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Major Perspectives of Psychology By Mr. C.

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Structuralism introspection: the primary research tool of structuralisms introspection: the primary research tool of structuralisms means looking within thinking about our mental processes, and then reporting them Observations based on introspection could not be replicated; theories collapsed. Observations based on introspection could not be replicated; theories collapsed.

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From Structuralism to Functionalism Functionalism: understand the ways that the mind helps individuals function, or adapt to the world Functionalism: understand the ways that the mind helps individuals function, or adapt to the world structuralism: the psychology of the is structuralism: the psychology of the is What are the mental processes? How do they operate? What are the mental processes? How do they operate? functionalism: the psychology of the is-for functionalism: the psychology of the is-for Why do humans think, feel, and behave like they do? Why do humans think, feel, and behave like they do?

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Perspectives Psychoanalytic Psychoanalytic Behaviorism Behaviorism Humanism Humanism Cognitive Cognitive Evolutionary Evolutionary Biological/Biomedical Biological/Biomedical

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Psychodynamic- Dream analysis: Dreams have two types of content: Dreams have two types of content: Manifest content- actual events in dream. Manifest content- actual events in dream. Latent content hidden message in dream. Latent content hidden message in dream. Freud thought that each dream represents a form of wish fulfillment. The wish may be disguised, but it is always there. Freud thought that each dream represents a form of wish fulfillment. The wish may be disguised, but it is always there.

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Psychodynamic- Transference Feelings of love or other emotions (hatred) are expressed toward the therapist. Feelings of love or other emotions (hatred) are expressed toward the therapist. These feelings are actually unconsciously felt toward others; the patient is projecting these feelings onto the therapist. These feelings are actually unconsciously felt toward others; the patient is projecting these feelings onto the therapist. This provides clues about the clients feelings about these other people. This provides clues about the clients feelings about these other people.

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Hypnosis Hypnosis is a psychoanalytic therapeutic technique. Hypnosis is a psychoanalytic therapeutic technique. Supposedly reaches into the unconscious Supposedly reaches into the unconscious Theories: Theories: Divided conscience vs role playing Divided conscience vs role playing

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Psychoanalysis summary All methods deal with accessing the unconscious mind All methods deal with accessing the unconscious mind Psychoanalysis is therapist-centered, meaning the therapist has all the answers, not the patient. Psychoanalysis is therapist-centered, meaning the therapist has all the answers, not the patient. Disorders are caused by unresolved/repressed issues from the past. Disorders are caused by unresolved/repressed issues from the past. Motivation- satisfy the ids impulses with societys constraints Motivation- satisfy the ids impulses with societys constraints

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Behaviorism

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Very telling quote!! Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and Ill guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select -- doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar- man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors. --John Watson, Behaviorism, 1930 Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and Ill guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select -- doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar- man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors. --John Watson, Behaviorism, 1930

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Thorndike law of effect Basically, he was Skinner like. The law of effect principle developed by Edward suggested that responses closely followed by satisfaction will become firmly attached to the situation and therefore more likely to reoccur when the situation is repeated and visa-versa

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B.F. Skinner B.F. Skinner is the most famous of the Behaviorists. He is famous for operant conditioning. Operant conditioning (aka shaping) is learning through reinforcements (rewards) and punishments. B.F. Skinner is the most famous of the Behaviorists. He is famous for operant conditioning. Operant conditioning (aka shaping) is learning through reinforcements (rewards) and punishments.

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Behaviorism The behavioral perspective can explain why people get addicted to gambling (positive reinforcement) The behavioral perspective can explain why people get addicted to gambling (positive reinforcement) Disorders- mimicking others- attention seeking. Disorders- mimicking others- attention seeking. Motivation- intrinsic and extrinsic Motivation- intrinsic and extrinsic Personality- reinforcement and punishment Personality- reinforcement and punishment

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Humanistic Humanism came about in the 1960s in reaction to psychoanalysis and behaviorism. Humanistic psychology was instead focused on each individuals potential and stressed the importance of growth and self- actualization. The fundamental belief of humanistic psychology was that people are innately good. We are not rats in a cage! We are not id-driven animals! We are humans with free will.

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Focus of Humanism Uniquely human issues Uniquely human issues Love, hope creativity, individuality, etc. Love, hope creativity, individuality, etc. Disorders caused by barriers to self actualization Disorders caused by barriers to self actualization Ideal self vs. actual self Ideal self vs. actual self Personality- congruence of actual and real selves. Personality- congruence of actual and real selves.

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Incongruent self: neurosis REALIDEAL REAL IDEAL Incongruent self: psychosis (shattered self) DISORDERS: Rogers- incongruent real and ideal selves Maslow- barriers to self actualization

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Cognitive Psychology

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Cognitive Perspective What does the word cognitive mean? How about cognition? Recognition? What does the word cognitive mean? How about cognition? Recognition? How do we think about and perceive the world. How do we think about and perceive the world. It is the study of how people perceive, remember, think, speak, and solve problems. It is the study of how people perceive, remember, think, speak, and solve problems. Cognitive therapy is about changing the maladaptive thoughts of a person. Cognitive therapy is about changing the maladaptive thoughts of a person.

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Cognitive perspective on depression We are depressed because we are irrational. Our expectations are too high and misplaced. We want everyone to love us and accept us. We want every thing to go our way. We stay angry about stuff that happened a looong time ago. WE MUST CHANGE THE WAY WE THINK TO BE HAPPY AND SUCCESSFUL. We are depressed because we are irrational. Our expectations are too high and misplaced. We want everyone to love us and accept us. We want every thing to go our way. We stay angry about stuff that happened a looong time ago. WE MUST CHANGE THE WAY WE THINK TO BE HAPPY AND SUCCESSFUL. DISORDERS CAUSED BY IRRATIONAL THINKING!!! DISORDERS CAUSED BY IRRATIONAL THINKING!!!

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Cognitive Therapy Cognitive therapy is about changing the maladaptive (bad) thoughts. Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck and William Glasser are famous for reality therapy. They challenged his patients to ask, Are my thoughts realistic or rational? Cognitive therapy also educates the client, teaches him/her proper behaviors/thoughts Cognitive therapy is about changing the maladaptive (bad) thoughts. Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck and William Glasser are famous for reality therapy. They challenged his patients to ask, Are my thoughts realistic or rational? Cognitive therapy also educates the client, teaches him/her proper behaviors/thoughts

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Cognitive Personality View on personality= how do you view and perceive the world around you View on personality= how do you view and perceive the world around you Motivation- based on goal achievement and reducing cognitive dissonance Motivation- based on goal achievement and reducing cognitive dissonance

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Evolutionary Psychology This branch explains why humans do what they do in terms of adaptive value (survival of the species. Why do women usually prefer the guy on the right for long-term relationships? This branch explains why humans do what they do in terms of adaptive value (survival of the species. Why do women usually prefer the guy on the right for long-term relationships? Disorders- like anxiety- defense mechanism in the wild. Disorders- like anxiety- defense mechanism in the wild. Personality- exro vs intro verts- extroverts maintain social approval Personality- exro vs intro verts- extroverts maintain social approval Motivation= instincts and drive theories Motivation= instincts and drive theories

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Biological Perspective This perspective is among the most respected right now. They focus on our brain, nervous system, neurotransmitters and hormones to explain our behaviors. This perspective is among the most respected right now. They focus on our brain, nervous system, neurotransmitters and hormones to explain our behaviors. Biology and medical treatments Biology and medical treatments

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Biological Perspective I dont know why you are depressed or anxious. But here is some medicine! I dont know why you are depressed or anxious. But here is some medicine! Love is simply oxytocin in your brain. Love is simply oxytocin in your brain. Personality is caused by genetics, neurotransmitters and hormones. Personality is caused by genetics, neurotransmitters and hormones. We are motivated based on the same. We are motivated based on the same. Disorders are caused by imbalances in the brain and can be treated with medical therapies Disorders are caused by imbalances in the brain and can be treated with medical therapies

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Common medicines Prozac antidepressant blocks reuptake of serotonin. Prozac antidepressant blocks reuptake of serotonin. Xanax anti-anxiety (side effect of drowsiness) Xanax anti-anxiety (side effect of drowsiness) Thorazine replaced the lobotomy Thorazine replaced the lobotomy

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1. Naturalistic Observation Observed in their natural setting Observed in their natural setting No interference by the researchers. No interference by the researchers.

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The Down Side of Naturalistic Observation: Time! You may not see what you are looking for! Time! You may not see what you are looking for! no control over the environment no control over the environment Can you really go unnoticed? Can you really go unnoticed?

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Survey Method questioning a large group of people about their attitudes, beliefs, etc. questioning a large group of people about their attitudes, beliefs, etc. representative sample, reflects all major characteristics of the population you want to represent. representative sample, reflects all major characteristics of the population you want to represent. quick and efficient quick and efficient in-depth knowledge??? in-depth knowledge??? honesty honesty wording bias wording bias

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Case Study Method Good for developing details Good for developing details One person or a small group One person or a small group time, effort, and attention to detail. time, effort, and attention to detail. most revealing. most revealing. Is generalizing to others appropriate. Is generalizing to others appropriate.

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Correlation Design Research relation between two variables relation between two variables Can be combined with others or used alone Can be combined with others or used alone Correlations are stated as either positive (both move the same) or negative (one up the other down) Correlations are stated as either positive (both move the same) or negative (one up the other down) Watch out for other variables!!! Watch out for other variables!!!

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Experimental Method manipulate (at least) one variable (independent) while measuring (at least) one other variable (dependent). manipulate (at least) one variable (independent) while measuring (at least) one other variable (dependent). Random assignment Random assignment Experimental Group- The group that receives the independent variable Experimental Group- The group that receives the independent variable Control Group- the group that is treated the same as experimental group, but do not receive the independent Control Group- the group that is treated the same as experimental group, but do not receive the independent Operationalizing!!!! Operationalizing!!!!

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Differential Research Sometimes a preexisting characteristic already exists in the participants, such as sex, age, clinical diagnosis, etc. Sometimes a preexisting characteristic already exists in the participants, such as sex, age, clinical diagnosis, etc. In this case, there is no random assignment In this case, there is no random assignment

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Other terms to know. Placebo- Placebo- Placebo Effect- Placebo Effect- Single blind- Single blind- Double blind- Double blind- Deception- Deception- Debriefing Debriefing Standard deviation- Standard deviation-

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What to do with the data??? Mean Mean Median Median Mode Mode Range Range Variance Variance Normal Distribution Normal Distribution Standard Deviation Standard Deviation Chi Square Chi Square T-Test T-Test Positive Correlation (& Perfect) ) Positive Correlation (& Perfect) ) Negative Correlation (& Perfect) Negative Correlation (& Perfect) Illusory Correlation Illusory Correlation Statistical Significance Statistical Significance

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Standard Deviation Reminder