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8/3/2019 Mag Humanitaire No. 3 (English)
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8/3/2019 Mag Humanitaire No. 3 (English)
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2MAG Hmanitaire ICRC |N 3October 2011
Dear readers,
This third edition oMag Humanitaire
oers you a panoramamic view o hu-
manitarian issues in dierent parts o the
continent. From West Arica to the Horn
o Arica through the Sahel, a variety o
topics have been addressed.
The ambitions o this Magazine, which
is also yours, were outlined in the previ-
ous editions: to provide a more global
perspective on humanitarian issues and
challenges acing the ICRC and its part-
ners in the International Red Cross andRed Crescent Movement.
The main story in your Mag Humanitaire
reminds us o the various dangers now
aecting health care delivery in situa-
tions o armed conict and how these
inringe on the right to lie. This is the
gruesome reality o women, children
and men dying as a result o deliberate
attacks or violence against health-care
sta and acilities.
The International Red Cross and Red Cres-
cent Movement (IRCRCM) is sounding the
alarm by launching a global campaign,
whose slogan clearly reects a determi-
nation to advocate or the protection o
health care: Violence against health care
must end. It is a matter o lie and death.
Launched on 10 August 2011 in Gene-
va, this campaign will be at the heart o
discussions with States during the 31st
IRCRCM International Conerence next
December. It will culminate in an inter-
governmental conerence scheduled or
2014 which will review and adopt propos-
als designed to ensure greater respect or
the medical mission.
The ICRC regional delegation in Dakar
will also play its part in this campaign. It
will host a conerence, in May 2012, to
ocus the attention o national and
international actors and observers on
this issue. This event will be a prelude to a
meeting o non-governemental experts,
scheduled to be held in Dakar in 2013,
ater meetings in Islamabad and Brasilia.
The Senegalese capital oers a regional
platorm or observation and humanitar-
ian action, and this conerence is testimo-ny to the ICRCs determination to place
this theme at the top o its priorities.
This is a major public campaign at the
global level, to rearm one o the unda-
mentals o humanitarian action.
Enjoy your reading!
Christophe Martin
Head o regional delegation in Dakar
SUMMARY Edtral
Regal delegat Daar
Rue 7 x B Point E
BP 5681 Dakar-Fann
T + 221 33 869 13 69F + 221 33 824 14 16
E-mail : [email protected]
Sb-delegat
Zghr
Parcelles Assainies 1372
Goumel - BP 1044T + 221 33 991 61 06
E-mail : [email protected]
Mss Bssa
Bairro Thada, Rua 5 de Julho
Casa n 32 - BP 1028T + 245 320 36 59
E-mail : [email protected]
Mss Bajl
B2 Calabash Residence, Palma
Rima road , Kotu - SerekundaT + 220 77 752 90
E-mail : [email protected]
HoRn o ARicASomalia: a jorne o solidarit
HEALTH cARE in DAnGERLanch o the campaignHealth care in danger
noRTH ARicALibya: hmanitarian assistanceagainst all odds
WEST ARicALiberia: hndreds o Ivorian childrento be renited with their amilies
Guinea: assistance to victims oviolence
Niger: law enorcement and respect ohman dignit
Senegal : landmines silent victims
Strengthening legal protection orvictims o armed confict
Behind the Uniorm: train militaries onchild protection
Casamance: maintaining a healthlivestoc in a confict area
Physical rehabilitation centreo Bissau: restoring hope throghrehabilitation
Ziguinchor prison: an innovativeapproach to hgiene and health
DiD you knoW?When the Red Cross visited a prisonernamed Senghor
TABALA
news in brie
www.r.rg
Cover photo: An injured person being rushed to a clinic
rom the ambulance.
Catalina Martin-Chico / COSMOS
The opinions expressed are those o the authors and do not necessarily refect the opinion o the International Committee o the Red Cross (ICRC).
8/3/2019 Mag Humanitaire No. 3 (English)
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3MAG Hmanitaire ICRC |N 3 October 2011
Somalia | HORN OF AFRICA
Smala : a journey o solidarity
But how did we get here? For Yves Van
Loo, ICRC spokesman in Somalia, the
drought is caused by a variety o actors
which calls or an immediate response.But
there are also the structural causes which
run deeper and call or an long-term re-
sponse. As a result o a twenty year crisis,
the agriculture went rom big arms that
could resist to natural disasters to smalland vulnerable individual gardens.
The crisis that this country is experienc-
ing is all the more aggravated by the
high cost o ood products and uel or
the weakness o the currency. Recurrent
droughts and the loss o cattle result in
the displacement o thousands o peo-
ple. Today, millions o Somalis depend
on humanitarian aid.
Armed t, aess dfl-
tes ad lgstal sses
Somalia is acing a widespread hu-
manitarian crisis, in an environment
o requent clashes between govern-
ment orces supported by Arican Union
troops, and armed groups are a major
obstacle in reaching victims. A neutral
dialogue with all parties, enable the ICRC
to be deployed in all parts o the country
thus having an access to assist the most
vulnerable with ood and medicine.
The ICRC ocused its eorts in areas expe-
riencing persistant armed conicts and
where basic services are non-existent.
Through its president Jakob Kellenberg-
er, the ICRC rearmed its determination
not to let down those who were most in
need o assistance.
Since the beginning o the year, over
4,000 war-wounded patients have been
treated in ICRC-supported medical acili-ties in Somalia.
Reahg the mst vlerable
20% o Somalis suer rom acute malnu-
trition according to Dr. Ahmed Moham-ed Hassan, president o the Somali Red
Crescent Society, and in southern Soma-
lia, the number o children and mothers
suering rom malnutrition is on the rise.
The ICRC supports a network o 39 clinics
in regions aected by armed conict and
drought, out o which 27 have therapeu-
tic nutritional centres run by the Somali
Red Crescent Society. In remote areas, 12
mobile teams assist patients unable to
reach a clinic.
162,000 benefciaries have been assist-
ed with 3,000 tons o oods in the eight
provinces o Southern Somalia (Bay,
Bakool, Middle Juba, Lower Juba, Gedo,
Middle Shabelle and Lower Shabelle). An
appeal has been launched beginning o
August in order to reach 1.1 million ben-
efciaries till the end o 2011.
In collaboration with the Somali Red Cres-
cent Society, radio campaigns were creat-
ed, promoting the principles o humani-
tarian law drawing on the biri ma gedo,
the traditional Somali code o warare.
These campaigns emphasized the need
to protect and respect civilians, wound-
ed and captured combatants as well ashealth-care personnel and acilities.
The ICRC together with the Somali Red
Crescent Society, its main operational
partner, has been able to reunite ami-
lies separated as a result o the conict
or natural disasters using the Red Cross
message system and announcements on
local radio.
A coordination mechanism involving do-
nors, international organisations, NGOsand various actors helped to improve
management o the humanitarian re-
sponse.
The ICRCs activities in Somalia date back
to 1977. Though a permanent presence
has been maintained since 1982, ICRCs
activities have been coordinated rom
Nairobi since 1994.n
Amadou Mansour Diou, ICRC Dakar
Galgadud Province, Cabudwaaq. Food distribution to internally displaced people. Tent sheltering a amily. Wild
animals are kept at a distance by bushes.
ICRC/GURE,
Nur
Devastated by twenty years o armed conict, Somalia is currently hit by a serious drought. The southern and central
regions are among the most aected. Despite logistical diculties, the ICRC has transported and distributed over
3,000 tonnes o ood aid.
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4MAG Hmanitaire ICRC |N 3October 2011
Dt sht at the amblae!
it s a matter le ad death
Over 150 years ater the battle o Sol-
erino, violence against health-care per-
sonnel, acilities, vehicles and benefci-
aries in armed conicts or situations o
violence a is still a serious humanitarian
challenge. And yet, it requently goes
unrecognized. A study the International
Committee o the Red Cross (ICRC) con-
ducted in 16 countries between 2008 and
2010 highlights this phenomenon and the
urgent need or action.
The International Red Cross and Red
Crescent Movement thereore launched
this year the Health Care in Dangercam-
paign. Its objective is to draw attention
to the impact o illegal and violent acts
that obstruct the delivery o health care
during armed conicts or other situa-
tions o violence.
Dt mstae the target!
The purpose o this campaign, which will
run rom 2011 to 2015, is to engage the
human conscience. The serious conse-
quences o illegal and sometimes violent
acts that deny access to health care will
be singled out.
Strengthening protection or the sick
and wounded through the adoption o
specifc measures designed to ensure
sae access to eective and impartial
health care is an imperative. States party
to the Geneva Conventions and other
stakeholders will be invited to devise
concrete solutions and to commit them-
selves to their implementation.
Health care is in serious danger when
health-care personnel are prevented
rom reaching their places o work be-
cause o violence, or when frst-aid work-ers are held or delayed at check points.
This is also the case when soldiers orce
their way into hospitals to look or en-
emies or shield themselves rom attack.
Or even worse, when ambulances are
targeted or used to carry out attacks.
It is becoming increasingly dicult to
deliver impartial health care during con-
icts and other situations o violence. As
a result o poor security conditions, the
wounded and sick do not receive themedical attention to which they are en-
titled.
It is surprising that despite decades o e-
ort undertaken by the ICRC through the
promotion o the basic principles o in-
ternational humanitarian law and inter-
national human rights law, these acts still
persist. The problem regrettably remains
a topical issue.
This campaign is an invitation not to
hit the wrong target and to ensure sae
health care delivery.
Hmatara
rss: jggg
memres
There is a humanitar-
ian emergency with
the need to jog the
memories o all actors
concerned. Solutionswill certainly emerge
during expert work-
shops. National Red
Cross Societies, States,
members o health-
care communities and
non-governmental
organisations (NGOs)
will be called upon to
join in the discussion.
The 31st International
Conerence o the Red
Cross and Red Cres-cent to be held at the
Front line o Misrata. A doctor looks or patients to be evacuated.
ICRC/LIOHN,
Andr
HEALTH CARE IN DANGER |
Launch o the Health are dager campaign
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5MAG Hmanitaire ICRC |N 3 October 2011
Mogadishu, Medina hospital, supported by the ICRC. Doctors receive a new patient, one o the numerous civilians aected by stray bullets.
ICRC/LIOHN,
Andr
This should be understood in its broadest
sense, or the greater beneft o victims o
armed conicts or other situations o violence,and includes:
hospitals,clinics,rst-aid postsandambu-
lances;
health-carepersonnel,whetherworkingin
medical acilities, ambulances or as inde-
pendent practitioners;
all persons on the premises of a medical
acility, including the wounded and sick aswell as their relatives;
RedCrossandRedCrescentstainvolvedin
the delivery o health care, including volun-teers;
health-orientedNGOs;
militaryhealth-carefacilitiesandpersonnel.
Darour, Bir Meza. ICRC mobile surgical team, operation.
ICRC/LOUIS
,Virginie
What does health are include?
end o 2011 will be the frst important
meeting in this process.
And in 2014, all the conclusions and
recommendations will be reviewed dur-
ing an ad-hoc intergovernmental con-
erence. States will be encouraged to
endorse and implement them. Aware-
ness-raising actions will also target the
general public but also and especially
armed combatants whose endorsement
is likewise sought.
Full speed ahead with the Health Care in
Dangercampaign! n
Amadou Mansour Diou, ICRC Dakar
| HEALTH CARE IN DANGER
1 The report can be consulted on the ICRC
website: http://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/
publication/p4072.htm
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6MAG Hmanitaire ICRC |N 3October 2011
Brega. Members o the ICRC give rst aid to a soldier injured by a bullet.
ICRC/ElShalwi,Younes
Benghazi, Al Hurria (Liberty) Square. A volunteer rom the Libyan Red Crescent
tends to a young patient.
GettyImages/ICRC/DEMOUST
IER,
Gratiane
Members o the ICRC discussing on the ront line with military commanders the organisation
o evacuations to a eld hospital.
ICRC/K.
Strugg
Lba: humanitarian assistance against all odds
NORTH AFRICA | Liba
Violent incidents erupted in Libya at the end o February 2011 and the situation deteriorated into a ull-blown armed
conict in March. The ICRC immediately dispatched medical teams and surgical equipment to towns in the eastern
part o the country aected by the fghting. It sent its frst delegates to Benghazi on 26 February. In mid-April, it also
opened an oce in Tripoli to expand its operations in the western part o the country. From the evacuation o civilians
stuck in the town o Misrata to assistance oered to displaced persons, visits to detainees or support or health-care
services, ICRC delegates were present on all ronts.
West o Tripoli, Sida Bilal. The Libyan Red Cresecent distributes hygiene kits provided by the ICRC to sub-Saharan
Arican migrant workers feeing war and persecution.
ICRC/BJRGVINSSON,
Jon
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7MAG Hmanitaire ICRC |N 3 October 2011
In the counties bordering the Ivory Coast,
incuding Liberia, there are over 400 un-
accompanied children and children sep-
arated rom their amilies who have been
registered by the ICRC and the LNRCS.
So ar, amily contact has been made orover 170 children and preparations are
on way or those who have accepted a
amily reunifcation.
The Red Cross Tracing Network is making
considerable eorts to reunite as many
amilies as possible,said Karin Homann,
head o the ICRC in Liberia. In doing so,
we have acilitated over 5000 phone calls
and collected over 1200 Red Cross mes-
sages to ensure communication between
reugees and their loved ones.
Ma was t srvve
The Liberian government has estimat-
ed that the total number o reugees is
around 170000. Up to the end o August
the majority o them preer to stay in
Liberia with their host amilies, who have
generously shared their scarce resources
with the reugees.
These last ew months have been very di-
cult. We hardly had any ood, because
we even ate the rice seed, says Edward
Quarowea, a Liberian rice and banana
armer who received seeds, tools and ood
rom the ICRC. I will share all o this with my
amily and the 29 Ivorians Im hosting.
In addition to assistance given by the Red
Cross and international organizations,
many reugees try to fnd income rom
arming, running motorbike taxis or tak-
ing care o water points. Ivorian brothers
Marcel and Gervais are working at the
Red Cross water distribution unit which
provides 15000 litres o clean water a day.
The unit serves both Liberians and reu-
gees. Water rom the river is purifed and
people can fll their buckets rom the taps.
The ICRC and the LNRCS continue to
assist the host and reugee populations
with water and sanitation, distributing
seeds, tools and ood rations and help-
ing to restore amily contacts in all our
counties aected: Nimba, Grand Gedeh,
River Gee and Maryland. In line with its
mandate, the ICRC also visits persons de-
prived o reedom in connection with the
conict in the Ivory Coast.n
Noora Kero, ICRC Liberia
Rice, oil and salt distributed to Liberian armers hosting reugees will help people survive the allow season. Janzon
Town, Grand Gedeh County.
ICRC/Noora
Kero
A Red Cross volunteer recording the needs o reugee populations.
ICRC/NooraKero
Lbera: hundreds o Ivorian children to be reunited
with their amilies
Liberia | WEST AFRICA
We were on the way to etch rice when the situation got tense and we had to run away to the bush,said Isabelle, holding hands
with her young twin sisters in one o the villages hosting reugees in Liberia. The three Ivorian sisters ed the conict in
the Ivory Coast with a amily riend who picked them up and brought them to Liberia. The ICRC together with the Liberia
National Red Cross Society (LNRCS) is helping them to locate their parents in their country and eventually reunite them with
their amily.
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8MAG Hmanitaire ICRC |N 3October 2011
The exercise was conducted in the pres-
ence o all actors identifed in the emer-
gency plan, including the dierent heads
o surgical services as well as chie nurs-
ing ocers. Its purpose was to prepare
the hospital sta or the management o
a large inux o wounded patients that
exceeds the hospitals normal response
capacities. The simulation involved 160
GRCS volunteers rom Red Cross com-
mittees in the 5 communes o Conakry.120 o them played the role o wounded
persons and 40 that o stretcher-bearers.
Volunteers simulating the wounded
went through the entire health care
access process, namely registration at
the emergency room, sorting and then
transer to the dierent services up to
the operating room, depending on the
severity o the case. The 40 volunteer
stretcher-bearers ensured the transer o
patients to the dierent services, whichwere sometimes quite ar rom the
emergency room, as well as stretcher-
bearing rom in-patient services to the
operating room.
The slightly wounded were discharged
ater receiving frst-aid treatment at the
emergency room whereas the more seri-
ous cases were held back to continue the
tabletop exercise. The latter were then
sent to the appropriate services or more
intensive care or or surgery.
The normal unctioning o the hospital
was not disrupted by this 5-hour exer-
cise. However, patients who had come to
seek health care were sur-
prised by this inux o peo-
ple wearing the Red Cross
emblem. To them it was a
reminder o the casualties
this same hospital receivedin September 2009.
The Director o Donka na-
tional hospital, Dr. Fatou
Sikh Camara, expressed
gratitude to the ICRC or
the assistance provided to
the hospital in the manage-
ment o victims o violence
and invited the personnel
to implement a thorough
emergency plan. The head
o the trauma department,
Pro. Skou Kantarala Diak-
it, thanked the ICRC and all volunteers
o the Guinean Red Cross Society or the
organization o the tabletop exercise.
I am pleased about the partnership be-
tween the ICRC and Donka hospital. This
emergency plan or the Conakry hospital,
which is likely to receive almost all severely
wounded people i violence erupts, is o
utmost importance, explained Denise
Duran, Head o the ICRC delegation inConakry. n
Ananie K. Kashironge, ICRC Conakry
Emergency plan simulation exercise at the national hospital o Donka.
ICRC/Guinea
WEST AFRICA | Ginea Conar
Gea: assistance to victims o violence
160 volunteers participate in a tabletop exercise at Donka national hospital
The International Committee o the Red Cross (ICRC) has since 2008 been providing support to Donka national hospital
at the University teaching hospital (CHU) o Conakry to enhance provision o care to victims o violence. The emergency
plan established in 2008 was implemented, with the help o the Guinean Red Cross Society (GRCS), during the Septem-
ber 2009 crisis in the capital. The plan has since been revised and a tabletop exercise was conducted in June 2011 with
the participation o 160 GRCS volunteers.
Red Cross helps people injured in violent
demonstrations
Violent incidents took place in Conakry on 27September 2011, causing many casualties. The
Guinean Red Cross Society (GRCS) and the ICRC,implementing a contingency plan, attended tothe injured. In addition, the ICRC visited hun-
dreds o people who had been arrested.
Guinean Red Cross volunteers administered rstaid and transported those with the most serious
injuries to reerral medical acilities rapidly andwithout hindrance, said Abdoulaye Diallo, theGRCS executive secretary. Altogether, 60 vol-unteers and seven ambulances were mobilized in
various parts o the capital.
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9MAG Hmanitaire ICRC |N 3 October 2011
Police training session on the principles o international humanitarian law.
ICRC/NooraKero
Themes discussed during this 5-day
training session included: international
human rights law, law enorcement in
democratic States, ethical and lawul
conduct o security orces, crime preven-
tion and detection, arrest and detention,maintaining public order, use o orce
and frearms. Other presentations on the
International Red Cross and Red Cres-
cent Movement were also made.
Interesting discussions were held on the
presumption o innocence, prohibition
o arbitrary detention, torture and cruel
and degrading treatments. Discussions
also ocused on the ethical guidelines
or the use o orce, in particular the prin-
ciples o proportionality, necessity and
legality. Special attention was given to
vulnerable groups such as women, chil-
dren, reugees and internally displaced
persons due to situations o violence.
Commissioner Laouali explained: Most
instructors at the Police Academy have
never undergone training in international
humanitarian law or human rights. In anattempt to adhere to the values encom-
passing these two branches o law, it has
become necessary to raise awareness o
it and provide training to our instructors.
Trainees should be equipped with ad-
equate knowledge that will enable them,
when operational, to carry out their duties
in accordance with the law. The national
police will thereore be an institution that
adheres to the rule o law.
The opening ceremony was presided
over by the Technical Advisor to the Min-
ister o the Interior in the presence o the
Director General o Police and the Head
o the ICRC regional delegation in Niger.
The Director General o Police reiterated
the commitment o the Nigerien police to
adopt and apply the universal values o hu-
man dignity in their day-to-day practice.He also thanked the ICRC or its numer-
ous actions in the dissemination and pro-
motion o international human rights law
and international humanitarian law in
Niger in general and or the beneft o
law enorcement services in particular.
The Head o the ICRC delegation provid-
ed assurance on ICRCs continued part-
nership. n
Kadidia Abdou Djabarma, ICRC Niamey
Niger | WEST AFRICA
nger: law enorcement and respect o human dignity
The International Committee o the Red Cross (ICRC) organised, rom 15 to 19 August 2011, a training session or twenty
instructors o the National Police Academy in Niamey. It was conducted by Mr. Maxym Vladimirovich Gutov, ICRC delegate
in charge o matters relating to police and security orces, with the active support o the Commissioner Mahamane Laouali
o the National Police Academy o Niger. The objective o the training session was to incorporate aspects o international
human rights law and international humanitarian law in teaching modules o the Police Academy.
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10MAG Hmanitaire ICRC |N 3October 2011
WEST AFRICA | Senegal
Boubacar BaMarietou Goudiaby
igitte Kanoudy Bacary Diedhiou
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11MAG Hmanitaire ICRC |N 3 October 2011
Senegal | WEST AFRICA
The frst landmine victims in the Casamance conict
appeared in 1983. According to the Senegalese as-
sociation o landmine victims (ASVM) established in
1999, 757 landmine victims were identifed in 2010.
74% o victims are civilians. Although demining
activities are underway, many felds still remain
inaccessible due to the presence o these hidden
killers. Senegal is party to the 1997 Ottawa Treaty
on the prohibition o anti-personnel mines.
These portraits illustrate the daily struggles o
some o the victims o a conict that disrupts, the
lives o people living in Casamance. It is the story
o an entire generation. In Casamance, people say
that landmines are extraordinary weapons: they
do not eat and never sleep.n
All photos : ICRC/JACOME, Felipe M.
Ladmes:
silent victims
Khadiatou Signate, 14 yearsKinta ManeArthur Bona, 25 years
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12MAG Hmanitaire ICRC |N 3October 2011
Does the law governing non-internation-
al armed conicts (NIACs) suciently ad-
dress humanitarian issues that could
arise rom this type o conict? Interna-
tional armed conicts (IACs) are certainly
more regulated than non-international
armed conicts. The vulnerability o theramework applicable to this type o
conict is a consequence o the sover-
eignist claims o States with regards to
their internal aairs. As with the more
general issue o the relevance or not o
international humanitarian law (IHL) to
contemporary armed conicts, the In-
ternational Committee o the Red Cross
(ICRC) shares this concern.
Non-compliance with IHL norms is more
oten a result o the lack o willingness onthe part o actors in armed conicts than
their non-relevance. Existing IHL rules
are still relevant. Special attention must
however be paid to issues that may arise.
They should be documented and the ac-
tions to be undertaken identifed where
necessary. The ICRC initiative ollows this
approach.
Your magazine, Mag Humanitaire, has
taken a keen look at this issue and pre-
pared a concise act sheet. This ICRC ini-
tiative should contribute to greater pro-tection or victims o armed conicts.
o the wrdg Launched as an ICRC
project pertaining to the law on non-in-
ternational armed conicts (NIAC+), this
initiative is now entitled Strengthening le-
gal protection or victims o armed conicts.
o the sprt At present, existing IHLrules remain globally relevant to deter-
mine the behaviour o belligerents. The
normative ramework is appropriate or
both international and non-international
conicts. However, armed conicts are
conronted with multiple challenges as
they evolve. The nature, actors and con-
duct o armed conicts have changed.
o the methdlg Research, desk
review and study. Over two years o re-
search (2007-2009) were carried out tocomplete an inventory o humanitar-
ian issues that are not covered or inade-
quately covered by existing law. Though
the ocus was on NIACs, IACs were also
researched. Over thirty issues were ex-
amined. An internal ICRC study on the
current status o international humani-
tarian law was subsequently conducted.
o the lss the stdThe
main conclusion o the study was that
the normative ramework applicable to
armed conicts does not ully addressreal humanitarian needs at all times. The
ICRC identifed our areas where the law
could be urther developed or clarifed:
1) detention; 2) implementation o IHL
and reparation or victims o violations;
3) natural environment; 4) protection o
internally displaced persons.
The study underscores the issue o de-
tention, particularly in NIACs. The ICRC,
with its lengthy experience working in
prison environments, has pinpointed di-
fculties that are due to detention condi-
tions in general. In this regard, the lack o
legal norms applicable to NIACs compro-
mises eorts to protect lie, health and
the dignity o persons deprived o their
reedom.
Ad w The idea is to secure wide
support or the conclusions o the studyand the ensuing initiatives. Following
the publication o these conclusions,
the ICRC initiated a series o consulta-
tions during which all States were invited
to share their viewpoint. Feedback was
noted as well as diverging viewpoints on
some ICRC proposals. Detention is a sen-
sitive and priority issue or States.
The next International Conerence o the
Red Cross and Red Crescent, scheduled
rom 28 November to 1 December 2011,will provide the ICRC with an opportu-
nity or mobilization. The main fndings
o the study and the outcome o consul-
tations with States will be presented at
this conerence. A drat resolution will be
proposed to strengthen IHL with view to
improving its enorcement and provid-
ing greater protection or detainees. n
Mame Ibrahima Tounkara, ICRC Dakar
HuMANITARIAN ACTION AND LAW
Strengthening legal protection or victims
o armed conicts
From 1864 to the present
da, a continos commitment or the developmento IHL.
Signing o the Geneva Convention, 22 August 1864. (painting by Armand-Dumaresq)
PhotothqueICRC(DR)
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13MAG Hmanitaire ICRC |N 3 October 2011
HuMANITARIAN ACTION AND LAW
Behd the urm: train militaries on
child protection
On 22 September, at the ICRC Dakar
Espace Jeanie-Waddell Fournier or hu-
manitarian action and law, the publi-
cation Behind the Uniorm: training the
military in child rights and child protection
in Aricaedited by Save the Children Swe-
den was launched. The event, co-organ-
ised by Save the Children, ICRC and the
Oce o the Chie o Deence Sta o the
Senegalese Armed Forces, was attended
by embassies, international organisa-
tions, NGOs and several civil and military
authorities.
The publication capitalizes on Save the
Children Swedens 12-year experience
o training the military in Arica on child
rights and protection. It seeks to help a-
miliarize the military with the tools and
instruments or child protection, encour-
age dialogue between civilians and the
military and fnally to prevent violations
o child rights.
Members o the technical panel com-
posed o Gbato Soumahoro, Save the
Children Sweden Advisor on child protec-
tion matters in emergencies, Lieutenant-
Colonel Pape Mouss Ndiaye, Director o
the Military Medical School and Donat-
ien Nkurunziza, ICRC delegate in charge
o matters relating to armed orces, pre-
sented the lessons learned within their
respective institutions.n
Amadou Mansour Diou, ICRC Dakar
Behd the urm: training the military in child
rights and child protection in Arica
Behind the Uniorm: training the military in child
rights and child protection in Arica, Frances Shee-
han and Sophie Joy Mosko (ed.), Save the Chil-
dren Sweden, 2010, 68 pages
This publication gives voice to the soldiers them-
selves and describes how, in 19 countries withinthe continent, the military is educated and trained
on child rights and child protection. This is con-
ducted by means o a programme initiated by Save
the Children Sweden and the ECOWAS1 in close col-laboration with national armed orces and peace-
keeping training schools.
Testimonies o the military illustrate how their per-ception o and attitude towards children in conict
situations have changed (witnesses o violence,
separated rom their parents, taken or targets orrecruited).
Children are made vulnerable by conict situations
and, oten, the frst people they come into contact
with are the military.
Today, there is a child protection unit responsible
or training in the armed orces o 11 countries in
West Arica. Child rights and protection are nowincorporated in military training programmes in
10 countries. Over 115,000 military personnel in
West Arica have received training through this
programme since 1998.
More than150 military instructors in the sub-region,including over orty trainers o trainers, are now
equipped to raise the awareness o their troops onthis issue.
Representatives o the Senegalese army, Save the Children and the International Committee o the Red Cross at the conerence.
SavetheChildrenSwe
den
1 Economic Community o West Arican States
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14MAG Hmanitaire ICRC |N 3October 2011
ICRC
WEST AFRICA | Senegal
casamae: maintaining healthy livestock
in a conict area
How can economic activities relating to livestock production be sustained and livestock kept healthy in a climate o inse-
curity and bias against vaccines? The ICRC provides an answer through an innovative programme to support veterinary
activities in the Fogny region o Casamance.
Better traed, mble
ad efet veterar
assstats
During the past two years, the
ICRC has put in place a programme
to train and support veterinary
assistants. Clment Kaze, pro-
gramme manager at the ICRC
sub-delegation in Ziguinchor, says
he is satisfed with the result.
ICRC support includes training
sessions, veterinary equipment,
medicines, etc. But the actual
revolution occurred with the pro-
curement o motorbikes to acili-
tate travel by assistants throughout the
Fogny region. Five assistants were trained
and equipped with motorbikes in the Dji-naki, Suelle, Djibidione and Oulampane
localities.
At Djibidione, the village leader identi-
fes one o the key success actors: the
assistants are very mobile. Ismaela Man,
a veterinary assistant or whom mobility
is a real added value, adds we intervene
rapidly in the area. The ICRC investment
means complete autonomy or the vet-
erinary assistants.
They now deal ruthlessly with ticks, worms,
trypanosomiasis, dermatosis, oot-and-
mouth disease, as well as anthrax which
caused a heavy mortality, declared Sam-
cidine Coly, a veterinary assistant.
A drast redt amal
mrtalt
At Djibidione, the president o the rural
council explains: last year I lost 14 ani-
mals. This year the mortality rate is close to
zero. Veterinary assistants deserve a spe-
cial mention because they travel to wher-
ever they are called; we are very satised
with their work.
According to Ismaela Man, a veterinary
assistant, this programme helps improve
livestock production in the area. We are
delighted with this collaboration with the
ICRC. This is confrmed by MamadouDiedhiou, president o the association
o livestock breeders at Djinaki who
says that populations can actually see
the changes; there is less animal mortality
thanks to ICRC support.
Previously, the cattle suered rom epi-
demics because government workers
eared or their saety and avoided cer-
tain areas. But there were also biases. Ac-
cording to Dr. Landing Badji, a veterinary
doctor (see box), livestock breeders be-
lieved that consumption o meat originat-ing rom vaccinated animals caused steril-
ity. As the selected veterinary assistants
themselves lived in the targeted areas,
they played a key role in heightening the
awareness o populations.
These assistants are now frmly estab-
lished and their know-how recognized.
They simply hope or brighter days in the
localities were they have become real
heroes. n
Amadou Mansour Diou, ICRC Dakar
Dr Landing Badji, veterinary doctor in a conict zone
Dr. Ladg Badj, a veterinary doctor estab-lished in Bignona since 1996, recalls the dicult
beginnings o his work: In the early stages, our
work was risky due to the insecurity and biases
against vaccines. There were even some rumoursthat the consumption o meat originating rom
vaccinated animals made people sterile! Govern-
ment workers did not dare go to certain areascontrolled by MFDC armed groups. Livestock werecontaminated and in poor health. We even went
to the extent o vaccinating ree o charge just toset an example.
Following the havoc wreaked by the anthrax dis-
ease, certain livestock breeders decided to crossthe line out o despair. Then there was an rush
or vaccinations. At the onset, we reached 1,000
heads per year with difculty, and now we vacci-nate up to 40,000 heads,he says with satisaction.
Today, he believes that the wager has paid o.
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15MAG Hmanitaire ICRC |N 3 October 2011
Midana with his amily, ater the tting o his protheses.
ICRC/DIOUF,
AmadouMansour
Bssa phsal reha-
bltat etre:
restoring hope through
rehabilitation
Upon arrival in Bissau, you will notice
the bustling streets, trac jams at cer-
tain road intersections, well-established
shops with signs in Portuguese; in short,
a normal lie.
And yet, this country is still healing rom
the eects o several armed conicts1and their toll o victims. Pay a visit to the
Dr. Ernesto Lopes Moreira national reha-
bilitation centre in Bissau and you will be
able to better understand the struggle or
normal lie led by people who, or some,
were in the wrong place at the wrong
time. A landmine and your whole lie
goes o-track. This is the story o Midana.
When you meet Midana Ntop and he
shakes your hand with a smile, you can-
not imagine the struggles that this 40-year old man o average build has gone
through to reach this
point. Today, he is a vet-
eran in a country that
has witnessed several
periods o armed con-
icts.
As a soldier, he wasdeployed in 2006 to
fght against Senegalese
armed groups present
in Bissau-Guinean ter-
ritory near the border
with Senegal.
Ater a landmine ac-
cident Midana loses
his let leg. His lie
changes drastically. His wie leaves him.
Everything collapses. He tries to get onwith crutches. Eventually, worn away by
time, they break under his weight. Since
Guinea-Bissau has not signed the United
Nations Convention on the rights o per-
sons with disabilities, he cannot hope or
any special avours.
And then, the encounter with the ICRC
and a window o hope opened or Mi-
dana2. As he couldnt walk with his crutch-
es, he was unemployed and thereore
with a double disability, physical and so-
cial. A prothesis completely changed thisby giving him back the complete use o
his two hands. Now that he is working
again, he has an income that allows him
to take care o his amily and play an eco-
nomic and social role.
Looking back, it is with wise words that
he comments on the images running
through his mind and with a broad smile
that he talks o his remarriage in 2008!
In March 2011, he was ftted with a pro-thesis o better quality and as good
things oten come in pairs, he was also
promoted at the Bissau military hospital
where he works. Could he ask or more?
He is regaining pleasure in lie and be-
coming independent. I can walk up to
9 kilometres, he says proudly. Painul
memories as well: Ater my accident, I lost
all motivation, he adds. He now lives a
normal amily lie with his wie and three
children in the Bissaque neighbourhood,
and thanks the Centre or enabling him
to look orward to a brighter uture.n
Amadou Mansour Diou, ICRC Dakar
1 War o independence (1962 to 1973), civil war (June 1998
to May 1999) and armed confict in the northern part o the
country (March to April 2006).
2 With the support o the ICRC, Midana received three protheses
in 2007 (rom the NGO ANDES in Bissau), in 2010 (Ziguinchor
Rehabilitation Centre) and in 2011 at the Centre in Bissau.
3 Economic Community o West Arican States
Constructed in the 1980s and plundered
during the 1998 civil war, the Bissau reha-
bilitation centre was reurbished with thesupport o the ECOWAS3 and the commit-
ment o the Ministry o Health. It was then
equipped (urniture, machines, raw materi-
als, etc.) by the International Committee othe Red Cross (ICRC). The ICRC also helps to
strengthen capacities or the management
and administration o the Centre.
This is the only Centre in the country that
specializes in the physical rehabilitation o
disabled people. The appropriate type o re-habilitation is proposed to the patient ater
consultation. The Centre produces prosthe-
ses, crutches and wheelchairs but also physi-
otherapy and psychological support services,explains Basilio Adriano, Administrator o
the Centre. A sta o 17 ensures the provi-
sion o care to patients. To date, over 100
persons with physical disabilities have re-
ceived treatment at this Centre, inaugurat-ed in April 2011.
Supporting the centre
to help other Midanas
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16MAG Hmanitaire ICRC |N 3October 2011
Pbl health halleges
a prs evrmet
Situated in the city centre, Ziguinchor
prison is located between a bank, Sona-
tel and the post oce. The building was
ormerly a school run by nuns, explains anocial.
Public health is a major concern in deten-
tion centres. At Ziguinchor prison, the
main issue is the wastewater disposal
system. This is reective o the city, which
has a major wastewater disposal problem
because o poor inrastructure, explains
Charles Valentin Magendo, an ICRC en-
gineer.
Improving living conditions in detentioncentres is o primary importance to the
ICRC and these concerns are shared by
the Department o Prison Administration
(DAP). Because o the poor conditions,
rehabilitation works at Ziguinchor prison
have been undertaken in the past years
by both the DAP and the ICRC.
In 1995, aeces and urine would trickle
down to the courtyard, but there have
been major improvements, acknowl-
edges Malang Biaye, Deputy Director o
Ziguinchor prison. Samples taken and
examined by Sngalaise des Eaux (wa-
ter utility company) revealed that the
water was contaminated by aeces as a
result o the dilapidated state o pipes.
The pipes have since been replaced and
the water is now sae to drink. The sep-
tic tanks, water distribution network andpublic water taps have been rehabilitated.
And how about the issue o water sup-
ply with the requent power outages?
An independent network comprising a
5,000-litre reservoir and water ountains
was set up by the ICRC making the prison
almost completely sel-sucient.
Toilets were also reurbished and doors
put up to ensure the privacy o detain-
ees. Large dustbins with lids were placed
in the middle and in all our corners o
the courtyard. This has meant that there
are no more swarms o ies and insects
attracted to the letover ood.
A exellet llabrat
wth athrtes
With roos in certain areas containing
asbestos, the risk o cancer was serious,
explains Charles Valentin. The roo o
the central building as well as that o the
womens and juvenile quarters have since
been redone.
The renovation o these roos required
prior consultation and preparation. For
security reasons, detainees had to be
evacuated rom the premises during con-
struction works. Some were transerred
to adjacent cells, others to the Bignona
prison or to other detention centres inCasamance. Debris rom the works was
buried on land provided by the mayors
oce. Today, everyone is pleased with
the measures taken to improve the living
conditions o detainees and o the prison
sta as well.
These achievements are attributable to
the excellent collaboration between the
ICRC and the prison authorities. Each
party, in a positive spirit, tried to urther
its arguments whether on detentionconditions or security issues. In general,
they always reached an agreement.
Esre the prtet
detaees
There are some more sensitive aspects
o ICRCs work within the prison environ-
ment. In Ziguinchor, these are managed
by Marc Maurer, the delegate in charge
o protection issues, in compliance with
the ICRCs strict level o confdentialityand neutrality. A permanent and con-
structive dialogue is maintained with
authorities to ensure that the rights o
detainees are respected.
Marc says that the ICRCs good relation-
ship with the prison authorities acili-
tates his work in Ziguinchor as well as in
Bignona, Oussouye, Sdhiou or Kolda.n
Amadou Mansour Diou, ICRC Dakar
WEST AFRICA | Senegal
To improve detention conditions and respect the rights o detainees, the ICRC visited a number o prisons in the 80 countries
in which it works. (Photo : Liberia)
ICRC/HEGER,
Boris
Zghr prs: an innovative approach
to hygiene and health
It is common knowledge that the ICRC oers protection and assistance to detainees. What is less well known is the work
done to make detention conditions better by improving the health environment in prisons. This article sheds some light
on the fght or cleanliness in Ziguinchor prison.
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In 1940, a triumphant Nazi Germany de-
tained 1.8 million prisoners. They are sep-
arated based on the colour o their skin.
Among them, about 100,000 are rom the
colonies. The whites are sent to Germany
whereas those rom the colonies are in-
terned in France, most in Frontstalags1
reserved or colonial soldiers. Hitler does
not want blacks on the Reich territory.
Among these tirailleurs is a Senegalese
Associate Proessor o Grammar, Lopold
Sdar Senghor. A second class inantry-man, he is attached to the 31st inantry
regimen o the colonies and is a member
o the platoon o non-commissioned o-
fcers. Captured by the Germans in June
1940, he is transerred to several camps
beore being released in 1942 or medi-
cal reasons.
We have all heard in the media o a sev-
en-page typed document discovered
by a researcher in the French National
archives in June 2010. In this document,Senghor provides a detailed account o
his captivity and an overview o the liv-
ing conditions o the prisoners.
Senghor reveals the reality o some o
these camps, mainly Frontstalag 230
at Poitiers and Frontstalag 221 at Saint
Mdard near Bordeaux. Delegates o
the International Committee o the Red
Cross paid visits to these camps up to 17
June 1942. This was beore the escape o
General Henri Giraud which provoked
Hitlers anger and brought an end to in-
spections by the Red Cross.
At each turn o the page, Senghor tells
us o how dicult the living conditions
o the prisoners were. He complains o
hygiene, the cold weather and especially
o hunger: The most demoralizing is the
hunger.() Prisoners are actually hal-
starved.
The Red Cross, which visited these
camps, tried to improve detention condi-
tions by providing material assistance to
prisoners- clothes or ood. In Bordeaux,
according to Senghor, Red Cross suppliesseem to account or the majority o their
ood intake. However, this assistance was
sometimes diverted: the Red Cross sends
us all we need (editors note: clothes), but
they preer to give us the old items. Where
does the rest go?
Further on, Senghor implies that the Red
Cross did not only provide assistance. Its
delegates conducted, in conormity with
ICRC practices, one-on-one interviews
with prisoners to enquire about the situ-ation in the Frontstalags. In these inter-
views, prisoners condemned the arbitrary
manner in which the camps were admin-
istered:several () told me that they could
not be released on 18 December because
they could not pay money to Bel Ad (editors
note: head o the camp) (...), those released
complained to the Red Cross.
It appears that the Red Cross, with this
inormation in hand, intervened with the
authorities to make changes. Senghor
continues: ollowing which, the kom-
mandantur searched Bel Ads house where
apparently ood and several thousand-
rancs were ound.
Since the Franco-Prussian war in 1870,
the ICRC visits, among other persons,
prisoners o war detained during inter-
national armed conict. The ICRCs main
objective in this regard is to ensure that
detainees are treated humanely and with
respect or their dignity.
Even though during the Second World
War the ICRCs eorts to provide protec-
tion and assistance to war victims was
globally a ailure, the intervention o its
delegates undoubtedly made the deten-
tion conditions o Senghors companions
a little more bearable.
These two years o capitivity were cer-
tainly trying or the uture president o
the Republic o Senegal, but or the poetthey were also a source o inspiration.
A large part o Senghors second book,
Hosties noires, was written during this
period. n
Wolde-Gabriel Saugeron, ICRC Dakar
1939-1945 war. Colonial Lazaret o Saint Mdard. Potato- peeling duty.
French prisoners o war with Senegalese origins. PhotothqueICRC
| DID yOu kNOW?
When the Red Cross visited
a prisoner named Senghor
* Prisoners camp
Geneva, Central Research Agency. Visit to the International
Committee o the Red Cross by the President o Senegal.
PhotothqueICRC(DR)/KURZ,
Jean-Jacqu
es
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GuINEA-BISSAu
30.09.11
Trag t ehae
veterar are
Stockbreeders in the north-west o Guin-
ea Bissau will soon have new veterinary
assistants to help care or their livestock
and reduce animal mortality. The ICRC
and the Department o Livestock o the
Ministry o Agriculture organised a train-
ing session or some Red Cross volun-
teers in Guinea Bissau. Those trained will
provide basic veterinary care. We are hope-
ul that i animals are healthier, certain
economic activities will receive a boost and
ultimately increase household income in-
dicates Ilda Pina, ICRC delegate in charge
o the programme. To help them get
started, they will each receive a completeset o veterinary supplies and medicines.
In addition, the ICRC will provide them
with a way to get around easily in order
to work eectively.
ICRC
19.10.2011
The icRc appts ts
ew presdet
At a meeting on 17 October, the Assem-
bly o the International Committee o the
Red Cross (ICRC), the organisations gov-
erning body, appointed Peter Maurer as
the next ICRC president. He succeeds Ja-
kob Kellenberger who has been in oce
since 2000. The incoming president will
take up duties on July 1st 2012 or a our-
year renewable term. Mr. Maurer is cur-
rently the Secretary o State at the Swiss
Foreign Aairs Federal Department, a
position he has held since January 2010.
He directs, rom the headquarters inBerne, the activities o the Swiss diplo-
matic service and diplomatic missions
around the world.
SyRIA
16.09.11
The icRc dems la
respet r medal servesA Syrian Arab Red Crescent volunteer suc-
cumbed to his wounds ater being injured
in the course o perorming his duties,said
Batrice Mgevant-Roggo, the ICRCs
head o operations or the Middle East. It
is completely unacceptable that volunteers
who are helping to save other peoples
lives end up losing their own. Two other
volunteers were injured in the same in-
cident. Their ambulance was caught in
heavy fre while they were evacuating
an injured person to a hospital in Homs.
This is not the frst time Red Crescent
personnel and vehicles have come un-
ICRC
For Jeanie
On 1st September, collaborators o the In-
ternational Committee o the Red Cross(ICRC) commemorated the tragic deatho Jeanie Waddell-Fournier, an ICRC del-
egate. Victim o a landmine accident, she
lost her lie on September 1st 2006 in Casa-
mance, Senegal. Her colleagues in Dakarand Ziguinchor as well as the populations
o Bignona, Leueu, Djondji, Dyanaye
Inor and Sitoukne (where the health hutbears her name), paid tribute to her. In ad-
dition to observing a minute o silence,
the inhabitants o these localities held dis-
cussions on HIV, sanitation programmesand blood donationunder the supervision
o volunteers o the Senegalese Red Cross
Society.
TABALA
Tabala* ...news in brie
The ICRC has started to distribute ood
to assist some 1.1 million drought- and
war-aected people across the hardest-
hit areas o southern and central Soma-
lia. The frst round o distributions, in the
Gedo region, is providing 72,000 people
with enough beans, oil and rice to cover
their needs or one month. Several more
rounds are planned to take place be-
ore December. While ood distribution
is needed to relieve immediate suer-
ing, the ICRC also aims over the medium
term to give the population the means
to sustain their own livelihoods. It is
thereore providing seed and ertilizer
or 240,000 armers ahead o the plant-
ing season. This ongoing operation is be-
ing conducted by the ICRC with the sup-
port o volunteers rom the Somali Red
Crescent Society.
SOMALIA
05.10.11
The icRc lahes ew d dstrbts
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19MAG Hmanitaire ICRC |N 3 October 2011
der fre or been attacked since the onseto the recent violence in Syria. Medical
personnel, ambulances and other means
o medical transport must be respected
and protected, and their work must be
acilitated. The Red Cross and Red Cres-
cent emblems must be respected by all.
SENEGAL
14.10.11
Assstae t pplats theslated area Dad
The ICRC conducted an operation to as-
sist populations in the village o Dioka-
dou, in Casamance. This assistance is in
response to the difculties encountered by
the populations o Diokadou, who have
been isolated since the month o January
due to armed conict and insecurity in the
area, explains Ilda Pina, ICRC coordina-
tor or economic security programmes.
The ICRC provided 232 people with rice,
oil, sugar and soap. Through dialogue
with all parties to the conict and in ob-
servance o a strict level o neutrality, the
ICRC succeeded in obtaining security
guarantees or the setting up o a hu-
manitarian corridor during distribution
rounds.
IVORy COAST
21.09.11
Stdets rm reh-speag
Ara plead teratal h-
matara law (iHL)
The ICRC delegation in Abidjan organ-
ised a regional moot court competition
in IHL. Students rom nine West and
Central Arican countries (Benin, Togo,
Democratic Republic o Congo, Congo
Brazzaville, Guinea, Senegal, Cameroon,Mali and the Ivory Coast) took part in
this event. The preliminary rounds o
the competition took place during the
frst two days and were devoted to role-
playing exercises. The fnal round, on
the third day, pitted the two best teams
against each other in fctional proceed-
ings at the Abidjan-Plateau courthouse.
The team rom Congo Brazzaville was the
winner o this edition.
GuINEA-CONAkRy04.10.11
Red crss helps peple jred
vlet demstrats
Violent incidents took place in Conakry
on 27 September, causing many casual-
ties. The Guinean Red Cross Society and
the ICRC attended to the injured. 60
volunteers and seven ambulances were
mobilized in various parts o the capi-tal. Most o the casualties were taken to
Donka National Hospital and the Camp
Samory Tour military hospital. Both
acilities had recently received medical
supplies rom the ICRC enabling them to
provide better care or injured patients.
The ICRC also visited people arrested in
connection with the events in order to
assess the treatment they were receiving
and the conditions in which they were
being held.
CICR/Mrazikova,
Diana
TABALA
Stylish and meticulous, and extremely
kind, Josiane chooses her words careully.
From Switzerland, she has none the lessthe elegance o an authentic Senegalese
driank. This could sound like a tribute be-
ing paid to this sixty-year old woman walk-
ing happily towards retirement.
Josianne, regional coordinator o the HIV/
AIDS programme or the Dakar delega-tion sta, has worked with the ICRC or 20
years in several countries in Arica (Mo-
zambique, Angola, Sierra Leone, Central
Arican Republic, Niger) and elsewhere(Aghanistan, Sri Lanka). As she contem-
plates her countless memories and as
memories o Senegal come to mind, she
says: I am pleased to end my mission herein Senegal where I met a Head o delegation
who allowed me to try out the HIV/AIDS pro-
gramme, and I am happy to have extended it
to include vulnerable migrant women, trans-orming it into more than just a corporate
programme.
A nurse and trainer, she judges that the
ICRC was a ormidable opportunity to ulfl
a childhood dream: my maternal grand-
ather, imprisoned by the Germans, had re-ceived an ICRC package. In other words, the
calling to work in the humanitarian felddates back to her early childhood.
Despite her cheerulness, she revolts at the
idea that the right to health is violated at
times o war, and expresses her total satis-
action at the Health Care in Dangercam-paign.The ICRC has paid a heavy price, she
asserts, while recalling with deep emotion
the loss o Jeanie Waddell-Fournier.
Josiane, always enthusiastic, would like to
see the younger generation engage ur-
ther in humanitarian action, which accord-ing to her, leads to humility. Ater all these
years with the ICRC, the spirit o nursing is
still powerul within her.
Thank you, she says with emotion and
tears, to the ICRC amily. All the best to this
white Arican, as she defnes hersel.
ICRC Jobs
Josiane Friedrich,a kind-hearted nurse
* Drum used in West Arica
ICRC
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