May 29, 2001 - Aspect Consultingclients.aspectconsulting.com/W4/SU2_Remedial_Alts_Memo.pdfThe purpose of this Memo is to present Ecology with a listing of remedial action alternatives

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T E C H N I C A L M E M O R A N D U M

TO: Ed Jones—Washington State Department of Ecology (by mail and e-mail)

cc: Art Brass Plating, Inc. and Aspect Consulting, LLC (by e-mail only) Blaser Die Casting Co. and Pacific Groundwater Group (by e-mail only) PSC Environmental Services, LLC and Pacific Crest Consulting, LLC (by e-mail only) Capital Industries, Inc. (by mail and e-mail)

FROM: Farallon Consulting, L.L.C. and Pacific Groundwater Group

DATE: July 30, 2015

RE: REMEDIAL ALTERNATIVES MEMORANDUM FOR SITE UNIT 2 W4 JOINT DELIVERABLE SEATTLE, WASHINGTON FARALLON PN: 457-010 AGREED ORDER NO. DE 10402

Farallon Consulting, L.L.C. (Farallon) and Pacific Groundwater Group (PGG) have prepared this Remedial Alternatives Memorandum for Site Unit 2 (SU2) (Memo) on behalf of Capital Industries, Inc. (CI); Art Brass Plating, Inc.(Art Brass); Blaser Die Casting Co. (BDC); and PSC Environmental Services, LLC (PSC)1 (collectively referred to herein as the West of 4th Group) in accordance with the requirements of Agreed Order No. DE 10402 entered into by the West of 4th Group and the Washington State Department of Ecology (Ecology) in April 2014 (Agreed Order), and the Washington State Model Toxics Control Act Cleanup Regulation (MTCA), as established in Chapter 173-340 of the Washington Administrative Code (WAC 173-340).

The West of 4th Group Site (herein referred to as the Site) consists of Site Unit 1 (SU1) and SU2 as depicted on Figure 1 in Attachment A. The CI and BDC properties are located in SU2. The Art Brass property is located in SU1.

The purpose of this Memo is to present Ecology with a listing of remedial action alternatives that will be evaluated in the SU2 portion of the Feasibility Study (FS) for the Site using the remedial technologies retained in the Revised Technology Screening Memo dated April 27, 2015 prepared by PGG. Each alternative description includes a brief discussion of the following:

• How the alternative addresses remedial action objectives (RAOs);

• The degree to which the alternative incorporates conditional points of compliance; 1 Burlington Environmental, LLC is a wholly-owned subsidiary of PSC Environmental Services, LLC which is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Stericycle Environmental Solutions, Inc., hereafter referred to in this document as “Stericycle.”

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Washington State Department of Ecology

July 30, 2015 Page 2



• The conceptual implementation approach; and

• The potential cost and restoration time frame relative to other alternatives.

This Memo does not evaluate the alternatives with respect to the requirements or criteria specified in WAC 173-340-360. A detailed evaluation of the alternatives will be presented in the FS.

The alternatives presented herein are anticipated to satisfy SU2 RAOs that will be presented in the FS for detailed evaluation. Additional details such as implementation strategy, cost estimates, and potential restoration time frames for the retained alternatives will be provided in the FS.

CONSTITUENTS OF CONCERN As defined in the Remedial Investigation Reports for the BDC, CI, and/or PSC facility, the constituents of concern (COCs) for SU2 are:

• Tetrachloroethene (PCE);

• Trichloroethene (TCE);

• cis-1,2-Dichloroethene (DCE), trans-1,2-DCE, and 1,1-DCE;

• Vinyl chloride;

• 1,4-dioxane (groundwater only);

• Iron; and

• Manganese.

The presence of 1,4-dioxane-contaminated groundwater at the Site is due to the migration of contaminated groundwater originating from areas east of 4th Avenue South, and not from a release west of 4th Avenue South. Remedial actions focused on reduction of concentrations of this COC at both the Site and areas east of 4th Avenue South will be planned and conducted under Agreed Order No. DE 7347. Iron and manganese are categorized as naturally occurring and are not targeted for cleanup in the alternatives presented. The FS will discuss how the alternatives affect the behavior of iron and manganese in the groundwater intervals, and potential effects on 1,4-dioxane.

MEDIA OF CONCERN The confirmed media of concern for SU2 are:

• Soil;

• Groundwater in the Water Table, Shallow, and Intermediate Groundwater Intervals; and

• Air.







Empirical groundwater data and fate and transport modeling results support that neither surface water nor sediment is a medium of concern for SU2.

REMEDIAL ACTION OBJECTIVES RAOs in SU2 include addressing impacted soil, groundwater, and air. The following sections present the RAOs for each medium of concern.

Soil RAOs for soil in SU2 are:

• Groundwater Protection Pathway: Meeting the preliminary cleanup levels (PCULs) for groundwater protection, or immobilizing/containing soil to achieve the same degree of groundwater protection throughout the Site.

• Air Pathway: Reducing VOC concentrations in soil to meet MTCA Method B cleanup levels protective of indoor and outdoor air quality, or using engineering controls to protect receptors.

Groundwater RAOs for groundwater in SU2 include:

• Reducing COC concentrations to achieve Method B surface water criteria or the natural background at the point of compliance within a reasonable restoration time frame if practicable;

• Protecting Lower Duwamish Waterway receptors by ensuring that groundwater discharging to the Waterway does not contain COCs at concentrations exceeding Method B surface water criteria;

• Reducing COC concentrations in the Water Table Groundwater Interval to meet Method B vapor intrusion-based groundwater PCULs at and down-gradient of the BDC and CI facilities; and

• Applying engineered barriers and non-engineered institutional controls to protect receptors until vapor intrusion-based Method B PCULs are attained.

Air Soil and groundwater concentrations in SU2 exceed PCULs protective of air. The RAO for air is reducing COCs in soil and groundwater to concentrations less than cleanup levels protective of air quality.







AREAS REQUIRING REMEDIATION Based on the data provided in previous Potentially Liable Party reports and memoranda, the primary areas requiring remediation and drivers are the following:

• Source areas at BDC and CI where COC concentrations in soil and/or groundwater exceed PCULs protective of air and/or surface water. CI includes a source area at Plant 2 and another at Plant 4.

• Areas down-gradient of the source areas described above where COC concentrations exceed PCULs protective of air and/or surface water.

The applicable remedial technologies for the source and down-gradient areas are discussed below.

APPLICABLE REMEDIAL TECHNOLOGIES The Revised Technology Screening Memo dated April 27, 2015 included a broad range of remedial technologies applicable to COCs present in affected media. The technologies include:

• Mitigation technologies that eliminate direct contact exposure to the COCs through physical barriers (capping), restrictions on the use of a property (institutional controls), or application of an active measure to mitigate air quality impacts via vapor intrusion until cleanup of affected soil and groundwater can be completed (sub-slab and sub-membrane vapor intrusion mitigation systems).

• Ex-situ remedial technologies that physically remove the affected subsurface media for transport and off-Site disposal or aboveground treatment. Technologies retained for consideration include excavation of soil in the vadose zone above the first-encountered groundwater interval, and groundwater pumping and ex-situ treatment and/or disposal.

• In-situ technologies that physically remove, chemically treat, or biologically treat (bacterial biodegradation) COCs in the affected subsurface media. Technologies retained for consideration include in-situ chemical oxidation (ISCO), enhanced anaerobic biodegradation (EAnB), in-situ chemical reduction (ISCR), air sparging (AS), soil vapor extraction (SVE), enhanced aerobic biodegradation (EAB), and monitored natural attenuation (MNA).

Mitigation measures are included in all alternatives to prevent the exposure associated with affected media in the subsurface via direct contact, inhalation, or ingestion. Where Tier 3 Vapor Intrusion Assessment work has confirmed that air quality in a building is at risk, mitigation measures, including operation of sub-slab or sub-membrane vapor intrusion mitigation systems, have been implemented. When air quality has been demonstrated to be affected by COCs, including source and down-gradient areas, vapor intrusion mitigation measures are included in an alternative.







Ex-situ technologies such as excavation of soil have limited application to areas where shallow vadose zone soil contamination exists above first-encountered groundwater, at approximately 10 feet below ground surface. These locations generally include the source areas at or proximate to the buildings where the COCs were originally used. Down-gradient areas are too deep for excavation, and impacts are associated with relatively widespread migration of affected groundwater rather than hot spots of soil contamination that could be readily targeted using excavation. This technology also has limited application at CI Plants 2 and 4, which include fixed automated equipment that is actively used for ongoing manufacturing throughout the building. Excavation and off-Site disposal conducted at the BDC source area as an interim action has resulted in improved groundwater quality.

Groundwater pump and treat typically is used to reduce high concentrations of COCs in groundwater or to maintain hydraulic control to mitigate migration of COCs, and was considered an applicable technology for source areas only. Per the Revised Technology Screening Memo dated April 27, 2015, this technology is not applicable to widespread groundwater plumes. This technology was not incorporated in the alternatives because other in-situ technologies are more effective in source and down-gradient groundwater treatment. Additionally, this technology generates substantial volumes of wastewater and potentially other waste media such as granular activated carbon used to capture COCs in groundwater pumped from the subsurface, resulting in alternative waste streams.

In-situ technologies, including EAB, EAnB, ISCR, ISCO, AS, and SVE, are applicable for remediation of soil and/or groundwater. ISCO and SVE are retained in the alternatives for remediation of shallow, vadose zone soil. These technologies can be applied in source areas such as CI Plant 2 and Plant 4 where excavation is impracticable. ISCO or SVE may be used also at areas close to a source area and down-gradient of limited areas where COCs exceeding cleanup levels are identified and excavation of existing infrastructure such as utilities, streets, and third-party properties is not practicable2. SVE is not practicable for down-gradient applications due to the need for extensive trenching for SVE piping, aboveground equipment placement restrictions, and power requirements.

ISCO is not practicable for treatment of widespread down-gradient groundwater plumes because of the short life of a chemical oxidant in the subsurface, the need for direct contact with COCs throughout the affected groundwater interval for effective treatment, the volume of chemical oxidant that would require injection, and the likely need for periodic injections to achieve the RAOs. In addition, ISCO results in the undesired destruction of indigenous beneficial anaerobic bacteria that currently are biodegrading PCE, TCE, DCE isomers, and vinyl chloride. Application of this technology for groundwater treatment would negatively impact the overall cleanup time frame due to its inability to completely eliminate the aforementioned COCs throughout the affected areas, and its destruction of beneficial bacterial communities that currently are reducing concentrations of these COCs. 2 ISCO applicability is dependent also on chemical compatibility with underground infrastructures such as gas lines and electrical conduits.







Subsurface conditions overall are anaerobic, but vary as to the degree of reducing conditions. EAB was not retained in the alternatives because application of this technology would require substantial volumes and widespread distribution of a selected reagent to create and maintain an aerobic condition amenable to aerobic bacterial growth capable of biodegrading DCE isomers and vinyl chloride. Enacting a widespread change from anaerobic to aerobic conditions, particularly in the Shallow and Intermediate Groundwater Intervals, is impracticable. PCE and TCE do not biodegrade under aerobic conditions, making EAB an inappropriate technology in groundwater intervals where these COCs exist.

EAnB, ISCR, and AS are retained for treatment of groundwater and saturated soil. AS is practicable at source areas, but not at down-gradient areas, for the same reasons as presented for SVE. EAnB and ISCR are technologies that enhance ongoing biodegradation of PCE, TCE, DCE isomers, and vinyl chloride. These technologies are retained for evaluation at the source areas and for limited applications at down-gradient areas where the rates of biodegradation will not result in cleanup of groundwater within a reasonable time frame relative to other alternatives. Due to the widespread distribution of vinyl chloride in the Shallow and Intermediate Groundwater Intervals, EAnB and ISCR likely are not practicable for reasons similar to those for application of ISCO. EAnB and ISCR may be practicable for limited areas where elevated concentrations of vinyl chloride are present and enhancement agents and/or bacteria can be injected to accelerate the rate on ongoing biodegradation. These technologies are retained also as prospective contingency actions where a reactive barrier could be created to mitigate entry of the aforementioned COCs into the Lower Duwamish Waterway.

MNA is retained as a primary technology and component of all alternatives. As stated above, PCE, TCE, DCE isomers, and vinyl chloride are naturally biodegrading due to existing anaerobic conditions and indigenous beneficial bacteria in each groundwater interval. The Water Table Groundwater Interval is the least-reducing environment, resulting in slower anaerobic biodegradation rates relative to the lower Shallow and Intermediate Groundwater Intervals, where vinyl chloride is the primary COC. The plumes at SU2 currently are stable to decreasing due to ongoing biodegradation, making MNA a practicable technology. Additionally, active treatment of vinyl chloride in the area-wide plume(s) is not considered practicable at this time due to the size of the plume and the area-wide accessibility constraints that prohibit effective application of other in-situ technologies. Therefore, an MNA approach is adopted in each alternative. MNA is incorporated as both a primary technology, and as a secondary technology following active treatment using one or more of the in- and ex-situ technologies.

MNA, EAnB, and ISCR applications also may be supplemented through bioaugmentation. Bioaugmentation is a complementary component of biologic-based remedial technologies where insufficient populations of indigenous bacteria are available to rapidly or fully biodegrade the target COCs. Existing bacterial populations in the various groundwater intervals would first be evaluated at an appropriate stage of the remedial action to ascertain whether bioaugmentation was desirable. Discussions of the applications of the technologies include the potential for including a bioaugmentation component.







REMEDIAL ALTERNATIVES The remedial alternatives were assembled using the retained technologies from the Revised Technology Screening Memo dated April 27, 2015. Up to four alternatives have been developed for consideration in the FS for the source areas and down-gradient areas described above. These alternatives are summarized in Table 1. The alternatives are as follows:

• The Blaser Die Casting Source Area includes alternatives targeting soil and groundwater cleanup. An interim action consisting of excavation and off-Site transport and disposal of soil with COC concentrations exceeding PCULs was completed previously. The technologies incorporated in the current preferred alternative, Alternative 1, include a combination of capping, institutional controls, containment, vapor intrusion mitigation measures, and MNA. The remaining three alternatives include evaluation of other in-situ remedial technologies, including EAnB and ISCR.

• The Capital Industries Plant 2 Source Area includes four alternatives targeting soil and groundwater cleanup. The alternatives currently assume that soil with COC concentrations exceeding PCULs is present beneath CI Plant 2 and that indoor air is not a medium of concern based on the results from recent indoor air sampling. Soil investigation work is being performed to evaluate whether soil cleanup may be necessary. The technologies incorporated in the current preferred alternative, Alternative 1, include a combination of capping, institutional controls, ISCO for treatment of vadose zone soil, EAnB, and MNA. The remaining three alternatives include evaluation of other remedial technologies, including ISCR, AS, SVE, and excavation and off-Site disposal.

• Capital Industries Plant 4 Source Area includes four alternatives targeting soil, groundwater, and air cleanup. The alternatives currently assume that soil with COC concentrations exceeding PCULs is present beneath CI Plant 4. Soil investigation work is being performed to evaluate whether soil cleanup will be necessary. The technologies incorporated in the current preferred alternative, Alternative 1, include a combination of capping, institutional controls, ISCO for treatment of vadose zone soil, EAnB, and MNA. The remaining three alternatives include evaluation of other remedial technologies, including ISCR, AS, SVE, and excavation and off-Site disposal.

• The Blaser Die Casting/Capital Industries/Stericyle Down-Gradient Area includes three alternatives targeting groundwater and air cleanup. The technologies incorporated in the current preferred alternative, Alternative 1, include a combination of capping, institutional controls, vapor intrusion mitigation measures, and MNA. The remaining two alternatives include evaluation of other remedial technologies, including focused application of EAnB or ISCR.

• The Capital Industries Plant 4 Down-Gradient Area includes four alternatives targeting soil and groundwater cleanup. The alternatives currently assume that soil with COC concentrations exceeding PCULs is present south of CI Plant 4. Soil investigation work is being performed to evaluate whether soil cleanup will be necessary. The technologies incorporated in the current preferred alternative, Alternative 1, include a







combination of capping, institutional controls, ISCO for treatment of vadose zone soil, and MNA. The remaining three alternatives include evaluation of other remedial technologies, including EAnB, ISCR, and excavation and off-Site disposal.

Application of the technologies incorporated in each alternative will require pilot testing and engineering prior to application. Once a final alternative has been approved by Ecology following completion of the FS, the work necessary to refine the application of the technologies composing the selected alternative will be completed prior to completion of the draft Cleanup Action Plan (CAP).

Each of the alternatives includes a provision for application of a contingency action. A contingency action would be necessary to protect human or ecologic receptors if an unexpected condition occurred resulting in the potential for exposure or impending impact to a medium currently unaffected such as surface water, air quality, or sediment. The technologies retained herein that may be incorporated as contingency actions include but are not limited to:

• Vapor intrusion mitigation measures, including sub-slab and sub-membrane vapor intrusion mitigation systems;

• AS/SVE for rapid and focused treatment of affected groundwater;

• ISCO for rapid and focused elimination of one or more COCs in soil or groundwater; and

• EAnB or ISCR as reactive barriers for groundwater treatment.

Application of a contingency action(s) would require a relatively rapid response. Therefore, it is likely that a technology already incorporated in the final cleanup action would be selected and incorporated in a final contingency action.

SOURCE AREA ALTERNATIVE APPLICATION The sections that follow describe a conceptual approach to application of the remedial technologies for each source area and alternative. The estimated distribution of COCs at the source and down-gradient areas are depicted on figures from the Site Conceptual Model Technical Memorandum (Revised) dated December 15, 2014 prepared by Aspect Consulting, LLC, provided in Attachment A.

BDC Source Area An interim action involving excavation and off-Site disposal removed source area vadose zone soil contamination to just below the water table. Vapor intrusion mitigation measures also are in place at BDC and surrounding buildings affected by soil and/or Water Table Groundwater Interval groundwater contamination. Soil mitigation measures in place include an asphalt and concrete cap overlying the small amount of remaining soil contamination. Institutional controls restricting subsurface activities and use of groundwater currently are not in place, and will be evaluated during the FS.







The three alternatives for remediation of groundwater that will be evaluated during the FS include MNA, and active treatment using EAnB and ISCR. MNA would include continued compliance monitoring of ongoing biodegradation of TCE, DCE isomers, and vinyl chloride until final cleanup levels or remediation levels are achieved.

EAnB and ISCR have the potential to reduce the time frame for cleanup. Application of these technologies will be evaluated in detail during the FS. Conceptually, both technologies would involve injection of a commercially available agent into the target groundwater interval. Application of MNA, EAnB, or ISCR may be further enhanced using bioaugmentation, which consists of injection of beneficial bacteria with the capability of complete biodegradation of TCE through vinyl chloride. The effects of EAnB or ISCR would be evaluated to determine whether the technology implemented is sufficient to promote growth of indigenous beneficial bacteria. If MNA is selected, evaluation of subsurface geochemistry and possibly bacterial populations may be performed to ascertain whether bioaugmentation alone could be used to supplement MNA and achieve the RAOs. Application of EAnB or ISCR has the potential to also affect down-gradient plume conditions over time through reduced source area concentrations and limited down-gradient migration of reagents.

Capital Industries Plant 2 and Plant 4 Source Areas The source area currently is capped by existing buildings and surrounding pavement. Tier 3 Vapor Intrusion Assessment work has indicated that air quality is not being affected by the volatile COCs in soil and groundwater in the subsurface at CI Plant 2 or Plant 4. A sub-slab depressurization system currently is operating at the Pacific Food Systems North Building, east-adjacent to CI Plant 4 where PCE and/or TCE has been confirmed to be present in indoor air at levels requiring mitigation. Institutional controls restricting subsurface activities and use of groundwater currently are not in place, and will be evaluated during the FS.

Four alternatives have been developed for the CI Plant 2 and Plant 4 Source Areas. The four alternatives incorporate a combination of soil and groundwater remedial technologies as presented in Table 1 and described below.

Treatment of soil at CI Plant 2 and Plant 4, if necessary, will be performed through application of ISCO, SVE, or excavation and off-Site disposal. The results from the soil investigation that will be performed as part of remedial investigation data gap resolution work in the fall of 2015 will provide sufficient information to determine whether treatment is necessary, and to evaluate a practicable remedial technology. At this time, ISCO is a possible alternative due to the assumed small volume of contaminated soil and the restrictions on areas accessible to excavation in this operating industrial facility. If ISCO is selected, application would involve injection of a liquid chemical oxidant such as permanganate or activated persulfate via direct-push drilling into affected soil. The injection volumes and concentration would be limited, to mitigate introduction of the chemical oxidant into the Water Table Groundwater Interval, and may have a limited adverse affect on the anaerobic biodegradation that currently is occurring. If the results from the




July 30, 2015 Page 10



soil investigation determine that treatment is necessary, pilot and/or bench-scale testing may be performed to devise the details for applying the technology.

Application of SVE, if selected, would include installation of shallow extraction wells or trenches above the water table at the affected areas. Extracted volatile COCs would be captured using granular activated carbon, or would be discharged directly to air if the effluent concentrations were within the Puget Sound Clean Air Agency emission limits. Pilot testing of this technology would occur prior to development of a draft CAP to determine an appropriate system design based on the affected areas beneath CI Plant 2 and/or Plant 4 that require cleanup.

Excavation and off-Site disposal may be feasible at select locations, although it is not an alternative preferred by CI due to ongoing plant operations that would be impacted. The soil investigation results will be used to evaluate whether excavation and off-Site disposal will be retained as a component of a selected remedial alternative.

Groundwater treatment technologies retained for further evaluation during the FS include EAnB, ISCR, AS, and MNA. The groundwater geochemistry and the PCE/TCE-related COC trends indicate that the Water Table Groundwater Interval is not sufficiently reducing to promote rapid and complete biodegradation of PCE and/or TCE. Therefore, MNA alone currently is not a preferred technology. EAnB currently is the preferred technology and would be implemented in a manner similar to that described for the BDC Source Area. EAnB also has been retained for consideration for treatment of groundwater in the Shallow Groundwater Interval. At this time, active remediation of the Intermediate Groundwater Interval is not anticipated to be necessary to achieve the RAOs. Bioaugmentation also will be retained and evaluated as a component of the selected remedial alternative if necessary.

ISCR has been retained for further evaluation versus MNA and EAnB. Application of this technology would be similar to that previously described for the BDC Source Area. Bioaugmentation also may be used to supplement this technology if necessary.

AS will be retained for consideration only if SVE is implemented as a cleanup technology for soil. AS has the potential to rapidly reduce concentrations of volatile COCs in groundwater. Application of AS would be restricted to the Water Table Groundwater Interval where groundwater conditions are not sufficiently reducing to promote rapid and complete biodegradation of PCE and/or TCE. Groundwater conditions in the Shallow and Intermediate Groundwater Intervals are sufficiently reducing for full biodegradation of PCE and/or TCE. Application of AS is undesirable within these intervals because this technology introduces oxygen that would result in decreasing populations of the indigenous beneficial anaerobic bacteria, which would impact the source area and/or down-gradient area restoration time frames. AS treatment would oxygenate groundwater that will migrate down-gradient, affecting groundwater geochemistry. Although DCE and vinyl chloride are known to biodegrade rapidly under aerobic conditions, this process is not preferable because it is impracticable to convert and maintain an aerobic environment in the Shallow and Intermediate Groundwater Intervals versus




July 30, 2015 Page 11



enhancing existing anaerobic conditions to promote more-rapid degradation of PCE, TCE, DCE isomers, and vinyl chloride.

DOWN-GRADIENT AREA ALTERNATIVE APPLICATION The following sections describe a conceptual approach to application of the remedial technologies for each down-gradient area and alternative. The distribution of COCs at down-gradient areas is depicted on figures from the December 15, 2014 Site Conceptual Model Technical Memorandum (Revised), provided in Attachment A.

Blaser Die Casting/Capital Industries/Stericycle Down-Gradient Area The down-gradient area currently is predominantly capped by existing buildings and surrounding pavement. Some down-gradient properties include small landscaped areas with grass or shrubs/trees. Tier 3 Vapor Intrusion Assessment work has indicated that air quality impacts associated with volatile COCs in groundwater are limited. Only one down-gradient building, the Olympic Medical Building at 5900 First Avenue South, required installation of a sub-slab depressurization system, which remains in operation. Institutional controls restricting subsurface activities and use of groundwater currently are not in place, and will be evaluated during the FS.

Three alternatives have been included for evaluation during the FS. Groundwater is the target medium of concern. Cleanup of groundwater will result in a corresponding beneficial effect on air quality because volatile COCs in the Water Table Groundwater Interval are the source of vapor intrusion risk. Soil cleanup is not necessary at this down-gradient area.

The three alternatives for remediation of groundwater that will be evaluated during the FS include MNA versus active treatment at select areas of the plume using EAnB and ISCR. MNA would include continued compliance monitoring of ongoing biodegradation of TCE, DCE isomers, and vinyl chloride until final cleanup levels or remediation levels are achieved. EAnB or ISCR have the potential to reduce the time frame for cleanup, or to be applied as contingency actions to mitigate potential impacts to surface water or sediment. Application of these technologies will be evaluated in detail during the FS. Conceptually, both technologies would be similar to that described for the source areas. The selected agent would be injected into the target groundwater interval. Application of MNA, EAnB, or ISCR may be further enhanced using bioaugmentation.

Capital Industries Plant 4 Down-Gradient Area The down-gradient area currently is predominantly capped by existing buildings and surrounding pavement. Some down-gradient properties include small landscaped areas with grass or shrubs/trees. Tier 3 Vapor Intrusion Assessment work has indicated that vapor intrusion mitigation measures are not required at the existing buildings evaluated. Institutional controls restricting subsurface activities and use of groundwater currently are not in place, and will be evaluated during the FS.




July 30, 2015 Page 12



Four alternatives have been included for evaluation during the FS. Groundwater is the primary target medium of concern. This down-gradient area includes PCE concentrations in shallow vadose zone soil south of CI Plant 4 that slightly exceeds the current PCUL for soil protective of surface water and air quality. The planned soil investigation work will be used to evaluate the distribution of PCE that may require cleanup.

Soil cleanup, if required, may include either ISCO or excavation and off-Site disposal. The soil investigation results will be used to determine whether soil contamination requiring cleanup is present beneath South Fidalgo Street. The FS will then identify the preferred technology for cleanup of soil.

ISCO would occur through injection of a selected chemical oxidant via direct-push drilling into shallow soil at affected areas. Excavation would require access agreements with the City of Seattle and possibly property owners south of Plant 4 to allow excavation and staging of equipment. Excavation would involve removal of affected soil and off-Site transport to a Subtitle D landfill under a contained-out determination with Ecology.

The alternatives for remediation of groundwater that will be evaluated during the FS include MNA versus active treatment at select areas of the plume using EAnB and ISCR. MNA would include continued compliance monitoring of ongoing biodegradation of PCE, TCE, DCE isomers, and vinyl chloride until final cleanup levels or remediation levels are achieved. EAnB or ISCR has the potential to reduce the time frame for cleanup or to be applied as a contingency action to mitigate impacts to surface water or sediment. Application of these technologies will be evaluated in detail during the FS. Conceptually, both technologies would be similar to that described for other areas above. The selected agent would be injected into the target groundwater interval. Application of MNA, EAnB, or ISCR may be further enhanced using bioaugmentation.

Attachments: Table 1, Site Unit 2 Remedial Alternatives Attachment A, Figures Prepared by Aspect Consulting




TABLE

REMEDIAL ALTERNATIVE MEMORANDUM FOR SITE UNIT 2

W4 Joint Deliverable Seattle, Washington

Farallon PN: 457-010

Table 1

Site Unit 2 Remedial Alternatives

West of 4th Site

Seattle, Washington


Target Interval Target MediaTarget Constituents of

Concern

Remedial

Technology

Group

Remedial TechnologiesAlternative 1

(Preferred Alternative)Alternative 2 Alternative 3 Alternative 4

Capping

Institutional Controls

Sub-Slab and Sub-Membrane Depressurization

Monitored Natural Attenuation1

In-Situ Chemical Reduction -- -- Treatment of Groundwater

Enhanced Anaerobic Biodegradation -- Treatment of Groundwater --

In-Situ Chemical Oxidation -- -- --

Excavation & Off-Site Disposal







Contingency ActionsSoil, Groundwater,

and/or AirTCE and Vinyl Chloride In Situ Application of One or More In Situ Technologies

$$ $$$ $$$

Capping




In-Situ Chemical Reduction -- -- Treatment of Groundwater --

Enhanced Anaerobic Biodegradation Treatment of Groundwater Treatment of Groundwater -- --

Air Sparge / Soil Vapor Extraction -- -- --

Treatment of Soil and

Groundwater/Vapor Intrusion

Mitigation

In-Situ Chemical Oxidation Treatment of Soil -- -- --

Excavation & Off-Site Disposal -- Treatment of Soil Treatment of Soil



Enhanced Anaerobic Biodegradation -- Treatment of Groundwater -- Treatment of Groundwater




$$ $$$$ $$$$ $$$

Blaser Die Casting Source Area

Vadose Zone/Water Table

Shallow

Intermediate


Groundwater

Groundwater

TCE and Vinyl Chloride

Protection from Direct Contact

Protection from Direct Contact, Ingestion of Groundwater, and/or Inhalation of Vapor

--

Ex Situ

Capital Industries Plant 2 Source Area

Soil/Groundwater/Air TCE and Vinyl Chloride

Mitigation

In Situ

Ex Situ

In Situ

Compliance Monitoring of Affected Media

Overall Relative Cost

Overall Relative Restoration Time Frame

No Alternative 4


Shallow

Treatment of Soil and/or Groundwater for Protection of Surface Water and/or Vapor Intrusion Pathways

Groundwater Vinyl Chloride

Vinyl Chloride In Situ

Intermediate

Soil and Groundwater TCE and Vinyl Chloride

Mitigation

In Situ

In SituTCE and Vinyl ChlorideGroundwater

Compliance Monitoring of Affected MediaIn Situ




Protection from Vapor Intrusion


Completed as Interim Action





G:\Projects\457 Capital Indust\457010 West of 4th - Site Unit 2\Correspondence\SU2 Remedial Alternatives\Att B Table\Alts SummAlts Summ

1 of 3

Table 1


West of 4th Site

Seattle, Washington



Concern

Remedial

Technology

Group



Capping





Enhanced Anaerobic Biodegradation Treatment of Groundwater Treatment of Groundwater -- --

Air Sparge / Soil Vapor Extraction -- -- --

Treatment of Soil and

Groundwater/Vapor Intrusion

Mitigation

In-Situ Chemical Oxidation Treatment of Soil -- -- --

Excavation & Off-Site Disposal -- Treatment of Soil Treatment of Soil --



Enhanced Anaerobic Biodegradation -- Treatment of Groundwater -- Treatment of Groundwater



and/or Air

PCE, TCE and/or Vinyl

ChlorideIn Situ Application of One or More In Situ Technologies

$$ $$$$ $$$$ $$$

Capping




In-Situ Chemical Reduction -- -- Treatment of Groundwater at Select Areas

Enhanced Anaerobic Biodegradation --Treatment of Groundwater at Select

Areas --




Areas --




Areas --



$$ $$$ $$$$

Capital Industries Plant 4 Source Area


Shallow

Intermediate

Blaser Die Casting/Capital Industries/Stericycle Down-Gradient Area

In Situ


Groundwater TCE and Vinyl Chloride

Groundwater/Air TCE and Vinyl Chloride

Mitigation

In Situ








Vinyl Chloride

No Alternative 4


Shallow

Intermediate Groundwater Vinyl Chloride





In Situ

In Situ

Ex Situ




In Situ


Groundwater Vinyl Chloride



Soil/Groundwater/Air PCE and TCE

Mitigation

In Situ

Groundwater


2 of 3

Table 1


West of 4th Site

Seattle, Washington



Concern

Remedial

Technology

Group



Capping




In-Situ Chemical Reduction -- -- Treatment of Groundwater at Select Areas --


Areas --

Treatment of Groundwater at Select

Areas

In-Situ Chemical OxidationTreatment of Vadose Zone Soil at

Select Areas

Treatment of Vadose Zone Soil at Select

Areas

Treatment of Vadose Zone Soil at Select

Areas--

Ex Situ Excavation & Off-Site Disposal -- -- --Treatment of Vadose Zone Soil at

Select Areas


In-Situ Chemical Reduction -- -- Treatment of Groundwater at Select Areas --


Areas -- --



and/or Air

PCE, TCE and/or Vinyl

ChlorideIn Situ Application of One or More In Situ Technologies

$$ $$$ $$$ $$$$

NOTES: PCE = Tetrachloroethene

-- denotes action not included for that alternative. TCE = Trichloroethene

$ = Cost relative to other alternatives for the area.

= Restoration time frame relative to other alternatives for the area.

Contingency actions will consist of an active in-situ technology applied to protect a receptor at risk.

1Monitored natural attenuation is assumed to be a component of all alternatives as either a primary technology or secondary technology following application of another technology listed.

Remedial technologies presented include those presented in the Revised Technology Screening Memorandum dated April 27, 2015.

Only those technologies included in the alternatives being considered for the Feasibility Study are presented.




--

Capital Industries Plant 4 Down-Gradient Area


Shallow

Intermediate

Soil and Groundwater

Groundwater

Groundwater

PCE and TCE

Vinyl Chloride

Vinyl Chloride

Mitigation

In Situ

In Situ

In Situ







3 of 3


ATTACHMENT A FIGURES PREPARED BY

ASPECT CONSULTING, LLC

REMEDIAL ALTERNATIVE MEMORANDUM FOR SITE UNIT 2

W4 Joint Deliverable Seattle, Washington


SITE UNIT #1(SU1)

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Blaser Die Casting

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Philip ServicesCorporation

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Site DiagramSeattle, Washington

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GIS Path: T:\projects_8\Artbrass\FS\Working\SC_Memo_Revised_Nov2014\Fig 06 TCE in Vadose Soil - Direct Contact - Unrestricted Land Use.mxd || Coordinate System: NAD 1983 StatePlane Washington North FIPS 4601 Feet || Date Saved: 12/12/2014 || User: pwittman || Print Date: 12/12/2014TCE in Vadose SoilDirect Contact Pathway, Unrestricted Land Use

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GIS Path: T:\projects_8\Artbrass\FS\Working\SC_Memo_Revised_Nov2014\Fig 07 PCE in Vadose Soil - SW Protection.mxd || Coordinate System: NAD 1983 StatePlane Washington North FIPS 4601 Feet || Date Saved: 12/12/2014 || User: pwittman || Print Date: 12/12/2014

PCE in Vadose SoilSurface Water Protection


C O N SU LTI N G

FIGURE NO.


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Data shown on this map reflects the maximumconcentration detected at that soil sample location in thevadose zone (0 to 8 ft. below ground surface).

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GIS Path: T:\projects_8\Artbrass\FS\Working\SC_Memo_Revised_Nov2014\Fig 08 TCE in Vadose Soil - SW Protection.mxd || Coordinate System: NAD 1983 StatePlane Washington North FIPS 4601 Feet || Date Saved: 12/12/2014 || User: randrusyszyn || Print Date: 12/15/2014

TCE in Vadose SoilSurface Water Protection


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The Trichloroethene (TCE) Soil CleanupLevel for the Protection of Surface Water

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GIS Path: T:\projects_8\Artbrass\FS\Working\SC_Memo_Revised_Nov2014\Fig 09 VC in Vadose Soil - SW Protection.mxd || Coordinate System: NAD 1983 StatePlane Washington North FIPS 4601 Feet || Date Saved: 12/12/2014 || User: pwittman || Print Date: 12/12/2014

Vinyl Chloride in Vadose SoilSurface Water Protection


C O N SU LTI N G

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The Vinyl Chloride Soil Cleanup Level forthe Protection of Surface Water Quality

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GIS Path: T:\projects_8\Artbrass\FS\Working\SC_Memo_Revised_Nov2014\Fig 14 PCE in Vadose Soil - Protection of Air.mxd || Coordinate System: NAD 1983 StatePlane Washington North FIPS 4601 Feet || Date Saved: 12/12/2014 || User: pwittman || Print Date: 12/12/2014

PCE in Vadose SoilProtection of Air Quality


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GIS Path: T:\projects_8\Artbrass\FS\Working\SC_Memo_Revised_Nov2014\Fig 15 TCE in Vadose Soil - Protection of Air.mxd || Coordinate System: NAD 1983 StatePlane Washington North FIPS 4601 Feet || Date Saved: 12/12/2014 || User: randrusyszyn || Print Date: 12/15/2014

TCE in Vadose SoilProtection of Air Quality


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GIS Path: T:\projects_8\Artbrass\FS\Working\SC_Memo_Revised_Nov2014\Fig 16 VC in Vadose Soil - Protection of Air.mxd || Coordinate System: NAD 1983 StatePlane Washington North FIPS 4601 Feet || Date Saved: 12/12/2014 || User: pwittman || Print Date: 12/12/2014

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1,4-Dioxane in GroundwaterSurface Water Protection


C O N SU LTI N G

FIGURE NO.


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The Groundwater Cleanup Level (CUL)Protective of Surface Water Quality for 1,4-

Dioxane is 78.0 µg/L.

!(55 1,4-Dioxane


SHALLO

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1,4-DioxaneIsoconcentration Line at78.0 µg/L Cleanup Level







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TCE in Water Table GroundwaterUnrestricted Land Use Air Quality Protection


C O N SU LTI N G

FIGURE NO.


BY:PPW

REV BY:- - -

0 300 600

Feet

K


8.0

The Unrestricted Land Use GroundwaterCleanup Level (CUL) Protective of AirQuality in the Water Table Zone forTrichloroethene (TCE) is 6.9 µg/L.

!(10 Trichloroethene (TCE) Concentration (in µg/L)

Groundwater Sample Locations:


Well locations with CUL exceedances are labeled with the exceedingconcentration:

Well with data Q4 2012 or after (but withoutdata from Q3 2013)!H





Not Detected$%Not Detected (Reporting Limit Above CUL)$%Detected Below CUL$%Detected Above CUL$%Detected at > 10x CUL$%

TCE Isoconcentration Line at 6.9 µg/L CleanupLevel


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S MEAD ST

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1ST AVE S

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2ND AVE S

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/12/

2014

||

Us

er: pw

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||

Pri

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te: 12

/12/

2014

Vinyl Chloride in Water Table GroundwaterUnrestricted Land Use Air Quality Protection


C O N SU LTI N G

FIGURE NO.


BY:PPW

REV BY:- - -

0 300 600

Feet

K


8.0

The Unrestricted Land Use GroundwaterCleanup Level (CUL) Protective of Air

Quality in the Water Table Zone for Vinylchloride is 1.3 µg/L.

!(10 Vinyl chloride Concentration (in µg/L)

Groundwater Sample Locations:


Well locations with CUL exceedances are labeled with the exceedingconcentration:

Well with data Q4 2012 or after (but withoutdata from Q3 2013)!H





Not Detected$%Not Detected (Reporting Limit Above CUL)$%Detected Below CUL$%Detected Above CUL$%Detected at > 10x CUL$%

Vinyl Chloride Isoconcentration Line at 1.3 µg/LCleanup Level


Documents

May 29, 2001 - Aspect Consultingclients.aspectconsulting.com/W4/SU2_Remedial_Alts_Memo.pdfThe purpose of this Memo is to present Ecology with a listing of remedial action alternatives