Market Penetration Of Coca-Cola BrandWith reference toHINDUSTAN COCA-COLA BEVERAGES PVT.LTDVISHAKAPATNAM

In the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award ofMASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATIONUNDER THE ESTEEMED GUIDANCE OFProfessor P. Sheela

SUBMITTED BY: K. Hima Divya 1225112313 MBA-C (2012-14)

GITAM INSTITUE OF MANAGEMENT(A NAAC accredited 'A' grade institution)GITAM UNIVERSITYVISAKHAPATNAM.DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the project entitled STUDY ON MARKET PENETRATION OF COCA-COLA BRAND IN COCA-COLA BEVARAGES LTD IN VISAKHAPATNAM CITY, submitted to GITAM University, VISAKHAPATNAM, in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree of MBA is record of original work done by me under the guidance of Professor P.SHEELA, GITAM INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT, GITAM University,I confirm this has not been published or submitted elsewhere for the award of any degree in part or in full.

K HIMA DIVYA(1225112313)

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Project Report titled A STUDY ON MARKET PENETRATION OF COCA-COLA BRAND IN HINDUSTAN COCA-COLA BEVARAGES LTD is an original work carried out by HIMA DIVYA K (Enrollment No 1225112313), in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of Masters of Business Administration by GITAM Institute of Management, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam, during the Academic year 2012-14. This report has not been submitted to any other University or Institution for the award of any Degree/Diploma/Certificate.

Signature of the Guide

Name and Address of the Guide:Name of Faculty: Prof. P. SheelaGITAM Institute of Management Visakhapatnam

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is my pleasure to acknowledge and express my gratitude to all those who helped me throughout in the successful completion of this project.

I wish to express my gratitude to Prof. K Siva Rama Krishna, Dean & Principal, GITAM Institute of Management, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam, for giving me this valuable opportunity to experience the work culture in an organization.

I wish to express my gratitude to Prof. P. Sheela, Vice-Principal, GITAM Institute of Management, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam, for her support and cooperation.I wish to express my gratitude to Dr. U.V. AdinarayanaRao, Program Co-ordinator, GITAM Institute of Management, GITAM University, and Visakhapatnam, for providing opportunities to gain experience in the field.I am grateful to Prof P. Sheela, GITAM Institute of Management, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam for her continuous guidance to accomplish this project work successfully.

I am very thankful to Mr. C. Ramalingeswara Rao ASM Marketing department, V. Usha ESM Marketing department HINDUSTAN COCA COLA BEVRAGES LTD for extending their support and proving related information to the project

HIMA DIVYA K (Roll No: 1225112313)TABLE OF CONTENTS:

Chapter No.ContentPage no.

CHAPTER-1INTRODUCTION8

1.1Market Penetration9

1.2Need for the Study12

1.3Objectives of the Study12

1.4Scope of the study13

1.5Limitation of the Study13

1.6Research Methodology14

CHAPTER-2INDUSTRY AND ORGANISATION PROFILE15

2.1Beverage Industry profile16

2.2History of soft drinks19

2.3Government Policies21

2.4Organizational profile Mission Vision Coca-Cola system Products Objectives History of Coca-Cola SWOT Analysis Company Background Future Focus Achievements2222222323232325262727

CHAPTER -3THEORITICAL FRAME WORK28

3.1ANSOFF growth Matrix31

3.2Consumer Tastes and Preferences32

3.3Consumption patterns and potential of market33

3.4Pricing Strategies33

3.5STP Approach35

3.6 Promotion36

CHAPTER-4ANALYSIS38

Analysis and interpretation39

CHAPTER-5FINDINGS & RECOMMENDATIONS59

5.1Findings60

5.2Recommendations61

5.3Conclusion61

Annexure64

REFERENCES66

LIST OF TABLES:

Table No.TitlePage No.

4.1Type of the outlet39

4.2Location of the Outlet40

4.3Company having the highest sale of its products41

4.4Product preferred by customers42

4.5Demand for Coke products43

4.6Frequency of order placing44

4.7Effect of Pricing45

4.8Preference by different age groups46

4.9Quantity of coke products having highest sales47

4.10Highest sold quantity in summer48

4.11Weekly average sale of glass bottles49

4.12Weekly average sale of PET bottles50

4.13Rating given to behaviour of salesmen during order taking and delivery51

4.14Favourable rating in terms of service52

4.15Problems faced with Coca-Cola53

4.16Type of problem mostly faced54

4.17Reasons for customer preference for Coke55

4.18Sales promotion 56

4.19Kind of promotional activity followed57

4.20Suggested strategy to increase sales58

LIST OF FIGURES:

Figure No.Title Page No.

2.0Beverage industry in India20

3.1ANSOFF Growth Matrix32

4.1Type of the outlet39

4.2Location of the Outlet40

4.3Company having the highest sale of its products41

4.4Product preferred by customers42

4.5Demand for Coke products43

4.6Frequency of order placing44

4.7Effect of Pricing45

4.8Preference by different age groups46

4.9Quantity of coke products having highest sales47

4.10Highest sold quantity in summer48

4.11Weekly average sale of glass bottles49

4.12Weekly average sale of PET bottles50

4.13Rating given to behaviour of salesmen during order taking and delivery51

4.14Favourable rating in terms of service52

4.15Problems faced with Coca-Cola53

4.16Type of problem mostly faced54

4.17Reasons for customer preference for Coke55

4.18Sales promotion56

4.19Kind of promotional activity followed57

4.20Suggested strategy to increase sales58

CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTIONThe Coca-Cola Company is the worlds largest beverage company. Along with Coca-Cola, recognized as the worlds most-valuable brand, the Company markets four of the worlds top five soft drink brands, including Thumps Up,Diet Coke, Fanta and Sprite and a wide range of other beverages, including water, juices and juice drinks, tea, coffee and sports drinks. Through one of the worlds largest beverage distribution system, consumers in more than 200 countries enjoy The Coca-Cola Companys beverages at a rate exceeding 1.6 billion servings each day.The title of my project is Market Penetration of the brand Coca-Cola which measures the market penetration of the Coca Cola products.Marketingand sales differ greatly, but have the same goal. Selling is the final stage in Marketing, which also includes Pricing, Promotion, Positioning and Product (the 4Ps). Achieving this goal may involve the sales team using promotional techniques such asadvertising,sales promotion,publicity, andpublic relations, creating newsales channels, or creating new products (new product development), among other things. Marketingis the process of communicating the value of a product or service tocustomers, for the purpose of selling the product or service. It is a critical business function for attracting customers.Market penetrationis the percentage of atarget marketthat consumes a product or service. Market penetration can also be a measure of one company'ssalesas a percentage of all sales for a product.A measure of the amount of sales or adoption of a product or service compared to the total theoretical market for that product or service. The amount of sales or adoption can be an individual company's sale or industry while the theoretical market can be the total population or an estimate of total potential consumers for the product.For example, if there are 300 million people in a country and 65 million of those people have cell phones then the market penetration of cell phones would be approximately 22%. This would mean in theory there are still 235 million more potential customers for cell phones, which may be a good sign of growth for cell phone makers. In general, the older the offering or industry, the greater the market penetration.Often, managers must decide whether to seek sales growth by acquiring existing category users from their competitors or by expanding the total population of category users, attracting new customers to the market. Penetration metrics help indicate which of these strategies would be most appropriate and help managers to monitor their success. These equations might also be calculated for usage instead of purchase.Market penetration is a growth strategy used to maintain or increase the market share of current products and to achieve secure dominance of growth markets.Determining what constitutes the consumermarketis key to the process of properly calculatingmarketpenetration. In some instances, themarketis defined as being consumers who actually use a given type of product or service. Other situations call for including not only current consumers, but potential consumers as well. The former is more helpful when assessing the degree ofmarketpenetrationof a given product among active users today, while the latter is usually helpful when seeking to identify new markets for those same products, based on various demographics.If the idea is to approach existing consumers within themarketand entice them to purchase a new and improved version of something they already use, calculatingmarketpenetrationmay focus on identifying how many sales the product currently generates.Market penetration also includes the study of Pricing strategies followed by the company, promotional activities followed and about the various aspects of the product. These are studied because the amounts of sales of the product are greatly affected by the different promotions and the pricing of the product which in turn decide the market share of the product.Sales promotion includes several communications activities that attempt to provide added value or incentives to consumers, wholesalers, retailers, or other organizational customers to stimulate immediate sales. These efforts can attempt to stimulate product interest, trial, or purchase. Examples of devices used in sales promotion include coupons, samples, premiums, point-of-purchase (POP) displays, contests, rebates, and sweepstakes.Pricing strategiesforproductsorservicesencompass three main ways to improve profits. These are that the business owner can cut costs or sell more, or find more profit with a better pricing strategy. When costs are already at their lowest and sales are hard to find, adopting a better pricing strategy is a key option to stay viable.Penetration pricing is the pricing technique ofsetting a relatively low initial entry price, usually lower than the intended established price, to attract new customers. The strategyaims to encourage customers to switch to the new productbecause of the lower price.Penetration pricing is most commonly associated with amarketing objectiveof increasing market share or sales volume. Coca cola company follows market penetration pricing strategy in order to increase their sales and their market share. The Coca-Cola Company has been very consistent with their pricing strategy over the many years they have been in business. Because they have a strong competitor, they have to keep their prices in line to compete. The ultimate goal of the company is to maximize shareholder value. The will often reduce the price of their products when entering new markets. They do this to raise brand awareness and face the competition. Once they are established, they move the prices back up to position themselves as a premium product.

1.2 NEED OF THE STUDY This study is done because the annual revenue of Coke is less than that of Pepsi even though it has a greater market share and to know the reasons behind it. This study is carried out to find out the various strategies, when adopted, can help the company to gain market dominance. This study is done to identify different strategies and extent of market penetration of Coca cola products in order to gain market dominance from its competitors like Pepsi. This study provides an insight to the company that what kind of strategy can be considered in order to increase the sales and satisfaction of the consumer.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY To find out the present sales of various coca cola products in different retail outlets. To find out the factors that influence the consumers consumption of coke products. To find out whether any problems are faced by the retailers which are in turn affecting the sales. To find out the demand for coke products. To find the effect of pricing and promotional activities on sales.

1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY This study covers the history and evolution of the beverages industry and mainly concentrates on the Soft Drink industry profile. The study then briefly describes the profile of the company Coca-Cola which includes the history and evolution of Coca Cola. It covers the different pricing strategies, different promotional activities ,STP approach and other theoretically related concepts which helps the company to have maximum market penetration compared to its competitors. The study finally includes the analysis and interpretation of the data collected on sale of Coke products in various retail outlets and the extent to which the brand has penetrated in the market and the findings from the data.

1.5 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY This study is limited only to certain areas and all the retailers are not covered which in turn does not cover all the potential customers. The data collected from the retailers may be biased. Non-cooperative behavior of some retailers. The study did not include modern trade like hyper markets,multiplexes and malls in Visakhapatnam region. (This is product demand varies seasonally so study in different seasons yields different results.) The time period allotted for the study was only of 6 weeks, which may provide a deceptive picture in comparison of the study based on long run.

1.6 METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDYData was collected from primary sources and secondary sources.PRIMARY DATA: Primary data is the data that is generated by the researcher for the specific purpose of research situation at hand. The primary data in this study is collected through Questionnaire and observation.SECONDARY DATA: Secondary data is already published data collected for some purposes other than confronting the researcher at a given point of time.The secondary data is collected from the internet, journals and text books.RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS: Structured Questionnaire: A printed questionnaire was given to the retailers and the responses were collected. Area of survey:MVP colony, LawsonsBay,Pedawaltair,Madhurawada,RushikondaSAMPLE SIZE:100 retail outletsSAMPLING TECHNIQUE:Simple random samplingSAMPLING FRAME:Traditional formats of retail outlets like Kirana shops and Pan shops in the areas selected.

CHAPTER 2INDUSTRY PROFILE AND ORGANIZATIONAL PROFILE

2.1 BEVERAGES INDUSTRYDefinition of Beverage A drink, or beverage, is a liquid specifically prepared for human consumption. In addition to basic needs, beverages form part of the culture of human society.Types of BeverageWaterDespite the fact that most beverages, including juice, soft drinks, and carbonated drinks, have some form of water in them; water itself is often not classified as a beverage, and the word beverage has been recurrently defined as not referring to water.Alcoholic BeveragesAn alcoholic beverage is a drink containing ethanol, commonly known as alcohol, although in chemistry the definition of an alcohol includes many other compounds. Alcoholic beverages, such as wine, beer, and liquor have been part of human culture and development for 8,000 years.Non-alcohol BeveragesNon-alcoholic beverages are drinks that would normally contain alcohol, such as beer and wine but are made with less than 0.5 percent alcohol by volume. The category includes drinks that have undergone an alcohol removal process such as non-alcoholic beers and de-alcohol zed wines.The non-alcoholic beverage industry plays an important role in the U.S. economy. Our industry has a direct economic impact of $141.22 billion, provides more than 233,000 jobs and helps to support hundreds of thousands more that depend, in part, on beverage sales for their livelihoods. The American Beverage Association (ABA) is the trade association that represents America's non-alcoholic beverage industry. Together, they bring to market hundreds of brands, flavors and packages, including regular and diet soft drinks, bottled water and water beverages, 100 percent juice and juice drinks, sports drinks, energy drinks and ready-to-drink teas.The Alcoholic BeverageIt is unknown when the first alcoholic beverage was created. Evidence of intentionally fermented beverages exist in the form of beer jugs dated as early as the Neolithic period.History of Coca ColaInventor John Pemberton's accountant Frank Robinson (who also had excellent penmanship) first scripted "Coca Cola" into the flowing letters which has become the famous logo of today. The soft drink was first sold to the public at the soda fountain in Jacob's Pharmacy in Atlanta on May 8, 1886.Coffee BeverageThe modern day espresso machine was created by Italian Achilles Gaggia in 1946. Gaggia invented a high pressure espresso machine by using a spring powered lever system.Milk BeverageIn 1884, Doctor Hervey Thatcher of Potsdam, New York invented the first glass milk bottle called Thatcher's Common Sense Milk Jar, which was sealed with a waxed paper disk.BEVERAGE INDUSTRY IN INDIAIn India, beverages form an important part of the lives of people. It is an industry, in which the players constantly innovate, in order to come up with better products to gain more consumers and satisfy the existing consumers. The beverage industry in India constitutes of around USD 230 million among the USD 65 billion food processing industry. The major sectors in beverage industry in India are tea and coffee which are not only sold heavily in the domestic market but are also exported to a range of leading overseas markets. Half of the tea and coffee products are available in unpacked or loose form. Among the hot beverages manufactured in India, tea is the most dominant beverage that is ruling both the domestic and international market even today. The supply of tea and coffee is insurmountable in the Indian beverage industry.BEVERAGE COMPANIES IN INDIAFruit juices, pulp and concentrates, and sauces or ketchups are doing very well in the beverage market in India for the past few years. Various milk products, health beverages, beer, and country liquors have also been contributing largely in the rising demand of beverages in India. The leading beverage companies in India are also exporting various products especially tea and coffee to the international markets every year. Among all the leading beverage companies in India, Coca cola has accounted for a thriving growth since its inception. It occupies around 60 percent of the carbonated drink sector in the Indian beverage industry. Another predominant brand in beverages is Nestle India Limited which occupies 61.85 percent of the total Nestle S.A. Switzerland. The Nestle products are hugely exported to Russia apart from selling in the domestic market.Coca cola, Pepsi, and Nestle are the leading beverage brands that have been ruling the Indian beverage market since past few decades. Among all the beverages, tea and coffee are manufactured as well as exported heavily in the international markets succumbing to the individual demands around the world.

BEVERAGESAlcoholicNon-AlcoholicCarbonatedNon-CarbonatedColaNon-ColaNon-ColaFIGURE 2: BEVERAGE INDUSTRY IN INDIA2.2 HISTORY OF SOFT DRINKSSoft drinks can trace their history back to the mineral water found in natural springs. Bathing in natural springs has long been considered a healthy thing to do; and mineral water was said to have curative powers. Scientists soon discovered that gas carbonium or carbon dioxide was behind the bubbles in natural mineral water.The first marketed soft drinks (non-carbonated) appeared in the 17th century. They were made from water and lemon juice sweetened with honey. In 1676, the Companied Lemonades of Paris were granted a monopoly for the sale of lemonade soft drinks. Vendors would carry tanks of lemonade on their backs and dispensed cups of the soft drink to thirsty Parisians.Joseph PriestleyIn 1767, the first drinkable man-made glass of carbonated water was created by Englishmen Doctor Joseph Priestley. Three years later, Swedish chemist Torbern Bergman invented a generating apparatus that made carbonated water from chalk by the use of sulfuric acid. Bergman's apparatus allowed imitation mineral water to be produced in large amounts.

John MathewsIn 1810, the first United States patent was issued for the "means of mass manufacture of imitation mineral waters" to Simons and Rundell of Charleston, South Carolina. However, carbonated beverages did not achieve great popularity in America until 1832, when John Mathews invented his apparatus for the making carbonated water. John Mathews then mass-manufactured his apparatus for sale to soda fountain owners.PACKING INNOVATIONS:By the mid-1800s, soft drinks sold in Canada were packaged in 8-ounce (227.2 ml) round-bottom bottles for about 25 cents a dozen, except ginger beer, which was sold in draught form from wooden kegs. Wired cork closures were used until about 1884 with Codd's Patented Globe Stoppers (25 types in all). The crown cap was introduced around 1905 and improved versions are still widely used, although they are gradually being replaced, especially on larger containers, with re-closable screw caps.Other packaging innovations since the mid-1960s include canned carbonated beverages, nonreturnable glass bottles and containers made from rigid plastics. Automatic Production of Glass BottlesIn 1899, the first patent was issued for a glass-blowing machine for the automatic production of glass bottles. Earlier glass bottles had all been hand-blown. Four years later, the new bottle-blowing machine was in operation. It was first operated by the inventor, Michael Owens, an employee of Libby Glass Company. Within a few years, glass bottle production increased from 1,500 bottles a day to 57,000 bottles a day.Home-Packs and Vending MachinesDuring the 1920s, the first "Home-Packs" were invented. "Home-Packs" are the familiar six-pack beverage carrying cartons made from cardboard. Automatic vending machines also began to appear in the 1920s. The soft drink had become an American mainstay. (Inventors: 2003).A Timeline of soft drink invention: 1798 The term "soda water" first coined. 1819 The "soda fountain" patented by Samuel Fahnestock. 1835 The first bottled soda water in the U.S. 1861 The term "pop" first coined. 1874 The first ice-cream soda sold. 1881 The first cola-flavored beverage introduced. 1886 Dr. John S. Pemberton invented "Coca-Cola" in Atlanta, Georgia. 1898 "Pepsi-Cola" is invented by Caleb Bradham. 1923 Six-pack soft drink cartons called "Hom-Paks" created. 1957 The first aluminum cans used. 1959 The first diet cola sold. 1970 Plastic bottles are used for soft drinks. 1973 The PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) bottle created.

2.3 GOVERNMENT POLICIES:The value-added tax (VAT) rate of six per cent is applicable to fruit juice and fruit juice-based drinks. Despite the states coming to an understanding that VAT would be charged at the rate of six per cent on fruit juice and fruit juice-based drinks, some states have increased the VAT substantially.The soft drink industry is already reeling under margin pressure due to the high rate of taxes it is paying to the Central and state governments, but some states have also increased the VAT on carbonated soft drinks.This increase in taxes will, therefore, have to be passed on to the consumer leading to an increase in the price of the soft drinks, which will restrict purchase of soft drinks by the general mass.

2.4 ORGANIZATIONAL PROFILECoca-Cola FEMSA is the largest publicly listed bottler of Coca-Cola trademark beverages in the world, calculated by sales volume in 2010. The Coca-Cola Company(NYSE:KO) is an Americanmultinationalbeverage corporation and manufacturer, retailer and marketer of nonalcoholic beverage concentrates andsyrups, which is headquartered inAtlanta,Georgia.TheCoca-ColaCompany operates in more than 200 countries and markets more than 500 brands and 3,500 beverage products. These products include sparkling and still beverages, such as waters, juices and juice drinks, teas, coffees, sports drinks and energy drinks. 2.4.1 MISSIONOur Road map starts with our mission, which is enduring. It declares our purpose as a Company and serves as the standard against which we weigh our actions and decisions. To refresh the world... To inspire moments of optimism and happiness... To create value and make a difference.2.4.2VISIONOur vision serves as the framework for our Road map and guides every aspect of our business by describing what we need to accomplish in order to continue achieving sustainable, quality growth. People: Be a great place to work where people are inspired to be the best they can be Portfolio: Bring to the world a portfolio of quality beverage brands that anticipate and satisfy peoples desires and needs Partners: Nurture a winning network of customers and suppliers, together we create mutual, enduring value Planet: Be a responsible citizen that makes a difference by helping build and support sustainable communities Profit: Maximize long-term return to share owners while being mindful of our overall responsibilities Productivity: Be a highly effective, lean and fast-moving organization2.4.3 Coca-Cola system The Coca-Cola system comprises of a wholly owned subsidiary of The Coca-Cola Company namely Coca-Cola India Pvt Ltd which manufactures and sells concentrate and beverage bases and powdered beverage mixes, a Company-owned bottling entity, namely, Hindustan Coca-Cola Beverages Pvt Ltd; thirteen authorized bottling partners of The Coca-Cola Company, who are authorized to prepare, package, sell and distribute beverages under certain specified trademarks of The Coca-Cola Company.2.4.4 PRODUCTSCoca-Cola, Diet Coke, ThumsUp, Sprite, Fanta, Limca, Maaza, Minute Maid Pulpy Orange, Minute Maid Nimbu Fresh ,Burn, KinleyWater ,KinleySoda ,Schweppes, GEORGIA Gold2.4.5OBJECTIVESThe main objectives for the Coca-Cola Company are to be globally known as a business that conducts business responsibility and ethically and toaccelerate sustainable growth to operate in tomorrow's world which forms thefoundation for companies in the decision making process.StrategiesThe Coca-Cola company aims to be globally known, they do this by targeting different areas across the globe with different products, gaining their brand name and popularity. All the bottling partners work closely with their customers such as convenience stores, grocery stores, movie theaters and street vendors to create and use localized strategies developed in partnership with the company. They make decisions in realigning their business models to match the objectives of the company by using strategies and tactics in the analysis of their performance.2.4.6 HISTORY OF COCA-COLA1886-1892:Atlanta BeginningsIn 1886,in New York,like many people who change history, John Pemberton, an Atlanta pharmacist, was inspired by simple curiosity. One afternoon, he stirred up a fragrant, caramel-colored liquid and, when it was done, he carried it a few doors down to Jacobs' Pharmacy. Here, the mixture was combined with carbonated water and sampled by customers who all agreed - this new drink was something special. So Jacobs' Pharmacy put it on sale for five cents (about 3p) a glass.Pemberton's bookkeeper, Frank Robinson, named the mixture Coca-Cola, and wrote it out in his distinctive script. To this day, Coca-Cola is written the same way. In the first year, Pemberton sold just nine glasses of Coca-Cola a day. A century later, The Coca-Cola Company has produced more than 10 billion gallons of syrup.1893-1904:Beyond AtlantaAsa Candler, a natural born salesman, transformed Coca-Cola from an invention into a business. He gave away coupons for complimentary first tastes of Coca-Cola, and outfitted distributing pharmacists with clocks, urns, calendars and apothecary scales bearing the Coca-Cola brand. Inevitably, the drink's popularity led to a demand for it to be enjoyed in new ways. In 1894, a Mississippi businessman named Joseph Biedenharn became the first to put Coca-Cola in bottles. 1905-1918:Safeguarding the brandThe company also decided to create a distinctive bottle shape to assure people they were actually getting a real Coca-Cola. The Root Glass Company began manufacturing the famous contour bottle. The contour bottle, which remains the signature shape of Coca-Cola today, was chosen for its attractive appearance, original design and the fact that, even in the dark, you could identify the genuine article.1919-1940:The Woodruff legacyPerhaps no person had more impact on The Coca-Cola Company than Robert Woodruff. In 1923, four years after his father Ernest purchased the company from Asa Candler, Woodruff became the company's president.

1941-1959:The war and its legacyIn 1941, America entered World War II. Thousands of men and women were sent overseas. Woodruff ordered that 'every man in uniform gets a bottle of Coca-Cola for five cents, wherever he is, and whatever it costs the company'. During the war, many people enjoyed their first taste of the beverage, and when peace finally came, the foundations were laid for Coca-Cola to do business overseas.1960-1981:A world of customersAfter 70 years of success with one brand, Coca-Cola, the company decided to expand with new flavors.Fanta, originally developed in the 1940s, was introduced in the 1950s, whileSpritefollowed in 1961, with TAB in 1963 and Fresca in 1966.1982-1989:Diet Coke and new CokeThe 1980s - the era of legwarmers, headbands and the fitness craze, and a time of much change and innovation at The Coca-Cola Company. In 1981, Roberto C Goizueta became chairman of the board of directors and CEO of The Coca-Cola Company. 1990-1999:New markets and brandsThe 1990s were a time of continued growth for The Coca-Cola Company. The company's long association with sports was strengthened during this decade, with ongoing support of the Olympic Games, FIFA World Cup.The year 1993 saw the introduction of the popular Always Coca-Cola advertising campaign, and the world met the lovableCoca-Cola Polar Bearfor the first time. 2000-NowThe last decade marked an increase in Coca-Cola's efforts to create a sustainable framework for the future. In 2009, the company launchedLive Positively- a public commitment to making a positive difference in the world by redesigning the way we work and live so that sustainability is part of everything we do.2.4.7 SWOT ANALYSISSTRENGTHS Global reach with presence in over 200 countries Strong and efficient supply chain network, ensuring that all the products are available even in the most remote places. Strong financial condition CSR activities in the field of water conservation and recycling, education, health etc. Long association with international sports events, sponsorshipsWEAKNESS The presence of traces of pesticides in the cola beverages have caused damage to the brand image No presence in the snacks and food industry Lack of proper distributionOPPORTUNITIES Acquire other companies Diversify its product portfolio by entering into snacks industry to compete with Pepsi CoTHREATS Strong competition in the aerated drinks segment from Pepsi Co means constant fight over market share. Health consciousness amongst people Difficulty in complying with different government regulations and norms in different countries Inflation, economic slowdown and instability

2.4.8 COMPANY BACKGROUNDNameThe Coca Cola Company

Industries servedBeverages

Geographic areas servedWorldwide

HeadquartersU.S.

Current CEOMuhtar Kent

Revenue$ 48.01 billion (2012)

Profit$ 9.01 billion (2012)

Employees146,200

Main CompetitorsPepsiCo Inc., Dr Pepper Snapple Group, Inc., Unilever, GroupeDanone, Kraft Foods Inc., Nestl S.A. and others.

Muhtar Kent is Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer of TheCoca-ColaCompany, a position he has held since April 2009. Previously he was President and Chief Executive Officer and earlier, President and Chief Operating Officer.2.4.9 FUTURE FOCUS2020 VISIONTo continue to thrive as a business over the next ten years and beyond, we must look ahead, understand the trends and forces that will shape our business in the future and move swiftly to prepare for what's to come.We must get ready for tomorrow today. That's what our 2020 Vision is all about. It creates a long-term destination for our business and provides us with a sustainable "Roadmap" for winning together with our bottler partners.2.4.10 ACHIEVEMENTSCoca cola India won the Delhi Governments Bhagirathi award for its efforts in water conservation and community development.The World Environment Foundation(WEF)conferred the Golden Peacock Environment Management Special Commendation for the year 2006.The ISO 14001 certificate is the internationally recognized standard of Environmental Management.

CHAPTER 3THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK

The theoretical framework for the study on Penetration of the brand Coke includes the concepts related to marketing,sales, market penetration, Ansoffgrowthmatrix,pricingstrategies,promotionalactivities,brand perception, STP approach, customers tastes and preferences.All the above concepts are studied because they have a great impact on the sales of coke products which is required to calculate Penetration of the brand coke.Marketingis the process of communicating the value of a product or service tocustomers, for the purpose of selling the product or service. It is a critical business function for attracting customers.Marketingand sales differ greatly, but have the same goal. Selling is the final stage in Marketing, which also includes Pricing, Promotion, Positioning and Product (the 4Ps).Asaleis the act ofsellinga product or service in return for money or other compensation.Signaling completion of the prospective stage, it is the beginning of an engagement between customer and vendor or the extension of that engagement.Market penetrationis the percentage of atarget marketthat consumes a product or service. Market penetration can also be a measure of one company'ssalesas a percentage of all sales for a product.A measure of the amount of sales or adoption of a product or service compared to the total theoretical market for that product or service. The amount of sales or adoption can be an individual company's sale or industry while the theoretical market can be the total population or an estimate of total potential consumers for the product. It is a measure of brand or category popularity. It is defined as the number of people who buy a specific brand or a category of goods at least Once in a given period, divided by the size of the relevant market population. Market penetration is one of the four growth strategies of theProduct-Market Growth Matrixas defined byAnsoff. Market penetration occurs when a company penetrates a market in which current or similar products already exist.Penetration is a measure of brand or category popularity. It is defined as the number of people who buy a specific brand or a category of goods at least once in a given period, divided by the size of the relevant market population

PurposeOften, managers must decide whether to seek sales growth by acquiring existing category users from their competitors or by expanding the total population of category users, attracting new customers to the market. Penetration metrics help indicate which of these strategies would be most appropriate and help managers to monitor their success. These equations might also be calculated for usage instead of purchase.ConstructionMarket penetration can be defined as the proportion of people in the target who bought (at least once in the period) a specific brand or a category of goods. Two key measures of a products 'popularity' are penetration rate and penetration share. The penetration rate (also called penetration, brand penetration or market penetration as appropriate) is the percentage of the relevant population that has purchased a given brand or category at least once in the time period under study. A brands penetration share, in contrast to penetration rate, is determined by comparing that brands customer population to the number of customers for its category in the relevant market as a whole.Market penetration is the least risky growth strategy as the organization's experience with its existing markets increases the odds of success.However, an organization should only pursue a market penetration growth strategy if at least one of the following conditions exists:1. Unsaturated market2. Increasing industry growth rate, but decreasing competitive market share3. Current customers are likely to purchase higher quantities of existing products or services4. Economies of scale provide a competitive edge

3.1 ANSOFF GROWTH MATRIX

Figure 3.1 ANSOFF growth matrix1. Market PenetrationMarket penetration means trying to increase sales of an organization's existing products or services in its existing markets. This can be accomplished by strengthening current customer relationships to increase their rate of product/service utilization or trying to attract competitor customers or current non-users.Market penetration seeks to achieve four main objectives: Maintain or increase the market share of current products this can be achieved by a combination of competitive pricing strategies, advertising, sales promotion and perhaps more resources dedicated to personal selling Secure dominance of growth markets Restructure a mature market by driving out competitors; this would require a much more aggressive promotional campaign, supported by a pricing strategy designed to make the market unattractive for competitors Increase usage by existing customers for example by introducing loyalty schemesA market penetration marketing strategy is very much about business as usual. The business is focusing on markets and products it knows well. It is likely to have good information on competitors and on customer needs. It is unlikely, therefore, that this strategy will require much investment in new market research.2.Market DevelopmentMarket development means trying to increase sales of an organization's current products or services in new markets. Market development may also involve identifying new uses for an existing product or service.3.Product DevelopmentProduct development means offering new or improved products or services in an organization's existing markets.4.DiversificationDiversification means moving into entirely different lines of business----unfamiliar products, services or markets.3.2 CONSUMER TASTES AND PREFERENCESConsumer preferences and tastes are key factors affecting consumer purchase decisions and sales of the products.Changes in taste lead to increased or decreaseddemand, which is one factor that economists consider when looking at changes in demand.Consumer preferences represent each individual's desires for goods and services, which translate to choices based on income orwealthcombined with the consumer's time to define consumption activities.3.3 CONSUMPTION PATTERNS AND POTENTIAL OF MARKET:The majority of urban and suburban Indians consume non-alcoholic store bought beverages less than once a day suggesting a large untapped market potential. In order to increase consumption and penetration of such beverages however, manufacturers will have to address the two primary reasons why some Indians abstain entirely, that is, health concerns and undesirable taste - as highlighted in Boston Analytics survey of 8300 people across 15 cities.As with most product categories in India, consumption behavior and preferences differ dramatically across cities in India. While Tier 1 cities (or the largest metros in India) report the highest consumption, significant differences exist among these cities, e.g., in terms of the time of day store-bought non-alcoholic beverages are consumed, preferred brands for carbonated beverages, reasons for consuming a particular product type, etc.). Such differences demonstrate the need for carefully targeted marketing campaigns that appeal to the needs, behaviors and preferences of local communities.3.4 PRICING STRATEGIESPricing strategiesforproductsorservicesencompass three main ways to improve profits. These are that the business owner can cut costs or sell more, or find more profit with a better pricing strategy. When costs are already at their lowest and sales are hard to find, adopting a better pricing strategy is a key option to stay viable.Merely raising prices is not always the answer, especially in a poor economy. Many businesses have been lost because they priced themselves out of the marketplace. On the other hand, many business and sales staff leave "money on the table". One strategy does not fit all, so adopting a pricing strategy is a learning curve when studying the needs and behaviors of customers and clients.Customer-based pricingPenetration pricingYou often see the tagline special introductory offer the classic sign ofpenetration pricing. The aim of penetration pricing is usually to increase market share of a product,providing the opportunity to increase price once this objective has been achieved.Penetration pricing is the pricing technique ofsetting a relatively low initial entry price, usually lower than the intended established price, to attract new customers. The strategyaims to encourage customers to switch to the new productbecause of the lower price.Penetration pricing is most commonly associated with amarketing objectiveof increasing market share or sales volume. In the short term, penetration pricing is likely to result in lower profits than would be the case if price were set higher.Price skimmingSkimming involvessetting a high price before other competitors come into the market. Competitor-based pricingIf there is strong competition in a market, customers are faced with a wide choice of who to buy from. They may buy from the cheapest provider or perhaps from the one which offers the best customer service.Most firms in a competitive market do not have sufficient power to be able to set prices above their competitors. They tend to usegoing-rate pricing i.e.setting a price that is in line with the prices charged by direct competitors.An advantage of using competitive pricing is that selling prices should be line with rivals, so price should not be a competitive disadvantage.

Cost based pricingThis involves setting a price by adding afixed amount or percentage to the costof making or buying the product. The Coca-Cola Company has been very consistent with their pricing strategy over the many years they have been in business. Because they have a strong competitor, they have to keep their prices in line to compete. The ultimate goal of the company is to maximize shareholder value. The will often reduce the price of their products when entering new markets. They do this to raise brand awareness and face the competition. Once they are established, they move the prices back up to position themselves as a premium product..Following factors Coca Cola kept in mind while determining the pricing strategy. Price should be set according to the product demand of public. Price should be that which gives the company maximum revenue. Price should not be too low or too high than the price competitor is charging fromTheir customers otherwise nobody will buy your product. Price must be keeping the view of your target market.The price of Coca Cola, despite being market leader is the same as that of its competitor3.5 STP APPROACHSTP marketing is a three-step approach to building a targeted marketing plan. The "S" stands for segmenting, the "T" for targeting and the "P" for positioning. Going through this process allows a business owner and marketing consultants or employees to formulate a marketing strategy that ties company, brand and product benefits to specific customer market segments.

SegmentationOnce the market has been defined, the next step is to segment the market, using a variety of different segmentation bases/variablesin order to construct groups of consumer. In other words, allocate the consumers in the defined market to similar groups (based on market needs, behavior or other characteristics).TargetingThere are many factors to consider when choosing a target market. These factors include: firms strategy, the attractiveness of the segment, the competitive rivalry of the segment, the firms ability to successfully compete and so on.PositioningFirms need to identify how to position their products/brands in the target market. As it is likely that there are already competitive offerings in the market, the firm needs to work out how they can win market share from established players. Typically this is achieved by being perceived by consumers as being different, unique, superior, or as providing greater value.Brand experiences and perceptions are developed over time through a variety of sources, including: Previous experience with the brand Interactions with sales, customer service, and other employees Recommendations from friends and colleagues Reviews by reputable sources AdvertisingBrand managers need to understand how customers perceive and select brands in specific product categories and market segments. You also need to know what is important to customers when making a brand decision, where customers get information about products and services, and what customers think about your brand.

3.6 PROMOTION:Promotionis one of themarket mixelements, and a term used frequently inmarketing. The specification of fivepromotional mixor promotional plan. These elements are personal selling, advertising, sales promotion,direct marketing, and publicity.A promotional mix specifies how much attention to pay to each of the five subcategories, and how much money to budget for each. A promotional plan can have a wide range of objectives, including: sales increases, new product acceptance, creation ofbrand equity,positioning, competitive retaliations, or creation of acorporate image. Fundamentally, however there are three basic objectives of promotion. These are:1. To present information to consumers as well as others.2. To increase demand.3. To differentiate a product.There are different ways to promote a product in different areas of media. Promoters use internet advertisement, special events, endorsements, and newspapers to advertise their product. Many times with the purchase of a product there is an incentive like discounts, free items, or a contest. This is to increase the sales of a given product.

CHAPTER 4ANALYSIS

1.What is the type of outlet?Type of the outlet (In a sample of 100)Table 4.1TypePercentage

Kirana shops46

Pan shops31

Departmental stores17

Super market6

Figure 4.1

INTERPRETATIONThe above data clearly shows that majority of the respondents were pan shop owners in the covered area as compared to kirana shops, departmental stores and supermarkets.2.Where is the outlet located?Location of outlet (In a sample of 100)Table 4.2LocationPercentage

Main Road41

Adjacent Roads59

Figure 4.2

INTERPRETATIONFrom the above data,it can be clearly seen that 59% of the outlets are located on the adjacent roads and the rest are located on the main road.

3. Which brand of soft drink has the highest sale in your outlet?Product having highest sales (In a sample of 100)Table 4.3BrandPercentage

Coca cola62

Pepsi25

Fizz8

Others5

Figure 4.3

INTERPRETATIONFrom the above data ,it is clearly seen that Coca-Cola products have the highest sale from a sample of 100 outlets(i.e. 62%) as compared to its competitors products.4. Which product of Coca Cola is mostly preferred by the customers?Product of Coca cola preferred by customersTable 4.4ProductNo of respondents

Thumps Up37

Coca cola26

Sprite13

Maaza15

Others9

Figure 4.4

INTERPRETATIONFrom the above data,we can see that from a sample of 100 outlets, Thumps Up is the most preferred product by the customers when compared to other products.5.How is the demand for Coke products in your outlet?Demand for coke products (In a sample of 100 outlets)Table 4.5DemandNo of respondents

Very Good57

Good38

Poor5

Figure 4.5

INTERPRETATIONFrom the above data,it is seen that the demand for coke products is very good in 57 outlets, good in 38 and poor in five outlets.

6.How often do you place order for Coke products?Frequency of Order Placing (In a sample of 100)Table 4.6FrequencyNo of outlets

Daily21

Alternate days56

Weekly23

Figure 4.6

INTERPRETATIONFrom the above data,it can be interpreted that most of the outlets(56) place their order for coke products every alternate day,21 outlets daily and 23 outlets place the order weekly which represent the demand for coke products. 7. What is the effect of pricing decision on the sales of coke?Effect of pricing on sales (In a sample of 100)Table 4.7ResponsePercentage

High51

Moderate37

Low12

Figure 4.7

INTERPRETATIONFrom the above data, we can see that 51 outlets said that pricing plays a high role in sales, 37 said that it has a moderate effect and 12 said that it has a low effect.8.Which age group of customers mostly prefer coke products?Preference of coke products by different age groups (In a sample of 100)Table 4.8Age GroupPercentage

Children26

Teenagers43

Middle age22

Old age9

Figure 4.8

INTERPRETATIONFrom the above data, we can see that teenagers prefer the coke products as per the response from 43 outlets.

9. What quantity of coke products have maximum sales in your outlet?Packs having highest sales (In a sample 100)Table 4.9QuantityNo of respondents

200ml and 300ml23

400ml and 600ml26

1.25l and 1.75l38

2.25l13

Figure 4.9

INTERPRETATIONFrom the above chart, it can be interpreted that during the whole year,1.25l and 1.75l packs are sold the most according to the responses given by 38 outlets .10.What quantity of coke products are sold the most in summer season?Highest sold packs in summerTable 4.10QuantityPercentage

200ml and 300ml47

400ml and 600ml27

1.25l and 1.75l16

2.2.5l10

Figure 4.10

INTERPRETATIONFrom the above data,it is seen that during summer season,there is more demand for glass bottles(200ml and 300ml) and the moderate demand is for 400ml and 600ml PET bottles .

11.How many cases of glass bottles are sold weekly on an average?Weekly sale of glass bottles (In a sample of 100)Table 4.11No of casesNo of respondents

Up to 1(24 bottles)5

2-328

4-638

7 and above29

Figure 4.11

INTERPRETATIONFrom the above data,it can be interpreted that weekly sale in 38 outlets is 4-6 cases, and more than 7 cases are sold in 29 outlets which depicts that 4-6 cases are sold on an average per week in most of the outlets.12. How many curettes/cases of PET bottles are sold weekly on an average?Weekly average sale of PET bottles (In a sample of 100 outlets)Table 4.12No of casesNo of outlets

Up to 1 (24 bottles)7

2-324

4-644

7 and above25

Figure 4.12

INTERPRETATIONFrom the above data , we can see that 44 outlets sell 4-6 cases in a week.

13.How do you rate the behavior of salesmen during order taking and order delivery?Behavior of salesmen during order delivery and takingTable 4.13RatingNo of respondents

Excellent17

Satisfactory74

Poor9

Figure 4.13

INTERPRETATIONFrom the above data, we can see that 74 respondents rated salesmen behavior as satisfactory,17 as excellent and 9 as poor.14. In terms of service, which brand is rated favorable by the consumers?Favorable rating given in terms of service (In a sample of 100)Table 4.14BrandNo of outlets

Pepsi28

Coca cola17

Both47

None8

Figure 4.14

INTERPRETATIONFrom the above data, we can see that individually Pepsi is better in services, compared to coca cola, whereas majority of outlets rated them both as equal.15.Do you face any problems with Coca cola in any aspect?Problems faced with CokeTable 4.15ResponseNo of respondents

Yes58

No42

Figure 4.15

INTERPRETATIONFrom the above data, we can see that 58 outlets had a problem with coke whereas 42 of them had no complaints. Majority of them had problems.

16.If yes, which kind of problem is mostly faced with Coca cola?Kind of problem mostly faced (In a sample of 58)Table 4.16ProblemPercentage

Cooler problem31

Order delivery on time22

Response from agents5

Figure 4.16

INTERPRETATIONFrom the above data, it can be interpreted that maximum percentage of respondents are facing problem with Coca cola coolers which occupy 56%,Order delivery on time is problem faced by 36% of respondents and response from agents is a problem for 8% of the respondents .17. Why customers prefer coke products?Reasons for customers preference (In a sample of 100)Table 4.17ReasonsPercentage

Price24

Taste38

Quantity10

Availability28

Figure 4.17

INTERPRETATIONFrom the above data, we can see that 38 outlets said that the customers prefer coke for its taste, 28 outlets said that the customers prefer coke due to its availability.

18. Do you follow any sales promotion in your outlet?Sales Promotion in your outlet (In a sample of 100)Table 4.19ResponseNo of respondents

Yes84

No16

Figure 4.19

INTERPRETATIONFrom the above data we can see that 84% of the outlets follow sales promotion.

19. If yes, which kind of promotional activity do you think that attracts more customers?Kind of promotional activity (In a sample of 84)Table 4.19Kind of promotional activityPercentage

Discounts58

Combo offers19

Gift vouchers7

Figure 4.19

INTERPRETATIONFrom the above data, we can see that customers are mainly attracted towards discounts compared to combo offers and gift vouchers.20. According to you what may increase the sale of Coca-Cola products?Strategy to increase sales (In a sample of 100)Table 4.20StrategyPercentage

Price discount56

Sales campaign32

Attractive packing12

Figure 4.20

INTERPRETATIONFrom the above data we can see that, 56 outlets suggested that discount in prices would increase sales and 32 suggested that sales campaign would increase sales.

CHAPTER 5FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 FINDINGS The study was done mostly in the traditional formats of retail outlets. From a sample of 100 outlets, Coca cola has the highest sales followed by Pepsi, Fizz etc. It is found that the demand for coke products is good in most of the outlets and Thumps Up is mostly preferred by customers. Most of the retailers place order for coke products every alternate day which shows that there is good market demand. 51% of the respondents said that there is a high effect of price variations on sales and hence pricing must be done carefully. It is found that coke products are mostly preferred by teenagers and children and the factor that highly influences the purchase is taste. Among different quantities of coke, 1.25lt and 1.75lt bottles have the highest sales, whereas in summer season, glass bottles are sold the maximum. On an average, most of the respondents told that 4-6 cases of glass bottles and PET bottles are sold per week. In terms of service, most of the respondents rated Pepsi favorable than coke which suggests coke to improve in its service. The retailers face problems with coke, mostly regarding the cooler and order delivery on time. Most of the retailers follow sales promotional activities in their outlets. The activity that attracts customers the most and increases sales is discounts and combo offers.

5.2 RECOMMENDATIONSIn accordance with the findings of the study, I would like to give some suggestions on my behalf. Delivery should be done more swiftly and on time. Many of the respondents have preferred on the spot delivery like Pepsi instead of advance booking which is followed by Coke. Pricing strategies followed by coke are fluctuating frequently and hence the prices set should be made stable for a certain period until the customers get acquainted to that price. Since there are many problems faced by the retailers in terms of service, Coke should improve on its service. As promotional activities have a great impact on sales and market share, more promotions can be followed in social networking sites which will improve their sales. Rural area should also be given proper consideration.

5.3 CONCLUSION Soft drinks are an impulse product. The Indian population is the largest in the world today which provides so much of opportunity for the soft drink manufacturers. So, they should implement apt strategies in order to attract more customers and gain good market share.From the above findings and suggestions, it can be concluded that different pricing strategies, various promotional activities like discount coupons, combo offers should be followed in order to improve their sales, increase their market share and gain market dominance over their competitors. It can also be concluded that Coke products are having high demand in the market and they need to improve in terms of service to the retailers.Coke should concentrate more on the factors that influence the customers purchase of coke products like age group, tastes and preferences, season, pricing, quantity, availability, etc so that it attracts new customers and also maintains the existing customers brand loyalty.

ANNEXUREQUESTIONNAIREName of the Outlet:Name of the ESM:GCC No.:1.What is the type of outlet?A.Kirana shopsB.Pan shopsC.Departmental storesD.Super markets2.Where is the outlet located?A.Main roadB.Adjacent road3.Which brand of soft drinks has the highest sale in your outlet?A.Thumps UpB.Coca colaC.FizzD.Others4.Which product of Coca Cola is mostly preferred by the customers?A.Thumps UpB.Coca colaC.SpriteD.MaazaD.Others5.How is the demand for Coke products in your outlet?A.Very GoodB.GoodC.Poor6.How often do you place order for Coke products?A.DailyB.Alternate daysC.Weekly

7. What is the effect of pricing decision on the sales of coke?A.HighB.ModerateC.Low8.Which age group of customers mostly prefer coke products?A.ChildrenB.TeenagersC.Middle ageD.Old age9.What quantity of coke products have maximum sales in your outlet?A.200ml & 300mlB.400ml & 600mlC.1.25l & 1.75lD.2.25l10.What quantity of coke products are sold the most in summer season?A.200ml & 300mlB.400ml & 600mlC.1.25l & 1.75lD.2.25l11.How many cases of glass bottles are sold weekly on an average?A.Upto 1 caseB.2-3 casesC.4-6 casesD.7 and above12. How many curettes/cases of PET bottles are sold weekly on an average?A.Upto 1 caseB.2-3 casesC.4-6 casesD.7 and above13.How do you rate the behavior of salesmen during order taking and order delivery?A.ExcellentB.SatisfactoryC.Poor14. In terms of service,which brand is rated favourable by the consumers?A.PepsiB.Coca colaC.BothD.None15.Do you face any problems with Coca cola in any aspect?A. YesB. No16. If Yes,which kind of problem is mostly faced with Coca cola?A.CoolerB.Order DeliveryC.Response from agents17. Why customers prefer coke products?A.PriceB.TasteC.QuantityD.Availability18.Do you follow any sales promotion in your outlet?A.YesB.No

19.Ifyes,which kind of promotional activity do you think that attracts more customers?A.DicountsB.Combo offersC.Gift Vouchers20. According to you what may increase the sale of Coca-Cola products?A.Price discountsB.Sales campaignC.Attractive packing

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Kothari.C.R.(2000). Research methodology and Techniques(2nd Edition), WishwaPrakashan Private Limited, New Delhi.

Philip Kotler,(2000), Marketing Management, (Millennium Education), prentice hall India Ltd. New Delhi.

Sharma D.D (1999),Marketing Research, Sultan chand and Chand and Co. (Edition 3rd) New Delhi.

Stephen Robbins,Organizational Behavior(13th Edition)

www.coca-colaindia.com

www.investopedia.com

www.free-management-ebooks.com

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