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May 2007 Milan
European Wind Energy Conference
Hybrid systems performance: a case study.
Luis Mª Arribas
CIEMATSpain
May 2007 Milan
European Wind Energy Conference
May 2007 Milan
European Wind Energy Conference
Layout of the presentation
1.Introduction2.The proposed hybrid system perfo
rmance assessment procedure.3.Case study: description of the syst
em4.Particularities of wind generation:
analysis of components.5.Analysis of the system.6.Conclusion
May 2007 Milan
European Wind Energy Conference
May 2007 Milan
European Wind Energy Conference
1. IntroductionHybrid Systems Performance Work done for Photovoltaics ISPRA’s Guidelines for the Assessment of
Photovoltaic Plants, Documents A, B and C PERFORMANCE Project Performance, reliability and analysis of PV
systems, prepared by the IEA Task II working group
IEC 61724 Standard: “Photovoltaic System Performance Monitoring - Guidelines for Measurement, Data Exchange and Analysis”
IEA PVPS Task XI working group “PV-Hybrids and Mini-Grids”
May 2007 Milan
European Wind Energy Conference
2. Proposed Procedure
Use IEC 61724 Standard as a starting point Parameters for PV generation
Include wind turbines in the scope of the Standard Parameters for Wind generation in a hybrid
Wind-PV scheme.
May 2007 Milan
European Wind Energy Conference
Starting point: PV’s performance parameters
PVArray
Power Condtioning Load
Back-Up Utility
Storage
VL IL
PL
-++
-
TU PTU
IFU PFUVBU IBU
PBU
VA IA
PA
GI
Tam
SW
VS VU
ITS
PTS
IFS
PFS
Tm
May 2007 Milan
European Wind Energy Conference
Starting point: PV’s performance parametersParameter Symb
olUnit
MeteorologicalGlobal direct Irradiance on the PV array
planeHI kWh.m-2.d-1
Electrical Energy QuantitiesNet Energy from the PV Array EA kWh
Net Energy to the Load EL kWh
Net Energy from the Back-Up generator EBU kWh
Total INput energy to the system Ein kWh
Total output energy from the system Euse kWh
PV Array Energy Fraction from the total FA Adimensional
Back-Up Energy Fraction from the total FBU Adimensional
Load Throughput LOAD Adimensional
May 2007 Milan
European Wind Energy Conference
Starting point: PV’s performance parameters
Parameter Symbol Unit
BOS throughput BOS Adim.
PV Array Production Ratio YA h . d-1
Final PV Array Production Ratio Yf h . d-1
Reference Production Ratio for the PV Array
Yr h . d-1
PV Array Capture Losses Lc h . d-1
BOS Losses LBOS h . d-1
Performance Ratio Rp Adim.
Average PV Array throughput Amean Adim.
Global PV Array throughput tot Adim.
Balance of the System
performance
Average production
ratios
Normalized losses
System performance
indices
May 2007 Milan
European Wind Energy Conference
New Parameters added to the PV ones
PVArray
Power Condtioning Load
Back-Up Utility
Storage
VL IL
PL
-++
-
TU PTU
IFU PFUVBU IBU
PBU
VA IA
PA
GI
Tam
SW
VS VU
ITS
PTS
IFS
PFS
Tm
WindTurbine
VWT,AC
IWT,AC
PWT,AC
FWT
DW
PA
Hum
May 2007 Milan
European Wind Energy Conference
New Parameters added to the PV ones
Parameter Symbol
Unit
MeteorologicalGlobal Available Wind Energy EGAW kWh.m-2.d-1
Electrical Energy QuantitiesNet Energy from the Wind Turbine EWT kWh
Wind Turbine Energy Fraction from the total FWT Adimensional
EGAW has been defined in the following way:
: measured air density Ws: average Wind Speed for the period of time used in the summation
r
May 2007 Milan
European Wind Energy Conference
New Parameters added to the PV ones
Average production ratios
Parameter Equation Symbol Unit
Wind Turbine Production RatioEWT/PWTN YWT h . d-1
Final Wind Turbine Production RatioYWT x LOAD
Yf,WT h . d-1
Reference Production Ratio for the Wind Turbine
EGAW/PW,ref Yr,WT h . d-1
EGAW/PW,refReference Wind Power
Global Available Wind Energy
May 2007 Milan
European Wind Energy Conference
Reference Wind Power
3, **2
1sNslrefW WP
There is no common Wind Power Reference for all wind turbines and, so, Wind Power Reference depends upon the specific wind turbine
PW,ref: wind power per unit of rotor area that would be necessary to make the wind turbine work in nominal conditions
WsN: wind speed at nominal power r sl: sea level air density
May 2007 Milan
European Wind Energy Conference
New Parameters added to the PV ones
Normalized losses
Parameter Equation Symbol Unit
Wind Turbine Capture Losses Yr,WT –YWT Lc,WT h . d-1
Wind Turbine BOS LossesYWT x (1-BOS)
LBOS,WT h . d-1
Performance Ratio for the Wind Turbine Yf,WT / Yr,WT RP,WT h . d-1
May 2007 Milan
European Wind Energy Conference
New Parameters added to the PV ones
System performance indices
Parameter Equation Symbol Unit
Average Wind Turbine throughput
EWT / (AWT x EGAW ) WT,mean Adim.
Global Wind Turbine throughput WT,mean x LOAD
WT,tot Adim.
AWT = Wind Turbine rotor area (m2)
May 2007 Milan
European Wind Energy Conference
7.5 kW SWT 5 kWp PV array20 kVA Genset595 C10 Battery Storage
120 V DC bus voltage
Description of the CICLOPS I system.
May 2007 Milan
European Wind Energy Conference
Description of the CICLOPS I system.
IFVNREG
VFVNREG
VBAT
IFVREG
ICarga(DC) PotCons
FA
IBAT
IDCturb
PACturb VACturb TBAT
GP
VV
PdsAC VdsAC
IDCturb
May 2007 Milan
European Wind Energy Conference
4. Particularities of wind generation: analysis of components
Sampling rate
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
Time (0.5 seconds/division)
Po
we
r / W
ind
Sp
ee
d
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
Ba
tte
ry V
olt
ag
e
Battery Voltage (Volts)
Wind Speed (cm/seg)
Wind Power (Watts)
Load Power, in Watts,nearly constant
PV Power (Watts)
Quasi-dynamic regulation of Wind charge
converter, trying to maintain the
high battery voltage set-point
May 2007 Milan
European Wind Energy Conference
4. Particularities of wind generation: analysis of components
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Wind Speed (m/s)
Po
we
r (k
W)
-
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
Eff
icie
nc
y
Power Efficiency
Wind direction 225-315Variable Pitch correction
Pre-averaging interval
May 2007 Milan
European Wind Energy Conference
5. Analysis of the system
Meteorological
Global Direct Irradiance on the array plane
HI 4.88 kWh.m-2.d-1
Global Available Wind Energy
EGAW 3.58
kWh.m-2.d-1
May 2007 Milan
European Wind Energy Conference
5. Analysis of the system
Electrical Energy Quantities PV
Wind
Net Energy from the PV Array EA 16.05
kWh
Energy Fraction from the total energy in the system from the PV Array
FA
0.28
Adim
Net Energy from the Wind Turbine EWT 11.58
kWh
Energy Fraction from the total energy in the system from the Wind Turbine
FWT
0.20
Adim
May 2007 Milan
European Wind Energy Conference
5. Analysis of the system
Electrical Energy Quantities Back-up generator
Load
Whole system
Net Energy from the Back-Up generator EBU 29.38
kWh
Energy Fraction from the total energy in the system from the Back-Up generator
FBU
0.52
Adim
Total Energy IN the system Ein 57.01
kWh
Total Energy output of the system Euse 35.81
kWh
Net Energy to the Load EL 35.81
kWh
May 2007 Milan
European Wind Energy Conference
5. Analysis of the system
Balance Of the System (BOS) component performance
BOS throughput BOS 63 %
May 2007 Milan
European Wind Energy Conference
5. Analysis of the system: system performance indices
Average Production Ratios PV
Wind
PV Array production ratio YA 3.21
Final PV Array production ratio Yf,A 2.02
Reference production ratio for the PV Array Yr,A 4.88
Wind Turbine production ratio YWT 1.54
Final Wind Turbine production ratio Yf,WT 0.97 Reference production ratio for the Wind Turbine Yr,WT 2.13
May 2007 Milan
European Wind Energy Conference
5. Analysis of the system: system performance indices
Normalized losses PV
Wind
PV Array Capture Losses Lc,A 34.2 %
PV BOS Losses LBOS,A 37 %
Performance Ratio for the PV Array Rp,A 41.4 %
Wind Turbine Capture Losses Lc,WT 27.7 % Wind BOS Losses
LBOS,WT 37% Performance Ratio for the Wind Turbine Rp,WT 45.6 %
May 2007 Milan
European Wind Energy Conference
5. Analysis of the system: system performance indices
System Throughput indices PV
Wind
Average PV Array Throughput Amean 9.0 % Global PV Array Generation Throughput A,tot 5.7 %
Average Wind Turbine Throughput WTmean 11.4 % Global Wind Generation Throughput WT,tot 7.2 %
May 2007 Milan
European Wind Energy Conference
Conclusion
A Hybrid System Performance Assessment procedure has been introducedSome particularities of wind generation arise At least for demonstration projects, monitoring for:
long-term assessment, characterization of components, analysis of the system, gain more understanding on hybrid systems.
This is a step ahead in the assessment of PV-Wind Hybrid systems, but there is still much more work to be done
May 2007 Milan
European Wind Energy Conference
THE END
Thank you for your attention
May 2007 Milan
European Wind Energy Conference