. (Net power is the am

power generated after subtracting power needed to run t


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• History (cont’d.)

• In 1956, French scientists designed a 3 MW plant for Ab

d'Ivoire. The plant was never completed, because new f

large amounts of cheap petroleum made it uneconomic

•

In 1962, J. Hilbert Anderson and James H. Anderson, Jr. fincreasing component efficiency. They patented their ne

cycle" design in 1967.



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• Beginning in 1970 the Tokyo Electric Power Company su

built and deployed a 100 kW closed-cycle OTEC plant onof Nauru. The plant became operational on 14 October

producing about 120 kW of electricity; 90 kW was used t

the plant and the remaining electricity was used to pow

and other places. This set a world record for power outp

OTEC system where the power was sent to a real power Currently, the Institute of Ocean Energy, Saga University,

leader and focuses on the power cycle and many of the

benefits.



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• The United States became involved in

1974, establishing the Natural EnergyLaboratory of Hawaii Authority at

Keahole Point on the Kona coast of

Hawaiʻi. Hawaii is the best US OTEC

location, due to its warm surface water,

access to very deep, very cold water,and high electricity costs. The

laboratory has become a leading test

facility for OTEC technology.View of a land based OTE

Point on the Kona coast of

Department of Energy)


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• India built a one-MW floating OTEC pilot plant n

Nadu, and its government continues to sponsor



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• Thermodynamic efficiency

• A heat engine gives greater efficiency when run with a lar

temperature difference. In the oceans the temperature dbetween surface and deep water is greatest in the tropics

still a modest 20 to 25 °C.

• It is therefore in the tropics that OTEC offers the greatest

possibilities. OTEC has the potential to offer global amoun

energy that are 10 to 100 times greater than other oceanoptions such as wave power.

• OTEC plants can operate continuously providing a base lo

for an electrical power generation system.



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• Thermodynamic efficiency (cont’d.)

• The main technical challenge of OTEC is to generate

amounts of power efficiently from small temperatur

differences. It is still considered an emerging technol

• Early OTEC systems were 1 to 3 % thermally efficient

below the theoretical maximum 6 and 7 % for this te

difference.• Modern designs allow performance approaching the

theoretical maximum Carnot efficiency and the large

1999 by the USA generated 250 kW.


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• Cycle types

•

Cold seawater is an integral part of each of the three typsystems: closed-cycle, open-cycle, and hybrid.

• To operate, the cold seawater must be brought to the su

primary approaches are active pumping and desalination

Desalinating seawater near the sea floor lowers its densi

causes it to rise to the surface.• The alternative to costly pipes to bring condensing cold w

surface is to pump vaporized low boiling point fluid into

to be condensed, thus reducing pumping volumes and re

technical and environmental problems and lowering cost


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• Closed Cycle System• Closed-cycle systems use fluid with a low boiling poi

ammonia, to power a turbine to generate electricity

• Warm surface seawater is pumped through a heat e

vaporize the fluid. The expanding vapor turns the tugenerator. Cold water, pumped through a second he

exchanger, condenses the vapor into a liquid, which

recycled through the system.


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•

Closed Cycle System (cont’d.)• In 1979, the Natural Energy Laboratory and sever

sector partners developed the "mini OTEC" exper

which achieved the first successful at-sea product

electrical power from closed-cycle OTEC. The min

vessel was moored 1.5 miles (2.4 km) off the Hawand produced enough net electricity to illuminate

light bulbs and run its computers and television.



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• Diagram of a closed cycle OTEC plant


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• Open Cycle System

• Open-cycle OTEC uses warm surface water directly to m

electricity. Placing warm seawater in a low-pressure con

causes it to boil.

• In some schemes, the expanding steam drives a low-pre

turbine attached to an electrical generator. The steam, wleft its salt and other contaminants in the low-pressure c

pure fresh water. It is condensed into a liquid by exposu

temperatures from deep-ocean water. This method prod

desalinized fresh water, suitable for drinking water or irr


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•

Open Cycle System (cont’d.)• In other schemes, the rising steam is used in a gas lif

of lifting water to significant heights. Depending on t

embodiment, such steam lift pump techniques gene

from a hydroelectric turbine either before or after th

used.



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• Diagram of an open cycle OTEC plant


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• Hybrid• A hybrid cycle combines the features of the closed- and

systems.

• In a hybrid, warm seawater enters a vacuum chamber a

evaporated, similar to the open-cycle evaporation proce

• The steam vaporizes the ammonia working fluid of a clo

loop on the other side of an ammonia vaporizer.

• The vaporized fluid then drives a turbine to produce elec

steam condenses within the heat exchanger and provide

desalinated water.



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• Working Fluids• A popular choice of working fluid is ammonia, which has

transport properties, easy availability, and low cost. Amm

however, is toxic and flammable.

• Fluorinated carbons such as CFCs and HCFCs are not toxi

flammable, but they contribute to ozone layer depletion

• Hydrocarbons too are good candidates, but they are high

flammable; in addition, this would create competition fo

them directly as fuels.



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• Working Fluids (cont’d.)

• The power plant size is dependent upon the vapor press

working fluid.

• With increasing vapor pressure, the size of the turbine a

exchangers decreases while the wall thickness of the pipexchangers increase to endure high pressure especially o

evaporator side.


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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT


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• In the area of air quality, ocean power has less impact th

other forms of electricity generation. Once the devices a

they produce electricity without emissions.

• Concerns about installation, electromagnetic fields, spin

turbines, accidental leaks and changes in currents and w

these could alter migration paths, transform beaches aninjure marine life, disturb the seabed and diminish food a



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• Impacts to aquatic ecosystems will occur during installation

operation of OTC projects. Installation involves placement o

generating units, mooring cables or anchors, and electrical tcables to shore.

• Possible operational environmental issues include alteration

ocean currents and waves, alteration of bottom substrates a

sediment transport/deposition, impacts of noise and electro

fields, chemical toxicity, and interference with animal movemigrations.

• Designs that incorporate moving rotors or structures (tidal s

river technologies, some wave technologies) pose the poten

injury to aquatic organisms from strike or impingement.



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• Environmental evaluations are expected to focus primarily from deployment of large numbers of units, as well as the c

effects of developments when added to existing stresses on

systems.

• For example, impacts to bottom habitats, hydrology, or u

noise levels that are minor for one or a few units may besignificant for large energy farms.



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• OTC• Carbon dioxide dissolved in deep cold and high pressure l

brought up to the surface and released as the water warm

• Mixing of deep ocean water with shallower water brings

and makes them available to shallow water life. This may

advantage for aquaculture of commercially important spe

may also unbalance the ecological system around the pow

• OTC technologies will include impacts more akin to those

electric plants: alteration of water temperatures, entrainm

impingement.

OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY


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OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY

• Other Risks• Wave power projects can face public resistance to installi

equipment along coastlines.

• Equipment on the ocean floor can also interfere with sed

• Thus far, even wave energy is not yet economically compe

situation is likely to change over time, however, as resear

testing moves the technology forward.• The early risks of ocean technology are likely to be financ

with venture capital, corporate investment and governme

riding on finding the “right” product to access the oceans

REFERENCES


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• Textbooks• Renewable Energy Technologies, Jean-Claude Sabonnadiere, 2009

• Energy Conversion, D. Yogi Goswami, Frank Kreith, 2008

• Power Plant Engineering, 3rd Edition, PK Nag, 2008, Tata McGraw Hill

• Web• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_energy

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne_of_oil_equivalent

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_thermal_energy_conversion

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_power

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_thermal_energy

• http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/blog/post/2011/03/understanding-the-

effects-of-oceantidalstream-power

• Youtube Videos• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x59MptHscxY

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lfrWE61EeQY
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne_of_oil_equivalenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne_of_oil_equivalenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne_of_oil_equivalenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne_of_oil_equivalenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_thermal_energy_conversionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_thermal_energy_conversionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_thermal_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_thermal_energyhttp://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/blog/post/2011/03/understanding-the-effects-of-oceantidalstream-powerhttp://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/blog/post/2011/03/understanding-the-effects-of-oceantidalstream-powerhttp://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/blog/post/2011/03/understanding-the-effects-of-oceantidalstream-powerhttp://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/blog/post/2011/03/understanding-the-effects-of-oceantidalstream-powerhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x59MptHscxYhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x59MptHscxYhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lfrWE61EeQYhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lfrWE61EeQYhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lfrWE61EeQYhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x59MptHscxYhttp://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/blog/post/2011/03/understanding-the-effects-of-oceantidalstream-powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_thermal_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_thermal_energy_conversionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne_of_oil_equivalenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne_of_oil_equivalent

Documents

ME165-1_Week-7. Energy From the Ocean_1342170