3

OriginalComparisonMaury /Scheibnerin the“Comm ents”co lum n

Example for the application of Maury’s Pilot Charts:

On her voyage from Macao via Strait of Sunda to Falmouth the German barque“Unkel Braesig”, Captain W. Scheibner, made a detailed comparison between the conditions encountered enroute and Maury’s notes

Maury: 18.7UB: 11.9 days V

Maury: 22.3 UB: 18.6 days IV

IIIMaury: 18.1 UB: 18.2 days

Maury: 17.4 UB: 16.0 daysII

Maury: 22.7 UB: 25.3 days

UB: Barque UNKEL BRAESIG

I

1853 - 55:

Austria, Prussia, Hamburg and Bremen joined the Brussels Convention but:

� no resources for establishing any support unit !

1868� basic progress after foundation of the Norddeutsche Seewarte

4

2

Maury Maury and and thethe German German InvolvementInvolvement in in thetheMarine Marine MeteorologicalMeteorological Observation Observation SchemeScheme

IIV. Wagner, R. Zöllner, K. Dietrich, Deutscher Wetterdienst, Postfach 30 11 90, 20304 Hamburg e-mail: reinhard.zoellner@dwd.de

Political situation in Northern Germany early in the second half of the 19th century Fig. 1, 2although some German states joined the Brussels Convention by 1855,there was no official logistics to serve the vessels

German captains tested Maury‘s pilot charts quite early Fig. 3, 4Example from the German barque UNKEL BRAESIG

Independent regional approach for a weather observing scheme Fig. 5WERNER‘S Wetterbuch, similar to Maury‘s idea

Meteorological Journal: “Unkel Braesig”, Capt. W. Scheibner

� Issued around 1868 and used in the Baltic and North Sea area,initiated by businessmen from Stettin

� Early promotion system by granting awards for Journals completed with special care

Werner’s Wetterbuch

� discontinued after 1871 (Foundation of Germany) and 1875 (Foundation of the Deutsche Seewarte)

5

1

Hamburg

Bremen

Lübeck

Preußen

SchleswigHolstein

Mecklenburg

Hannover

Oldenburg

NORTHSEA

Ba l t i cSEA

In 1853 a large number of states existed in Central Europe; in 1867 the

„Norddeutscher Bund“ was created; in the map its „Sea States“are marked

1a

2003, Deutscher Wetterdienst

Maury Maury and and thethe German German InvolvementInvolvement in in thetheMarine Marine Meteorological Meteorological Observation Observation SchemeScheme

IIII

German Marine Meteorological Archive: Available Data

0

500.000

1.000.000

1.500.000

2.000.000

2.500.000

3.000.000

3.500.000

1850

1855

1859

1863

1867

1871

1875

1879

1883

1887

1891

1895

1899

1903

1907

1911

1915

1919

1923

1927

1931

1935

1939

1943

1947

1951

1955

1959

1963

1967

1971

1975

1979

1983

1987

1991

1995

1999

Num

bers

by

Yea

r

Total: ca. 110 Mill Observations

still

arri

ving

Dat

a

Historical Data (ca. 22,4 Mill.)

Eventually a German Marine Observatory was established starting with private Fig. 6, 7, 8, initiatives - ending with the foundation of the Deutsche Seewarte in 1875 9, 10

6 7

8 9

10

V. Wagner, R. Zöllner, K. Dietrich, Deutscher Wetterdienst, Postfach 30 11 90, 20304 Hamburg e-mail: reinhard.zoellner@dwd.de

8a 8b 9a 9b 9c

7a

2003, Deutscher Wetterdienst; fig. 6a, 7a, 8b by courtesy of Bundesamt für Seeschifffahrt und Hydrographie, Hamburg, fig. 8a by courtesy of Landesmedienzentrum, Hamburg, fig. 9a by courtesy of Verlagsgruppe Koehler/Mittler, Hamburg,

fig. 9c by courtesy of Kludas-Collection, Hamburg

1868:Norddeutsche Seewarte (Northern German Marine Observatory)

� Wilhelm von Freeden, the director of the nautical college in Elsfleth, Northern Germany, promoted the ideas of Maury andfounded the „Norddeutsche Seewarte“ in Hamburg.

� Contribution of his personal assets,promotion by the Chambers of Commerceof Hamburg and Bremen and 28 ship owners

� Procurement and use of precision instruments for calibration

� The number of ships at those times was more than 5.000, mostly sailing ships with home ports around the German Baltic and North Sea coasts, substantiating the potential need for this kind of service.

6a

1875:Deutsche Seewarte (German Marine Observatory)

� Promotion by national budget (Cost burdens were too high for private initiatives)

� Director: Georg von Neumayer

Norddeutsche Seewarte (1868 - 75) (Northern German Marine Observatory)

� 850 Sailing instructions

� 1.193 MeteorologicalJournals comingback from mariners

Deutsche Seewarte, ca. 1885

Deutsche Seewarte (1875 - 1945)

� 37.100 Meteorological Journals from sailing ships and steamers

� still available in the German Marine Meteorological Archive, Hamburg

Maury Maury and and thethe German German InvolvementInvolvement in in thetheMarine Marine MeteorologicalMeteorological Observation Observation SchemeScheme

IIIIII

DidMaury’s

principlessurvive

?

Data

National Serv ices

Data

National Serv ices

Data access world wide, real-t ime

quality checked data, non real- time

PresentHistorical Times

RealizationDirect Co-op er ation M et Agency / Navig ation

Contact: directly , sc ientis t - mariner“What should be observed and how ?”

Contact: scienti st - m arinerv ia PMO servi ces (mostl y)

Instrumentation,Instructions

In stru ments: design, cali brat ion, equipm ent“Which instruments wil l be needed?”

Observing Instructions

In stru ments: Calibrati on, Equipmentdesi gn / fabrication: by m anufacturers

Documentation / Training:Scient ist s instruct how to observe and to keepmeteorological journal s

Journal Layout, Formats

Electronic Journals

Documentation / Training:by PMO services (mostly)

Commu nicatio ns: - personal report on return- redesi gn of needed informat ion- amendm ent of observation object ives

Direct Co-op er ation M et Agency / Navig ation

Commu nicatio ns:- v ia PMO services (mostly)- redesi gn of needed informat ion- amendm ent of observation object ives- re instruction by PM O serv ices / publications

Modifications

WMO Recommendations

what is new ?

Service: -sc ienti fic f indings go back to users-amendment of observat ion objecti ves

Sailing Instructions

Routeing,On Board Safety Manuals,GMDSS,Monitoring Products

S ervice: - scient ifi c findings go backto users

- routeing, weather f orecasts- safety standards- c lim ate m oni toring, -m odelling

Maury‘s principal ideas: What remained?Fig. 14

Traditional American/German co-operation in the field of marine climatology, historical and modernFig. 11, 12, 13

? There was an early co-operation between the Deutsche Seewarte and the Maury Institute in Washington. German Maury Abstract Logs were sent to Washington for evaluation and afterwards returned to Hamburg.

? There were alsopersonal scientificrelations betweenthe German Prof.Dove and Maury,documented bypersonal regardson a presentationcopy of the firstWhale Charts

Bilateral Co-operation USA / Germany

? Presently available: 806 Abstract Logs

German Maury Collection:

TheseMeteorologicalJournals weremade availableto Washingtonfor evaluationand thenshipped back toHamburg

? The latest Joint Venture was in 2000 - 2002 between Deutscher Wetterdienst and NCDC/NOAA in scanning all German Maury Abstract Logs (ca. 800)

? Next step: Typing of the data (planned)

? German Contributions of data from the historical collection to I-COADS. Contributions were made in the context of the HSSTDProgramme already in the 1960ies and are continued with recently typed data

Bilateral Co-operation USA / Germany

1112

13

14

14a 14b

11a

V. Wagner, R. Zöllner, K. Dietrich, Deutscher Wetterdienst, Postfach 30 11 90, 20304 Hamburg e-mail: reinhard.zoellner@dwd.de

2003, Deutscher Wetterdienst; fig. 11a by courtesy of Bundesamt für Seeschifffahrt und Hydrographie, Hamburg, fig.14a by courtesy of Verlagsgruppe Koehler/Mittler, Hamburg

Maury and the German Involvement in the Marine Meteorological Observation Scheme The poster titled “Maury and the German Involvement in the Marine Meteorological Observation Scheme” presents historical aspects of German marine weather observation in the middle of the 19th century as well as institutional structures that developed in the following years. The political situation around 1853 in Central Europe was characterized by a large number of states. In 1867 the Norddeutscher Bund was created. In fig. 1 its so-called “Seestaaten”, “Sea States”, are marked. An example of the application of Maury’s pilot charts by German captains is shown in fig. 3, 4. For some years in the 60ies and 70ies of the 19th century there was a scheme similar to Maury’s, used in the North Sea and Baltic Sea: Werner’s Wetterbuch, a regional approach initiated by businessmen from Stettin. An example is shown in fig. 5. The first German institution dedicated to marine observation and climatological support to mariners was the Norddeutsche Seewarte, Northern German Marine Observatory. It was founded in 1868 in Hamburg by private initiatives and personal assets of Wilhelm von Freeden, promoted by the Chambers of Commerce of Hamburg and Bremen as well as by quite a number of ship owners (fig. 6). This private Institution adopted Maury’s concepts to enhance the data coverage over the oceans and to improve the safety and efficiency of navigation. It provided meteorological journals and precision instruments to the mariners. Based on the observations of the sailors ca. 850 individual sailing instructions were elaborated and given to the captains (fig. 7), taking into account the observed weather data, currents, tides and magnetic declination. Nearly 1.200 meteorological journals were archived. In 1875, the Norddeutsche Seewarte was transformed into a government institution with national budget, named Deutsche Seewarte, the German Marine Observatory (fig. 8). Its first director was the famous Georg von Neumayer. It became one of the leading institutes in the world in the fields of marine meteorology, oceanography and related sciences. During the years until 1945, when the Deutsche Seewarte ceased to exist, a big volume of meteorological journals was gathered from the oceans and today there is an amount of ca. 37.000 of them stored in Hamburg. These books came from sailing vessels and steam ships (fig. 9). Typing of the data began in 1940 and there is still a considerable contingent left, which is being worked upon within a special project of Deutscher Wetterdienst. The presently available volume of German historic data comprises about 22,4 Mill. data sets (fig. 10) and it is extended by ongoing typing and quality checking efforts in order to make these valuable data accessible for the benefit of climate research. In the days of Maury and further on up to today there was and is traditionally a good co-operation in marine climatology between the United States of America and Germany, demonstrated in some examples on the poster (fig. 11, 12, 13). Finally the question is posed: Did Maury’s principles survive? The answer is “yes”, convincingly demonstrated by comparison of the principles as they looked like in the 19th century with those of our days (fig. 14). Maury started his scheme on a very personal basis in contacting the mariners by himself. During the years a big organizational structure evolved to handle this scheme, Germany co-operating in this system through the Deutscher Wetterdienst and the Bundesamt für Seeschifffahrt und Hydrographie. Internationally the scheme is co-ordinated by WMO/JCOMM today. The basic functions of the system, such as contacting the mariners, providing instruments, documentation and training, reports and service, basically did not change very much since the days of Maury.. So the conclusion can be drawn: Maury’s conception of observing the oceans definitely is a universal approach.