Market Research Report- Final-11.1,10

8/14/2019 Market Research Report- Final-11.1,10

1/64

Market Research Report for Paddy & Market Garden Products

1

Table of Contents

Page Numbers

Table of Contents 1

About IHDO 2

Preface 3

1 Background 4

2 Research Objectives 7

3 Methodology 8

4 Findings 9

4.1 Paddy Production 9

4.1.1 The varieties of seed paddy 10

4.1.2 Labours for Cultivation 10

4.1.3 Seed paddy 10

4.1.4 New Agricultural techniques 11

4.1.4.1 Organic farming 11

4.1.4.2 Post harvest techniques 11

4.1.4.3 Value added techniques 12

4.1.5 Paddy Production & Gender 12

4.1.6 Market Analysis 13

4.1.6.1 Market Segmentation 13

4.1.6.2 The Needs of the Market 14

4.1.6.3 Market Trends 14

4.1.6.4 Competitors 15

4.1.6.5 Selling Patterns 15

4.1.7 SWOT Analysis 16

4.1.8 Cost Benefit Analysis 17

4.1.8 Value Chin Analysis 19

4.2 Production of Market Gardening 22

4.2.1 Other Field Crops Produced in Market Gardening 23

Market research report on Paddy & Mark et Garden Product s -2009

Table of Content s


2/64


2

4.2.1.1 Vegetables 23

4.2.1.2 Corn, Nuts & Grains 23

4.2.1.3 Fruits 234.2.1.4 Garden Labour 24

4.2.1.5 Seed Materials 24

4.2.2 New Agricultural techniques 25

4.2.2.1 Organic farming 25

4.2.2.2 Post harvest techniques 25

4.1.4.3 Value added techniques 25

4.2.3 Market Gardening & Gender 26

4.2.4 Market Analysis 26

4.2.4.1 Market Segmentation 26

4.2.4.2 The Needs of the Market 27

4.2.4.3 Market Trends 27

4.2.4.4 Competitors 29

4.2.4.5 Transport and Supply 29

4.2.4.6 Price Fixing Power 30

4.2.4.7 Advertisement and Motivation 31

4.2.5 SWOT Analysis 31

4.2.6 Cost Benefit Analysis 32

4.2.7 Value Chin Analysis 34

4.3 Livelihoods activities during the off seasons 36

4.4 Field Guidance 36

5 Conclusions and Recommendation 37

5.1 Management of SARC 37

5.2 General Activities of SARC 38

5.3 General Activities of Oxfam 42

6 Annexes

Annex 1: Questionnaires 43


Table of Content s


3/64


3


About IHDO.

The Independent Human Development Organization was formed in theyear1998. Its objective is to provide training in community development,monitoring and Impact assessment to the Government, Non Government,and private organizations. This Organization is specifically centred in thecapacity building of the employees of the institutions and school children.The international Organization such as GTZ, Mercy Corps, USAID and

the local NGOs TWA, SEDOT have funded for the implementation ofthese assignments. Having a vast experience in this field for the last tenyears this Organization agreed to undertake the market research onpaddy and market gardening products in the Ampara District. Theplanning and preparation of inputs for the research was done in 7 days.Nine members of the IHDO forming three groups interviewed the farmersin all 09 SARC. These groups also interviewed mill owners, wholesalers,middlemen and consumers. The special discussions also were made withthe Oxfam management and the SARC consultants whenever theirassistance was needed. The research was completed in four weeks oftime successfully. In this junctures we would like extend our sincere

thanks to the consultants of the SARC who rendered their immensesupport in completing the field study within the stipulated time. Wepresent this report with pleasure.

Team of IHDO

11.01.2010

i i About IHDO


4/64


4

Preface


i i i Preface


5/64


5

1. Background

Sri Lanka was one of the countries hardest hit by the tsunami. Thetsunami has devastated an estimated 70% of the coastal areas of theisland nation. The natural disaster has further aggravated the poverty andunemployment among the people who were already living in impoverishedcondition. An estimated 5% of the population were affected, including over35000 casualties.

Oxfam GB, a member of Oxfam International, a Confederation of a 13member Oxfam Organisation has intensified its work in Ampara Districtthrough its dedicated office in Ampara. Oxfam has been directing itsresources to the population affected in both tsunami and conflict inKalmunai, Navithanveli, Sammanthurai, Irakkamam, Akkaraipattu,Thirukkovil, Pottuvil, Lahugala, Uhana and Maha Oya Divisions. Womenin the target families are targeted with particular emphasis to assure thatthe gender differentials in the impact of tsunami and conflict are effectivelyresponded to.

The sectoral emergency response interventions of Oxfam includedpermanent shelters and public health and water and sanitation. Hundredsof sanitary latrines were constructed. Hundreds of existing wells hadbeen renovated, new tube wells; common wells and agro wells had beenestablished. Individual dwelling houses have been constructed.

Oxfam has been supporting the target communities living in impoverishedconditions in improving their access to information, knowledge,technology and techniques, financial resources and markets for theirgoods and services. Under the livelihood promotion interventions, Oxfam

targeted the resource poor paddy and market gardening farmers worstaffected in the tsunami and conflict. The problem analysis of the paddyand market garden indicated that the farming is no more viableespecially for small and marginal farmers. Ever decreasing yield andexploitative credit market and market for their finished products. Furtherattention in the sector, Oxfam has employed the strategic intervention ofpromoting diversified alternative agriculture technology, successfullytested in parts of South Asia. Organising community for collective andpromoting collective strength to improve their access to financial Services



6/64


6

from mainstream financial institutions and fair price markets is an over-arching programme strategy.

Evident from the fact, Oxfam promote importance of communityownership of development process through enabling and empoweringprogramme methodologies and interventions. With intense motivation andtraining sessions for strategic rights based approaches to sustainabledevelopment rather than provisioning based un-ending short-livedinterventions.

Accordingly, the interventions focused on organization of targetcommunity around issues affecting their lives; empowerment ofcommunity with information on their rights and responsibilities and skills toself-manage group/organizational process; capacitating the community

groups to identify and analyse and prioritise their issues and to mapresources with Government and other organizations and effectivelyrepresent with Government and other civil society organizations on theirissues and plan and self-manage their development processes andaccess necessary knowledge, information, technology, financial resourcesand fair trade markets and Government implemented social safety-netprogrammes, livelihood related services and basic social services.

To sustain the community action on the above component and resultantsocio-economic impact, the 165 village-based Self Help Groups havebeen federated under 9 SARC (Sustainable Agriculture resource Centre)

which legally registered as independent organization for the purpose ofserving its member. SARC has significant potentials to grow as self-sustaining business organization to benefits its own members throughrenting out agricultural machineries and equipments at an affordable costthat contribute to reduction in the cost of production. Oxfam GB and itsPartner organization providing a handholding and empowerment supportthrough its Confederation federated by 9 SARC. This confederation wouldwork strategically positioning SARC and itself access to fair trade market,technology and value addition, link financial institution and govtsprogramme.

Therefore, the research need to identify potential for Market Garden,paddy and paddy based products.


7/64


7

SARCs Name, DS Division & Villages

No Villages DS Division SARCs Name

Town Division 5 Akkaraipattu1

Irrakkamam -2 Irakkamam

SARCIrrakkamam

Thandiyadi

Vinayagapuram 3

Thirukkovil2

R.M.Nagar Pottuvil

SARCVinayagapuram

Iddapola

NuwaragalatheniaSamagipura

Maha Oya SARC MahaOya

PansalagodaDevalayagoda

Parani Lahugala

Lahugala SARC Lahugala

Vinayagapuram 4

Thambiluvil 2

Thirukkovil SARCThirukkovil

Siyambalaweva

Vijayapura

3

Veheragama

Uhana SARC Uhana

Periyaneelavanai

PandiruppuKalmunai

Natpittimunai

Kalmunai -Tamil

Maruthamunai Kalmunai -Muslim

SARCKalmunai

Savalakadai

Annamalai4th Colony

Sorikalmunai

Navithanveli

4

Veeramunai Sammanthurai

SARCNavithanveli

Senaikudiyiruppu Kalmunai

ThampattaiGayathrigramam

Thirukkovil

5

Kannakipuram Alayadivembu

SARCThampattai

SARCConfederation


8/64


8

2. Research Objectives

Identify market trends and characteristics [demand size, (types of)consumers, prices, certification/quality requirements, seasonality,demand patterns] for Paddy and market gardening-based products.Especially on Organic / Nature farming product

Identify the potential crops on Market garden. Especially onOrganic / Nature farming product

Analyze consumer demand for paddy and market gardening-basedproducts (Especially on Organic / Nature farming product) basedon different variables such as convenience, quality requirements,affordability and satisfaction.

Map the market structure (value chain from suppliers toconsumers) for paddy and market gardening-based products(Especially on Organic / Nature farming product) (one graph foreach product). This should include analysis of enablingenvironment and availability of support business services.

Identify post harvest loss reduction potential. Especially on Organic/ Nature farming product.

Agriculture based labour and its potential.

Based on the above, identify market opportunities across thedifferent value chain and make recommendations to SARC on how

to effectively market their existing products and enter into newproduction areas.


9/64


9

3. Methodology

The report prepared with the following steps,

The management of Oxfam GB were met, in order to get theoverall view of Ampara programmes and also to collect the generalInformation about SARC activities.

The secondary data in respect of the Ampara Agricultural productswere collected and analyzed.

Discussed with the relevant programme officers of the Oxfam GBand SARC consultants in order to identify the past activities andgot list of areas to be visited for market research.

Defined the semi structured questions and documentation tools.

Interviewed the farmers, mill owners and gathered the required

information.

Interviewed the wholesalers, middlemen, retailers and consumersat markets and collected required information.

Conducted interviews and the discussion with the relevantgovernment authorities to collect information on Oxfam GB waysof working.

Collected information was analyzed and documented adopting the

triangulation process.

The report was finalized.


10/64


10

4. Findings

4.1 Paddy Production

Ampara District is one of the major paddy cultivating Districts in Sri Lanka.Although the 09 Sustainable Agricultural Resource Centre (SARC)includes around 50% of the DS Divisions of the District, some DSdivisions are excluded from its activities. The average acreage of Paddy

cultivation done by the farmers attached to these 09 SARC is around 4 to5 acres per farmer.

The DS divisions included in theSARC

The DS divisions excluded fromthe SARC

IrrakamamAmpara

NavithanveliDamana

Kalmunai TDDehiyathakandiya

MahaoyaKalmunai MD

LahugalaKaraithivu

UhanaNinthavur

AkkaraipattuPadiyathalawa

ThirukovilSainthamaruthu

PottvilSammanthurai

AlaiyadivempuAddalaichenai

Around 4500 farmers who are attached to these 09 SARC are cultivatingpaddy in both seasons in 30 villages. Around 4500 and 2800 farmersinvolve in the paddy cultivation in Maha and Yala season respectively.5,762 and 25,672 acres of paddy lands are being cultivated in Yala andMaha season respectively in these villages. The framers who docultivation in Yala season receive water from channel and tanks.

Number of Paddy CultivatorsName of SARC

Maha Yala

Irrakamam 90 90


11/64


11

Navithanveli 1950 1400

Kalmunai TD 25 20

Mahaoya100 60

Lahugala 950 275

Uhana 875 750

Alaiyadivempu 60 60

Thirukovil 40 40

Vinayagapuram 30 25

4.1.1 The varieties of seed paddy

In the Ampara District BG 94 -1, BG 300 and AT 362 varieties of seedpaddy have been used for cultivation for the last several decades. Thecontinuous use of these varieties of seed paddy is maintained for thefollowing reasons of the farmers.

The particular varieties of seed paddy are appropriate for these

soils.

No special knowledge needed in respect of the seed paddy as the

same are used from ancestry

Reasonable yield

High demand

These are recommended varieties of seeds by the Department of

Agriculture

4.1.2 Labours for Cultivation

Most of the farmers attached to these 9 SARC areengaging their familymembers at fulltime basis for cultivation. However the labour is deployed

only for certain works such as weeding, applying of fertilizer and sprayingof chemicals etc. The adequate labour is available in the same village aswell as in the neighbouring villages.

4.1.3 Seed Paddy

Out of the total need of the seed paddy for a season, 40% of seed paddyis obtainable from the reserved seasonal seeds of the farmers while the


12/64


12

rest of the 35% and 25% of seed paddy is received from the AgrarianService Centres and the business firms respectively.

Source of Seed paddy

40%

35%

25%

Reserved seasanal seeds

From Agrarian Service Centres

From Shops

According to the farmers it appears that the particular varieties of seedpaddy produces an out put of 80%.

4.1.4 New Agricultural Techniques

4.1.4.1 Organic Farming

By adopting the organic system of paddy cultivation it can be harvestedchemical free paddy at a low cost. This is a statement of a farmer.

However it seems that only a few farmers have been adopting the organicsystem of paddy cultivation. Most of the farmers utilize the organicfertilizer only before the cultivation especially at the time of preparing thefiled. But they utilize chemical fertilizerfor the next follow-up activities.

Likewise the organic fertilizer; the usage of organic pesticide also seemsto be very rare. From the farmers point of view it appears that the usagesof organic pesticide at the major paddy cultivation does not give theexpected yield and producing such large quantity of organic pesticide is atime taking affair. However they consider that if there are good marketingfacilities and demands for the paddy produced by adopting the organic

system they could produce such paddy which would be a very healthyproduct.

4.1.4.2 Post Harvest Techniques

The Oxfam has given some training to the farmers related to newagricultural technology including organic system and issued newmachines and equipments such as harvesters, four and two wheeledtractors etc. through 9 SARC. Many farmers as much as 95% use the


13/64


13

harvester for harvesting their paddy. The problems such as their timeconsuming, wondering and finding more labours for harvesting iseradicated by the use of harvester. Since the harvesters are provided by

the SARC at a low rental rate the farmers would be able to reduce theirexpenses in harvesting their products. However 70% of the farmers are ofthe opinion that harvesting the paddy by using the harvester does notproduce a quality paddy and instead it produces the paddy with a kind ofweed known as conoweed

Many farmers much as 90% of the 9 SARC sell their paddy to thewholesalers and middlemen in the paddy field immediately after theharvest and sorting. Therefore some part of work such as packing andlabelling is carried out by the wholesalers and middlemen. Since theinvestment for the cultivation made by the farmers mentioned above is

very poor and most of them invest on a credit basis, they are in a positionto sell their produce immediately after the harvest. However the rest of the10% of the farmers who invest their own money for cultivation are able tocarryout the whole post harvest techniques such as sorting, preserving,packing and transporting, etc.

4.1.4.3 Value added Techniques

It is clear that except for a few farmers most of them do not sell theirpaddy converting the same as a value added product such as rice, flour,

rice cereal etc. According to the farmers it appears that due to thecontinuous involvement in the paddy field, lack of time and difficulty infinding money for investment they are unable to involve in producingvalue added product. Marketing such value added product also seems tobe a problem for certain farmers.

4.1.5 Paddy Production and Gender

Women being 5% of the cultivators involved in farming. They arecultivating paddy with the assistance and support of their relations orfriends. Generally in every paddy field 95% of women are deployed fortransplanting of seedlings and weeding. In addition to that a 98% of thewomen are contributing their service in preparing meals to those whowork in the paddy field.


14/64


14

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

During the paddy cultivation

During weeding

During transplantation of seeding

During harvesting

During preparing the meals for workers

Men Women

4.1.6 Market Analysis

4.1.6.1 Market Segmentation

Out of the total produce of the paddy in the whole of 9 SARC a 10% ofpaddy is reserved by the farmers for their consumption and for the nextcultivation. The rest of the 5%, 25% and 60% of the paddy are purchasedby the retailers, wholesalers and the middlemen of the Ampara &Batticaloa districts respectively and marketed as rice within and out ofthese two districts.

10%

25%

60%

5%

Consumption

Purchased by the wholesalers

Purchased by the middlemen

Purchased by the retailers


15/64


15

4.1.6.2 The Needs of the Market

There is a high demand for the BG 94 -1, BG 300 and AT 362 varieties of

paddy (Rice) in the Island which is being produced in the Ampara district.Most of the people in Ampara and Batticaloa districts prefer thesevarieties of rice for their daily meals. Therefore the out put of thesevarieties of paddy become insufficient during the off season hence it fulfilsonly 50% of the need.

There is also a high demand for the samba variety of paddy in theAmpara and Batticaloa districts. Since the produce of samba variety ofpaddy in these two districts is very low, a 90% of the need of the same isfulfilled by bringing from other districts. Lack of knowledge among farmersin cultivating the samba variety of paddy is the main reason for the low

quantity of produce of samba in these districts.

4.1.6.3 Market Trends

Even though the demands for the BG 94-1, BG 300 and AT-362 varietiesof paddy have increased for the last 05 years, the trend to produce suchverities of paddy seem to have decreased even now. The naturaldisasters such as Tsunami and frequent floods and the unnaturaldisasters like wars that prevailed for the last three decades were theremarkable reasons for the tremendous fall in the products.

The following chart indicates the trend of selling price existing for the last3 years.


16/64


16

Trends of prices for paddy varaeties

1500

1600

1700

1800

1900

2000

2100

2200

2300

2400

2500

2600

2700

2800

2900

3000

3100

32003300

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2

Months

Rupees

BG 94-1 BG 300 AT 362Linear (BG 94-1) Linear (BG 300) Linear (AT 362)

4.1.6.4 Competitors

The farmers of Ninthavur, Karaithivu, Addapallam, Eravur, Poththuvil whocultivate in a large scale like 25 to 50 acres and who are not attached tothese 9 SARC are the competitors to the framers who are attached to theSARC. Since the farmers of Ninthavur, Karaithivu, Addapallam, Eravur,Poththuvil cultivate a large acreage competing with them seems to be achallenge to the farmers attached to the SARC. However since there is a

high demand for the paddy produced in the Ampara district the product ofthe farmers attached to SARC also contribute to the demand in a smallscale.

4.1.6.5 Selling Patterns

Generally the farmers who do not have enough savings get money oncredit for the investments for paddy cultivation from the wholesalers andthe middlemen on condition of settling the dues immediately after the


17/64


17

harvest. In addition to the money the farmers receive seed materials,chemicals and fertilizers from them on credit basis. Since the particularfarmers have to settle their dues within the stipulated time, they are

compelled to sell their products to the particular wholesalers and themiddlemen immediately after the harvest at the rate determined by them(wholesalers and the middlemen).

Even though the expenses incurred in connection with packing andtransporting is not met by the farmers, determining the selling price iscontrolled by the wholesalers and the middlemen. It is the concealed factto be noticed.

Only a low percentage of farmers who are not depended on others ininvesting on paddy cultivation keep the harvested paddy in their stores

until a good marketing opportunity comes and experience a good profit.

4.1.7 SWOT Analysis

Considering the strength and weakness of the farmers attached to theSARC, it appears that the weakness is far above the strength hence itbecomes a threat.

The Strength of the Farmers

1. Most of the farmers have their own Paddy Land

2. Has enough knowledge in the cultivation.

3. Demands are only for a certain verities of seed paddy

4. Contribution of family members.

5. The guidance, advices and other assistance of theorganizations (Example - Oxfam)

Weakness of the Farmers

1. No permanent investments Have to get money on credit.

2. Cultivating in a small scale.

3. Insufficient water during the Yala season.

4. The selling price is determined by the creditors.

5. New techniques are not adhered


18/64


18

4.1.8 Cost - Benefit Analysis

When analyzing the expenses and the profits in respect of the paddy

cultivation among the farmers who are attached to the SARC it isconfirmed that the expenses were same as of every farmer, even thoughthe soil, the yield etc differ from place to place. The chart given belowindicates the details.

Production ( ton )Name of SARC

Maha Yala

Irrakamam 850 790

Navithanveli 8 7

Kalmunai TD 5 5

Mahaoya 861 172

Lahugala 60 45

Uhana 1112 970

Alaiyadivempu 10 8

Thirukovil 38 30

Thampaddai 25 30

The following case study is made assuming that a farmer cultivates 4acres of paddy for Maha and Yaya seasons and the usual income andexpenses in respect of the cultivation.

In the Maha Season

Case: 01 - Paddy Land owned by the farmer

S.No Activities Cost

01 Tilling 22,500/-02 Fertilizer 10,000/-

03 pesticide 25,000/-

04 Seed paddy 20,000/-

05 Harvester 25,000/-

06 Labour 10,000/-

Total cost 107,500/-


19/64


19

The average harvest is 30 bags per acre

The average prize for a 65.Kg bag is Rs. 1,800/-

The total income: 30 x 1800 x 5 = 270,000/-

The average total number of man days of the employment duringthe season: 50 (100 days x 4 hours)

(Assuming that only one person in the family is engaged rightthrough the season)

Labour wages per day: 700/-

Total labour cost: 35,000/-

Net profit: 270,000.00 (107,500.00 + 35,000.00) = 127,500/-

Case: 02 If it is a leased Paddy Land

Rental for 5 acres of paddy land per season : 75,000/-

Net income: 270,000.00 (107,500.00 + 35,000.00 + 75,000.00) =52,500/-

In Yala season

If it is in the Yala season the cost of expenses is increased by 10%(According to farmers)

Case 03: If it is an own paddy Land

Total cost: (107,500.00 + 10,750.00) = 118,250/-

The average harvest per a acre: 25 Bags

The average prize for a 65Kg bag: 2,000/-

Income from the produce : 25 x 2,000/- x 5 =250,000/-

Net profit: 250,000.00 (118,250.00 + 35,000.00) = 96,750/-


20/64


20

Case 04: If it is a leased Paddy Land

Total Cost : (107,500.00 + 10,750.00 + 75,000.00) = 193,250/-

Net profit: 250,000.00 (193,250 + 35,000)= 21,750/-

4.1.9 Value Chain Analysis

The value chain for the paddy cultivation has been analyzed under thefollowing 05 levels.

1. Marketing and supplying

2. Rice and rice based products

3. Collection and Transport

4. Paddy production

5. Inputs for the paddy products.


21/64


Paddy

Production

Fa

rmer

Collection &

Trans ort

Rice & Rice

Based

Production

Marketin

Inputs

Supplier

Local

collector

Miller

Processor W

ho

lesalers

Paddycha

ininAmpara

Farming

Inputs


22/64


22

Agricultural Inputs

Farmers receive the required agricultural inputs such as seed paddy,

fertilizer, pesticides and weedicide from the shops situated in the townsnamely Akkaraipattu. Amparai, Kalmunai Poththuvil. Thirukkovil,Ninthavur and Sammanthurai. They also receive these inputs from theAgrarian Service centres of their areas as subsidies in full or part oftheir needs. Sometimes farmers face difficulties in receiving qualityseed paddy. They receive Tractor, sprayers and harvesters from theirvillages and neighbouring villages. They also receive thesemachineries and equipments from SARC at low rental.

Collection and Transport

The wholesalers and middlemen of the Ampara district collect theharvested paddy directly and transport them to the rice mills.

Rice and rice based products

The most of the paddy produced in Ampara district are converted intorice at the mills in Ampara and Batticaloa districts and thereafter put forsale. In the Ampara district 150 bags of paddy per day are convertedinto rice in a rice mill. Considering the rice based products, rice flour,

rice cereal and other rice based items are produced and sold by somemarginal producers.

Marketing and supply

The rice produced in the rice mills at Ampara district of which 40% ispurchased by the wholesalers and retail dealers to be sold withinAmpara and Batticaloa districts. The rest of 60% is taken out of thesedistricts by the wholesalers and middle men.


23/64


23

4.2 Products of Market Gardening

Around 2000 farmers attached to the 09 SARC are involved in market

gardening in 25 villages. Most of the farmers are doing marketgardening only in the Maha seasons. A few farmers out of them whohave access to water from rivers, agro wells, channels and tanks domarket gardening even in the Yala seasons. Since most of the farmersare not accessible to water from the above sources in the Yalaseasons they do not attempt to do market gardening in the Yalaseasons. The following chart indicates the involvement of farmersinvolved in market gardening in both Maha and Yala seasons.

S.N

Name of

SARC Villages

Totalfarmers Maha Yala

1 Kalminai Periyanelavanai 150 50 50

Maruthamunai

Pandiriuppu

Kalmunai

Natpittimunai

Total 150 50 50

2 Thirukkovil Vinnayagapuram 80 80 80

Munaiyoor, Thambiluvil 250 70 35

Total 330 150 115

3 Irakkamam Akkaraipattu

Illukkuchchenai 15 15 4

11th Colony 5 5

Safa Nagar 10 10

Total 30 30 4

4 Thampatai Kayaththiri Nagar

Kannakipuram 40 40 20

Shenaikudy

Thampatttai

Total 40 40 20

5 Navithanveli Savalaikadai 20 20 5

Veeramunai 30 30 20

Sorikkalmunai 50 50 10

4th Colony 250 150 250

Annamalai 200 250 150

Total 550 500 435


24/64


24

6 Uhana Vijayapura 17 17 17

Siyambalawa

lerakalaTotal 17 17 17

7 MahaOya Nugarakalathennai 100 100

Total 100 100 0

8 Lagugala Parani-Lagugala 800 300 500

Total 800 300 500

Grand Total 2017 1187 1141

Data: By the farmers of respective area.

4.2.1 Other Field Crops Produces in Market Gardening

4. 2.1.1 Vegetables

The vegetables such as brinjal, bitter gourd, bottle gourd, potato,winged bean, leafy vegetables, chilli, snake gourd, mea and okra are

cultivated by the farmers of the 09 SARC. As much as 5 of the SARCout of 9 are involved in the major cultivation in Laguhala, Uhana,Navithanveli, Thampatai, Irakkamam DS divisions. However, somevegetables such as Potato, Okra manico are cultivated only in a smallscale in these SARC.

4. 2.1.2 Corn, Nuts & Grains

The Corn, Nuts & Grains such as maize, groundnut, cowpea, greengram, and black gram are cultivated by the farmers. Maize andgroundnut are cultivated in a large scale by these SARC farmers.

4. 2.1.3 Fruits

The farmers do not engage themselves very much in the production offruits. Only two SARC farmers out of the 9 are involved in theproduction of fruits like plantain, papaw and few other varieties in a


25/64


25

small scale. However most of the farmers engage themselves in theproduction of fruits such as plantain, papaw and mango only for theirfamily consumption.

According to the farmers view it appears that the following are thereasons for farming the above other field cops in the market gardens.

Good marketing opportunity

Less attack of blight

High yield

Easy marketing

High demand

Farming in ancestry

Most of the farmers hesitate in farming crops such as potato,capsicum, onion as they are not aware of the farming techniques andthe Knowledge about these crops. These crops are in need of a largearea to produce high yield, heavy attack by blightand the fluctuation inprice in the market. Therefore the farmers are reluctant in cultivatingthis kind of vegetables.

4. 2.1.4 Garden Labour

There is no obstacle incurred in finding labours required for marketgardening. The labours are available adequately in the villages as wellas in the neighbouring villages. The outside labours become necessaryonly during the time of harvesting. Generally the family membersinvolve in farming and labour is hired only during the harvest.

4. 2.1.5 Seed Materials

Most of the framers use the local seed materials for farming. Eventhough the germinating ability of the local seed is comparatively low,the farmers do not use the imported varieties of seeds as they areunable to produce seeds from the imported varieties for the nextseasons and the cost of the same is very expensive.

In addition to their seasonal seed materials some farmers use the seedmaterials from Agrarian Service Centres and shops. The SARC alsoprovides seed materials for the farmers when ever needed.


26/64


26

4.2.2 New Agricultural technique

4.2.2.1 Organic Farming

Even though the farmers are aware of the benefits in the use of organicfarming such as high yield, increase in the fertility of the land, producecrops to withstand the attack of blight and avoid environmentalpollution, only a few of them are using organic fertilizer and pesticidesin the market gardening. They also adopt the organic farming in a smallspace as an experiment.

According to the farmers view it appears that preparation of organicfertilizer and organic pesticides is a time consuming affair and it needsvast equipments and utensils. Comparing to the effectiveness of

organic pesticides the effectiveness of chemical pesticides is veryhigh. Hence most of the farmers use chemical fertilizer andpesticides.

Further more, the consumers of market garden product are unaware ofthe organic farming. This main cause is the fall of the demand of theorganic farming products and made the farmers to be reluctant tocultivate in this mode.

4.2.2.2 New Irrigation &Post Harvest Techniques

According to the farmers it appears that most of them are well aware ofthe new irrigation systems such as sprinkler irrigation and dripirrigation. Since the investment for the procurement of such relatedequipments is high, most of the farmers attached to the SARC areunable to use these new techniques. Most of the farmers are unawareof the new techniques regarding storing and transporting of theproducts.

4.2.2.3 Value added Techniques

It is understood that most of the producers in the SARC are notinterested in selling their products as a partly or fully value addedproducts. They neglect these techniques even though they know thehigh demand for the value added products and the income derivedfrom it.


27/64


27

4.2.3 Market Gardening & Gender

Women involved in market gardening make 50% of the farmers.

Preparing garden plots, and seed beds, watering, and weeding aredone by 70% of women. During the time of harvesting 50% of thewomen are engaged. Women too are involved in the selling part of themarket gardening products

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Preparing garden

plots,seed

beds,watering

&weeding

Involved in market

gardeing

Harvesting

Involved in selling

Men Women

4.2.4 Market Analysis

4.2.4.1 Market Segmentation

10% of the product from the market gardening is used for the ownconsumption of the farmers and for the sales to the villagers. The restof 70% and 20% of the product is sold to wholesalers and middlemenrespectively.

10%

20%

70%

Consumption

Purchased by whole sellers

Purchased by middlemen


28/64


28

4.2.4.2 Market Need

The market garden product such as Vegitables, fruits, corn, nuts and

Grains produced in the Ampara district fulfil only 75% of the need of thepeople of this district. In order to compensate the 25% of deficiency,some market garden products are brought in from the villages in theBatticaloa and Monaragale districts. Since the products brought fromthese districts are comparatively good and has a high demand and arecultivated in a major level, these products are marketed in the Amparadistrict for a long time.

The vegetables so called English vegetables such as carrot, beetrootleeks, cabbage, potato and onion are brought from Dambulla andmarketed in the Ampara district. When the market garden product

produced in the Ampara and Batticaloa districts are in short supplylocally, certain verities of local products are brought from Dambulla andmarketed in the Ampara district.

Kalmunai market is the main market in the Ampara district. The pricesfor the local product are determined at this market. Prompt sales andprice fluctuation are the remarkable daily happenings of this market.

4.2.4.3 Market Trends

The demand for the market garden product has been increasing day by

day. However the produce of the same is inadequate to fulfil the needs.The trend of the selling price of the product seems to be the same formany months for the last few years.


29/64


29

Trends of prices for vegitables

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Months

Rupees

Brinjoal Snake code Better code Okra Mea

Trends of prices for chili ,manioc & ground nut

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Months

Rupees

Chili Manioc Groundnut


30/64


30

4.2.4.4 Competitors

Only a few farmers from the Batticaloa district are the competitors to

the famers of SARC in the Ampara District in the local products suchas Vegetables, Fruits and grains.

4.2.4.5 Transport and Supply

The farmers who involve in the market gardening transport theirproducts by means of bus, van, motorcycle, Three-wheeler and pushcycle. Most of the farmers take their products to the nearby marketswhich are in between 02 to 35 km. They take the products to themarket daily or twice a week or once a week according to the

availability of their products and the demand in the market.

There is a high demand and the high value for the products of localmarket gardening in the markets such as Kalmunai and Akkaraipattu.However the farmers who cultivate market gardening far away from theabove markets face difficulty in finding transport facilities for theirproducts promptly before they start perishing. Therefore they areunable to market their product to such big markets directly and theytake their products to the markets situated close to their villages, eventhough there is high demand and high value for the products in themarkets such as Kalmunai and Akkaraipattu.

Further more these farmers do not have any basic facilities for storingtheir products until a higher demand arises for their products and alsothey do not have such facilities of marketing the products in a mannerof a marketable stage.

The farmers who cultivate their products close to the markets such asKalmunai and Akkaraipattu market their products without anydifficulties.

Whenever the demand arises for the market gardening products at the

markets in the Batticaloa Districts, such products are marketed thereinby the wholesalers and middlemen of the markets of the Kalmunai andAkkaraipattu.


31/64


31

4.2.4.6 Price Fixing Power

Some of the framers get financial assistance from wholesalers andmiddlemen to invest in their farming. Most of them receive seedmaterials, fertilizer, and pesticides from these wholesalers andmiddlemen on credit. Therefore these farmers are compelled to selltheir products to the same wholesalers and middlemen to a pricedetermined by the wholesalers and middlemen in order to settle theircredits within the stipulated time.


32/64


32

Some of the farmers who invest on their own for market gardening anddo not face the difficulty in transporting their products take them to themarkets such as Kalmunai and Akkaraipattu in Ampara district where

there is a high demand and high value for the products of local marketgardening. During this venture the price of the product is determined bythe middlemen considering the availability of product.

4.2.4.7 Advertisement and Motivation

The farmers attached to the SARC do not take the initiative to advertiseto increase the sales of their products. They do not provide anyincentive for the purchasing of their products. However some farmerssell their product on credit and discount and give the opportunity to theconsumers to settle the credit monthly or in instalments.

4.2.5 SWOT Analysis

Considering the strength and weakness of the farmers attached to theSARC, it appears that the weakness is far above the strength hence itbecomes a threat.

The Strength of the Farmers

1. Most of the farmers have their own garden

2. Since most of the gardens are situated close to theresidence of the farmers, it is easy to look after thegarden.

3. Assistance from family members.

4. Easy in acquiring the daily labours

5. The guidance, advices and other assistance of Oxfam

Weakness of the Farmers

1. No permanent investments

2. Inadequate water supply during the Yala season.

3. No facility for storing the product until a higher demandarises

4. No knowledge in respect of selecting the marketablecrops.

5. Lack of preservation techniques


33/64


33

4.2.6 Cost Benefit Analysis

When a farmer was interviewed he exposed that he cultivates a few

market gardening crops such as okra (in 1/4, acre), brinjal (in 1/2,acre), snake gourd (in 1/8, acre) and meo in (1/8 acre). Hence the totalacreage used for the cultivation of these market gardening crops by thefarmers is 01 acres. The following are the usual income and expensesin respect of the market gardening crops product. ( 6 months )

Ploughing - 8000/= (4000 * 2)

Fertilizer - 10500/= (1500 * 7 Cwt )

Pesticide & Weedcide - 10000/=

Seed & seedlings - 3000/=

* (brinjal 1000 seedlings 1* 1000 = 1000/= , Okra Kg Packet 530/= ,

Mea & snake gourd 1000/=)

Sprayer charges - 20,000/=

Harvesting charges - 6,000/=

* (1 day labour = 600 /-, 600 * 10 = 6,000/=)

Transportation - 10,000/=

Electricity - 12,000/= ( 6 months x 2,000/= )

Total cost - 79,500/=

1. Harvesting brinjal per month 4 time

/ for 4 month 16 time

Per 1/2 Acre 1 time 80 Kg

/ 16 * 80 = 1,280 Kg


34/64


34

1 Kg brinjal = 35 /=

/ 1280 Kg brinjal = 35 * 1,280 = 44,800 /=

2. Harvesting of snake gourd 5 time per month / for 4 month 20time

1 time for 1/8 Acre.20 Kg

/ 20 * 20 = 400 Kg

1 Kg snake gourd = 35 /=

400 Kg snake gourd = 35 * 400 = 14,000 /=

3. Harvesting of mea per month 10 time

/ for 3 months 30 time

1 time for 1/8 Acre; 60 Kg

/ 30 * 60 = 1800 Kg

1 Kg Mea = 30 /=

/ 1800 Kg Mea = 30 * 1800 = 54,000 /=

4. Harvesting of okra per month 12 times / for 3 months 36 times

1 time for 1/4 Acre; 70 Kg

/ 36 * 70 = 2,520 Kg

1 Kg Okra= 30 /=

/ 2520 Kg Okra= 30 * 2520 = 75,600 /=

brinjal - 44800 /=

Snake gourd - 14000 /=

Mea - 54000 /=

Okra - 75600 /=

Total Income - 18, 8400 /=


35/64


35

Average total earned man days68 (180 days*3 hours)

Labour charge per day 700 /-

Total Labour charge 700 /- * 68 /- = 47600 /=

Net profit; = 188400 /- (47,600.00 + 79,500.00)

= 188,400.00 - 127100.00

= 61,300 /-

4.2.7 Value Chain Analysis

The value chain for the market garden products has been analyzedunder the following 03 levels.

1. Farming inputs

2. Production

3. Marketing & Distributions


36/64


Production

Farmer

Marketing & Dist

Inpu

tsSupplier

Wholesalers

Retailers

MarketGardenProductschainin

Ampara

Farming

Inputs


37/64


37

Agricultural Inputs

The required agricultural inputs for the market gardening such as seed

materials, seedlings, fertilizer, pesticide and weedicide are receivedfrom the shops situated in the towns namely Akkaraipattu, Amparai,Kalmunai, Poththuvil, Thirukkovil, Ninthavur and Sammanthurai.Farmers also use their preserved seasonal seed materials for thecultivation.

Farmers use four-wheeled and two wheeled tractors for tilling the land.They hire them from their villages and the neighbouring villages. Fewof the farmers receive tractors from SARC at low rental.

Marketing and supplying

The farmers who involve in market gardening in a major level andcultivate their products close to the markets such as Kalmunai andAkkaraipattu markets do not sell their product to the retailers. Theytake these products directly to the markets in Kalmunai andAkkaraipattu and sell it to the customer wholesalers and middlemen.The farmers who involve in market gardening in minor level sell theirproducts to retailers and the villagers. During the time of harvest thesefarmers market their product at nearby markets in their villages.

4.3 Livelihood activities during the off seasons

The farmers involve in poultry and cattle farming during the off seasonsand whenever they have time. Since most of them do both poultry &cattle farming and paddy cultivation in parallel, they are able to givetheir most concern in the livelihood activities during the off season.Since their income appears to be very poor during the off seasons theymanage to run their family from their savings.

4.4 Field Guidance & Advice

SARC provides necessary guidance and advices to the farmersthrough the frequent field visits in addition to the supply of Machineriesand equipments to enable them to do farming effectively. The guidanceand advices of the officials of the Department of Agriculture and theDepartment of Agrarian Service are also very much expected by thefarmers


38/64


38

5 Conclusions and Recommendations

5.1 Management of SARC

The management of each SARC may adjoin the following

innovative ideas to promote the farming in the villages and enhance

the income of the farmers in the following manner.

o Appointing a technical person related to Agriculture at the

village level who will instruct, guide and have a regular

monitoring of the cultivations. This arrangement will result in

a good yield.

o Appointing a person expert in the marketing management

who will guide the farmers in an appropriate manner of

marketing their product.

o Maintain the existing machineries and equipments in a good

condition and ensure that they are kept ready in a working

condition whenever the need of it is required by the farmers.

o Find the possibilities of increasing the numbers of the exiting

machineries and equipments and new modernized

machineries to enable the farmers to engage in the smooth

cultivation.

o Provide transport facilities for the products.

o SARC has to make available the quality seeds, fertilizers,

pesticides and other required in puts to enable the farmers

acquire them easily at a reasonable price.

o SARC can take the necessary steps to provide the

agricultural inputs to be supplied on a credit basis underconditions.

o The action to be taken to mobilize the farmers who have so

far not registered themselves in the Farmers Pension

Scheme.

o Since women are involved in farming they should be

included in the administrative structure in order to maintain

the gender balance.


39/64


39

5.2 General Activities of SARC

Organize a network system: In the interest of the farmers SARC

may take step to organize a network system by which the farmerswould be able to acquire the followings benefits.

o This will help the farmers to communicate with each other

regarding their field activities. Through this system,

considering enhancement of their income the farmers could

negotiate among them and come to a conclusion to draw a

plan as to which, when and by whom the product to be

cultivated during each season, avoiding cultivating the same

product by all of them. This will ensure the continuous

availability of all verities of product and acquire the same in areasonable price. This will avoid sudden fluctuation of the

product as well as the price whenever unexpected loss

incurred in certain areas.

o The farmers can get the information in connection with the

day to day demand and price fluctuation on their products

and also share the data among them. This will help probably

the farmers to increase the demand of their product and

determine the price by themselves for the same and reduce

the interference of the wholesalers and middlemen in

determining the price of their product.

Marketing Arrangements: SARC may find the possibilities to

arrange marketing facilities to the farmers attached to the SARC.

o Arrange a special market in a separate places for the sales

of the product of its farmers or group the SARC farmers in a

separate place in the exiting markets.

o Advertise or make people aware of such a special market byproviding them programmes and leaflets.

Organic Farming: It is clear that the SARC of respective DS

divisions has provided trainings and awareness programmes in

respect of organic farming in order to motivate the farmers.

However the followings are expected to be carried out for promoting

organic farming.


40/64


40

o The framers have to be induced to carry out organic farming

through the continuous instructions and demonstrations as

the current involvement of the farmers seems to be poor.

o The arrangement has to be taken to install special markets in

each SARC or direct the farmers to enable them to access

the existing markets for marketing organic product as well as

organic inputs such as fertilizer and pesticide to motivate

them for their fullest involvement in producing such a

product.

o Provide follow up trainings and awareness programmes and

make necessary arrangements to enable the farmers to

acquire loans from the respective creditors to promote theproduct.

Absorption of Farmers into SARC: Considering the followings, it

has become necessary to absorb the farmers who are not members

of SARC so far.

o Develop the cooperation and good relationship among the

farmers to do their farming activities perfectly.

o Avoid imbalance among the farming societies and bring up

trust in each other and develop a helping mind.

o Competitors can be irradiated.

o Cooperation of farmers will restrict the involvement of the

wholesalers and middlemen in the activities of the farmers.

Regular Meetings: Regular meetings and discussion is inevitable

for promoting the cultivation in the each SARC. Hence conduct

regular meetings gathering of the officials from the department of

agriculture, agrarian service, mill owners and the representatives offarmers will carryout the followings.

o There will be cooperation and coordination among them.

o Could ensure the regular attendance of the officials of the

department of agriculture and agrarian service in the field.


41/64


41

o Some important information such as the actual demand for

the product and its qualities could be obtainable from the mill

owners through these meetings.

Paddy Land Development: A few of the paddy land seems to be

uneven. Such lands have to be reclaimed for a better harvest and

acquire quality paddy. The followings may be considered as a

suggestion for making such lands for a better condition.

o Farmers to be made aware of such a short comings existing

in their paddy field.

o SARC may make necessary arrangement to enable the

particular farmers to acquire some loans from the creditors or

provide its money on credit basis for the reclamation of the

lands.

Promoting the Cultivation of Samba Variety of Paddy:

Most of the farmers in the Ampara district cultivate BG 94-1 varietyof paddy for which there is a high demand and being desirable bythe consumers of the district. However a few of the farmer in thisdistrict cultivate samba variety of paddy for which too a high

demand and high price in the district.

Ampara district contains appropriate soil for the cultivation of sambavariety of paddy. Since most of the farmers are not aware of the output and value of this variety, they refrain from cultivating this varietyand it creates an opportunity to transport the same fromPolannaruwa district due to the high demand for it in the localareas.

Hence the steps have to be taken to conduct the awarenessprogrammes to make the local farmers be aware of the technique,

demand and value of the samba variety of paddy.

Promoting Highland Corps:

Fruits

There are enough resources for the cultivation of highland crops inthe Ampara district. Even though the soil in the certain area isappropriate for highland crops, especially for the produce of


42/64


42

pineapple plantain and papaw, most of the lands contain with suchfertile soil are kept idle with out cultivation. Therefore the 80% of theneed of the villages have to be brought from Dambulla.

Cultivation of Onion

The soil in certain area in Ampara district such as Thampattai,Navithanveli are in favour of cultivation of onion. According to thefarmers view it appears that they are in need of a large area andmore investment for cultivating onion. Since the farmers refrain fromcultivating onion, the consumers have to depend on the productfrom the other districts.

Vegetables

According to the officials from the department of agriculture andsome experienced farmers it appears that fertile and suitable soil forthe cultivation of capsicum and potato in certain DS divisions in theAmpara district. laguhala, Mahaoya and Ugana are the remarkableplaces for the cultivation of these vegetables.

Hence it would be a very worthy attempt if the farmers in the areaas mentioned above in the Ampara district being motivated for

cultivating such a demand full highland crops which would enhancetheir income and also fulfil the need of the consumers in theAmpara district.

Value added Product:

Compared to the involvement of the farmers in cultivating paddyand other field crops, the involvement in the value added product isseem to be very low. There is a high demand for dried chilli, riceflour and dried vegetables in the Ampara district. Since the local

product is inadequate, these products are brought from otherdistricts.

SARC may take necessary steps to promote the value addedproduct by conducting the awareness programme to the identifiedfarmers. SARC may also promote this product by making thevulnerable women involve in this field providing them somefundamental assistance such as soft loans, trainings and coaching.


43/64


43

5.3 General Activities of Oxfam

Oxfam may take action to complete all the infrastructures such as

seed processing centres and rice mills etc.

Ensure the usage and maintenance of the existing machineries and

equipments supplied to SARC and finding the possibilities to

increase the numbers of such machineries and equipments.

Conduct a proper monitoring and supervision on the activities of the

SARC

Wherever possible construct stores that could accommodate at

least 75%of the product of SARC.


44/64


44

6. Annexes

6.1 Questionnaires

6.1.1 Questionnaire Market garden

Market Research on Production in Market Garden

Name of SARC;: ..

Name of villages that come under SARC?

1. .

2. .

3. .

4. .

1. How many farmers are there in these villages? Out of them how manyfarmers are doing Market gardening?

The farmers those who are

doing Market GardeningVillages Total Farmers

Maha Yala

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

2. How long have you been doing market garden?

3. What are the verities of highland crops being cultivated?

S.No Vegetable

Crop

Yes/ No S.No Vegetable

Crop

Yes/ No

1 Brinja l 10 Vegetab le

Cowpea

2 Beans 11 Chillie

3 Okra

[Bandakka]

12 Big ono in


45/64


45

4 Go urds 13 Red on ion

5 Pump kin 14 Ca bb age

6 Rad ish 15 Ca psicum

7 Tom ato 16 Cuc umb er8 Winge d be an 17 Pota to

9 Leafely

vegetable

18

S.No Cerea ls Yes/ No S.No Leg um es Yes/ No

1 Ma ize 1 Cowp ea

2 Millet s 2 Gree n gram

3 3 Blac k gram

4 4 Ground nut

5 5 Soyab ea n

6 6

7 7

4. The reasons for selecting these crops

1. Good marketing opportunity

2. High yield

3. Easy access to marketing

4. No need for excel technical knowledge

5. compiled to less decease attack

6. Any other reasons

5.In which seasons the following of crops are cultivated and the extent of thesame

S.No Veritiesof crops

Extent inAcre

Season (Month)

8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

6. The means of water supply to your market garden?


46/64


46

A Yala season B Maha season

1 Agro well 1 Agro well

2 Tank 2 Tank

3 Channel 3 Channel

4 Rain water

6.1 If cultivated only in Maha season, the reason for not cultivating in Yala

season

7. The quantity of vegetables produced monthly from the market gardensin SARC?

Out of the total produce what quantity of vegetables are marketed?

Maha YalaNo. Verities of

Vegetable / Fruits Produce Marketed Produce Marketed1

2

3

4

5

8. To which villages or Towns your produces are marketed and the mode of

transport of the same

8.1 To which villages / Towns and mode of transport

Villages / Towns Distance Mode of Transport


47/64


47

8.2 To whom your products are sold?

Market segment %

1 Within the village2 To whole seller

3 To retailer

4 Through BrokersandSuppliers

5 Others

8.3 When do you market your produce?

1. Daily2. Twice a day

3. once a week

4. others

8.4 When do the consumers prepare to purchase your goods?

Daily Once a week once a month

other

9. Who are the competitors in your business?1.

2.

3.9.1 What are the market techniques of your competitors?

1. Low in prise

2. High quality

3. Discounts

4. Money after sales

5. Better Transport facilities

6. others

9.2 The produces which were marketed by yourself and your competitors inthe year 2008 and 2009


48/64


48

By yourself

2008 2009S.No Produces

Maha Yala Maha Yala1

2

3

4

5

By competitors



2

3

4

5

9.3 Who determines the prise of your produces?

By competitors

By our self

By other means

9.4 If the price is fixed by you how do you determine?

1. According to the production cost

2. Proposed price

3. Marketing price (Determines comparing the others Prices)

4. Fixing less than the prise of competitors

5. by other means


49/64


49

10. The trend of prises of your produces in the year 2008 & 2009

2008 2009Produces

Maha Yala Maha Yala

11.Do you advertise your products? (Yes / No)

If yes the mode advertisement

1.

2.

3.4.

12.Have you introduced any promoting methods for increasing yourbusiness? Yes/No

If yes, what are the promoting methods?

1.2.

3.4.

13. The average amount of investments needed for marketing per acre?

.

13.1 The income received from selling an acre of produce?

13.2 How many man days needed for doing market garden per an acre?

13.3 How many hours you work at the garden per a day?

.


50/64


50

13.4 What is the labour rate in your village?

.

14.Where do you get the labourers for your Market Garden?

1. From family members

2. Daily paid labourers

a. From the village

b. From out of village

14.1 If daily paid labourers are occupied the availability of them

1. Adequately

2. Not adequately

3. Very rare

14.2 What is the reason for none availability of labourers in your Village?

14.2 If the labourers are brought from the out of the village what are

advantages and disadvantage?

Advantages

1.2.3.4.

Disadvantages

1.2.3.4.

15.Do you apply the new technology in your Market garden? Yes / No

If yes there are

1. Utilize the recommended and profitable more yielding crops


51/64


51

2. Selecting the crops in accordance with the soil

3. Utilisation of fertilizer

4. Utilisation of pesticides5. Post harvest technique

If not, the reason for not applying the technology on irrigation?

15.1 Do you apply the Organic Technique in your Market Garden?

S.No Organic Technique Used

fully

In a small

scale

Not used

01 Utilization of Organicfertilizer

02 Utilization of Organic

pesticides

15.2 If used fully or in a small scale how many farmers are utilizing theseTechniques?

Quantity Number of Farmers

1. Used fully .................

2. In a small scale .................

15.3 What are the benefits acquired by applying the Organic Technique?

1.2.3.

15.4 If not what are the reason for not applying the Organic Technique?

15.4 Are you aware of the post harvest techniques? Yes / No

If yes what are the techniques being practised during the time of harvesting,

transporting goods to market and storing the same?


52/64


52

15.6 What is the percentage of out of 1 Kg. goods and how quantities of goods

become suitable for selling in between the time of harvesting and

marketing?

.

16. Are you aware of the new technology of irrigation? Yes / No

If yes how many farmers are applying the new technology on irrigation?

New technology on irrigation Number of Farmers

a. Drip irrigation system .................

b. Sprinkler irrigation system .................

If not, the reason for not applying the technology on irrigation?

Initial investment is high

We un aware of the new technology

We are not interested with the new technology

17. Do you apply the value adding techniques before marketing the produce?

1. Clearing

2. Sorting

3. Packing

4. Labelling

5. Others

18. Availability of services those are required for strengthening your market

Garden?

18.1 Availability of Tractor facilities for ploughing Garden and other purpose.

1. Adequately

2. Inadequately

3. Very rare


53/64


53

18.2. From where do you receive the seeds that are needed for your marketGarden?

1. Using our own seedlings2. From a shop in our village

3. From Agrarian Service Centre

4. From a shops out of our village

18.3 The seeds/seedling you prefer

1. Local

2. Out of Country

18.4 What is your opinion in respect of the yielding capacity of the seeds thatyou use?

Advices /Guidance/Facilities /Technology Transfer

18.5 Department of Agriculture

Inspecting the garden and giving necessary instructions

Introducing new technology

Conduct Tanning class/Arraigning the Exposure visit Presenting immediately whenever urgent and providing advice

Maintaining the social relationship

18.6 Department of Agrarian Service

Providing inputs

o Fertilizer

o Seeds materials

o Agro Chemicals

Attending to the land disputes

Irrigating water from the minor tanks and maintenance of the tanks

Organizing meetings before and after cultivation


54/64


54

18.7 Agricultural Insurance board

Introducing the pension scheme for farmers and promoting the same

Getting the crops insured

Paying compensation in case of any losses

18,8 Department of Irrigation

Maintenance of channels

Confirming the continuous water supply/ Handling the shortcomings

Repairing the tanks /Maintaining the same


18.9 Is an electricity facility available in your garden?


55/64


55

6.1.2 Questionnaire Market garden

Market Research on Paddy Production

Name of SARC;: ..

Name of villages that come under SARC?

5. .

6. .

7. .

8. .

5. How many farmers are there in these villages? Out of them how manyfarmers are doing Paddy cultivation?

The farmers those who are doing

Paddy cultivationVillagesTotal

FarmersMaha Yala

1.11.2

1.3

1.4

6. How long have you been doing Paddy cultivation?

7. What are the verities of paddy being cultivated?

8. The reasons for selecting these verities

8. Good marketing opportunity


56/64


57/64


57

7.1 The means of harvest

Machineries

Labourers

7.2. The demand of harvested paddy

Paddy harvested by using Machineries

Paddy harvested by using Labourers

7.3. How do you sell the paddy?

Immediately after the harvest After storing

7.4 Where do you get the labourers for your paddy cultivation?

3. From family members

4. Daily paid labourers

a. From the village

b. From out of village

7.5 If daily paid labourers are occupied the availability of them

4. Adequately

5. inadequately

6. Very rare

7.6 What is the reason for the none availability of labourers in your Village?

7.6If the labourers are brought from the out of the village what areadvantages and disadvantage?

Advantages

1.

2.


58/64


58

3.

4.

Disadvantages

1.

2.

3.

4.

8. To which villages or Towns your produces are marketed and the mode of

transport of the same

8.1. To which villages / Towns and mode of transport

Villages / Towns Distance Mode of Transport

8.2 To whom your products are sold?

Market segment %

1 Within the village

2 To whole seller

3 To retailer

4 Through BrokersandSuppliers

5 Others

10.Who are the competitors in your business?

4.

5.

6.7.


59/64


59

10.1 What are the market techniques of your competitors?

7. Low in prise

8. High quality

9. Discounts

10.Money after sales

11.Better Transport facilities

12.others

10.2 The produces which were marketed by yourself and your competitorsin the year 2008 and 2009

By yourself



2

3

4

5

By competitors



2

3

4

5


60/64


60

10.3 Who determines the prise of your produces?

By competitors

By our self By other means

10.4 If the price is fixed by you how do you determine?

6. According to the production cost

7. Proposed price

8. Marketing price (Determines comparing the others Prices)

9. Fixing less than the prise of competitors

10.by other means

10. The trend of prises of your produces in the year 2008 & 2009

2008 2009Verities of Paddy

Maha Yala Maha Yala

16.Do you advertise your products? (Yes / No)

If yes the mode advertisement

1.

2.

3.

17.Have you introduced any promoting methods for increasing yourbusiness? Yes/No

If yes, what are the promoting methods?

1.

2.


61/64


61

3.4.

18. The average amount of investments needed for paddy cultivation per

acre?

.

18.1 The income received from selling an acre of produce?

18.2 How many Man days needed for doing paddy cultivation per an

acre?

18.3 How many hours you work at the paddy field per a day?

.

18.4 What is the labour rate in your village?

.

19.Do you apply the new technology in your paddy cultivation? Yes / No

If yes there are

1. Utilize the recommended and profitable more yielding paddy

2. Selecting the paddy in accordance with the soil

3. Utilisation of fertilizer

4. Utilisation of pesticides

5. Post harvest technique

14.1. Do you apply the Organic Technique in your paddy cultivation?

S.No Organic Technique Used

fully

In a small

scale

Not used


fertilizer


pesticides


62/64


62

14.2. If used fully or in a small scale how many farmers are utilizing these

Techniques?

Quantity Number of Farmers

1. Used fully .................

2. In a small scale .................

14.3 What are the benefits acquired by applying the Organic Technique?

1.2.3.

14.4 If not what are the reason for not applying the Organic Technique?

14.5. Are you aware of the post harvest techniques? Yes / No

If yes what are the techniques being practised during the time of harvesting,

transporting goods to market and storing the same?

14.6. What is the percentage out of 1 Kg. goods and what quantities of goods

become suitable for selling in between the time of harvesting and marketing?

15. Do you apply the value adding techniques before marketing the produce?

1. Clearing

2. Sorting

3. Packing

4. Labelling

5. Others


63/64


63

16. Availability of services those are required for strengthening your paddy

cultivation?

16.1 Availability of Tractor facilities for ploughing paddy field and other

purpose.

1. Adequately

2. Inadequately

3. Very rare

16.2. From where do you receive the seeds that are needed for your paddy

cultivation?

1. Using our own seeds

2. From a shop in our village

3. From Agrarian Service Centre

4. From a shops out of our village

16.3 What is your opinion in respect of the yielding capacity of the seeds that

you use?

Advices /Guidance/Facilities /Technology Transfer

16.4. Department of Agriculture

Inspecting the paddy cultivation and giving necessary instructions

Introducing new technology

Conduct Tanning class/Arraigning the Exposure visit

Presenting immediately whenever urgent and providing advice

Maintaining the social relationship

16.5 Department of Agrarian Service

Providing inputs

o Fertilizer

o Seeds materials

o Agro Chemicals


64/64


Attending to the land disputes

Irrigating water from the minor tanks and maintenance of the tanks


16.6. Agricultural Insurance board

Introducing the pension scheme for farmers and promoting the same

Getting the paddy field insured

Paying compensation in case of any losses16.7. Department of Irrigation

Maintenance of channels

Confirming the continuous water supply/ Handling the shortcomings Repairing the tanks /Maintaining the same


16.8 Is an electricity facility available in your garden?

Documents

Market Research Report- Final-11.1,10