MCB 135EPhysiology of Development

GSI: Jason Lowry

Discussion

Week 9/6-9/10

General Information

1. Discussions:a. Thursday – 11-12 in 130 Wheeler

b. Friday – 2-3 in 219 Dwinelle

2. Office Hours:a. Thursday – 1-2 in 208 Donner

3. E-Mail: Jlowry@Berkeley.edu

Introduction

• Terminology– Physiology– Development– Growth

• Concepts– Divisions of Life-Span– Periods of Development

Terminology

• Physiology– Study of Function

• Development– Functional Changes with Age– Fertilization Death– Follows a predictable timetable

• Growth– Change in Size– Index used to measure development

Concepts

• Divisions of Life-Span (Intro. Table 1)– Pre-Natal– Post-Natal Life

• Periods of Development (Intro. Table 2)– Starts with fertilization and proceeds in a

continuous and orderly sequence throughout the pre-natal and post-natal periods

Gametogenesis and Fertilization

• Male Reproductive System– Anatomy– Gametogenesis– Endocrinology

• Female Reproductive System– Anatomy– Gametogenesis– Endocrinology

• Fertilization– Terminology– Roles of Gametes– Stages of Development

Gametogenesis

• Terminology– Gamete – Either the Mature Sperm or Ovum– Zygote – Formed by the union of the mature

Sperm with mature Ovum– Gametogenesis – Development of Male

(Spermatogenesis) and Female (Oogenesis) sex cells

Spermatogenesis

• Formation of Spermatozoa (Sperm)• Occurs in seminiferous tubules• Involves two distinct maturational processes

– Spermatocytogenesis• 1st Stage of sperm formation

• Spermatogonium Spermatids

• Involves mitosis initially and then meiosis

– Spermiogenesis• Spermatids Spermatozoa

Male Reproductive Endocrinology

Oogenesis

Gamete Comparison• Male

– Sperm– Small Size– Elongated Shape– Millions in #– Vigorous Motility– No protecting envelope– Minimal Cytoplasm– Lacks yolk– Centrosome Retained– Mitochondria in body– Golgi Apparatus in acrosome– Nucleus condensed in head– XY

• Female– Ovum– Large size– Spheroidal shape– Few in #– Lack motility– Egg envelopes for protection– Bulky Cytoplasm– Little Yolk– Centrosome Disappears– Diffuse mitochondria– Diffuse golgi apparatus– Open structured nucleus– XX

Reproductive Endocrinology

• Male– Hypothalamus

• GnRH

– Anterior Pituitary• FSH/LH

– Testes• Testosterone

• Inhibin

• Female– Hypothalamus

• GnRH

– Anterior Pituitary• LH/FSH

– Ovaries• E

• P

• Inhibin

Fertilization• Terminology

– Fertilization • the formation, maturation, and union of the Ovum and Sperm

• Roles of Ovum– Contribute the maternal complement of genes– Reject all sperms but one– Provide food reserve until the embryo begins to feed upon exogenous

material

• Roles of Sperm– Reach and penetrate the egg– Activate the egg to nuclear and cytoplasmic division necessary to

embryonic development– Contribute the paternal complement of genes