Macromolecules

August 16, 2013August 16, 2013

ObjectivesObjectives Identify macromolecule type from pictures or models

Describe the functions of macromolecules

Identify examples of the four macromolecules found in the human body

Use models to represent the macromolecules

Identify macromolecule type from pictures or models

Describe the functions of macromolecules

Identify examples of the four macromolecules found in the human body

Use models to represent the macromolecules

MacromoleculesMacromoleculesMacromolecules are large organic molecules that consist of chains of repeating subunits called monomers.

Macromolecules are large organic molecules that consist of chains of repeating subunits called monomers.

Macromolecule Monomer Monosaccharides Fatty acids Amino acids Nucleotides

MacromoleculesMacromoleculesMacromolecules are large organic molecules that consist of chains of repeating subunits called monomers.

Macromolecules are large organic molecules that consist of chains of repeating subunits called monomers.

Macromolecule Monomer Carbohydrates Monosaccharides Lipids Fatty acids Proteins Amino acids Nucleic Acids Nucleotides

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates• All have formula: CnH2nOn

• Classified as • Monosaccharides (one)• Disaccharides (two)• Polysaccharids (many)

• Function in humans: Energy storage

• All have formula: CnH2nOn

• Classified as • Monosaccharides (one)• Disaccharides (two)• Polysaccharids (many)

• Function in humans: Energy storage

Glucose (monosaccharide)

MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides

Glucose – used to transport energy through the blood to all cells in the body

Ribose – Ribose –

found in nucleic acids

Glucose – used to transport energy through the blood to all cells in the body

Ribose – Ribose –

found in nucleic acids

MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides

Glucose – used to transport energy through the blood to all cells in the body

Ribose – Ribose –

found in nucleic acids

Glucose – used to transport energy through the blood to all cells in the body

Ribose – Ribose –

found in nucleic acids

glucose ribose

DisaccharidesDisaccharides

Lactose• Found in milk

Lactose• Found in milk

PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides

Glycogen• Used for energy storage in liver & muscles

• Made of glucose molecules

Glycogen• Used for energy storage in liver & muscles

• Made of glucose molecules

Carbohydrate Quick Review

Carbohydrate Quick Review

1)What are the 3 types of carbohydrates?

2)What is the main function of carbohydrates in humans?

3)How will you recognize a carbohydrate?

1)What are the 3 types of carbohydrates?

2)What is the main function of carbohydrates in humans?

3)How will you recognize a carbohydrate?

LipidsLipidsDiverse, but all are non-polar (thus hydrophobic)

Diverse, but all are non-polar (thus hydrophobic)

Type FunctionTriglycerides (fats & Oils)

Energy storage, insulation

Steroids (including cholesterol)

Hormones, part of cell membrane

Phospholipids Chief component of cell Membrane; Covers Nerves

Vitamins (A, E, K) Vital for many functions

Triglycerides Fun Facts

Triglycerides Fun Facts

What’s the difference between … Oils vs. Fats?

What’s the difference between … Oils vs. Fats?

Triglycerides Fun Facts

Triglycerides Fun Facts

What’s the difference between … Oils vs. Fats?

Oils are liquid at room temperature, while fats are solid.

What’s the difference between … Oils vs. Fats?

Oils are liquid at room temperature, while fats are solid.

Triglycerides Fun Facts

Triglycerides Fun Facts

What’s the difference between … Saturated and Unsaturated Fats?What’s the difference between … Saturated and Unsaturated Fats?

Triglycerides Fun Facts

Triglycerides Fun Facts

What’s the difference between … Saturated and Unsaturated Fats?

Saturated fats are “saturated” with hydrogens and thus form a straight chain. Unsaturated fats have some double bonds, and thus are bent.

What’s the difference between … Saturated and Unsaturated Fats?

Saturated fats are “saturated” with hydrogens and thus form a straight chain. Unsaturated fats have some double bonds, and thus are bent.

Energy Storage:Lipids Vs. CarbsEnergy Storage:Lipids Vs. Carbs

LIPIDS Usually long-term

More energy dense

Cannot be easily transported

Doesn’t impact osmotic balance

Less easily digested

LIPIDS Usually long-term

More energy dense

Cannot be easily transported

Doesn’t impact osmotic balance

Less easily digested

Carbs Usually short-term

Less energy dense Can be transported

Impacts osmotic balance

More easily digested

Carbs Usually short-term

Less energy dense Can be transported

Impacts osmotic balance

More easily digested

Lipid Quick ReviewLipid Quick Review

1. What property do all Lipids share?

2. Name 3 examples of lipids in the body.

3. Why would we store excess energy as Fat, rather than carbohydrates?

1. What property do all Lipids share?

2. Name 3 examples of lipids in the body.

3. Why would we store excess energy as Fat, rather than carbohydrates?

Amino AcidsAmino AcidsProteins are folded-up chains of amino acids.

There are 20 commonlyoccurring

amino acids.

Proteins are folded-up chains of amino acids.

There are 20 commonlyoccurring

amino acids.

Protein structureProtein structure

Functions of ProteinsFunctions of Proteins

Partial list only!Partial list only!

Function Example Details Shape

Enzymes lactase Breaks down lactose globular

Movement myosin & actin Slide past each other to cause muscle contraction

Fibrous

Transport hemoglobin Carries oxygen in blood globular

Structural collagen Tough fiber that provides strength

Fibrous

Hormones insulin Regulates blood sugar globular

Defense immunoglobins Antibodies globular

Nucleic AcidsNucleic AcidsDNA: Genetic Information

RNA: Transcribes and translates DNA to make proteins

DNA: Genetic Information

RNA: Transcribes and translates DNA to make proteins

Nucleotide structureNucleotide structureEach nucleotide has three parts:

A phosphate group A sugar A nitrogenous base (A, C, T, or G)

Each nucleotide has three parts: A phosphate group A sugar A nitrogenous base (A, C, T, or G)

ATPATPThe energy Currency of the Cell

The energy Currency of the Cell

Stop & Jot, then ShareStop & Jot, then Share1.Which macromolecule has the

most complex structure? Why do you say that?

2.Which macromolecule has the most diversity of functions?

1.Which macromolecule has the most complex structure? Why do you say that?

2.Which macromolecule has the most diversity of functions?

Quick ReviewQuick ReviewIdentify the macromolecule and Function

RNA Phospholipid Glycogen Collagen Lactose Insulin

Identify the macromolecule and Function

RNA Phospholipid Glycogen Collagen Lactose Insulin