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Mapping domain thesauri to the CRM to assist the semantic interoperability
of data archives
Doug Tudhope
Hypermedia Research Unit
University of Glamorgan
CIDOC CRM SIG Workshop, Imperial College, 2006
Presentation
• FACET Project with Science Museum– Thesaurus-based query expansion
with NMSI Collections database – Semantic expansion– Web Demonstrator
Extend to heterogeneous datasets and terminology systems
• DELOS pilot project demonstrator– English Heritage upper ontology based on CRM
– Mapping English Heritage thesaurus and database to CRM
– Current work
FACET - Faceted Access to Cultural hEritage Terminology
Aims:• Integration of thesaurus into the interface• Semantic expansion taking advantage of facet structure
http://www.comp.glam.ac.uk/~FACET/
FACET Collaborators
• Research Council Funding: EPSRC 3 years
• National Museum of Science and Industry (NMSI):
National Railway Museum and Science Museum Collections Database
• J. Paul Getty Trust
Art and Architecture Thesaurus (AAT)
• Museum Documentation Association (MDA)
Railway Thesaurus
• Canadian Heritage Information Network (CHIN)
Advisors
NRM Collection examples of free text object descriptor fields
• Chair, London Midland & Scottish Railway, straight wooden back initials carved on back, green leatherette seat.
• Chair, Railway Clearing House, Curved back with blue leather inset & blue leather seat. R. C.H. carved on back
• Chair, M.S. & L.R., Straight back, blue leather seat with M.S. & L.R. carved across back
• Armchair, Pullman, green plush, fringed from Pullman section.• Carver chair, Oak with oval brocade seat. Prince of Wales crest on back
from Royal Saloon of 1876• Armchair, Upholstered in blue maquette with curved, buttoned back &
scroll arms. Wooden legs• Occasional table, Oak with drawer, ornately carved. From Royal Saloon
of 1876• Set of 4 chairs, High-backed carver chairs upholstered in floral maquette• Clock, made by Jno Walker, 250 Regent Street. Metal face/Roman
numerals. Carved wooden square case. 20"x18"x10"
Indexed Example from NRM Collection
ID 1975-7309
Description Armchair, Upholstered in blue moquette with curved,
buttoned back & scroll arms. Wooden legs
Item name(s) armchairs (AAT Hierarchy: Furnishings)
Part Aspect Term (AAT Hierarchy)
overall physical upholstering Processes & techniques
overall material moquette Materials
overall colour blue Color
legs material wood Materials
back shape curved Physical attributes
back physical buttoning Processes & techniques
arms shape scrolled arms Components
Types of Knowledge Organisation System (KOS)
adapted from Zeng & Salaba: FRBR Workshop, OCLC 2005
Term Lists:
Synonym RingsAuthority FilesGlossaries/DictionariesGazetteers
Natural language Controlled language
Wea
kly- s
truct
u red
Str o
ngly-
stru
ctur
ed
Classification &Categorization: Subject HeadingsSubject Headings
Classification schemesClassification schemes TaxonomiesCategorization schemes
Relationship Groups: Ontologies Semantic networks
ThesauriThesauri
Pick lists
Semantic Expansion
Expanding over thesaurus semantic relationships
allows the system to play an active role
• Ranking of matching results by semantic closeness• Query Expansion (automatic/interactive)• Augmented Browsing tools
Underpinning technologies:• Measures of distance over the semantic index space • Multi-concept Matching Function
Faceted Knowledge Organisation Systems
Faceted classifications based on primary division
into fundamental, high-level categories (facets)
Compound descriptors (multi-concept headings) are synthesised
by combination of terms from limited number of fundamental facets
In constructing AAT, adjectival noun phrases very common:
e.g. painted oak furniture
“Rather than enumerate the nearly infinite number of object and subject descriptions needed by thesaurus users, the AAT decided to pursue the building blocks of these descriptors in the form of a faceted vocabulary”
(Guide to Indexing and Cataloging with the Art & Architecture Thesaurus)
Matching Problem
“The major problem lies in developing a system whereby individual parts of subject headings containing multiple AAT terms are broken apart, individually exploded hierarchically, and then reintegrated to answer a query with relevance”
(Toni Petersen, AAT Director)
Query: mahogany, dark yellow, brocading, Edwardian, armchair
Descriptor: oak, light yellow, crests, ovals, brocade, Victorian, Carver chair
Potentially extra / missing / partially and non-matching terms
System Architecture
Transact SQL Stored
Procedures
SQL Server Databases -collections & thesaurus
Active-X Data Objects (ADO) Data access components
Database
Application data objects
Expansion engine
(and data structure)
Query and matching functions
Compiled VB client interface and web browser interface
Application interfaces
Database interaction module
Persistent XML data:
Queries, parameters
etc.
FACET Web Demonstrator
• Illustrates thesaurus based expansion and faceted search
• Intended as an exploration of FACET research outcomes
via dynamically generated Web components
rather than a complete final interface
• Based on custom API for thesaurus programmatic access
• Browser-based interface (ASP application), using a combination of server-side scripting and compiled components
http://www.comp.glam.ac.uk/~FACET/webdemo/
http://jodi.tamu.edu/Articles/v04/i04/Binding/
FACET Web Demonstator
Semantic Query Expansion
Some lessons learned
• Results show potential of faceted KOS for – Query expansion with semantically ranked results– Realtime implementation multi-concept matching function– Semantic expansion as a browsing tool
– Potential combine with statistical and linguistic techniques
How to generalise?
need for• Common KOS representations and APIs • Semantic mapping between different databases and KOS
Semantic InteroperabIlity
• NMSI’s different museums and collections
held in a single collections database
• Easy to express connections between thesaurus hierarchies and DB fields
What if search across different DBs and KOS?
• Eg English Heritage (EH) a single organisation
but wide range unconnected DBs and vocabularies
Mapping domain thesauri to the CRM to assist the semantic interoperability
of data archives
• DELOS NoE mini-project on Ontology-driven interoperability for Cluster on Knowledge Extraction & Semantic Interoperability
• Proof of concept demonstrator for exploring retrieval potential of mapping domain KOS to upper ontology (CIDOC CRM)
• In collaboration particularly with FORTH, University of Lund and English Heritage (Keith and Sarah May)
• Investigate integration of datasets - for assisting archaeological search and information extraction
Background
• Current EH situation one of fragmented datasets andapplications, with different terminology systems
• Interpretation may not consist of same terms as context
• Searchers from different scientific perspectives may not use same terminology
• Need for integrative metadata framework EH have designed an upper ontology based on CRM standard
• Work to date focused on modelling
Databases not meaningfully connected
• Even simply expressed queries currently difficult to answer,
due to lack of tools for cross database searching
"Specialists could only talk to [field] archaeologists
and not talk to each other".
(from discussion with a palaeoenvironmental archaeologist)
Wider questions arising from science analysis by finds specialists often referred back to field archaeologist
since databases documenting different scientific aspects
not meaningfully connected
DELOS pilot project datasets
• English Heritage (and EH Data Services Unit) supplying various databases and controlled vocabularies.
• Starting with connecting to EH-CRM the new
Environmental Archaeology Thesaurus
and (part of) the Environmental Archaeology Bibliography
Environmental Archaeology ThesaurusScope Notes Extract (i)• Altered by Animals• SN: Modification or damage by an animal• RT Worked (use where modification is by humans in ASPECT)• Anoxic• SN: Material preserved by exclusion of oxygen usually due to saturation with water which inhibits decay by micro-organisms• Non Preferred Term: Waterlogged• Burnt• SN: Use for material that has been burnt• Calcined• SN: Material burnt at a high temperature (above 700 degrees centigrade) leaving only the mineral component.• Non-preferred term: cremated• BT: Burnt• RT Cremation• Charred• SN: Material that has been burnt and at least in part reduced to carbon as a result of burning in a reducing atmosphere
below 500 degrees C.• Non-preferred term: Carbonised • BT: Burnt• Silicified• SN Use for material that has been burnt at high temperatures in a good air supply such that only silica component remains• BT: Burnt• ……• Mineral Replaced• SN: Replacement of organic material by minerals, including calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate• Non Preferred Term: Mineralised, Fossilised• Mineral Preserved• SN: Preservation of material by the toxic effect of corrosion products in the immediate vicinity, or within, the material• Non Preferred Term: Mineralised• Plant damage• SN: Material that has been penetrated or disrupted by the roots or rhizomes of plants.•
Environmental Archaeology ThesaurusScope Notes Extract (ii)• Arthropods• SN: Use for remains of arthropods in general, including woodlice, spiders, insects etc. Please
note crustaceans have been included under this category.• BT: Invertebrates• NT: Cladocerans, Crustaceans (Decapods), Insects, Mites, Ostracods• Cladocerans• SN: Group of fresh water crustaceans which include the water fleas (Daphnia ssp.) the egg cases
(ephippia) of which are found in archaeological deposits (EH Guidelines for Environmental Archaeology)• BT: ArthropodsEAT-Draft scope notesv6.doc• Crustaceans (Decapods)• SN: Use for the remains of shrimps, prawns, crabs and lobsters• BT: Arthropods• Insects• SN: Use for the remains of any part of an insect (MDA Object Thesaurus)• Non-preferred term: Beetles, Coleoptera• Mites• SN: Related to spiders. Use for ticks and true mites. Mites are widely present in archaeological
deposits but are rarely studied in detail as they are difficult to identify (Kenward, forthcoming)• BT: Arthropods• Ostracods• SN: Small crustaceans ranging in size from 0.2mm to 30mm and possessing a bivalve carapace
or ‘shell’. They live in salt-water, brackish and freshwater and are used to help to reconstruct aquatic conditions e.g. pollution, degree of salinity
• BT: Arthropods
EH extension to CRM
• Currently in pdf file• Need to represent in machine readable format
Example of CRM - Thesaurus connection (by EH collaborators)
• FlotationSampleResidueType – EH_E0067
CRM entity E55: Type
Classification of flot and/or residue contents
• Mapping:
Use Arch Science Thesaurus Terms:
Object type, Material type, Modification state, Aspect
Example CRM - Thesaurus connection 2
• ContextSampleType – EHE0053• CRM entity E55: Type
• Derived from the Environmental guidelines list
Samples taken will be of a particular type depending upon the technique that will be used to analyse them.
• For Specialist Scientific Sampling it would be appropriate to use Archaeological Science Thesaurus terms for “Investigative Techniques”, but for samples taken by non-specialists the investigative technique may not be know at the point of sampling.
Current Work - Proof of concept demonstrator
• Express EH-CRM in machine-readable form• Add connections for databases and thesauri to EH-CRM
Demonstrator – first steps• Express user information need in terms of EH-CRM
• Identify database and thesaurus entities (if any)from extended EH-CRM
• Drive search from this information
Next steps
• Involve other EH databases and vocabularies
• Connect very different datasets,
for example species taxonomies via via plant names
• Extend to associated grey literature
(and FRBR indexed documents)
Contact Information
Doug Tudhope
School of Computing
University of Glamorgan
Pontypridd CF37 1DL
Wales, UK
http://www.comp.glam.ac.uk/pages/staff/dstudhope
References
Binding C., Tudhope D. 2004. KOS at your Service: Programmatic Access to Knowledge Organisation Systems. JoDI 4(4), http://jodi.tamu.edu/Articles/v04/i04/Binding/
CIDOC CRM http://cidoc.ics.forth.gr/
DELOS Network of Excellence http://www.delos.info/
DELOS Knowledge Extraction & Semantic Interoperability http://delos-wp5.ukoln.ac.uk/
FACET Case Study, DigiCult Thematic Issue 6: Resource Discovery Technologies for the Heritage Sector,http://www.digicult.info/pages/Themiss.php [pdf]
FACET Web demonstrator http://www.comp.glam.ac.uk/~FACET/webdemo/