+

Macromolecules and Nutrition

+Nutrients

n Everything we do is fueled by chemical substances in our food called nutrients.

n Nutrients are classified as carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water.

n When we eat a meal, nutrients are released from food through digestion.

nMacromolecules: GIANT molecules also called POLYMERSnmade from thousands of smaller

molecules (monomers)

nEXAMPLES:nCarbohydratesnLipids (fats)nProteinsnNucleic Acids

Macromolecules

Nutrients!

DNA!

+Formation of Macromoleculesn All macromolecules are made by joining

together smaller subunits to make a long repeating chain

n Monomers à Subunits that serve as building blocks of a polymer (links)n“Mono” = one

n Polymers à Large molecule made up of monomers linked together (chain) n“Poly” = many

monomer + monomer + monomer + monomer + monomer + monomer àpolymer

+n What is the small molecule called?

n Monomer

n What is the large molecule called? n Polymer

n In the picture, what is a polymer made up of? n Many Monomers linked together

Macromolecules and Nutrition

Lipids

Carbs

Proteins

Carbohydrates

nCarbohydrates – macromolecule that consists of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (C, H, O)

nFUNCTION: main source of energyn The breakdown of sugars, such as glucose,

supplies quick energy for cell activities

n Plants: use carbs for structural purposes (fiber)

Type of Carbohydrate: Monosaccharides - Simple Sugars

n Monosaccharides - single sugar molecules

n Glucose: sugar found in your blood

n Galactose: milk sugar

n Fructose: in fruits

n Sucrose: ordinary table sugar = glucose + fructose

Type of Carbohydrate:Polysaccharides-Complex Carbohydrates

n Polysaccharides –a large macromolecule formed from monosaccharides

n Glycogen– animals store excess sugar

n Starch- plants store excess sugar

+Nutrition: Carbohydrates

nCarbohydrates are the human body’s key source of energy

nProvide 4 calories of energy per gram.

nWhen carbohydrates are broken down by the body, the sugar glucose is produced

nGlucose is critical to help maintain tissue protein, metabolize fat, and fuel the central nervous system and body cells.

+REVIEW:What is the monomer of carbohydrate called?

What is the polymer of carbohydrate called?

What is the function of a carbohydrate?

Lipids: Oils, Waxes, Fat

Lipids – macromolecule that consists of C,H,OnNot soluble in waternFatty Acid - the lipid building block (monomer)

FUNCTIONS:

n Energy source/storage

n Making cell membranes

n Steroids: structure, communication, immune system

+Nutrition: Lipids

nProvide 9 calories of energy per gram

nMost concentrated of the energy-producing nutrients, so our bodies need only very small amounts.

nFats play an important role in building cell membranes

+REVIEW:What is the monomer of lipid called?

What is the polymer of fatty acid called?

What are some functions of lipids?

+ Nucleic Acids

n Nucleic acids –macromolecule containing H, O, N, C, and P

n Nucleotide- nucleic acid building block (monomer)

n Two Kinds of Nucleic Acid:n RNA (Ribonucleic acid)

n DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)

n FUNCTION: store and transmit hereditary/ genetic information

More on this next semester!

+REVIEW:What is the monomer of a nucleic acid called?

What is the polymer of a nucleic acid called?

What is the function?

Protein (also called Polypeptide)

FUNCTIONS: EVERYTHING

n regulate cell processesn Enzymes

n form cell structures

n transport substances into or out of cells

n fight disease

Proteins: macromolecule consists of C, H, O, N § Amino acid – protein building block (monomer)

- Two amino acids = dipeptide- Many amino acids = polypeptide

+Amino Acids: Formation of Protein

+

REVIEW:What is the monomer of a protein called?

What is the polymer of a protein called?

What are some functions of proteins?

+Nutrition: Proteins

n Dietary proteins are powerful compounds that build and repair body tissues, from hair and fingernails to muscles.

n In addition to maintaining the body’s structure, proteins speed up chemical reactions in the body, serve as chemical messengers, fight infection, and transport oxygen from the lungs to the body’s tissues.

+Nutrition: Proteins

n Although protein provides 4 calories of energy per gram, the body uses protein for energy only if carbohydrate and fat intake is insufficient.

n When tapped as an energy source, protein is diverted from the many critical functions it performs for our bodies.

+Structure and Function of Amino Acids

nMore than 20 different amino acids found in nature

nProteins = most diverse macromolecules

nTheir 3-D shape gives them a particular function

nMade under the control of DNA

+Levels of Organization of Proteins

Four levels of structure:

1) Primary - sequence of its amino acids

+Levels of Organization of Proteins Four levels of structure:

1) Primary - sequence of its amino acids

2) Secondary - folding/coiling of polypeptide chain

+Levels of Organization of Proteins Four levels of structure:

1) Primary - sequence of its amino acids

2) Secondary - folding/coiling of polypeptide chain

3) Tertiary - more than one chain together

+Levels of Organization of Proteins Four levels of structure:

1) Primary - sequence of its amino acids

2) Secondary - the folding/coiling of polypeptide chain

3) Tertiary – more than one chain together

4) Fourth -is the complete, 3D arrangement of a polypeptide chain

n Ex. Hemoglobin - the iron containing oxygen-transport protein in the red blood cells of all vertebrates