Mass_Spec_Lecture (MINGGU 2))Edited for Print (1)

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    Mass

    Spectrometry

    Parts of ElucidationStructure

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    Background

    Mass spectrometry (Mass Spec or MS)uses high energy electrons to break a

    molecule into fragments.

    Separation and analysis of the

    fragments provides information about:Molecular weight

    Structure

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    Background

    The impact of a stream of high energy electronscauses the molecule to lose an electron forming aradical cation.

    A species with a positive charge and one unpairedelectron

    + e-C H

    H

    H

    H HH

    H

    HC + 2 e-

    Molecular ion (M+)

    m/z = 16

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    Background

    The impact of the stream of high energyelectrons can also break the molecule or theradical cation into fragments.

    (not detected by MS)

    m/z = 29

    molecular ion (M+) m/z = 30

    + C

    H

    H

    H

    + H

    HH C

    H

    H

    C

    H

    H

    H C

    H

    H

    C

    H

    H

    H CH

    H

    + e-

    H C

    H

    H

    C

    H

    H

    H

    m/z = 15

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    Background

    Molecular ion (parent ion):The radical cation corresponding to the mass of

    the original molecule

    The molecular ion is usually the highest massin the spectrumSome exceptions w/specific isotopes

    Some molecular ion peaks are absent.

    H

    H

    H

    HC H C

    H

    H

    C

    H

    H

    H

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    Background Mass spectrum of ethanol (MW = 46)

    SDBSWeb : http://riodb01.ibase.aist.go.jp/sdbs/ (National Institute ofAdvanced Industrial Science and Technology, 11/1/09)

    M+

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    Background The cations that are formed are separated by magnetic deflection.

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    Background

    Only cations are detected.Radicals are invisible in MS.

    The amount of deflection observeddepends on the mass to charge ratio(m/z).Most cations formed have a charge of +1 sothe amount of deflection observed isusually dependent on the mass of the ion.

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    Background

    The resulting mass spectrumis a graph of themass of each cation vs. its relativeabundance.

    The peaks are assigned an abundance as apercentage of the base peak. the most intense peak in the spectrum

    The base peak is not necessarily the same asthe parent ion peak.

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    Background

    SDBSWeb : http://riodb01.ibase.aist.go.jp/sdbs/ (National Institute ofAdvanced Industrial Science and Technology, 11/1/09)

    M+base peak

    The mass spectrum of ethanol

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    Background

    Most elements occur naturally as a mixtureof isotopes.The presence of significant amounts of heavier

    isotopes leads to small peaks that have masses

    that are higher than the parent ion peak.

    M+1= a peak that is one mass unithigher than M+

    M+2= a peak that is two mass unitshigher than M+

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    Molecules withHeteroatoms

    Isotopes: present in their usual abundance.

    Hydrocarbons contain 1.1% C-13, so there will be asmall M+1 peak.

    If Br is present, M+2 is equal to M+

    . If Cl is present, M+2 is one-third of M+.

    If iodine is present, peak at 127, large gap.

    If N is present, M+will be an odd number.

    If S is present, M+2 will be 4% of M+. =>

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    Easily Recognized Elements in MS

    Nitrogen:

    Odd number of N = odd MW

    CH3CN

    M+= 41

    SDBSWeb : http://riodb01.ibase.aist.go.jp/sdbs/ (National Institute ofAdvanced Industrial Science and Technology, 11/2/09)

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    Easily Recognized Elements in MS

    2-bromopropane

    Bromine: M+~ M+2 (50.5% 79Br/49.5% 81Br)

    M+~ M+2

    SDBSWeb : http://riodb01.ibase.aist.go.jp/sdbs/ (National Institute of Advanced IndustrialScience and Technology, 11/1/09)

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    Easily Recognized Elements in MS Chlorine:

    M+2 is ~ 1/3 as large as M+

    Cl

    SDBSWeb : http://riodb01.ibase.aist.go.jp/sdbs/ (National Institute ofAdvanced Industrial Science and Technology, 11/2/09)

    M+2

    M+

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    Easily Recognized Elements in MS

    Sulfur:

    M+2 larger than usual (4% of M+)

    M+

    Unusually

    large M+2

    S

    SDBSWeb : http://riodb01.ibase.aist.go.jp/sdbs/ (National Institute ofAdvanced Industrial Science and Technology, 11/1/09)

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    Easily Recognized Elements in MS

    Iodine I+at 127

    Large gap Large gap

    I+

    M+

    SDBSWeb : http://riodb01.ibase.aist.go.jp/sdbs/ (National Institute ofAdvanced Industrial Science and Technology, 11/2/09)

    ICH2CN

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    Fragmentation Patterns

    The impact of the stream of high energyelectrons often breaks the molecule intofragments, commonly a cation and a radical.

    Bonds break to give the most stable cation.

    Stability of the radical is less important.

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    Fragmentation Patterns

    AlkanesFragmentation often splits off simple alkyl

    groups: Loss of methyl M+- 15 Loss of ethyl M+- 29

    Loss of propyl M+- 43

    Loss of butyl M+- 57

    Branched alkanes tend to fragment formingthe most stable carbocations.

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    Fragmentation Patterns Mass spectrum of 2-methylpentane

    Fragmentation Patterns

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    Fragmentation Patterns Alkenes:

    Fragmentation typically forms resonance stabilized allylic carbocations

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    Fragmentation PatternsAromatics:

    Fragment at the benzylic carbon, forming a

    resonance stabilized benzylic carbocation (whichrearranges to the tropylium ion)

    M+

    CH

    H

    CH Br

    H

    C

    H

    H

    or

    F t ti P tt

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    Fragmentation Patterns

    Aromatics may also have a peak at m/z = 77for thebenzene ring.

    NO2

    77

    M+= 123

    77

    F t ti P tt

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    Fragmentation Patterns

    Alcohols

    Fragment easily resulting in very small or

    missing parent ion peak

    May lose hydroxyl radical or water

    M+- 17or M+- 18

    Commonly lose an alkyl group attached tothe carbinol carbon forming an oxoniumion.

    1oalcohol usually has prominent peak at

    m/z = 31corresponding to H2C=OH+

    ragmen a on a erns

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    ragmen a on a erns MS for 1-propanol

    M+M+-18

    CH3CH2CH2OH

    H2C OH

    SDBSWeb : http://riodb01.ibase.aist.go.jp/sdbs/ (National Institute ofAdvanced Industrial Science and Technology, 11/28/09)

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    Fragmentation Patterns

    Amines

    Odd M+(assuming an odd number of nitrogensare present)

    a-cleavage dominates forming an iminium ion

    CH3CH2 CH2 N

    H

    CH2 CH2CH2CH3 CH3CH2CH2N CH2

    H

    m/z =72

    iminium ion

    86

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    Fragmentation Patterns 86

    CH3CH2 CH2 N

    H

    CH2 CH2CH2CH3

    72

    F t ti P tt

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    Fragmentation PatternsEthersa-cleavage forming oxonium ion

    Loss of alkyl group forming oxonium ion

    Loss of alkyl group forming a carbocation

    Fragmentation Patterns

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    Fragmentation Patterns

    H O CHCH3

    MS of diethylether (CH3CH2OCH2CH3)

    CH3CH2O CH2H O CH2

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    Fragmentation Patterns

    Aldehydes (RCHO)Fragmentation may form acylium ion

    Common fragments:

    M+- 1for

    M+- 29for

    RC O

    R (i.e. RCHO - CHO)

    RC O

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    Fragmentation Patterns

    MS for hydrocinnamaldehyde

    M+= 134C C C H

    H

    H

    H

    H

    O

    133

    105

    91

    105

    91

    SDBSWeb : http://riodb01.ibase.aist.go.jp/sdbs/ (National Institute ofAdvanced Industrial Science and Technology, 11/28/09)

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    Fragmentation Patterns

    Ketones

    Fragmentation leads to formation ofacylium ion:

    Loss of R forming

    Loss of R forming RC O

    R'C O

    RCR'

    O

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    Fragmentation Patterns

    MS for 2-pentanone

    CH3CCH2CH2CH3

    O

    M+

    CH3CH2CH2C O

    CH3C O

    SDBSWeb : http://riodb01.ibase.aist.go.jp/sdbs/ (National Institute ofAdvanced Industrial Science and Technology, 11/28/09)

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    Fragmentation Patterns

    Esters (RCO2R)Common fragmentation patterns

    include:Loss of OR

    peak at M+- OR

    Loss of R

    peak at M+- R

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    Frgamentation Patterns

    M+= 136

    C

    O

    O CH3

    105

    77 105

    77

    SDBSWeb : http://riodb01.ibase.aist.go.jp/sdbs/ (National Institute ofAdvanced Industrial Science and Technology, 11/28/09)

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    Rule of Thirteen

    The Rule of Thirteen can be used to identifypossible molecular formulas for an unknownhydrocarbon, CnHm.

    Step 1: n = M+/13 (integer only, use remainder instep 2)

    Step 2: m = n + remainder from step 1

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    Rule of Thirteen

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    Rule of Thirteen

    Example: A compound with a molecular ion

    peak at m/z = 102 has a strong peak at 1739cm-1in its IR spectrum. Determine itsmolecular formula.

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    Aturan-aturan umum untuk meramalkanpuncak-puncak utama dari spektrum

    a. Aturan elektron genap

    Spesies-spesies elektron genapbiasanya tidak akan pecah menjadi 2spesies yang mengandung elektronganjil (yaitu, tidak akan pecah menjadiradikal dan ion radikal), karena

    tenaga total dari hasil campuran iniakan sangat tinggi.

    a Aturan elektron genap

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    a. Aturan elektron genap

    Spesies-spesies elektron genap biasanya tidak akan pecah menjadi 2 spesiesyang mengandung elektron ganjil (yaitu, tidak akan pecah menjadi radikal danion radikal), karena tenaga total dari hasil campuran ini akan sangat tinggi.

    A+ B .+ + C

    Genap ganjil ganjil

    Spesies elektron genap lebih suka pecah menjadi ion lain dan molekul netral

    A+ B .+ + C .

    Genap genap genap

    Ion radikal yaitu spesies elektron ganjil, dapat melepaskan molekul netral dan ion radikal sebagai hasil ikutan.

    A .+ B .+ + C .

    ganjil ganjil genap

    Ion radikal dapat pecah menjadi radikal dan ion

    A .+ B+. + C +

    Genap ganjil

    Atau

    A + B . + C +

    ganjil genap

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    Aturan-aturan umum untuk meramalkanpuncak-puncak utama dari spektrum

    b.Aturan Nitrogen :

    Suatu senyawa yang hanya mengandung C,H, O memiliki

    berat molekul genap, atau jika senyawa tersebutmengandung atom nitrogen maka jumlah atom nitrogenharuslah genap. Sedangkan jika senyawa hanya mengandungC,H,N,O mempunyai berat molekul ganjil jika jumlah atomnitrogennya ganjil. Jika senyawa yang mengandung C,H,O

    kehilangan fragmen radikal (CH3, OCH3 dan yang lainnya)maka akan menghasilkan ion fragmen ganjil, tetapi yangdilepaskan molekul netral (H2O, HCN, olefin dan yanglainnya), maka ion fragmen yang dihasilkan adalah genap.

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    Aturan-aturan umum untuk meramalkan puncak-puncak utama dari spektrum

    1.Tinggi relatif puncak ion molekul terbesar untuk senyawarantai-lurus dan akan menurun dengan bertambahnyapercabangan.

    2. Tinggi relatif puncak ion molekul biasanya berkurangdengan bertambahnya berat molekul deret homolog, kecualiuntuk ester lemak.

    3. Pemecahan cenderung terjadi pada karbon tersubstitusialkil; semakin tersusbtitusi, semakin mudah putus. Hal ini

    merupakan akibat dari terstabilkannya karbation tersierdibandingkan sekunder dan primer

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    Aturan-aturan umum untuk meramalkanpuncak-puncak utama dari spektrum

    Urutan kestabilan karbo kation :

    CH3< RCH2 < R2CH+ < R3C+

    Secara umum, gugus ganti terbesar pada suatu

    cabang lebih mudah lepas sebagai radikal,kemungkinan karena radikal rantai-panjang dapatmenstabilkan dengan delokalisasi elektron sunyi.

    4. Adanya ikatan rangkap dua, struktur siklik khususnyacincin aromatik (heteroaromatik) menstabilkan ionmolekul sehingga meningkatkan keboleh jadianterjadinya.

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    Aturan-aturan umum untuk meramalkan puncak-puncak utama dari spektrum

    5. Adanya ikatan rangkap dua mendukungpemecahan alil dan memberikan karbokation alilikterstabilkan resonansi. Aturan ini tidak pada

    alkalena sederhana disebabkan mudahnya migrasiikatan rangkap dua tetapi terjadi pada sikloalkana.

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    Aturan-aturan umum untuk meramalkan puncak-puncak utama dari spektrum

    6. Cincin jenuh cenderung melepaskan rantaisamping alkil pada ikatan-. Muatan positifcenderung bertahan pada fragmen cincin.

    Aturan aturan umum untuk meramalkan puncak

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    Aturan-aturan umum untuk meramalkan puncak-puncak utama dari spektrum

    7. Pada senyawa aromatik tersubtitusi alkil,

    pemecahan terjadi pada ikatan- terhadap cincindan memberikan ion-benzil terstabilkan resonansiatau sering membentuk ion tropilium.

    Aturan-aturan umum untuk meramalkan puncak-

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    ppuncak utama dari spektrum

    8. Ikatan C-C yang bersebelahan dengan

    heteroatom cenderung terpecah meninggalkanmuatan fragmen yang mengandung heteroatomdimana elektron sunyi membantu stabilisasiresonansi

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    Aturan-aturan umum untuk meramalkan puncak-puncak utama dari spektrum

    9. Pelepasan sering diikuti dengan penghilanganmolekul kecil yang netral seperti karbon monoksida,olefin, air, amonia, hidrogen sulfida, hidrogen

    sianida, merkaptan, ketena atau alkohol, juga seringdiikuti dengan penataan ulang.

    Aturan-aturan umum untuk meramalkan puncak-

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    Aturan aturan umum untuk meramalkan puncakpuncak utama dari spektrum

    10. Ion penataan ulang adalah fragmen-fragmenyang asal usulnya tidak dapat dijelaskan denganpemecahan sederhana dari ikatan pada ionmolekul, tetapi hasil dari penataan ulang atomikintramolekular selama fragmentasi. Penataanulang meliputi, migrasi atom hidrogen pada

    molekul yang mengandung heteroatom

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    Aturan-aturan umum untuk meramalkan puncak-puncak utama dari spektrum

    Agar berlangsungnya penataan ulang Mclaffertysuatu molekul harus memiliki heteroatom yangterletak tertentu, sistem-(biasanya ikatan

    rangkap) dan atom hidrogen yang terletakterhadap sistem c=0.

    Penataan ulang menyebabkan menonjolnya

    puncak yang khas.

    turan-aturan umum untu merama an

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    puncak-puncak utama dari spektrum

    Reaksi Retro Diels-Alder (RDA Reaction)

    Pola pemecahan yang sering dijumpai pada senyawa takjenuh (ikatan rangkap dua)