Machinery and Machine Guardingstponline.stpub.com/pubs/OSHA/OF/OF_MG.pdfOF 12/19 ©STP MG/Part 1 - 1 MACHINERY AND MACHINE GUARDING.. PART 1: INTRODUCTION Applicability of This Module

MG/Part 1 - 1OF 12/19 ©STP

MACHINERY AND MACHINE GUARDING..

PART 1: INTRODUCTION

Applicability of This Module

Use the following General Applicability Checklist to determine whether a rulebook and its sectionsapply to your operation.

If you answer YES to the rulebook question, the rulebook applies to you unless you answer YES for arulebook exemption.

Once you determine that the rulebook does apply to your operation, you must answer the sectionquestions. If a section question does not exist, then that section applies if the rulebook applies. If youanswer YES to a section question, that section applies to you unless you answer YES for an exemptionfrom that section. If you answer YES to a rulebook or section exemption, then the rulebook or sectiondoes not apply.

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GENERAL APPLICABILITY CHECKLIST.

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Applies.

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Exempt.

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Rulebook O: Machinery and Machine Guarding.

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RULEBOOK: Is there machinery present in the workplace?.

Y

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N

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Section 1: Section applies unless you qualify for a section exemption..

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Section 2: Do you have woodworking machinery in the workplace?.

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Y

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Section 3: Do you have abrasive wheel machinery in the workplace?.

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Y

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N

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Section 4: Are you in the rubber or plastics industry and do you have mills and calendars inthe workplace?.

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Y

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N

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Section 5: Do you have mechanical power presses in the workplace?.

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Y

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Section 6: Do you have forging machinery in the workplace?.

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Y

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N

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Section 7: Do you have mechanical power-transmission apparatus in the workplace?.

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Y

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N

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MG/Part 1 - 2

Machinery and Machine Guarding Introduction

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Regulatory Summary

This module covers Federal regulations that apply to machinery and machine guarding that are foundin 29 CFR 1910.211 – 29 CFR 1910.219, Subpart O and applies to machinery and machine guarding.

Some states have often developed requirements that may be more stringent than the federal programsummarized here, so it is also important to review regulations at the state and local level. Theregulated facility must follow federal and applicable state law, as well as any local requirements.

Key Compliance Definitions

The definitions below are derived from 29 CFR 1910.211 – 29 CFR 1910.219.

Woodworking Machinery Terms

Block – A short block of wood with a handle similar to that of a plane, and a shoulder at the rear end,which is used for pushing short stock over revolving cutters.

Point of operations – The point at which cutting, shaping, boring, or forming is accomplished uponthe stock.

Push stick – A narrow strip of wood or other soft material with a notch cut into one end that is usedto push short pieces of material through saws.

Abrasive Wheel Machinery Terms

Abrasive wheel – A cutting tool consisting of abrasive grains held together by organic or inorganicbonds. Diamond and reinforced wheels are included.

Cutting off wheels – Wheels having diameter thickness and hole size dimensions that are subject to alllimitations of mounting and use listed for Type 1 wheels. They may be steel centered, diamondabrasive, or organic-bonded abrasive of the plain or reinforced type.

Flanges – Collars, discs, or plates between which wheels are mounted and referred to as adaptor,sleeve, or backup type. See 29 CFR 1910.215(c) for a full description.

Inorganic wheels – Wheels that are bonded by means of inorganic material such as clay, glass,porcelain, sodium silicate, magnesium oxychloride, or metal. Wheels bonded with clay, glass,porcelain, or related ceramic materials are characterized as “vitrified bonded wheels.”

Off-hand grinding – The grinding of any material or part that is held in the operator’s hand.

Organic wheels – Wheels that are bonded by means of an organic material such as resin, rubber,shellac, or other similar bonding agent.

Safety guard – An enclosure designed to restrain the pieces of the grinding wheel, and furnish allpossible protection in the event that the wheel is broken in operation.

Snagging – Grinding that removes relatively large amounts of material without regard to closetolerances or surface finish requirements.

Surface feet per minute (s.f.p.m.) – The distance in feet that any one abrasive grain on the peripheralsurface of a grinding wheel travels in 1 min.



· s.f.p.m.= 3.1416 x diameter in inches x RPM/12, or 0.262 x diameter in inches x RPM.

Examples include the following:· 24-inch diameter wheel at 1,000 RPM = 0.262 x 24 x 1,000 = 6,288 s.f.p.m.· 12-inch diameter wheel at 1,000 RPM = 0.262 x 12 x 1,000 = 3,144 s.f.p.m..

Type 1 straight wheels – Wheels having diameter, thickness, and hole size dimensions. They shouldonly be used on the periphery. Type 1 wheels shall be mounted between flanges.

Type 2 cylinder wheels – Wheels having diameter, wheel thickness, and rim thickness dimensions.Grinding is performed on the rim face only, W dimension. Cylinder wheels may be plain, platemounted, inserted nut, or of the projecting stud type.

Type 6 straight cup wheels – Wheels having diameter, thickness, hole size, rim thickness, and blackthickness dimensions. Grinding is always performed on the rim face, W dimension.

Type 11 flaring cup wheels – Wheels having double diameter dimensions, D and J, and in additionhave thickness, hole size, rim, and back thickness dimensions. Grinding is always performed on therim face, W dimension. Type 11 wheels are subject to all limitations of use and mounting listed fortype 6 straight-sided cup wheels definition.· Modified Types 6 and 11 wheels (terrazzo) – Some Type 6 and 11 cup wheels used in the terrazzo

trade having tapered K dimensions to match a special tapered flange furnished by the machinebuilder.

Types 27 and 28 depressed center wheels – Wheels having diameter, thickness, and hole sizedimensions. Both types are reinforced, organic-bonded wheels having offset hubs that permit side andperipheral grinding operations without interference with the mounting. Type 27 wheels aremanufactured with flat grinding rims that permit notching and cutting operations. Type 28 wheels havesaucer-shaped grinding rims.

Type 27A depressed center, cutting-off wheels – Wheels having diameter, thickness, and hole sizedimensions. They are reinforced, organic-bonded, offset hub-type wheels, usually 16 inches indiameter and larger, specially designed for use on cutting-off machines where mounting nut or outerflange interference cannot be tolerated.

Mills and Calenders in the Rubber and Plastic Industries Terms

Bite – The nip point between any 2 inrunning rolls.

Calender – A machine equipped with 2 or more metal rolls revolving in opposite directions that isused for continuously sheeting or plying up rubber and plastics compounds and for frictioning orcoating materials with rubber and plastics compounds.

Mill – A machine consisting of 2 adjacent metal rolls set horizontally, which revolve in oppositedirections (i.e., toward each other as viewed from above) used for the mechanical working of rubberand plastics compounds.

Power Press Terms

Adjustable barrier guard – A barrier requiring adjustment for each job or die setup.

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Anti-repeat – The part of the clutch/brake control system designed to limit the press to a single strokeif the tripping means is held operated. Anti-repeat requires release of all tripping mechanisms beforeanother stroke can be initiated. Anti-repeat is also called single-stroke reset or reset circuit.

Authorized person – One to whom the authority and responsibility to perform a specific assignmenthas been given by the employer.

Automatic feeding – Feeding wherein the material or part being processed is placed within or removedfrom the point of operation by a method or means not requiring action by an operator on each strokeof the press.

Bolster plate – The plate attached to the top of the bed of the press having drilled holes or T-slots forattaching the lower die or die shoe.

Brake – The mechanism used on a mechanical power press to stop and/or hold the crankshaft, eitherdirectly or through a gear train, when the clutch is disengaged.

Brake monitor – A sensor designed, constructed, and arranged to monitor the effectiveness of thepress braking system.

Certification or certify – In the case of design certification/validation, this means that themanufacturer has reviewed and tested the design and manufacture. In the case of installationcertification/validation and annual recertification/revalidation, this means that the employer hasreviewed and tested the installation, and concludes in both cases that the requirements of 29 CFR1910.217 (a)-(h) and Appendix A have been met. The certifications are made to the organization thatvalidates the certification process (e.g., Underwriters Laboratories).

Certification/validation and certify/validate – The combined process of certification and validation.

Clutch – The coupling mechanism used on a mechanical power press to couple the flywheel to thecrankshaft either directly or through a gear train.

Concurrent – Acting in conjunction, and is used to describe a situation wherein 2 or more controlsexist in an operated condition at the same time.

Continuous – Uninterrupted multiple strokes of the slide without intervening stops (or other clutchcontrol action) at the end of individual strokes.

Control system – Sensors, manual input and mode selection elements, interlocking and decision-making circuitry, and output elements to the press operating mechanism.

Counterbalance – The mechanism used to balance or support the weight of the connecting rods,slides, and slide attachments.



Device – A press control or attachment that: (i) restrains the operator from inadvertently reaching intothe point of operation; (ii) prevents normal press operation if the operator’s hands are inadvertentlywithin the point of operation; (iii) automatically withdraws the operator’s hands if the operator’shands are inadvertently within the point of operation as the dies close; or (iv) prevents the initiation ofa stroke, or stops a stroke in progress when there is an intrusion through the sensing field by any partof the operator’s body or by any other object.

Die – The tooling used in a press for cutting or forming material. An upper and a lower die make acomplete set.

Die builder – Any person who builds dies for power presses.

Die enclosure guard – An enclosure attached to the die shoe or stripper, or both, in a fixed position.

Die set – A tool holder held in alignment by guide posts and bushings and consisting of a lower shoe,an upper shoe, or punch holder, and guide posts and bushings.

Die setter – An individual who places or removes dies in or from mechanical power presses, and who,as a part of his/her duties, makes the necessary adjustments to cause the tooling to function properlyand safely.

Die setting – The process of placing or removing dies in or from a mechanical power press, and theprocess of adjusting the dies, other tooling, and safeguarding means to cause them to functionproperly and safely.

Die shoe – A plate or block upon which a die holder is mounted. A die shoe functions primarily as abase for the complete die assembly and, when used, is bolted or clamped to the bolster plate or theface of slide.

Direct drive – The type of driving arrangement wherein no clutch is used; coupling and de-couplingof the driving torque is accomplished by energization and de-energization of a motor. Even though notemploying a clutch, direct drives match the operational characteristics of “part revolution clutches”because the driving power may be disengaged during the stroke of the press.

Ejector – A mechanism for removing work or material from between the dies.

Face of slide – The bottom surface of the slide where the punch or upper die is generally attached.

Feeding – The process of placing or removing material within or from the point of operation.

Fixed barrier guard – A die space barrier attached to the press frame.

Foot control – The foot-operated control mechanism designed to be used with a clutch or clutch/brakecontrol system.

Foot pedal – The foot-operated lever designed to operate the mechanical linkage that trips a fullrevolution clutch.

Full revolution clutch – A type of clutch that, when tripped, cannot be disengaged until the crankshafthas completed a full revolution and the press slide a full stroke.

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Gate or movable barrier device – A movable barrier arranged to enclose the point of operation beforethe press stroke can be started.

Guard – A barrier that prevents entry of the operator’s hands or fingers into the point of operation.

Guide post – The pin attached to the upper or lower die shoe, operating within the bushing on theopposing die shoe, to maintain the alignment of the upper and lower dies.

Hand feeding tool – Any handheld tool designed for placing or removing material or parts to beprocessed within or from the point of operation.

Holdout or restraint device – A mechanism, including attachments for the operator’s hands, that whenanchored and adjusted prevent the operator’s hands from entering the point of operation.

Inch – An intermittent motion imparted to the slide (on machines using part revolution clutches) bymomentary operation of the Inch operating means. Operation of the Inch operating means engages thedriving clutch so that a small portion of one stroke or indefinite stroking can occur, depending uponthe length of time the Inch operating means is held operated. Inch is a function used by the die setterfor setup of dies and tooling, but is not intended for use during production operations by the operator.

Interlocked press barrier guard – A barrier attached to the press frame and interlocked so that thepress stroke cannot be started normally unless the guard itself, or its hinged or movable sections,enclose the point of operation.

Jog – An intermittent motion imparted to the slide by momentary operation of the drive motor afterthe clutch is engaged with the flywheel at rest.

Knockout – A mechanism for releasing material from either die.

Liftout – The mechanism also known as knockout.

Manual feeding – Feeding wherein the material or part being processed is handled by the operator oneach stroke of the press.

Operator’s station – The complete complement of controls used by or available to an operator on agiven operation for stroking the press.

Part revolution clutch – A type of clutch that can be disengaged at any point before the crankshaft hascompleted a full revolution and the press slide a full stroke.

Pinch point – Any point other than the point of operation at which it is possible for a part of the bodyto be caught between the moving parts of a press or auxiliary equipment, between moving andstationary parts of a press or auxiliary equipment, between the material and moving part, or parts ofthe press or auxiliary equipment.

Point of operation – The area of the press where material is actually positioned and work is beingperformed during any process such as shearing, punching, forming, or assembling.

Presence-sensing device – A device designed, constructed, and arranged to create a sensing field orarea that signals the clutch/brake control to deactivate the clutch and activate the brake of the presswhen any part of the operator’s body or a hand tool is within the field or area.



Presence-sensing device initiation (PSDI) – An operating mode of indirect manual initiation of asingle stroke by a presence-sensing device when it senses that work motions of the operator, related tofeeding and/or removing parts, are completed and all parts of the operator’s body or hand tools aresafely clear of the point of operation.

Press – A mechanically-powered machine that shears, punches, forms, or assembles metal or othermaterial by means of cutting, shaping, or combination dies attached to slides. A press consists of astationary bed or anvil, a slide (or slides) having a controlled reciprocating motion toward and awayfrom the bed surface, and the slide being guided in a definite path by the frame of the press.

Pull-out device – A mechanism attached to the operator’s hands and connected to the upper die orslide of the press, that is designed, when properly adjusted, to withdraw the operator’s hands as thedies close, if the operator’s hands are inadvertently within the point of operation.

Repeat – An unintended or unexpected successive stroke of the press resulting from a malfunction.

Safety block – A prop that, when inserted between the upper and lower dies or between the bolsterplate and face of the slide, prevents the slide from falling of its own deadweight.

Safety system – The integrated total system—including the pertinent elements of the press, thecontrols, the safeguarding and any required supplemental safeguarding, and their interfaces with theoperator and the environment—designed, constructed, and arranged to operate together as a unit, suchthat a single failure or single operating error will not cause injury to personnel due to point ofoperation hazards.

Semiautomatic feeding – Feeding wherein the material or part being processed is placed within orremoved from the point of operation by an auxiliary means controlled by the operator on each strokeof the press.

Single stroke – One complete stroke of the slide, usually initiated from a full open (or up) position,followed by closing (or down), and then return to the full open position.

Single stroke mechanism – An arrangement used on a full revolution clutch to limit the travel of theslide to 1 complete stroke at each engagement of the clutch.

Slide – The main reciprocating press member. A slide is also called a ram, a plunger, or a platen.

Stop control – An operator control designed to immediately deactivate the clutch control and activatethe brake to stop slide motion.

Stripper – A mechanism or die part for removing the parts or material from the punch.

Stroking selector – The part of the clutch/brake control that determines the type of stroking when theoperating means is actuated. The stroking selector generally includes positions for “Off” (ClutchControl), “Inch,” “Single Stroke,” and “Continuous” (when “Continuous” is a feature).

Sweep device – A single or double arm (rod) attached to the upper die or slide of the press anddesigned to move the operator’s hands to a safe position as the dies close, if the operator’s hands areinadvertently within the point of operation.

Trip (or tripping) – Activation of the clutch to “run” the press.

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Turnover bar – A bar used in die setting to manually turn the crankshaft of the press.

Two-hand control device – A two-hand trip that further requires concurrent pressure from both handsof the operator during a substantial part of the die-closing portion of the stroke of the press.

Two-hand trip – A clutch actuating means requiring the concurrent use of both hands of the operatorto trip the press.

Unitized tooling – A type of die in which the upper and lower members are incorporated, and lowermembers are incorporated into a self-contained unit arranged to hold the die members in alignment.

Validate or validation – For PSDI safety systems that an OSHA recognized third-party validationorganization:· for design certification/validation has reviewed the manufacturer’s certification that the PSDI

safety system meets the requirements of 29 CFR 1910.217(a)–(h) and Appendix A, and theunderlying tests and analyses performed by the manufacturer. The validating organization has alsoperformed additional tests and analyses that may be required by 29 CFR 1910.217(a) – (b) andAppendix A, and concludes that the requirements of 29 CFR 1910.217(a) – (h) and Appendix Ahave been met; and

· for installation certification/validation and annual recertification/revalidation has reviewed theemployer’s certification that the PSDI safety system meets the requirements of 29 CFR1910.217(a)–(h) and Appendix A, and the underlying tests performed by the employer. Thevalidating organization has also performed additional tests and analyses that may be required by29 CFR 1910.217(a)–(h) and Appendix A, and concludes that the requirements of 29 CFR1910.217(a)–(h) and Appendix A have been met.

Forging and Hot Metal Terms

Bolt-headers – The same as an upsetter or forging machine except that the diameter of stock fed intothe machine is much smaller, i.e., commonly ¾ inch or less.

Forging – The product of work on metal formed to a desired shape by impact or pressure in hammers,forging machines (upsetters), presses, rolls, and related forming equipment. Forging hammers,counterblow equipment, and high-energy-rate forging machines impart impact to the workpiece, whilemost other types of forging equipment impart squeeze pressure in shaping the stock. Some metals canbe forged at room temperature, but the majority of metals are made more pliable for forging byheating.

Forging presses – A class of forging equipment wherein the shaping of metal between dies isperformed by mechanical or hydraulic pressure, and usually is accomplished with a single workstrokeof the press for each die station.

Forging rolls – A class of auxiliary forging equipment wherein stock is shaped between power-drivenrolls bearing contoured dies. Usually used for preforming, roll forging is often employed to reducethickness and increase length of stock.

Gravity hammers – A class of forging hammer wherein energy for forging is obtained by the massand velocity of a freely falling ram and the attached upper die, i.e., board hammers and air-lifthammers.



High-energy-rate forging machines – A class of forging equipment wherein high ram velocitiesresulting from the sudden release of a compressed gas against a free piston impart impact to theworkpiece.

Open frame hammers (or blacksmith hammers) – Hammers used primarily for the shaping of forgingsby means of impact with flat dies. Open frame hammers generally are constructed so that the anvilassembly is separate from the operating mechanism and machine supports; it rests on its ownindependent foundation. Certain exceptions are forging hammers made with a frame mounted on theanvil; e.g., the smaller, single-framed hammers are usually made with the anvil and frame in onepiece.

Ring rolls – A class for forging equipment used for shaping weldless rings from pierced discs orthick-walled, ring-shaped blanks between rolls which control wall thickness, ring diameter, height,and contour.

Rivet-making machines – The same as upsetters and bolt-headers when producing rivets with a stockdiameter of 1 inch or more. Rivet making with less than 1 inch diameter is usually a cold-forgingoperation, and therefore, it’s not included in this Subpart.

Steam hammers – A type of drop hammer where the ram is raised for each stroke by a double-actionsteam cylinder, and the energy delivered to the workpiece is supplied by the velocity and weight ofthe ram and attached upper die driven downward by steam pressure. Energy delivered during eachstroke may be varied.

Trimming presses – A class of auxiliary forging equipment that removes flash or excess metal from aforging. This trimming operation can also be done cold, as can coining, a product-sizing operation.

Upsetters (or forging machines, or headers) – A type of forging equipment, related to the mechanicalpress, in which the main forming energy is applied horizontally to the workpiece that is gripped andheld by prior action of the dies.

Mechanical Power-Transmission Guarding Terms

Belts – All power transmission belts, such as flat belts, round belts, V-belts, etc., unless otherwisespecified.

Belt pole (sometimes called a “belt shipper” or “shipper pole”) – A device used in shifting belts onand off fixed pulleys on-line or countershaft where there are no loose pulleys.

Exposed to contact – The location of an object is such that a person is likely to come into contactwith it and be injured.

Belt shifter – A device for mechanically shifting belts from tight to loose pulleys or vice versa, or forshifting belts on cones of speed pulleys.

Flywheels – Flywheels, balance wheels, and flywheel pulleys mounted and revolving on thecrankshaft of an engine or other shafting.

Maintenance runway – Any permanent runway or platform used for oiling, maintenance, runningadjustment, or repair work, but not for passageway.

Nip-point belt and pulley guard – A device that encloses the pulley and is provided with rounded orrolled edge slots through which the belt passes.

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Point of operation – The point that cutting, shaping, or forming is accomplished upon the stock andshall include such other points as may offer a hazard to the operator in inserting or manipulating thestock in the operation of the machine.

Prime movers – Steam, gas, oil, and air engines, motors, steam, and hydraulic turbines, and otherequipment used as a source of power.

Sheaves – Grooved pulleys, and shall be so classified unless used as flywheels.


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PART 2: PRE–AUDIT PREPARATION

Items to consider getting in advance:

· An organizational chart.

· Facility policies and procedures.

Items to have facility personnel prepare or gather in advance:

· Accident reports.

· Maintenance and Inspection records.

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Machinery and Machine Guarding Pre–audit Preparation

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Acronyms and Abbreviations Used in This Module

° degree% percentAC alternating currentANSI American National Standards

InstituteASME American Society of Mechanical

EngineersCFR Code of Federal Regulationsft feet

ft/min feet per minutemin minuteOSHA Occupational Safety and Health

AdministrationPPE personal protective equipmentPSDI presence-sensing device initiationRPM revolutions per minutes.f.p.m. surface feet per minuteV volt


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PART 3: RULEBOOK

1. General Requirements for All Machines.

NOTE: It cannot be assumed that a guard that provides adequate protection during normaloperation of equipment can be relied on to provide effective protection during minor servicingoperations which might involve bypassing the guard. When evaluating this section,consideration should be given to any routine minor servicing that might be part of theoperation (see Lockout/Tagout (Module J2) Rulebook section 1).

1.1 Machine guards must be provided to protect people from machine hazards.(29 CFR 1910.212(a)(1) – (a)(2))

Guide Note· Verify that the facility has provided at least one method of machine guarding to protect the operator or other

employees in the area from the following hazards (29 CFR 1910.212(a)(1)):

– point-of-operation;– in-going nip points;– rotating parts;– flying chips; and– sparks.

NOTE: Examples of guarding methods are barrier guards, two-hand tripping devices, electronic safety devices,etc.

· Verify that guards have been properly attached to the machine or secured elsewhere if they cannot be attachedand that a guard does not create an accident hazard itself (29 CFR 1910.212(a)(2)).

1.2 Points of operation that expose an employee to injury must be guarded.(29 CFR 1910.212(a)(3)(ii) and (a)(3)(iv))

Guide Note· Verify that points of operation whose operation exposes an employee to injury are properly guarded and that

the guarding device conforms to any appropriate standard or is designed and constructed to prevent theoperator from having any part of their body in the danger zone during the operating cycle(29 CFR 1910.212(a)(3)(ii)).

NOTE: The following machines usually require point-of-operation guarding (29 CFR 1910.212(a)(3)(iv)):

– guillotine cutters;– shears;– alligator shears;– power presses;– milling machines;– power saws;– jointers;– portable power tools; and– forming rolls and calendars.

1.3 Special hand tools designed to place and remove material must allow for the safe handling ofmaterial. (29 CFR 1910.212(a)(3)(iii))

Guide Note· Verify that any special hand tools designed to place and remove material allow for easy handling of materials

without placing the operator’s hand in the danger zone (29 CFR 1910.212(a)(3)(iii)).

NOTE: Such tools may only be used to supplement required machine guards, not in place of guards.

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1.4 Revolving drums, barrels, and containers must be guarded by an enclosure.(29 CFR 1910.212(a)(4))

Guide Note· Verify that revolving drums, barrels, and containers are guarded by an enclosure that is interlocked with the

drive mechanism so that they cannot turn unless the guard enclosure is in place (29 CFR 1910.212(a)(4)).

1.5 Fan blades must be guarded under certain circumstances. (29 CFR 1910.212(a)(5))

Guide Note· Verify that openings in the fan blade guard are 1/2 inch or less if the periphery of the blades is less than 7 ft

from the floor or working area (29 CFR 1910.212(a)(5)).

1.6 Machines designed for a fixed location must be secured in place. (29 CFR 1910.212(b))

Guide Note· Verify that machines designed for a fixed location are anchored to prevent walking or moving (29 CFR

1910.212(b)).

2. Woodworking Machinery Requirements.

2.1 Woodworking machines must be free from sensible vibration. (29 CFR 1910.213(a)(1))

Guide Note· Verify that woodworking machinery is free from sensible vibration when the largest tool is mounted and

operated in idle at full speed (29 CFR 1910.213(a)(1)).

2.2 Arbors and mandrels must be constructed in a certain way. (29 CFR 1910.213(a)(2))

Guide Note· Verify that arbors and mandrels have a firm and secure bearing and are free from play

(29 CFR 1910.213(a)(2)).

2.3 Automatic cutoff saws that stroke continuously without the operator being able to control eachstroke must not be used. (29 CFR 1910.213(a)(4))

Guide Note· Ensure automatic cutoff saws that stroke continuously without the operator’s being able to control each stroke

are not used (29 CFR 1910.213(a)(4)).

2.4 Saw frames and tables must limit the size of the saw blade that can be mounted.(29 CFR 1910.213(a)(5))

Guide Note· Verify that saw frames and tables are constructed with lugs cast on the frame or with an equivalent means to

limit the size of the mounted saw blade to avoid overspeed caused by mounting a larger saw than intended(29 CFR 1910.213(a)(5)).

2.5 Circular saw fences must be firmly secured to the table or table assembly without changingtheir alignment to the saw. (29 CFR 1910.213(a)(6))

Guide Note· Verify that circular saw fences are constructed to be firmly secured to the table or table assembly without

changing their alignment to the saw (29 CFR 1910.213(a)(6)).· Verify that saws with tilting tables or tilting arbors have a fence constructed to remain in a line parallel with

the saw, regardless of the angle of the saw with the table (29 CFR 1910.213(a)(6)).



2.6 Circular saw gages must slide in grooves or tracks that are accurately machined.(29 CFR 1910.213(a)(7))

Guide Note· Verify that circular saw gages are constructed to slide in grooves or tracks that are accurately machined, to

ensure exact alignment with the saw for all positions of the guide (29 CFR 1910.213(a)(7)).

2.7 Hinged saw tables must be in true alignment with the saw. (29 CFR 1910.213(a)(8))

Guide Note· Verify that hinged saw tables are constructed so the table can be firmly secured in any position and remain in

true alignment with the saw (29 CFR 1910.213(a)(8)).

2.8 All belts, pulleys, gears, shafts, and moving parts must be guarded. (29 CFR 1910.213(a)(9))

Guide Note· Verify that belts, pulleys, gears, shafts, and moving parts in the facility are guarded in accordance with the

requirements for power transmission belts, 29 CFR 1910.219 (see section 7) (29 CFR 1910.213(a)(9)).

2.9 The frames and exposed noncurrent-carrying metal parts of portable electric woodworkingmachinery and portable motor-driven handheld electrical tools operated at more than 90 V mustbe grounded. (29 CFR 1910.213(a)(11))

Guide Note· Verify that the frames and exposed noncurrent-carrying metal parts of portable electric woodworking

machinery and portable motor-driven handheld electrical tools operated at more than 90 V are grounded usinga ground wire and a polarized plug and receptacle (29 CFR 1910.213(a)(11)).

2.10 Circular saws, with a possibility of contact with a portion of the saw beneath or behind a table,must be covered at the point of contact. (29 CFR 1910.213(a)(12))

Guide Note· Where there is a possibility of contact with a portion of a circular saw beneath or behind a table, verify that

the contact points are covered with an exhaust hood or, if no exhaust hood is required, a guard(29 CFR 1910.213(a)(12)).

2.11 Revolving double arbor saws must be fully guarded. (29 CFR 1910.213(a)(13))

Guide Note· Verify that revolving double arbor saws are fully guarded in accordance with all the requirements for circular

crosscut saws or with all the requirements for circular ripsaws, according to the type of saws mounted on thearbors (29 CFR 1910.213(a)(13)).

2.12 Saws, cutter heads, or tool collars must not be placed or mounted on a machine arbor unlessthe tool has been accurately machined. (29 CFR 1910.213(a)(14))

Guide Note· Verify that no saws, cutter heads, or tool collars are placed or mounted on a machine arbor unless the tool has

been accurately machined to fit the arbor (29 CFR 1910.213(a)(14)).

2.13 Combs (featherboards) or suitable jigs must be provided when a standard guard cannot be used.(29 CFR 1910.213(a)(15))

Guide Note· Verify that combs (featherboards) or suitable jigs are provided for use when a standard guard cannot be used

as in dadoing, grooving, jointing, moulding, and rabbeting (29 CFR 1910.213(a)(15)).

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2.14 A mechanical or electrical power control must be provided on each machine.(29 CFR 1910.213(b)(1))

Guide Note· Verify that a mechanical or electrical power control that allows the worker to cut off power without leaving

his/her position at the point of operation is provided on each machine (29 CFR 1910.213(b)(1)).

2.15 A locking-type belt shifter or an equivalent positive device must be used on machines drivenby belts and shafting. (29 CFR 1910.213(b)(2))

Guide Note· Verify that a locking-type belt shifter or equivalent position device is used on each machine driven by belts

and shafting (29 CFR 1910.213(b)(2)).

2.16 Provisions must be made to prevent machines from automatically restarting upon restoration ofpower if injury may result. (29 CFR 1910.213(b)(3))

Guide Note· Verify that provisions have been established to prevent machines from automatically restarting after a power

failure if a risk of injury exists (29 CFR 1910.213(b)(3)).

2.17 Power and operating controls must be located within easy reach of the operator.(29 CFR 1910.213(b)(4))

Guide Note· Verify that power and operating controls are located within easy reach of the operator at his/her regular work

location, making it unnecessary to reach over the cutter to make adjustments (29 CFR 1910.213(b)(4)).

NOTE: This requirement does not apply to constant pressure controls used only for setup purposes.

2.18 Machines operated by electrical motors must be rendered inoperative while repairs oradjustments are being made. (29 CFR 1910.213(b)(5))

Guide Note· Determine if controls or devices of machines powered by electrical motors are properly rendered inoperative

while repairs or adjustments are being made to the machines they control (29 CFR 1910.213(b)(5)).

2.19 Operating treadles must be protected. (29 CFR 1910.213(b)(6))

Guide Note· Verify that operating treadles are properly protected against unexpected or accidental tripping

(29 CFR 1910.213(b)(6)).

2.20 Feeder attachments must have the feed rolls or other moving parts covered or guarded.(29 CFR 1910.213(b)(7))

Guide Note· Verify that feed rolls or other moving parts of feeder attachments are properly guarded or covered to protect

the operator from hazardous points (29 CFR 1910.213(b)(7)).

2.21 Hand-fed circular ripsaws must be equipped with hoods, spreaders, and nonkickback fingers ordogs. (29 CFR 1910.213(c)(1) – (c)(3))

Guide Note· Verify that each hand-fed circular ripsaw has a hood that (29 CFR 1910.213(c)(1)):

– automatically adjusts to the thickness of and remains in contact with the material being cut, but does notoffer any considerable resistance to the insertion of material to be sawed;

– is mounted to ensure that its operation will be positive, reliable, and in true alignment with the saw;– the mounting is adequate in strength to resist any reasonable side thrust or other force tending to throw it

out of line;



– encloses the portion of the saw above the table and the portion of the material being cut;– is of adequate strength to resist blows and strains incidental to reasonable operation, adjusting, and

handling;– is designed to protect the operators from flying splinters and broken saw teeth; and– is made of material soft enough so that it will be unlikely to cause tooth breakage.

· Verify that each hand-fed circular ripsaw has a spreader that (29 CFR 1910.213(c)(2)):

– prevents material from squeezing the saw or being thrown back at the operator;– is made of hard tempered steel, or its equivalent, and is thinner than the saw kerf;– is of sufficient width to provide adequate stiffness or rigidity to resist any reasonable side thrust or blow

that would tend to bend or throw it out of position;– is attached so that it will remain in true alignment with the saw even when either the saw or table is tilted;

and– is immediately replaced upon the completion of operations when the provision in connection with

grooving, dadoing, or rabbeting is not required.

· Verify that each hand-fed circular ripsaw has nonkickback fingers or dogs that (29 CFR 1910.213(c)(3)):

– oppose the thrust or tendency of the saw to pick up the material or throw it back toward the operator; and– are designed to provide adequate holding power for all thicknesses of materials being cut.

2.22 A hood must guard each circular crosscut table saw. (29 CFR 1910.213(d)(1))

Guide Note· Verify that each circular crosscut table saw has a hood that (29 CFR 1910.213(d)(1)):

– automatically adjusts to the thickness of and remains in contact with the material being cut, but does notoffer any considerable resistance to the insertion of material to be sawed;

– is mounted to ensure that its operation will be positive, reliable, and in true alignment with the saw;– the mounting is adequate in strength to resist any reasonable side thrust or other force tending to throw it

out of line;– encloses the portion of the saw above the table and the portion of the material being cut;– is of adequate strength to resist blows and strains incidental to reasonable operation, adjusting, and

handling;– is designed to protect the operators from flying splinters and broken saw teeth; and– is made of material soft enough so that it will be unlikely to cause tooth breakage.

2.23 Circular resaws must be provided with a guard and spreader. (29 CFR 1910.213(e)(1) – (e)(2))

Guide Note· Verify that circular resaws are:

– guarded by a hood or shield of metal above the saw that protects against danger from flying splinters orbroken saw teeth (29 CFR 1910.213(e)(1)); and

– provided with a spreader that is fastened securely behind the saw, slightly thinner than the saw kerf andslightly thicker than the saw disk (29 CFR 1910.213(e)(2)).

NOTE: Self-feed saws with a roller or wheel at back do not need to have the spreader secured at the back.

2.24 Self-feed circular saws must meet certain requirements. (29 CFR 1910.213(f)(1) – (f)(2))

Guide Note· Verify that the feed rolls and blades on self-feed circular saws are protected by a hood or guard that

(29 CFR 1910.213(f)(1)):

– prevents the operator’s hands from coming in contact with in-running rolls;– is constructed of heavy material, preferably metal; and– the bottom of the guard comes down to within 3/8 in of the plane formed by the bottom or working

surfaces of the feed rolls (This 3/8 in distance may be increased to 3/4 in provided the lead edge of thehood is extended at least 5 1/2 in front of the nip point between the front roll and the work.)

· Verify that self-feed circular ripsaws are provided with sectional nonkickback fingers that are located in frontof the saw and in continual contact with the wood being fed for the full width of the feed rolls(29 CFR 1910.213(f)(2)).

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2.25 Swing cutoff saws and sliding cutoff saws mounted above the table must be provided with ahood, an automatic return device, and limit chains. (29 CFR 1910.213(g)(1) – (g)(4))

Guide Note· Verify that swing cutoff saws and sliding cutoff saws mounted above the table have hoods that

(29 CFR 1910.213(g)(1)):

– completely enclose the upper half of the saw, the arbor end, and the point of operation at all positions ofthe saw;

– protect the operator from flying splinters and broken saw teeth; and– are designed to automatically cover the lower portion of the blade, so that when the saw is returned to the

back of the table, the hood rises on top of the fence, and when the saw is moved forward, the hood willdrop on top of and remain in contact with the table or material being cut.

· Verify that swing cutoff saws and sliding cutoff saws mounted above the table have automatic return devicesthat (29 CFR 1910.213(g)(2)):

– automatically returns the saw to the back of the table when released at any point in its travel;– does not depend upon any rope, cord, or spring for its proper functioning; or– if using a counterweight:

1) the bolts supporting the bar and counterweight have cotter pins; and2) the counterweight is prevented from dropping by either passing a bolt through the bar and

counterweight, putting a bolt through the extreme end of the bar, or a safety chain is attached to thecounterweight if the counterweight does not encircle the bar.

· Verify that limit chains or other equally effective devices are provided to prevent the saws from swingingbeyond the front or back edges of the table, or beyond a forward position where the gullets of the lowest sawteeth can rise above the table top (29 CFR 1910.213(g)(3)).

· Verify that inverted swing cutoff saws are provided with a hood that will cover the part of the saw thatprotrudes above the top of the table or above the material being cut and that automatically adjusts itself to thethickness of and remain in contact with the material being cut (29 CFR 1910.213(g)(4)).

2.26 Radial saws must meet certain requirements. (29 CFR 1910.213(h)(1) – (h)(5))

Guide Note· Verify that the following requirements are met for radial saws (29 CFR 1910.213(h)):

– an upper hood constructed to protect the operator from flying splinters, broken saw teeth, etc., and todeflect sawdust away from the operator completely encloses the upper portion of the blade down to apoint that includes the end of the saw arbor (29 CFR 1910.213(h)(1));

– the sides of the lower exposed portion are guarded to the full diameter of the blade by a device that willautomatically adjust itself to the thickness of the stock and remain in constant contact with the stock beingcut to give maximum protection possible for the operation being performed (29 CFR 1910.213(h)(1));

– radial saws used for ripping are provided with nonkickback fingers or dogs that are designed to provideadequate holding power for all thicknesses of material being cut and are located on both sides of the sawto oppose the thrust or tendency of the saw to pick up the material or to throw it back toward the operator(29 CFR 1910.213(h)(2));

– an adjustable stop is provided to prevent the forward travel of the blade beyond the position necessary tocomplete the cut in repetitive operations (29 CFR 1910.213(h)(3));

– the front end of the unit is slightly higher than the rear causing the cutting head to return gently to thestarting position when released by the operator (29 CFR 1910.213(h)(4));

– ripping and ploughing operations are performed against the direction in which the saw turns (the directionof the saw rotation must be conspicuously marked on the hood) (29 CFR 1910.213(h)(5)); and

– a permanent label not less than 1 1/2 inches by 3/4 inch reading “Danger: Do Not Rip or Plough FromThis End” is affixed to the rear of the guard at approximately the level of the arbor(29 CFR 1910.213(h)(5)).

2.27 Bandsaws and band resaws must meet certain requirements. (29 CFR 1910.213(i)(1) – (i)(3))

Guide Note· Verify that and saws are enclosed or guarded as follows (29 CFR 1910.213(i)(1)):

– all portions of the saw blade are enclosed or guarded except for the working portion of the blade betweenthe bottom of the guide rolls and the table;

– the bandsaw wheels are fully encased;



– the outside periphery of the enclosure is solid;– the front and back of the band wheels are enclosed by wire mesh or perforated metal that is at least 0.037-

inch (U.S. Gage No. 20) and has openings no greater than 3/8 inch, or by solid material of equivalentstrength and firmness;

– the guard for the portion of the blade between the sliding guide and the upper-saw-wheel guard protectsthe saw blade at the front and outer side and is self-adjusting to raise and lower with the guide; and

– the upper-wheel guard conforms to the travel of the saw on the wheel.

· Verify that each bandsaw machine is provided with a tension control device to indicate a proper tension for thestandard saws used on the machine to assist in the elimination of saw breakage due to improper tension (29CFR 1910.213(i)(2)).

· Verify that feed rolls are protected with a suitable guard to prevent the operator’s hands from coming incontact with the in-running rolls at any point (29 CFR 1910.213(i)(3)).

· Verify that the guard is constructed of heavy material, preferably metal, and the edge of the guard comes towithin 3/8 inch of the plane formed by the inside face of the feed roll in contact with the stock being cut(29 CFR 1910.213(i)(3)).

2.28 Jointers must meet certain requirements. (29 CFR 1910.213(j)(1) – (j)(5))

Guide Note· Verify that hand-fed planers and jointers with a horizontal head meet the following requirements

(29 CFR 1910.213(j)(1) – (2)):

– they are equipped with a cylindrical cutting head, with the knife projection not exceeding 1/8 inch beyondthe cylindrical body of the head (29 CFR 1910.213(j)(1));

– the opening in the table is kept as small as possible with the clearance between the edge of the rear tableand the cutter head no more than 1/8 inch (29 CFR 1910.213(j)(2)); and

– the table throat opening is no more than 2 1/2 inches when tables are set or aligned with each other forzero cut (29 CFR 1910.213(j)(2)).

· Verify that hand-fed jointers with a horizontal cutting head meet the following requirements(29 CFR 1910.213(j)(3)-(4)):

– they have an automatic guard that covers all sections of the head on the working side of the fence or gage(29 CFR 1910.213(j)(3));

– the guard is designed to prevent the operator’s hand from coming in contact with the revolving knives andautomatically adjust itself to cover the unused portion of the head and remain in contact with the materialat all times (29 CFR 1910.213(j)(3)); and

– they are equipped with a guard that covers the section of the head behind the gage or fence(29 CFR 1910.213(j)(4)).

· Verify that all wood jointers with a vertical head have either an exhaust hood or other guard that completelyencloses the revolving head, except for a slot of a width necessary for the application of the material to bejointed (29 CFR 1910.213(j)(5)).

2.29 Tenoning machines must be designed and used in accordance with certain requirements.(29 CFR 1910.213(k)(1) – (k)(4))

Guide Note· Verify tenoning machines meet the following requirements (29 CFR 1910.213(k)):

– feed chains and sprockets on all double end tenoning machines are completely enclosed except for theportion of the chain used for conveying the stock (29 CFR 1910.213(k)(1));

– sprockets and chains are guarded at the sides at the rear ends of frames over which feed conveyors run byplates projecting beyond the periphery of sprockets and the ends of lugs (29 CFR 1910.213(k)(2));

– all cutting heads (and saws if used) are covered by metal guards. These guards cover at least the unusedpart of the periphery of the cutting head (29 CFR 1910.213(k)(3));

– sheet metal used to construct guards is at least 1/16 inch thick;– cast iron is used to construct guards is at least 3/16 inch thick (29 CFR 1910.213(k)(3)); and– when an exhaust system is used, the guard must form part or all of the exhaust hood and be constructed of

at last 1/16 inch thick sheet metal or 3/16 inch thick cast iron (29 CFR 1910.213(k)(4)).

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2.30 Boring and mortising machines must be designed and used in accordance with certainrequirements. (29 CFR 1910.213(l)(1) – (l)(6))

Guide Note· Verify that boring and mortising machines are designed and used as follows (29 CFR 1910.213(l)):

– safety bit chucks with no projecting set screws are used (29 CFR 1910.213(l)(1));– boring bits are provided with a guard that encloses all portions of the bit and chuck above the material

being worked (29 CFR 1910.213(l)(2));– the top of the cutting chain and driving mechanism is enclosed (29 CFR 1910.213(l)(3));– if a counterweight is used, it is prevented from following by one of the following means, or an equivalent

means (29 CFR 1910.213(l)(4)):

1) it is bolted to the bar by passing a bolt through both bar and counterweight;2) it is bolted through the extreme end of the bar;3) a safety chain is attached to it if the counterweight does not encircle the bar; or4) other types of counterweights are suspended by chain or wire rope and travel in a pipe or other

suitable enclosure if they might fall and cause injury.

– universal joints on spindles of boring machines are completely enclosed to prevent accidental contact bythe operator (29 CFR 1910.213(l)(5)); and

– every operating treadle is covered by an inverted U-shaped metal guard, fastened to the floor, and ofadequate size to prevent accidental activation (29 CFR 1910.213(l)(6)).

2.31 Wood shapers and similar equipment must be designed and used in accordance with certainrequirements. (29 CFR 1910.213(m)(1) and (m)(3))

Guide Note· Verify that wood shapers and similar equipment are designed and used as follows (29 CFR 1910.213(m)):

– cutting heads of each wood shaper, hand-fed panel raiser, or other similar manually fed machine notautomatically fed are enclosed with a cage or adjustable guard designed to keep the operator’s hand awayfrom the cutting edge (29 CFR 1910.213(m)(1));

– the diameter of the circular shaper guards is not less than the greatest diameter of the cutter(29 CFR 1910.213(m)(1)); and

NOTE: A warning device of leather or other material attached to the spindle is not acceptable.

– all double-spindle shapers are provided with a spindle starting and stopping device for each spindle(29 CFR 1910.213(m)(3)).

2.32 Planing, molding, sticking, and matching machines must be designed and used in accordancewith certain requirements. (29 CFR 1910.213(n)(1) – (n)(4))

Guide Note· Verify that planing, molding, sticking, and matching machines are designed and used as follows

(29 CFR 1910.213(n));

– every machine has all cutting heads (and saws, if used) covered by a metal guard(29 CFR 1910.213(n)(1));

– sheet metal used to construct guards is at least 1/16 inch thick (29 CFR 1910.213(n)(1));– cast iron used to construct guards is at least 3/16 inch thick (29 CFR 1910.213(n)(1));– the guard forms part or all of the exhaust hood when an exhaust system is used, and is constructed of at

last 1/16 inch thick sheet metal or 3/16 inch thick cast iron (29 CFR 1910.213(n)(2));– feed rolls are guarded by a hood or suitable guard to prevent the hands of the operator from coming in

contact with the in-running rolls at any point (29 CFR 1910.213(n)(3));– feed roll guards are fastened to the frame carrying the rolls so as to remain in adjustment for any thickness

of stock (29 CFR 1910.213(n)(3)); and– surfacers or planers used in thickening multiple pieces of material simultaneously are provided with

sectional infeed rolls having sufficient yield in the construction of the sections to provide feeding contactpressure on the stock in excess of the permissible range of variation in stock thickness specified, or forwhich the machine is designed (29 CFR 1910.213(n)(4)).

NOTE: Suitable section kickback finger devices can be installed at the infeed inlet in lieu of yieldingsectional rolls.



2.33 Profile and swing-head lathes and wood-heel turning machines must be designed and used inaccordance with certain requirements. (29 CFR 1910.213(o)(1) – (o)(5))

Guide Note· Verify that the cutting head on each profile and swing-head lathe is covered by a metal guard made of at least

1/16 inch thick sheet metal or 3/16 inch thick cast iron (29 CFR 1910.213(o)(1)).· Verify that the cutting head on each rotating or non-rotating wood-turning lathes, rotating or not, is covered as

completely as possible by hoods or shields (29 CFR 1910.213(o)(2)).· Verify that each shoe last and spoke lathe, dowelling machine, wood-heel turning machine, and other rotating

knife-type automatic wood-turning lathes equipped with a hood that encloses the cutter blades completelyexcept at the contact points while the stock is being cut (29 CFR 1910.213(o)(3)).

· Verify that lathes used for turning long pieces of wood stock held between two centers are equipped with longcurved guards extending over the top to prevent the work pieces from being thrown out of the machine if theyshould become loose (29 CFR 1910.213(o)(4)).

· When an exhaust system is used, verify that the guard forms part or all of the exhaust hood, and is constructedof at least 1/16 inch thick sheet metal or 3/16 inch thick cast iron (29 CFR 1910.213(o)(5)).

2.34 Sanding machines must be designed and used in accordance with certain requirements.(29 CFR 1910.213(p)(1) – (p)(4))

Guide Note· Verify that self-feed sanding machines are designed and used as follows (29 CFR 1910.213(p)(1)):

– the feed rolls are protected with a semi-cylindrical guard to prevent the hands of the operator from comingin contact with the in-running rolls at any point;

– guards are constructed of heavy material, preferably metal, and firmly secured to the frame carrying therolls in order to remain in adjustment for any thickness of stock; and

– the bottom of the guard extends down to within 3/8 inch of a plane formed by the bottom or contact faceof the feed roll where it touches the stock.

· Verify that the revolving drum of each drum sanding machine is enclosed by an exhaust hood, or other guardif no exhaust system is required, except for the portion of the drum above the table (if one is used) which isnecessary and convenient for the application of the material to be finished (29 CFR 1910.213(p)(2)).

· Verify that the revolving drum of each disk sanding machine is enclosed by an exhaust hood, or other guard ifno exhaust system is required, except for the portion of the drum above the table (if one is used) which isnecessary for the application of the material to be finished (29 CFR 1910.213(p)(3)).

· Verify that belt-sanding machines are provided with guards as follows (29 CFR 1910.213(p)(4)):

– guards are provided at each nip point where the sanding belt runs on to a pulley to prevent the hand orfingers of the operator from coming into contact with the nip points; and

– the unused run of the sanding belt is guarded against accidental exposure.

2.35 Veneer cutters and wringers must be designed and used in accordance with certainrequirements. (29 CFR 1910.213(q)(1) – (q)(7))

Guide Note· Verify that veneer slicer knives are guarded to prevent accidental contact with a knife edge at both front and

rear (29 CFR 1910.213(q)(1)).· Verify that veneer clippers have automatic feed or are provided with a guard that will prevent insertion of

fingers under the knife while feeding or removing the stock (29 CFR 1910.213(q)(2)).· Verify that sprockets on chain or slat-belt conveyors are enclosed (29 CFR 1910.213(q)(3)).· Verify that, where practicable, hand and footpower guillotine veneer cutters are equipped with rods or plates or

other satisfactory means that prevent the operator’s hands from contacting the cutting edge of the knife whilefeeding or holding the stock place (29 CFR 1910.213(q)(4)).

· Verify that power-driven guillotine veneer cutters, except continuous feed trimmers, are equipped with thefollowing (29 CFR 1910.213(q)(5)):

– starting devices that require simultaneous action of both hands to start the cutting motion and at least onehand on a control during the complete stroke of the knife; or

– automatic guards that remove the hands of the operator from the danger zone at every descent of the bladethat are used in conjunction with one-hand starting devices which require two distinct movements of thedevice to start the cutting motion, and are designed to return to the nonstarting position after eachcomplete cycle of the knife.

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· Verify that when two or more workers are employed at the same time on the same power-driven guillotineveneer cutter equipped with a two-hand control, the device is arranged so that each worker is required to useboth hands simultaneously on the controls to start the cutting motion, with at least one hand on a control tocomplete the cut (29 CFR 1910.213(q)(6)).

· Verify that power-driven guillotine veneer cutters, other than continuous trimmers, are equipped with anemergency device to prevent the machine from operating in the event of brake failure when the startingmechanism is in the “off” position, in addition to the brake or stopping mechanism (29 CFR 1910.213(q)(7)).

2.36 Miscellaneous woodworking machines must be designed and used in accordance with certainrequirements. (29 CFR 1910.213(r)(1) – (r)(4))

Guide Note· Verify that the feed rolls of roll-type glue spreaders are guarded by a semi-cylindrical guard whose bottom

comes within 3/8 inch of a plane formed by the bottom or contact face of the feed roll where it touches thestock (29 CFR 1910.213(r)(1)).

· Verify that there is at least a 4 ft passage clearance when a drag saw is at the extreme end of the stroke(29 CFR 1910.213(r)(2)).

NOTE: If such clearance is not obtainable, the saw and its driving mechanism must be provided with astandard enclosure.

· For combination or universal woodworking machines, verify that each point of operation is guarded asrequired for that tool in a separate machine (29 CFR 1910.213(r)(3)).

· Verify that other woodworking machines not specifically mentioned in this module are also provided withsuitable guards and exhaust hoods to reduce to a minimum the hazard at the point of operation(29 CFR 1910.213(r)(4)).

2.37 Woodworking machinery must be inspected and properly maintained.(29 CFR 1910.213(s)(1) – (s)(9) and (s)(12) – (s)(14))

Guide Note· Determine if saws that are dull, badly set, improperly filed, or improperly tensioned are immediately removed

from service before they begin to cause material to stick, jam, or kick back when fed to the saw at normalspeed (29 CFR 1910.213(s)(1)).

· Determine if saws to which gum has adhered on the sides are immediately cleaned (29 CFR 1910.213(s)(1)).· Verify that all knives and cutting heads are kept sharp, properly adjusted, and firmly secured

(29 CFR 1910.213(s)(2)).· Where two or more knives used in one head, verify that the knives are properly balanced

(29 CFR 1910.213(s)(2)).· Verify that bearings are kept free from loose motion and are well-lubricated (29 CFR 1910.213(s)(3)).· Verify that circular saw arbors are free from play (29 CFR 1910.213(s)(4)).· Verify that sharpening or tensioning of saw blades or cutters is done by skilled persons

(29 CFR 1910.213(s)(5)).· Verify that guards are kept clean and in good working order and that fire hazards are removed from switch

enclosures, bearings, and motors (29 CFR 1910.213(s)(6)).· Verify that all cracked saws are removed from service (29 CFR 1910.213(s)(7)).· Verify that the practice of inserting wedges between the saw disk and the collar to form what is commonly

known as a “wobble saw” is not permitted (29 CFR 1910.213(s)(8)).· Verify that push-sticks or blocks are provided in the work area in the sizes and types suitable for the work to

be done (29 CFR 1910.213(s)(9)).· Verify that the knife blades of jointers are installed and adjusted so that they do not protrude more than 1/8

inch beyond the cylindrical body of the head and that push sticks or push blocks are provided at the workplace in the sizes and types suitable for the work to be done (29 CFR 1910.213(s)(12)).

· When veneer slicers or rotary cutting machines have been shut down for the purpose of inserting logs or tomake adjustments, verify that the machine is clear and workers are not in a hazardous position prior to startingthe machine (29 CFR 1910.213(s)(13)).

· Verify that operators do not ride the carriage of a veneer slicer (29 CFR 1910.213(s)(14)).



3. Abrasive Wheel Machinery.

This section does not apply to the following types of equipment (29 CFR 1910.215(a)(5)):

· natural sandstone wheels; and;· metal, wooden, cloth, or paper discs with a layer of abrasive on the surface.

The following types of wheels are exempt from the guarding requirements in paragraphs 3.1 –3.14 (29 CFR 1910.215(a)(1)):

· wheels used for internal work while within the work being ground;· mounted wheels 2 inches or less in diameter that are used in portable operations; and· types 16, 17, 18, 18R, and 19 cones, plugs, and threaded hole pot balls where the work

offers protection.

The requirements for mounting wheels between flanges in paragraph 3.15 do not apply to thefollowing equipment (29 CFR 1910.215(c)(1)(i)):

· mounted wheels;· portable wheels with threaded inserts or projecting studs;· inserted nut, inserted washer and projecting stud type abrasive discs;· plate mounted wheels;· cylinders, cup, or segmental wheels that are mounted in chucks;· types 27 and 28 wheels;· certain internal wheels.· modified types 6 and 11 wheels (terrazzo); and· cutting-off wheels, Types 1 and 27A.

The following types of wheels do not require blotters discussed in paragraphs 3.16 and 3.24(29 CFR 1910.215(c)(6) and 29 CFR 1910.215(d)(5))

· mounted wheels;· inserted nut, inserted washer and projecting stud type abrasive discs;· plate mounted wheels;· cylinders, cups, or segmental wheels that are mounted in chucks;· types 27 and 28 wheels;· certain Type 1 and Type 27A cutting-off wheels;· certain internal wheels;· type 4 tapered wheels; and· diamond wheels, except certain vitrified diamond wheels.

3.1 Abrasive wheel safety guards must meet certain requirements. (29 CFR 1910.215(a)(2) –(a)(3))

Guide Note· Verify that safety guards cover the spindle ends, nuts, and flange projections (29 CFR 1910.215(a)(2)).· Verify that safety guards are mounted to maintain proper alignment with the wheel with the fastenings

exceeding the strength of the guard except under the following specific conditions (29 CFR 1910.215(a)(2)):

– where the work provides a suitable measure of protection to the operator, safety guards may beconstructed so that the spindle end, nut, and outer flange are exposed;

– where the nature of the work entirely covers the side of the wheel, the side covers of the guard may beomitted; and

– where machines have been designed as portable saws, the spindle end, nut, and outer flange may beexposed.

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· Verify that grinding machines are equipped with flanges in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.215(c) (seeparagraphs 3.15 – 3.19) (29 CFR 1910.215(a)(3)).

3.2 Work rests must be used to support the work. (29 CFR 1910.215(a)(4))

Guide Note· Verify that work rests are used to support off-hand grinding machines (29 CFR 1910.215(a)(4)).· Verify that work rests are of rigid construction and are adjustable to compensate for wheel wear (29 CFR

1910.215(a)(4)).· Verify that work rests are kept adjusted closely to the wheel with a maximum opening of 1/8 inch to prevent

work from being jammed between the wheel and the rest (29 CFR 1910.215(a)(4)).· Verify that work rests are securely clamped after each adjustment (29 CFR 1910.215(a)(4)).· Verify that adjustments are not made with the wheel in motion (29 CFR 1910.215(a)(4)).

3.3 Type 6 and 11 cup wheels must be protected. (29 CFR 1910.215(b)(1))

Guide Note· Verify that Type 6 and 11 cup wheels are protected by the following (29 CFR 1910.215(b)(1)):

– safety guards as described in 29 CFR 1910.215(b)(1) – (b)(10) (see paragraphs 3.4 – 3.12);– band type guards as described in 29 CFR 1910.215(b)(11) (see paragraph 3.13); and– revolving cup guards that:

1) turn with the wheel and are mounted behind it;2) are constructed of steel or other material with adequate strength, and enclose the wheel sides upward

from the back for 1/3 of the wheel thickness;3) are mounted in accordance with all requirements of this section; and4) have adequate clearance which does not exceed 1/16 inch between the wheel side and the guard.

3.4 Maximum guard exposure angles must not be exceeded. (29 CFR 1910.215(b)(2))

Guide Note· Ensure that the maximum exposure angles as specified in 29 CFR 1910.215(b)(3) – (b)(8) are not exceeded

(see paragraphs 3.5 – 3.10) (29 CFR 1910.215(b)(2)).· Verify that visors or other accessory equipment are not included as a part of the guard when measuring the

guard opening, unless such equipment has strength equal to that of the guard (29 CFR 1910.215(b)(2)).

3.5 The angle of exposure of the grinding wheel periphery and the sides of safety guards used onbench and floor stands is subject to certain limitations. (29 CFR 1910.215(b)(3))

Guide Note· Verify that the angular exposure of the grinding wheel periphery and the sides of safety guards used on bench

and floor stands does not exceed 90º or 25 percent of the periphery (29 CFR 1910.215(b)(3)).· Verify that the exposure does not begin at a point more than 65° above the horizontal plane of the wheel

spindle (29 CFR 1910.215(b)(3)).· Verify that the exposure does not exceed 125° if the nature of the work requires contact with the wheel below

the horizontal plane of the spindle (29 CFR 1910.215(b)(3)).

3.6 The maximum angular exposure of the grinding wheel periphery and the sides of safety guardsused on cylindrical grinding machines must not exceed 180°. (29 CFR 1910.215(b)(4))

Guide Note· Inspect guarding for cylindrical grinders to verify that the maximum angular exposure of the grinding wheel

periphery and the sides of safety guards used on cylindrical grinding machines does not exceed 180° (29 CFR1910.215(b)(4)).

· Verify that the exposure does not begin at a point more than 65° above the horizontal plane of the wheelspindle (29 CFR 1910.215(b)(4)).



3.7 The maximum angular exposure of the grinding wheel periphery and the sides of safety guardsused on cutting-off machines and on surface grinding machines that employ the wheelperiphery must not exceed 150°. (29 CFR 1910.215(b)(5))

Guide Note· Verify that the maximum angular exposure of the grinding wheel periphery and sides for safety guards used on

surface grinders and cutting-off machines that employ the wheel periphery does not exceed 150° (29 CFR1910.215(b)(5)).

· Verify that the exposure does not begin at a point less than 15° below the horizontal plane of the wheel spindle(29 CFR 1910.215(b)(5)).

3.8 The maximum angular exposure of the grinding wheel periphery and the sides of safety guardsused on machines known as swing frame grinding machines must not exceed 180°. (29 CFR1910.215(b)(6))

Guide Note· Verify that the maximum angular exposure of the grinding wheel periphery and the sides of safety guards used

on machines known as swing-frame grinding machines does not exceed 180° (29 CFR 1910.215(b)(6)).· Verify that the top half of the wheel is enclosed at all times (29 CFR 1910.215(b)(6)).

3.9 The maximum angular exposure of the grinding wheel periphery and the sides of safety guardsused on grinders known as automatic snagging machines must not exceed 180°. (29 CFR1910.215(b)(7))

Guide Note· Verify that the maximum angular exposure of the grinding wheel periphery and the sides of the safety guards

used on grinders known as automatic snagging machines does not exceed 180° (29 CFR 1910.215(b)(7)).· Verify that the top half of the wheel is enclosed at all times (29 CFR 1910.215(b)(7)).

3.10 Where the work is applied to the wheel above the horizontal centerline, the exposure of thegrinding wheel periphery must be as small as possible and must not exceed 60°. (29 CFR1910.215(b)(8))

Guide Note· Where the work is applied to the wheel above the horizontal centerline, verify that the exposure of the

grinding wheel periphery is as small as possible and does not exceed 60° (29 CFR 1910.215(b)(8)).

3.11 Safety guards for bench and floor stands and cylindrical grinders are subject to certain exposureadjustments. (29 CFR 1910.215(b)(9))

Guide Note· Verify that safety guards for bench and floor stands and cylindrical grinders described in 29 CFR

1910.215(b)(3) – (b)(4), (see paragraphs 3.5 and 3.6) where the operator stands in front of the opening, areconstructed so that the peripheral protecting member can be adjusted to the constantly decreasing diameter ofthe wheel (29 CFR 1910.215(b)(9)).

· Verify that the maximum angular exposure above the horizontal plane of the wheel spindle as specified in29 CFR 1910.215(b)(3) – (b)(4) (see paragraphs 3.5 and 3.6) are not exceeded (29 CFR 1910.215(b)(9)).

· Verify that the distance between the wheel periphery and the adjustable tongue or the end of the peripheralmember at the top does not exceed 1/4 inch (29 CFR 1910.215(b)(9)).

3.12 Safety guards must meet specific material requirements and minimum dimensions. (29 CFR1910.215(b)(10))

Guide Note· Verify that the minimum basic thickness of the peripheral and side members for various types of safety guards

and classes of service meet the requirements given in Table O-9 and Figures O-36 and O-37 of 29 CFR1910.215 and that the materials of construction are as follows (29 CFR 1910.215(b)(10)(i)-(iv)):

– for operating speeds not exceeding 8,000 SFPM: cast iron, malleable iron, or other specified material;

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– for operating speeds between 8,000 SFPM and 16,000 SFPM: cast steel, structural steel or other specifiedmaterial; and

– for speeds not exceeding 16,000 SFPM when the diameter of the cutting-off wheel is 16 inches or less:cast iron or malleable iron.

· For speeds not exceeding 14,200 SFPM when the diameter of the cutting-off wheels is larger than 16 inches,verify that safety guards are used as specified in Figures O-27 and O-28 and Table O-1 of 29 CFR 1910.215(29 CFR 1910.215(b)(10)(v)).

· Verify that for thread-grinding wheels not exceeding one inch in thickness, cast iron or malleable iron safetyguards are used as specified in Figures O-36 and O-37, and in Table O-9 of 29 CFR 1910.215 (29 CFR1910.215(b)(10)(vi)).

3.13 Band-type guards must conform to general specifications. (29 CFR 1910.215(b)(11))

Guide Note· Verify that bands are made of steel plate or other material of equal or greater strength (29 CFR

1910.215(b)(11)(i)).· Verify that the bands are continuous with either the ends being riveted, bolted, or welded together to leave the

inside free from projections (29 CFR 1910.215(b)(11)(i)).· Verify that the inside diameter of the band is not more than one inch larger than the outside diameter of the

wheel and is mounted as nearly concentric with the wheel as practicable (29 CFR 1910.215(b)(11)(ii)).· Verify that the band is of sufficient width and its position is adjusted to prevent the wheel from protruding

beyond the edge of the band a distance greater than specified in Figure O-29 and Table O-2 of 29 CFR1910.215 or the wall thickness (W), whichever is less (29 CFR 1910.215(b)(11)(iii)).

3.14 Guard design for abrasive machinery must meet ANSI design specifications. (29 CFR1910.215(b)(12))

Guide Note· Verify that abrasive machinery guards conform to the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Safety

Code for the Use, Care, and Protection of Abrasive Wheels – ANSI B7.1-1970 standards (29 CFR1910.215(b)(12)).

3.15 All abrasive wheels except those listed in the summary paragraph for this section must bemounted between flanges, and the flanges must meet specific requirements. (29 CFR1910.215(c))

Guide Note· Verify that abrasive wheels are mounted between flanges which are at least 1/3 the diameter of the wheel with

the following exceptions (29 CFR 1910.215(c)(1)):

– Type 1 cutting-off wheels must be mounted between properly relieved flanges that have matching bearingsurfaces and are at least 1/4 the wheel diameter; and

– Type 27A cutting-off wheels are designed to be mounted by means of flat, not relieved, flanges that havematching bearing surfaces and are at least 1/4 the wheel diameter.

· Verify that the wheel is always guarded regardless of the type of flange used (29 CFR 1910.215(c)(1)(v)).· Verify that blotters are used in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.215(c)(6) (see paragraph 3.16) (29 CFR

1910.215(c)(1)(v)).· Verify that flanges are dimensionally accurate and in good balance with no rough surfaces or sharp edges

(29 CFR 1910.215(c)(3)).· Verify that the two flanges on either side of a wheel are of the same diameter and have equal bearing surface

(29 CFR 1910.215(c)(4)(i)).

EXCEPTION: Verify that Type 27 and 28 wheels are used only as follows (29 CFR 1910.215(c)(4)(ii)):

– they must only be used for reinforced organic bonded wheels;– the back flange must extend beyond the central hub or raised portion and contact the wheel;– the adapter nut which is less than the minimum 1/3 diameter of the wheel must fit in the depressed side of

the wheel to prevent interference in side grinding and to drive the wheel by its clamping force against thedepressed portion of the back flange;

– mounts affixed to the wheel by the manufacturer are not reused; and– type 27 and 28 wheels may be used only with a safety guard between the wheel and operator.



· Verify that straight relieved flanges covered in Table O-6 and Figure O-32 in 29 CFR 1910.215 are recessed atleast 1/16 inch on the side next to the wheel for a distance specified in Table O-6 (29 CFR 1910.215(c)(5)(i)).

· Verify that straight flanges of the adapter or sleeve type covered in Table O-7 and Figures O-33 and O-34 in29 CFR 1910.215 are undercut so that there will be no bearing on the sides of the wheel within 1/8 inch of thearbor hole (29 CFR 1910.215(c)(5)(ii)).

3.16 Blotters must be used between flanges and abrasive wheel surfaces. (29 CFR 1910.215(c)(6))

Guide Note· Verify that blotters (compressible washers) are always used between flanges and abrasive wheel surfaces to

ensure uniform distribution of flange pressure (see also 29 CFR 1910.215(d)(5) (paragraph 3.24) (29 CFR1910.215(c)(6)(i)).

EXCEPTION: For modified Types 6 and 11 wheels (terrazzo), blotters are applied only on the flat side ofwheel.

3.17 Driving flanges are subject to certain requirements. (29 CFR 1910.215(c)(7))

Guide Note· Verify that the driving flange is securely fastened to the spindle and that the bearing surface runs true (29 CFR

1910.215(c)(7)).· In situations where more than one wheel is mounted between a single set of flanges, verify that wheels are

either cemented together or separated by specially designed spacers (29 CFR 1910.215(c)(7)).· Verify that spacers are equal in diameter to the mounting flanges and have equal bearing surfaces (see also

29 CFR 1910.215(d)(6) ( paragraph 3.25) (29 CFR 1910.215(c)(7)).

3.18 Flanges must meet certain dimension requirements. (29 CFR 1910.215(c)(8))

Guide Note· Verify that straight relieved and unrelieved flanges for use with wheels with small holes that fit directly on the

machine spindle have dimensions of at least those specified in Tables O-4 and O-6 and Figures O-30 and O-32of 29 CFR 1910.215 (29 CFR 1910.215(c)(8)(i)).

· Verify that straight adapter flanges for use with wheels having holes larger than the spindle have dimensionsof at least those specified in Tables O-5 and O-7 and Figures O-31, O-33, and O-34 of 29 CFR 1910.215(29 CFR 1910.215(c)(8)(ii)).

· Verify that straight flanges that are an integral part of wheel sleeves which are frequently used on precisiongrinding machines have dimensions of at least those specified in Tables O-8 and Figures O-35 of 29 CFR1910.215 (29 CFR 1910.215(c)(8)(iii)).

3.19 Flanges must be maintained in good condition. (29 CFR 1910.215(c)(9))

Guide Note· Verify that flanges are trued or refaced when the bearing surfaces become worn, warped, sprung, or damaged

(29 CFR 1910.215(c)(9)).· Verify that when refacing or truing, the proper relief and rigidity is maintained as required in 29 CFR

1910.215(c)(5) (see paragraph 3.15), and that they are replaced when they do not conform to thesesubparagraphs and Tables O-4, O-5, O-6, and O-8 and Figures O-30, O-31, O-32, and O-35 (29 CFR1910.215(c)(9)).

NOTE: Failure to observe these rules might cause excessive flange pressure around the hole of the wheel. Thisis especially true of wheel-sleeve or adapter flanges.

3.20 Before mounting, all wheels must be closely inspected and sounded by the user. (29 CFR1910.215(d)(1))

Guide Note· Verify that prior to mounting, all wheels are closely inspected and sounded (ring test) to ensure they are not

damaged (29 CFR 1910.215(d)(1) and 1910.215(d)(1)(ii)).

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NOTE 1: To conduct a ring test, wheels must be gently tapped about 45° each side of the vertical centerlineand about one or two inches from the periphery with a light nonmetallic instrument such as the handle of ascrewdriver (for light wheels) or a wooden mallet (for heavier wheels). Rotate the wheel 45° and repeat thetest. A sound and undamaged wheel will give a clear metallic tone. If the wheel is cracked, there will be adead sound.

NOTE 2: Ensure that wheels are dry and free from sawdust when applying the ring test otherwise the soundwill be deadened. Organic bonded wheels do not emit the same clear metallic ring as do vitrified and silicatewheels (29 CFR 1910.215(d)(1)(i)).

· Verify that the spindle speed of the machine has been checked to ensure that it does not exceed the maximumoperating speed marked on the wheel (29 CFR 1910.215(d)(1)).

3.21 Grinding wheels must fit freely on the spindle and remain free under all grinding conditions.(29 CFR 1910.215(d)(2))

Guide Note· Verify that grinding wheels fit freely on the spindle and remain free under all grinding conditions (29 CFR

1910.215(d)(2)).

NOTE: To ensure a controlled clearance between the wheel hole and the machine spindle (or wheel sleeves oradaptors), the machine spindle must be made to nominal (standard) size plus zero minus .002 inch, and thewheel hole must be suitably oversize to assure safety clearance under the conditions of operating heat andpressure.

3.22 All contact surfaces of wheels, blotters, and flanges must be flat and free of foreign manner.(29 CFR 1910.215(d)(3))

Guide Note· Verify that all contact surfaces of wheels, blotters, and flanges are flat and free of foreign matter (29 CFR

1910.215(d)(3)).

3.23 When a bushing is used in the wheel hole it must not exceed the width of the wheel and mustnot contact the flanges. (29 CFR 1910.215(d)(4))

Guide Note· When a bushing is used in the wheel hole, verify that it does not exceed the width of the wheel and does not

contact the flanges (29 CFR 1910.215(d)(4)).

3.24 When blotters or flange facings of compressible material are required, they must cover entirecontact area of wheel flanges. (29 CFR 1910.215(d)(5))

Guide Note· When blotters or flange facings of compressible material are required, verify that they cover entire contact area

of wheel flanges (29 CFR 1910.215(d)(5)).

3.25 When more than one wheel is mounted between a single set of flanges, wheels may becemented together or separated by specially designed spacers. (29 CFR 1910.215(d)(6))

Guide Note· Verify that when more than one wheel is mounted between a single set of flanges, wheels may be cemented

together or separated by specially designed spacers. Spacers must be equal in diameter to the mounting flangesand must have equal bearing surfaces (29 CFR 1910.215(d)(6)).

· Verify that when mounting wheels that have not been cemented together, or ones that do not utilize separatingspacers, care is exercised to use wheels specially manufactured for that purpose (29 CFR 1910.215(d)(6)).



4. Mills and Calenders in the Rubber and Plastics Industries.

The safety control devices specified in paragraphs 4.2 and 4.3 are not required if they aremade a fixed part of the mill or calender and if the equipment is installed so that personscannot normally reach through, over, under, or around to come in contact with the roll bite orbe caught between a roll and an adjacent object (29 CFR 1910.216(d)).

4.1 Auxiliary equipment and mill roll heights must meet general requirements.(29 CFR 1910.216(a)(3) – (a)(4))

Guide Note· Verify that mechanical and electrical equipment and auxiliaries are installed in accordance with this section

and 29 CFR 1910 Subpart S (see Electrical Safety (Module S) Rulebook) (29 CFR 1910.216(a)(3)).· Verify that new mill installations are installed so that the top of the operating rolls is at least 50 inches above

the level on which the operator stands, irrespective of the size of the mill. The distance applies to the actualworking level, whether it is at the general floor level, in a pit, or on a platform (29 CFR 1910.216(a)(4)).

4.2 Safety controls must be provided for mills. (29 CFR 1910.216(b)(1) and (b)(3))

Guide Note· Verify that one or more of the following safety trip controls is provided in the front and back of each mill, is

accessible and operates on contact (29 CFR 1910.216(b)(1)):

– pressure-sensitive body bars that operate easily with pressure of the operator’s body, installed in front andbehind each mill 46 inches or more in roll height;

– readily accessible safety triprods installed in front and behind each mill, located within two inches of avertical plane tangent to the front and rear rolls and with the top rods no more than 72 inches above thelevel on which the operator stands; or

– readily operable safety tripwire cables or wire center cords installed in front and behind each mill, locatedwithin two inches of a vertical plane tangent to the front and rear rolls and no more than 72 inches abovethe level on which the operator stands.

· Verify that auxiliary equipment such as the mill divider, support bars, spray pipes, feed conveyors, stripknives, etc., are located in such a manner as to avoid interference with access to and operation of safetydevices (29 CFR 1910.216(b)(3)).

4.3 A safety trip-rod, cable, or wire center cord must be situated across each pair of in-runningrolls extending the length of the face of the rolls. (29 CFR 1910.216(c)(1) – (c)(2))

Guide Note· Verify that safety cords are in place on each pair of in-running rolls, are readily accessible within reach of the

operator and the bite, and operate when pushed or pulled (29 CFR 1910.216(c)(1)).· Verify there is a cable or wire center cord connected to the safety trip on both sides of the calender and near

each end of the face of the roll and that they operate readily when pushed or pulled (29 CFR 1910.216(c)(2)).

4.4 All trip and emergency switches must not be automatically resetting. (29 CFR 1910.216(e))

Guide Note· Verify that emergency switches do not reset automatically, but must be reset manually (29 CFR 1910.216(e)).

4.5 Mills and calenders must meet certain stopping limits. (29 CFR 1910.216(f)(1) – (f)(3))

Guide Note· Verify that all mills can be stopped within a distance not greater than 1.5% of the peripheral no-load surface

speeds of the respective rolls, as measured in ft/min (29 CFR 1910.216(f)(2)).· Verify that all calenders can be stopped within a distance, as measured in inches of surface travel, of no

greater than 1.75% of the peripheral no-load surface speeds of the respective calender rolls, as determined inft/min (29 CFR 1910.216(f)(3)(i)).

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EXCEPTION: Calenders operated at speeds above 250 ft/min, as measured on the surface of the drive roll, arepermitted to have stopping distances of more than 1.75%. In this case, safe stopping distances must bedetermined by engineering calculations (29 CFR 1910.216(f)(3)(ii)).

NOTE: Measurements taken to determine compliance with these required stopping distances must be madewith the rolls running empty at maximum operating speed. Stopping distances must be expressed as inches ofsurface travel of the roll from the instant the emergency stopping device is actuated (29 CFR 1910.216(f)(1)).

5. Mechanical Power Presses.

5.1 Certain types of machines are exempt from mechanical power press regulations.(29 CFR 1910.217(a)(5))

Guide Note· Determine if the facility has any of the following exempt machinery (29 CFR 1910.217(a)(5)):

– press brakes;– hydraulic and pneumatic power presses;– bulldozers;– hot bending and hot metal presses;– forging presses and hammers; or– riveting machines, and similar types of fastener.

NOTE: Proceed to section 6 if all machinery is exempt. If any is not exempt, continue with paragraph 5.2.

5.2 Machine components must be designed to minimize hazards. (29 CFR 1910.217(a)(4) and1910.217(b)(1))

Guide Note· Verify that machine components are designed, secured, or covered to minimize hazards caused by breakage, or

loosening and falling, or release of mechanical energy (i.e., broken springs) (29 CFR 1910.217(b)(1)).· Verify that any person who reconstructs or modifies a mechanical power press does so in accordance with

paragraph 29 CFR 1910.217(b) (see paragraphs 5.2 – 5.16) (29 CFR 1910.217(a)(4)).

5.3 Friction brakes provided for stopping or holding a slide movement must be self-engaging.(29 CFR 1910.217(b)(2))

Guide Note· Verify that friction brakes are inherently self-engaging by requiring power or force from an external source to

cause disengagement (29 CFR 1910.217(b)(2)).· Verify that brake capacity is sufficient to stop the motion of the slide quickly and is capable of holding the

slide and its attachments at any point in its travel (29 CFR 1910.217(b)(2)).

5.4 Machines using full revolution positive clutches must meet certain requirements.(29 CFR 1910.217(b)(3)(i) – (b)(3)(ii))

Guide Note· Verify that machines using full revolution positive clutches meet the following (29 CFR 1910.217(b)(3)):

– they incorporate a single-stroke mechanism; and– if the single-stroke mechanism is dependent upon spring action, the spring(s) must be of the compression

type, operating on a rod or guided within a hole or tube, and designed to prevent interleaving of the springcoils in the event of breakage.

5.5 Foot pedals must be provided with an unintentional operation mechanism, a nonslip pad, apedal return spring, and a pedal counterweight enclosure. (29 CFR 1910.217(b)(4)(i) –(b)(4)(iv))

Guide Note· Verify that foot pedals (treadles) meet the following (29 CFR 1910.217(b)(4)):



– the pedal mechanism is protected to prevent unintended operation from falling or moving objects or byaccidental stepping onto the pedal;

– a pad with a nonslip contact area is firmly attached to the pedal;– the pedal return spring(s) are of the compression type, operating on a rod or guided within a hole or tube,

or designed to prevent interleaving of spring coils in event of breakage; and– if pedal counterweights are provided, the travel path of the weight is enclosed.

5.6 Hand-operated lever power presses must be equipped with latches and must be interlocked toprevent accidental tripping. (29 CFR 1910.217(b)(5)(i) – (b)(5)(ii))

Guide Note· Verify that hand-operated lever power presses meet the following (29 CFR 1910.217(b)(5)):

– they are equipped with a spring latch on the operating lever to prevent premature or accidental tripping;and

– the operating levers on hand-tripped presses having more than one operating station are interlocked toprevent the tripping of the press except by the concurrent use of all levers.

5.7 Two-hand trip mechanisms must meet certain requirements. (29 CFR 1910.217(b)(6)(i) –(b)(6)(iii))

Guide Note· Verify that two-hand trip mechanisms meet the following (29 CFR 1910.217(b)(6)(i)):

– they must protect the individual operator’s hand controls against unintentional operation, be arranged torequire the use of both hands to trip the press, and use a control arrangement requiring concurrentoperation of the individual operator’s hand controls;

– if located on full-revolution clutch machines, they must incorporate an anti-repeat feature; and– if used on multiple-operator presses, each operator must have a separate set of controls.

5.8 Machines using part revolution clutches must be designed and used in accordance with certainselection requirements. (29 CFR 1910.217(b)(7)(iii) – (b)(7)(v))

Guide Note· Verify that a means of selecting “Off,” “Inch,” “Single Stroke,” and “Continuous,” is supplied with the

clutch/brake control (29 CFR 1910.217(b)(7)(iii)).

NOTE: The fixing of the selection must be capable of supervision by the employer.

· Verify that the “Inch” operating means is designed to prevent exposure of the worker’s hands within the pointof operation by (29 CFR 1910.217(b)(7)(iv)):

– requiring the concurrent use of both hands to actuate the clutch; or– being a single control protected against accidental actuation and located so the worker cannot reach into

the point of operation while operating the single control.

· Verify that two-hand controls for “Single Stroke” operation meet all of the following requirements(29 CFR 1910.217(b)(7)(v)):

– each control must be protected against unintended operation and require both hands to trip the press;– each control must allow adjustment that requires concurrent use of both hands during the die closing

portion of the stroke;– the control system must have an anti-repeat feature; and– the control systems must be designed to require the release of all operators’ hand controls before an

interrupted stroke can be resumed.

NOTE: This requirement pertains only to single-stroke, two-hand controls manufactured and installed onor after August 31, 1971.

5.9 Machines using part revolution clutches must be designed and used in accordance with othercertain requirements. (29 CFR 1910.217(b)(7)(i) – (b)(7)(ii) and (b)(7)(vii) – (b)(7)(xv))

Guide Note· Verify that clutch releases and the brake are applied when the external clutch engaging means is removed,

deactivated, or de-energized (29 CFR 1910.217(b)(7)(i)).

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· Verify that a red-colored stop control is provided with the clutch/brake control system that meets the followingrequirements (29 CFR 1910.217(b)(7)(ii)):

– momentary operation of the stop control immediately deactivates the clutch and applies the brake; and– the stop control overrides any other control, and reactuation of the clutch must require the use of the

selected operating (tripping) means.

· Verify that controls for more than one operating station are designed to be activated and deactivated incomplete sets of two operator’s hand controls per operating station by a means capable of employersupervision (29 CFR 1910.217(b)(7)(vii)).

NOTE: The clutch/brake control system must be designed and constructed to prevent actuation of the clutch ifall operating stations are bypassed.

· Verify that clutch/brake control systems containing both single and continuous functions are designed so thatcompletion of continuous circuits may be supervised by the employer (29 CFR 1910.217(b)(7)(viii)).

· If foot control is provided, verify that the selection method between hand and foot control is separate from thestroking selector and designed for employer supervision (29 CFR 1910.217(b)(7)(ix)).

· If foot-operated tripping controls are used, verify that they are protected to prevent operation caused by fallingor moving objects, or from unintended operation by accidentally stepping on the foot control(29 CFR 1910.217(b)(7)(x)).

· Verify that the control of air-clutch machines is designed to prevent a significant increase in the normalstopping time due to a failure within the operating value mechanism and to inhibit further operation if suchfailure occurs (29 CFR 1910.217(b)(7)(xi)).

NOTE: This requirement pertains only to clutch/brake air-valve controls manufactured and installed on or afterAugust 31, 1971, but not to machines intended only for continuous, automatic feeding operations.

· Verify that the clutch/brake control incorporates an automatic means to prevent initiation or continuedactivation of the single stroke or continuous functions unless the press drive motor is energized and in theforward direction (29 CFR 1910.217(b)(7)(xii)).

· Verify that the clutch/brake control automatically deactivates in the event of failure of the power or pressuresupply for the clutch engaging means (29 CFR 1910.217(b)(7)(xiii)).

NOTE: Reactivation of the clutch must require restoration of normal power or pressure supply and the use oftripping mechanisms.

· Verify that the clutch/brake control automatically deactivates in event of failure of the counterbalance(s) airsupply (29 CFR 1910.217(b)(7)(xiv)).

NOTE: Reactivation of the clutch must require restoration of normal air supply and the use of trippingmechanisms.

· Verify that bar operation is selected by a means capable of being supervised (29 CFR 1910.217(b)(7)(xv)).· Verify that a separate pushbutton is needed to activate the clutch, and the clutch can only be activated if the

driver motor is de-energized (29 CFR 1910.217(b)(7)(xv)).

5.10 Electrical systems in power presses must be designed and used in accordance with certainrequirements. (29 CFR 1910.217(b)(8)(i) – (b)(8)(vi))

Guide Note· Verify that power press control systems have a main power disconnect switch capable of being locked in only

the “off” position (29 CFR 1910.217(b)(8)(i)).· Verify that the motor “start” button is protected against accidental operation (29 CFR 1910.217(b)(8)(ii)).· Verify that all mechanical power press controls incorporate a type of drive motor starter that will disconnect

the drive motor from the power source in the event of control voltage or power source failure, and requireoperation of the motor start button to restart the motor when voltage conditions are returned to normal(29 CFR 1910.217(b)(8)(iii)).

· Verify that all AC control circuits and solenoid value coils are powered by a nominal 120-V AC supply from atransformer with an isolated secondary (29 CFR 1910.217(b)(8)(iv)).

NOTE: Higher voltages necessary for operation of machine or control mechanisms must be isolated from anycontrol mechanism handled by the operator, but motor starters with integral start-stop buttons may use linevoltage control.

· Verify that all DC control circuits are powered by no more than a nominal 240-V DC supply that is isolatedfrom higher voltages (29 CFR 1910.217(b)(8)(iv)).

· Verify that all clutch/brake control electrical circuits are protected against the possibility of an accidentalground in the control circuit causing false operation of the press (29 CFR 1910.217(b)(8)(v)).



· Verify that electrical clutch/brake control circuits incorporate features that minimize the possibility of anunintended stroke in the event of the failure of a properly functioning control component, including relays,limit switches, and static output circuits (29 CFR 1910.217(b)(8)(vi)).

5.11 Slide counterbalance systems must be designed and used in accordance with certainrequirements. (29 CFR 1910.217(b)(9)(i) – (b)(9)(v))

Guide Note· Verify that spring counterbalance systems incorporate a means to retain system parts in the event of breakage

(29 CFR 1910.217(b)(9)(i)).· Verify that spring counterbalances have the capability to hold the slide and its attachments at midstroke,

without the brake being applied (29 CFR 1910.217(b)(9)(ii)).· Verify that air counterbalance cylinders incorporate a means of retaining the piston and rod in case of breakage

or loosening (29 CFR 1910.217(b)(9)(iii)).· Verify that air counterbalance cylinders have adequate capability to hold the slide and its attachments at any

point in the stroke without the brake being applied (29 CFR 1910.217(b)(9)(iv)).· Verify that air counterbalance cylinders incorporate a means to prevent failure of capability (sudden loss of

pressure) in the event of air supply failure (29 CFR 1910.217(b)(9)(v)).

5.12 Air controlling equipment must be protected against foreign material and water entering thepneumatic system of the press. (29 CFR 1910.217(b)(10))

Guide Note· Verify that air controlling equipment is protected against foreign material and water entering the pneumatic

system of the press (29 CFR 1910.217(b)(10)).· Verify that a means of air lubrication is provided when needed (29 CFR 1910.217(b)(10)).

5.13 The maximum anticipated working pressures in any hydraulic system on a mechanical powerpress must not exceed the safe working pressure rating of any component used in that system.(29 CFR 1910.217(b)(11))

Guide Note· Verify that the maximum anticipated working pressures in any hydraulic system on a mechanical power press

do not exceed the safe working pressure rating of any component used in that system (29 CFR1910.217(b)(11)).

5.14 Pressure vessels must meet specific ASME standards. (29 CFR 1910.217(b)(12))

Guide Note· Verify that pressure vessels used in conjunction with power presses meet the requirements of American Society

of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Code for Pressure Vessels, 1968 edition (29 CFR 1910.217(b)(12)).

5.15 Under certain circumstances, the control system must be constructed so that a failure within thesystem does not prevent the normal stopping action from being applied to the press whenrequired, but does prevent initiation of a successive stroke until the failure is corrected.(29 CFR 1910.217(b)(13))

Guide Note· Verify that when an operator feeds or removes parts by placing one or both hands in the point of operation,

and a two-hand control Type B gate presence sensing device or moveable barrier (on a part revolution clutch)is used for safeguarding, the control system is constructed so that a failure within the system does not preventthe normal stopping action from being applied to the press when required, but does prevent initiation of asuccessive stroke until the failure is corrected. The failure must be detectable by a simple test, or indicated bythe control system (29 CFR 1910.217(b)(13)).

NOTE: This requirement does not apply to those elements of the control system that have no effect on theprotection against point-of-operation injuries (29 CFR 1910.217(b)(13)).

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5.16 When required by 29 CFR 1910.217(c)(5), the brake monitor must meet specific constructionand installation requirements. (29 CFR 1910.217(b)(14)(i) – (b)(14)(iii))

Guide Note· Verify that, when the operator feeds or removes parts by placing one or both hands in the point of operation,

and a two hand control, presence sensing device, Type B gate or movable barrier (on a part revolution clutch)is used for safeguarding, the brake monitor is constructed to automatically prevent the activation of asuccessive stroke if the stopping time or braking distance deteriorates to a point where the safety distancebeing utilized does not meet the requirements set forth in 29 CFR 1910.217(c)(3)(iii)(e) (see paragraph 5.20)or 29 CFR 1910.217(c)(3)(vii)(c) (see paragraph 5.24) (29 CFR 1910.217(b)(14)(i)).

· Verify that the brake monitor used with the Type B gate or movable barrier device is installed in a manner todetect slide top-stop overrun beyond the normal limit reasonably established by the employer(29 CFR 1910.217(b)(14)(i)).

· Verify that the brake monitor is installed on a press such that it indicates when the performance of the brakingsystem has deteriorated to the extent described in the first bullet point above (29 CFR 1910.217(b)(14)(ii)).

· Verify that the brake monitor is constructed and installed in a manner to monitor brake system performance ofeach stroke (29 CFR 1910.217(b)(14)(iii)).

5.17 The facility must provide and ensure that point-of-operation guards meet specific requirementsand are used on every operation performed on a mechanical power press.(29 CFR 1910.217(c)(1) – (c)(2))

Guide Note· Verify that the employer has provided and ensured the usage of point-of-operation guards or properly applied

and adjusted point-of-operation devices on every operation performed on a mechanical power press. SeeTable O-10 (29 CFR 1910.217(c)(1)(i)).

EXEMPTION: This requirement does not apply when the point-of-operation opening is 1/4 inch or less. See29 CFR 1910.217 Table O-10 (29 CFR 1910.217(c)(1)(ii)).

· Verify that every point-of-operation guard meets the following design, construction, application, andadjustment requirements (29 CFR 1910.217(c)(2)(i)):

– it must prevent entry of hands or fingers into the point of operation by reaching through, over, under, oraround the guard;

– it must conform to the maximum permissible openings of 29 CFR 1910.217 Table O-10;– it must create no pinch point between the guard and moving machine parts;– it must use fasteners that are not readily removable by the operator, to minimize misuse or the possible

misuse or removal of essential parts;– it must offer maximum visibility of the point of operation, consistent with the other requirements.

· Verify that a fixed die enclosure guard is attached to the die shoe or stripper (29 CFR 1910.217(c)(2)(ii)).· Verify that a fixed barrier guard is attached securely to the frame of the press or to the bolster plate

(29 CFR 1910.217(c)(2)(iii)).· Verify that an interlocked press barrier guard is attached to the press frame or bolster and is interlocked with

the press clutch control so that the clutch cannot be activated unless the guard itself, or the hinged or movablesections of the guard are in position to conform to the requirements of Table O-10 in 29 CFR 1910.217(29 CFR 1910.217(c)(2)(iv)).

· Verify that the hinged or movable sections of an interlocked press barrier guard are not used for manualfeeding and the guard prevents opening of the interlocked section and reaching into the point of operation priorto die closure or prior to the cessation of slide motion (see paragraph 5.19) regarding manual feeding throughinterlocked press barrier devices (29 CFR 1910.217(c)(2)(v)).

· Verify that the adjustable barrier guard is securely attached to the press bed, bolster plate, or die shoe, and isadjusted and operated in conformance with 29 CFR 1910.217, Table O-10, and the requirements of thisparagraph (29 CFR 1910.217(c)(2)(vi)).

· Verify that adjustments to the guard are made only by personnel whose qualifications include a knowledge ofthe provisions of 29 CFR 1910.217, Table O-10, and of this paragraph (29 CFR 1910.217(c)(2)(vi)).

· If any point-of-operation enclosure does not meet the requirements of this paragraph and Table O-10, verifythat it is used only in conjunction with the point of operation devices (29 CFR 1910.217(c)(2)(vii)).



5.18 Point-of-operation devices must protect the operator by certain means.(29 CFR 1910.217(c)(3)(i))

Guide Note· Verify that the point-of-operation devices protect the operator by (29 CFR 1910.217(c)(3)(i)):

– preventing and/or stopping normal stroking of the press if the operator’s hands are inadvertently placed inthe point of operation;

– preventing the operator from inadvertently reaching into the point of operation or withdrawing his/herhands if they are inadvertently located in the point of operation, as the dies close;

– preventing the operator from inadvertently reaching into the point of operation at all times;– requiring both of the operator’s hands to be applied to the operating controls and locating such controls at

such a safe distance from the point of operation that the slide completes the downward travel or stopsbefore the operator can reach into the point of operation with his/her hands;

– enclosing the point of operation before a press stroke can be initiated and maintaining this closedcondition until the motion of the slide has ceased; or

– enclosing the point of operation before a press stroke can be initiated, to prevent an operator fromreaching into the point of operation prior to die closure, or prior to cessation of slide motion during thedownward stroke.

5.19 A gate or movable barrier device must be provided to protect the operator.(29 CFR 1910.217(c)(3)(ii))

Guide Note· Verify that a gate or movable barrier device is provided to protect the operator as follows:

– a Type A gate or movable barrier device must protect the operator in the manner specified in29 CFR 1910.217(c)(3)(i)(f) (see paragraph 5.18) (29 CFR 1910.217(c)(3)(ii)(a)); and

– a Type B gate or movable barrier device must protect the operator in the manner specified in29 CFR 1910.217(c)(3)(i)(g) (see paragraph 5.18) (29 CFR 1910.217(c)(3)(ii)(b)).

5.20 A presence sensing point-of-operation device must protect the operator as provided.(29 CFR 1910.217(c)(3)(iii))

Guide Note· Verify that a presence sensing point-of-operation device protects the operator as provided in

29 CFR 1910.217(c)(3)(i)(a) (see paragraph 5.18), and is interlocked into the control circuit to prevent or stopslide motion if the operator’s hand or other body part is within the sensing field of the device during thedownstroke of the press slide (29 CFR 1910.217(c)(3)(iii)).

· Verify that the device is not used on machines with full revolution clutches (29 CFR 1910.217(c)(3)(iii)(a)).· Verify that the device is not be used as a tripping means to initiate slide motion except when operated in

conformance with paragraph (h) of this section (see paragraphs 5.32 – 5.48) (29 CFR 1910.217(c)(3)(iii)(b)).· Verify that the device is constructed so that a failure within the system does not prevent the normal stopping

action from being applied to the press when required, but does prevent the initiation of a successive strokeuntil the failure is corrected (29 CFR 1910.217(c)(3)(iii)(c)).

NOTE 1: The failure must be indicated by the system (29 CFR 1910.217(c)(3)(iii)(c)).

NOTE 2: Muting (bypassing of the protective function) of the presence sensing point-of-operation device ispermitted for the purpose of parts ejection, circuit checking, and feeding during the upstroke of the press slide(29 CFR 1910.217(c)(3)(iii)(d)).

· Verify that the safety distance (D(s)) from the sensing field to the point of operation is greater than thedistance determined by the following formula (29 CFR 1910.217(c)(3)(iii)(e)):

D(s) = 63 inches/second x T(s)

where:

D(s) = minimum safety distance (inches); and

T(s) = stopping time of the press measured at approximately 90° position of crankshaft rotation (seconds).

· Verify that guards are used to protect all areas of entry to the point of operation not protected by the presencesensing device (29 CFR 1910.217(c)(3)(iii)(f)).

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5.21 The pull-out device must protect the operator and include attachments for each of theoperator’s hands. (29 CFR 1910.217(c)(3)(iv))

Guide Note· Verify that attachments are connected to and operated only by the press slide or upper die

(29 CFR 1910.217(c)(3)(iv)(a)).· Verify that attachments are adjusted to prevent the operator from reaching into the point of operation or to

withdraw the operator’s hands from the point of operation before the dies close(29 CFR 1910.217(c)(3)(iv)(b)).

· Verify that a separate pull-out device is provided for each operator if more than 1 operator is used on a press(29 CFR 1910.217(c)(3)(iv)(c)).

· Verify that each pull-out device in use is visually inspected and checked for proper adjustment at the start ofeach operator shift, following a new die setup, and when operators are changed(29 CFR 1910.217(c)(3)(iv)(d)).

· Verify that necessary maintenance and/or repairs are performed and completed before the press is operated(29 CFR 1910.217(c)(3)(iv)(d)).

· Verify that records of inspections and maintenance are kept in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.217(e) (seeparagraph 5.29) (29 CFR 1910.217(c)(3)(iv)(d)).

5.22 The sweep device may not be used for point of operation safeguarding.(29 CFR 1910.217(c)(3)(v))

Guide Note· Verify that the sweep device is not used for point of operation safeguarding (29 CFR 1910.217(c)(3)(v)).

5.23 A holdout or a restraint device must protect the operator by preventing the operator frominadvertently reaching into the point of operation at all times, and must include attachments foreach of the operator’s hands. (29 CFR 1910.217(c)(3)(vi))

Guide Note· Verify that a holdout or a restraint device protects the operator by preventing the operator from inadvertently

reaching into the point of operation at all times, and includes attachments for each of the operator’s hands(29 CFR 1910.217(c)(3)(vi)).

· Verify that the attachments are securely anchored and adjusted in such a way that the operator is restrainedfrom reaching into the point of operation (29 CFR 1910.217(c)(3)(vi)).

· Verify that a separate set of restraints is provided for each operator if more than one operator is required on apress (29 CFR 1910.217(c)(3)(vi)).

5.24 A two-hand control device must meet certain requirements. (29 CFR 1910.217(c)(3)(vii))

Guide Note· Verify that the two-hand control device protects the operator by requiring the operator to use both hands on the

operating controls and by locating them at a distance from the point of operation so that the slide completesthe downward travel or stops before the operator can reach into the point of operation with his/her hands(29 CFR 1910.217(c)(3)(vii)).

· In press operations requiring more than one operator, verify that separate two-hand controls are provided foreach operator, and are designed to require concurrent application of all operators’ controls to activate the slide(29 CFR 1910.217(c)(3)(vii)(a)).

NOTE: The removal of a hand from any control button must cause the slide to stop.

· Verify that each two-hand control meets the construction requirements of 29 CFR 1910.217(b)(7)(v) (seeparagraph 5.8) (29 CFR 1910.217(c)(3)(vii)(b)).

· Verify that the safety distances (D(s)) between each two-hand control device and the point of operation isgreater than the distance determined by the following formula (29 CFR 1910.217(c)(3)(vii)(c)):

D(s) = 63 inches/second x T(s);

where:

D(s) = minimum safety distance (inches); and

T(s) = stopping time of the press measured at approximately 90° position of crankshaft rotation (seconds).



· Verify that two-hand controls are fixed in position so that only a supervisor or safety engineer is capable ofrelocating the controls (29 CFR 1910.217(c)(3)(vii)(d)).

5.25 A two-hand trip device must meet certain requirements. (29 CFR 1910.217(c)(3)(viii))

Guide Note· Verify that the two-hand trip device protects the operator by requiring the operator to use both hands on the

operating controls and by locating them at a distance from the point of operation so that the slide completesthe downward travel or stops before the operator can reach into the point of operation with his/her hands(29 CFR 1910.217(c)(3)(viii)).

· When used in press operations requiring more than one operator, verify that separate two-hand trips aredesigned to require concurrent application of all operators’ controls to activate the slide(29 CFR 1910.217(c)(3)(viii)(a)).

· Verify that each two-hand trip meets the construction requirements of 29 CFR 1910.217(b)(6) (see paragraph5.7) (29 CFR 1910.217(c)(3)(viii)(b)).

· Verify that the safety distance (D(m)) between the two-hand trip and the point of operation is greater than thedistance determined by the following formula (29 CFR 1910.217(c)(3)(viii)(c)):

D(m) = 63 inches/second x T(m);

where:

D(m) = minimum safety distance (inches); and T(m) = the maximum time the press takes for the die closureafter it has been tripped (seconds).

T(m) = [1/2 + (1 divided by the number of engaging points per revolution)] xtime necessary to complete onerevolution of the crankshaft (seconds).

· Verify that two-hand trips are fixed in position so that only a supervisor or safety engineer is capable ofrelocating the controls (29 CFR 1910.217(c)(3)(viii)(d)).

5.26 Hand-feeding tools must be used properly. (29 CFR 1910.217(c)(4))

Guide Note· Verify that hand-feeding tools are not used as a point-of-operation guard or protection device in lieu of the

required guards or devices (29 CFR 1910.217(c)(4)).

5.27 Where the operator feeds or removes parts by placing one or both hands in the point-of-operation, and a two-hand control presence-sensing device of Type B gate or movable barrier isused for safeguarding, certain additional requirements apply. (29 CFR 1910.217(c)(5))

Guide Note· Verify that the employer uses a control system and a brake monitor that meets the requirements of

29 CFR 1910.217(b)(13) – (b)(14) (see paragraphs 5.15 and 5.16) (29 CFR 1910.217(c)(5)(i)).· Verify that the control of air clutch machines is designed to prevent a significant increase in the normal

stopping time due to a failure within the operating valve mechanism, and to inhibit further operation if suchfailure does occur, where a part revolution clutch is employed (29 CFR 1910.217(c)(5)(iii)).

NOTE 1: The exemption in 29 CFR 1910.217(b)(7)(xi) for controls manufactured and installed beforeAugust 31, 1971, does not apply to this paragraph (29 CFR 1910.217(c)(5)(iii)).

NOTE 2: The exemption in 29 CFR 1910.217(b)(7)(v)(d) for two-hand controls manufactured and installedbefore August 31, 1971, does not apply to this requirement (29 CFR 1910.217(c)(5)(ii)).

5.28 The facility must follow specifications for design, construction, and setting and feeding of dies.(29 CFR 1910.217(d))

Guide Note· Verify that dies and operating methods designed to control or eliminate hazards to operating personnel

(29 CFR 1910.217(d)(1)(i)).· Verify that the employer furnishes and enforces the use of hand tools for freeing and removing stuck work or

scrap pieces from the die, so that no employee need reach into the point-of-operation for such purposes(29 CFR 1910.217(d)(1)(ii)).

· Verify that there is a means for handling scrap from roll-feed or random length stock operations(29 CFR 1910.217(d)(3)).

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· Verify that scrap cutters used in conjunction with scrap handling systems are safeguarded in accordance with29 CFR 1910.217(c) (see paragraphs 5.17 – 5.27) and with 29 CFR 1910.219 (see Section 7, MechanicalPower–Transmission Apparatus) (29 CFR 1910.217(d)(3)).

· Verify that hazards created by guide posts (when located in the immediate vicinity of the operator) whenseparated from its bushing by more than 1/4 inch is considered as a point-of-operation hazard and must beprotected in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.217(c) (see paragraphs 5.17 – 5.27) (29 CFR 1910.217(d)(4)).

· Verify that if unitized tooling is used, the opening between the top of the punch holder and the face of theslide, or striking pad, is safeguarded in accordance with the requirements of 29 CFR 1910.217(c) (seeparagraphs 5.17 – 5.27) (29 CFR 1910.217(d)(5)).

· Verify that all dies are (29 CFR1910.217(d)(6)):

– stamped with the tonnage and stroke requirements, or have these characteristics recorded if these recordsare readily available to the die setter;

– stamped to indicate upper die weight when necessary for air counter-balance pressure adjustment; and– stamped to indicate complete die weight if the handling equipment may become overloaded.

· Verify that provisions are made in both the upper and lower shoes for securely mounting the die to the bolsterand slide. Where clamp caps or setscrews are used in conjunction with punch stems, additional means ofsecuring the upper shoe to the slide must be used (29 CFR 1910.217(d)(7)).

· Verify that handling equipment attach points are provided on all dies requiring mechanical handling(29 CFR 1910.217(d)(8)).

· Verify that diesetting is conducted in accordance with the following requirements (29 CFR 1910.217(d)(9)):

– a die setting procedure has been established that will ensure compliance with 29 CFR 1910.217(c) (seeparagraphs 5.17 – 5.27);

– spring loaded turnover bars are provided for presses designed to accept such turnover bars;– die stops or other means are provided to prevent losing control of the die while setting or removing dies in

presses which are inclined;– the use of safety blocks is required whenever dies are being adjusted or repaired in the press; and– brushes, swabs, lubricating rolls, and automatic or manual pressure guns are provided so that operators

and diesetters are not required to reach into the point of operation or other hazard areas to lubricatematerial, punches, or dies.

5.29 Inspection, maintenance, and modification of presses must be performed according to certainrequirements. (29 CFR 1910.217(e)(1) – (e)(3))

Guide Note· Verify that the employer has established and follows an inspection program with a general component and a

directed component (29 CFR 1910.217(e)(1)).· Verify that the general component of the program includes the following (29 CFR 1910.217(e)(l)(i)):

– periodic and regular inspections of each power press to ensure that all of its parts, auxiliary equipment,and safeguards, (including the clutch/brake mechanism, antirepeat feature and single- stroke mechanism)are in a safe operating condition and adjustment;

– performing and completing necessary maintenance, repair, or both before operating the press; and– maintaining a certification record of each inspection and each maintenance and repair task performed, that

includes:

1) the date of the inspection, maintenance, or repair work;2) the signature of the person who performed the work; and3) the serial number, or other identifier, of the power press inspected, maintained, and repaired.

· Verify that the directed component of the program includes the following (29 CFR 1910.217(e)(l)(ii)):

– regular inspections at least weekly of each power press to determine the condition of the clutch/brakemechanism, antirepeat feature, and single-stroke mechanism;

– performing and completing necessary maintenance, repair, or both on the clutch/brake mechanism,antirepeat feature and single-stroke mechanism before operating the press; and

– maintaining a certification record of each inspection and each maintenance and repair task performed, thatincludes:

1) the date of the inspection, maintenance, or repair work;2) the signature of the person who performed the work; and3) the serial number, or other identifier, of the power press maintained.



EXCEPTION: Inspections of the clutch/brake mechanism, antirepeat feature, and single-stroke mechanismconducted under the directed component (but not the general component) of the inspection program areexempt from the requirement for certification.

NOTE: The requirements for a directed component to the inspection do not apply to presses which complywith 29 CFR 1910.217(b)(13) and (b)(14) (see paragraphs 5.15 and 5.16) (29 CFR 1910.217(e)(1)(iii)).

· Verify that any person modifying a power press furnishes instructions to establish new or changed guidelinesfor the use and care of the modified press (29 CFR 1910.217(e)(2)).

· Verify that the employer has ensured the original and continuing competence of personnel caring for,inspecting, and maintaining power presses (29 CFR 1910.217(e)(3)).

5.30 The facility must have appropriate procedures in place for operation of power presses.(29 CFR 1910.217(f)(2) – (f)(4))

Guide Note· Verify that the employer has trained and instructed operators in the safe method of work before starting work

on any operation covered in this section on mechanical power presses, and that the employer has ensured byadequate supervision that the correct operating procedures are being followed (29 CFR 1910.217(f)(2)).

· Verify that the employer has provided adequate clearance between machines so that movement of one operatorwill not interfere with the work of another, and there is ample room for cleaning machines, handling material,work pieces and scrap; and surrounding floors are kept in good condition and free from obstructions, grease,oil, and water (29 CFR 1910.217(f)(3)).

· Verify that the employer operates the presses within the tonnage and attachment weight ratings specified bythe manufacturer (29 CFR 1910.217(f)(4)).

5.31 Employers are required to report all point-of-operation injuries to operators or other employees.(29 CFR 1910.217(g)(1))

Guide Note· Verify that within 30 days of occurrence, all point of operation injuries to operators or other employees are

documented in a report sent to either the Director or Directorate of Safety Standards Programs or to theappropriate state plan agency (29 CFR 1910.217(g)(1)).

· Verify that the following information is included in the report (29 CFR 1910.217(g)(1)):

– employer’s name, address and location of the workplace;– employee’s name, injury sustained, and the task being performed (i.e., operation, set-up, maintenance, or

other);– type of clutch used on the press (full revolution, part revolution, or direct drive);– type of safeguard(s) being used (two-hand control, two-hand trip, pull-outs, sweeps, or other). If the

safeguard is not described in this section on mechanical power presses, give a complete description;– cause of the accident (repeat of press, safeguard failure, removing stuck part or scrap, no safeguard

provided, no safeguard in use, or other);– type of feeding (manual with hands in dies or with hands out of dies, semi-automatic, automatic, or other);– means used to actuate press stroke (foot trip, foot control, hand trip, hand control, or other); and– number of operators required for the operation and the number of operators provided with controls and

safeguards.

5.32 All part-revolution mechanical power presses used in the presence-sensing device initiation(PSDI) mode of operation must meet general requirements. (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(1)(i) –(h)(1)(v))

Guide Note· Verify that all part revolution mechanical power presses used in the PSDI mode of operation comply with the

requirements of 29 CFR 1910.217(h) (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(1)(i)).· Verify that all power presses used in the PSDI mode of operation meet the relevant requirements of

29 CFR 1910.217(a) – (g) (see paragraphs 5.1 – 5.31) (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(1)(ii)).· Verify that full revolution mechanical power presses are not used in the PSDI mode of operation

(29 CFR 1910.217(h)(1)(iii)).· Verify that mechanical power presses with a configuration that would allow a person to enter, pass through,

and become clear of the sensing field into the hazardous portion of the press are not used in the PSDI mode ofoperation (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(1)(iv)).

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· Verify that die setting, and maintenance procedures are not done in the PSDI mode, but comply with therequirements of 29 CFR 1910.217(a) – (g) (see paragraphs 5.1 – 5.31) (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(1)(v)).

· Verify that the PSDI mode of operation is used only for normal production operations(29 CFR 1910.217(h)(1)(v)).

5.33 Brake and clutch requirements for part-revolution mechanical power presses used in the PSDImode of operation must meet specific requirements. (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(2)(i) – (h)(2)(iii))

Guide Note· Verify that presses with flexible steel band brakes or with mechanical linkage actuated brakes or clutches are

not used in the PSDI mode (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(2)(i)).· Verify that brake systems on presses used in the PSDI mode have sufficient torque to ensure the average value

of stopping times (Ts) for stops initiated at approximately 45°, 60°, and 90° of the crankshaft angular position,to not be more than 125 percent of the average value of the stopping time at the top crankshaft position(29 CFR 1910.217(h)(2)(ii)).

NOTE: Compliance with this requirement must be determined by using the heaviest upper die to be used onthe press, and operating at the fastest speed if there is speed selection.

· In cases where brake engagement and clutch release is affected by spring action, verify that the springs operatein compression on a rod within a hole or tube, and are of non-interleaving design (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(2)(iii)).

5.34 Pneumatic systems requirements for part-revolution mechanical power presses used in the PSDImode of operation must meet specific requirements. (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(3)(i) and (h)(3)(ii))

Guide Note· Verify that pneumatic systems of machines operated in the PSDI mode meet the requirements of

29 CFR 1910.217(b)(7)(xiii), (b)(7)(xiv), (b)(10), (b)(12) and (c)(5)(iii) apply (see paragraphs 5.9, 5.12, 5.14,and 5.27) (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(3)(i)(A)).

· Verify that the air supply for pneumatic clutch/brake control valves incorporates a filter, an air regulator, and,when necessary for proper operation, a lubricator (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(3)(i)(B)).

· Verify that the air pressure supply for clutch/brake valves on machines used in the PSDI mode is regulated topressures less than or equal to the air pressure used when making the stop time measurements required by29 CFR 1910.217(h)(2)(i) (see paragraph 5.33) (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(3)(i)(C)).

· Verify that presses with a slide counterbalance system used in the PSDI mode meet the requirements of29 CFR 1910.217(b)(9), (see paragraph 5.11) (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(3)(ii)(A)).

· Verify that the counterbalances are adjusted in accordance with the press manufacturer’s recommendations toassure correct counterbalancing of the slide attachment (upper die) weight for all operations performed onpresses in the PSDI mode (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(3)(ii)(B)).

· Verify that adjustments are made before performing the stopping time measurements required by29 CFR 1910.217(h)(2)(ii), (h)(5)(iii), and (h)(9)(v) (see paragraphs 5.33, 5.36, and 5.42)(29 CFR 1910.217(h)(3)(ii)(B)).

5.35 Flywheels and bearings used in part-revolution mechanical power presses in the PSDI mode ofoperation must meet specific requirements. (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(4))

Guide Note· Verify that presses whose designs incorporate flywheels running on journals on the crankshaft or back shaft, or

bull gears running on journals mounted on the crankshaft are inspected, lubricated, and maintained as providedin 29 CFR 1910.217(h)(10) (see paragraph 5.44), to reduce the possibility of unintended and uncontrolled pressstrokes caused by bearing seizure (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(4)).

5.36 Brakes used in part-revolution mechanical power presses in the PSDI mode of operation mustmeet specific monitoring requirements. (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(5)(i) – (h)(5)(iii))

Guide Note· Verify that presses operated in the PSDI mode are equipped with a brake monitor that meets the requirements

of (29 CFR 1910.217(b)(13) – (b)(14) (see paragraphs 5.15 and 5.16) (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(5)(i)).· Verify that brake monitors are adjusted during installation certification to prevent successive stroking of the

press if increases in stopping time causes an increase in the safety distance beyond that required by(29 CFR 1910.217(h)(9)(v) (see paragraph 5.42) (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(5)(i)).



· Verify that once the PSDI safety system has been certified/validated, adjustment of the brake monitor is notdone without prior approval of the validation organization for both the brake monitor adjustment and thecorresponding adjustment of the safety distance (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(5)(ii)).

· Verify that the validation organization has, as part of its installation validation, stated under whichcircumstances, if any, the employer has (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(5)(ii)):

– advance approval for making adjustments;– when prior oral approval is appropriate; and– when prior approval must be in writing.

· Verify that adjustments are done under the supervision of an authorized person whose qualifications includeknowledge of safety distance requirements and experience with the brake system and its adjustment(29 CFR 1910.217(h)(5)(ii)).

· Verify that adjustment, repair, or maintenance is performed on the brake or other press system element whenbrake wear or other factors extend press stopping time beyond the limit permitted by the brake monitor(29 CFR 1910.217(h)(5)(ii)).

· Verify that the brake monitor setting allows for an increase of no more than 10 percent of the longest stoppingtime for the press, or 10 milliseconds, whichever is longer, measured at the top of the stroke(29 CFR 1910.217(h)(5)(iii)).

5.37 Cycle control and control systems used in part-revolution mechanical power presses in thePSDI mode of operation must meet specific requirements. (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(6)(i) –(h)(6)(vii))

Guide Note· Verify that the control system on presses operated in the PSDI mode meet the requirements of

29 CFR 1910.217(b)(7), (b)(8),(b)(13) and (c)(5) (see paragraphs 5.8 – 5.10, 5.15, and 5.27)(29 CFR 1910.217(h)(6)(i)).

· Verify that the control system incorporates a means of dynamically monitoring for decoupling of the rotaryposition indicating mechanism drive from the crankshaft (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(6)(ii)).

· Verify that this monitor will stop the slide motion and prevent successive press strokes if decoupling occurs, orif the monitor itself fails (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(6)(ii)).

· Verify that the mode selection means of 29 CFR 1910.217(b)(1)(iii) (see paragraph 5.2) has at least oneposition for the selection of the PSDI mode (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(6)(iii)).

· Verify that when more than one interruption of the light sensing field is used in the initiation of a stroke, aseparate selection means is provided which becomes operable when the PSDI mode is selected(29 CFR 1910.217(h)(6)(iii)).

· Verify that the selection of the PSDI mode and the number of interruptions/withdrawals of the light sensingfield required to initiate a press cycle is done by a means capable of employer supervision(29 CFR 1910.217(h)(6)(iii)).

· Verify that PSDI set-up/reset and PSDI mode selection requires overt action by the operator before the presscan be operated in the PSDI mode (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(6)(iv)).

· Verify that an indicator visible to the operator and readily seen by the employer is provided which clearlyindicates that the system is set-up for cycling in the PSDI mode (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(6)(v)).

· Verify that the control system has a timer that deactivates the PSDI mode when the press does not strokewithin the period of time set by the timer (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(6)(vi)).

· Verify that the timer is manually adjustable to a maximum of 30 seconds (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(6)(vi)).· Verify that timer settings greater than 15 seconds are made by the use of a special tool only available to

authorized persons (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(6)(vi)).· Verify that upon deactivation of the PSDI by the timer, the PSDI mode can only be reactivated after resetting

the set-up/reset mechanism (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(6)(vi)).· Verify that reactivation of the PSDI operation following deactivation of the PSDI mode from any other cause

requires the resetting of the set-up/reset device. Other causes include (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(6)(vii)):

– activation of the red color stop control required by 29 CFR 1910.217(b)(7)(ii) (see paragraph 5.9);– interruption of the presence sensing field;– opening of an interlock; or– reselection of the number of sensing field interruptions/withdrawals required to cycle the press.

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5.38 Cycle control and control systems used in part-revolution mechanical power presses in thePSDI mode of operation must meet other requirements. (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(6)(vii) –(h)(6)(xvii))

Guide Note· Verify that the control system incorporates an automatic means to prevent initiation or continued operation in

the PSDI mode unless the press drive motor is energized in the forward direction of crankshaft rotation(29 CFR 1910.217(h)(6)(viii)).

· Verify that the control design precludes any movement of the slide caused by operation of power on, poweroff, or selector switches, or from checks for proper operations required by 29 CFR 1910.217(h)(6)(xiv)(29 CFR 1910.217(h)(6)(ix)).

· Verify that all components and subsystems of the control system are designed to operate together to providetotal control system compliance with the requirements of 29 CFR 1910.217 (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(6)(x)).

· Verify that when there is more than one operator of a press used in PSDI, each operator is protected by aseparate, independently functioning, presence sensing device (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(6)(xi)).

· Verify that the control system requires that each sensing field be interrupted the selected number of times priorto initiating the stroke (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(6)(xi)).

· Verify that each operator is provided with a set-up/reset means that meets the requirements of29 CFR 1910.217(h)(6), and which must be activated to initiate operation of the press in the PSDI mode(29 CFR 1910.217(h)(6)(xi)).

· When supplemental guards are used, verify that the control system incorporates interlocks that will preventstroke initiation or will stop a stroke in progress if any supplemental guard fails or is deactivated(29 CFR 1910.217(h)(6)(xiii)).

· Verify that the control system performs checks for proper operation of all cycle control logic element switchesand contacts at least one each cycle with control elements checked for correct status after “power on” and priorto the initial PSDI stroke (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(6)(xiv)).

· Verify that the control system has provisions for “inch” operating means that meets the requirements of(29 CFR 1910.217(b)(7)(iv) (see paragraph 5.8) (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(6)(xv)).

· Verify that die-setting is not done in the PSDI mode (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(6)(xv)).· Verify that production is not done in the “inch” mode (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(6)(xv)).· Verify that the control system only allows a single stroke per initiation command

(29 CFR 1910.217(h)(6)(xvi)).· Verify that internally stored programs (e.g., mechanical, electro-mechanical, or electronic) meet the

requirements of 29 CFR 1910.217(b)(13) (see paragraph 5.15) and default to a predetermined safe condition inthe event of any single failure within the system (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(6)(xvii).

NOTE: Programmable controllers meeting the requirements for controls with the internally stored programsabove are allowed if all logic elements affecting the safety system and point of operation safety are internallystored and protected in such a manner that they cannot be altered or manipulated by the user to an unsafecondition.

5.39 Control components on mechanical power presses in the PSDI mode of operation mustwithstand environmental stresses. (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(7))

Guide Note· Verify that control components are able to withstand expected operational and environmental stresses,

including those in 29 CFR 1910.217 Appendix A (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(7)).

5.40 Safety systems on mechanical power presses in the PSDI mode of operation must meet certainrequirements. (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(8)(i) – (h)(8)(ii))

Guide Note· Verify that mechanical power presses used in the PSDI mode are operated under the control of a safety system

which functions so that a single failure or single operating error does not cause injury to personnel from point-of-operation hazards (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(8)(i)).

· Verify that the safety system meets the requirements of 29 CFR 1910.217(b)(13) and (c)(5) (see paragraphs5.15 – 5.27) and all other applicable sections of 29 CFR 1910.217 (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(8)(i)).

· Verify that the safety system is designed, constructed, and arranged as an integral control system, including allelements of the press, controls, safeguarding, and their interfaces with the operator, and that part of theenvironment that has an effect on the protection against point-of-operation hazards(29 CFR 1910.217(h)(8)(ii)).



5.41 The point of operation on mechanical power presses in the PSDI mode of operation must besafeguarded. (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(9)(i) – (h)(9)(iv))

Guide Note· Verify that the point of operation of presses operated in the PSDI mode are safeguarded in accordance with the

requirements of 29 CFR 1910.217(c) (see paragraphs 5.17 – 5.27) (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(9)(i).· Verify that the safety distance requirements of 29 CFR 1910.217(h)(9)(v) (see paragraph 5.42) are used for

PSDI operation (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(9)(i)).· Verify that the PSDI is implemented only by use of light curtain (photo-electric) presence sensing devices that

meet the requirements of 29 CFR 1910.217(c)(3)(iii) (see paragraph 5.20) unless using an alternative system(29 CFR 1910.217(h)(9)(ii)(A)).

· Verify that an alternative system meets the following requirements (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(9)(ii)(B)):

– the employer can demonstrate, through tests and analysis by the employer or manufacturer, that thealternative is as safe as the photo-electric light curtain;

– the alternative meets the conditions of 29 CFR 1910.217; and– the alternative has the same long term reliability as light curtains and can be integrated into the entire

safety system as provided in 29 CFR 1910.217.

· Verify that, prior to use of the alternative, the employer and manufacturer have certified that the requirementsgiven above and the requirements of 29 CFR 1910.217(a) – (h), and 29 CFR 1910.217 Appendix A are met,and the certifications are validated by an OSHA-recognized third-party validation organization to meet theseadditional requirements and all other applicable requirements (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(9)(ii)(B)).

· Verify that three months prior to the operation of any alternative system, the employer notifies OSHA of thename of the system to be installed, the manufacturer, and the OSHA-recognized third party validationorganization (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(9)(ii)(B)).

· Verify that the individual sensing field of presence sensing devices used to initiate strokes in the PSDI modecover only one side of the press (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(9)(iii)).

· Verify that light curtains used for PSDI operation have a minimum object sensitivity that does not exceed 1.25inches (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(9)(iv)).

NOTE: When the light curtain object sensitivity is user-adjustable, design features must limit the minimumobject sensitivity adjustment so it will not exceed 1.25 inches (31.75 mm). Blanking of the sensing field is notpermitted (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(9)(iv)).

5.42 The safety distance from the sensing field of the presence sensing device to the point ofoperation on mechanical power presses in the PSDI mode of operation must calculated in aspecific manner. (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(9)(v))

Guide Note· Verify that the safety distance (Ds) from the sensing field of the presence sensing device to the point of

operation is greater than or equal to the distance determined by the formula (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(9)(v)):

Ds = Hs X (Ts + Tp + Tr + 2Tm) + Dp

Where:

Ds = Minimum safety distance.

Hs = Hand speed constant of 63 inches per second).

Ts = Longest press stopping time, in seconds, computed by taking averages of multiple measurements at eachof three positions (45°, 60°, and 90°) of crankshaft angular position; the longest of the three averages is thestopping time to use (Ts is defined as the sum of the kinetic energy dissipation time plus thepneumatic/magnetic/hydraulic reaction time of the clutch/brake operating mechanism(s).)

Tp = Longest presence sensing device response time, in seconds.

Tr = Longest response time, in seconds, of all interposing control elements between the presence sensingdevice and the clutch/brake operating mechanism(s).

Tm = Increase in the press stopping time at the top of the stroke, in seconds, allowed by the brake monitor forbrake wear. The time increase allowed shall be limited to no more than 10 percent of the longest pressstopping time measured at the top of the stroke or 10 milliseconds, whichever is longer.

Dp = Penetration depth factor, required to provide for possible penetration through the presence sensing fieldby fingers or hand before detection occurs. The penetration depth factor shall be determined from Graph H-1using the minimum object sensitivity size.

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5.43 The point of operation on mechanical power presses in the PSDI mode of operation must besafeguarded in certain ways. (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(9)(vi) – (h)(9)(x))

Guide Note· Verify that the presence sensing device location is either set at each tool change and set-up to provide the

minimum safety distance, or is fixed in location to provide a safety distance greater than or equal to theminimum safety distance for all tooling set-ups to be used on that press (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(9)(vi)).

· Verify that when the presence sensing device location is adjustable, adjustment requires the use of a specialtool available only to authorized persons (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(9)(vii)).

· Verify that supplemental safeguarding is used to protect all areas of access to the point of operation that isunprotected by the PSDI presence sensing device (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(9)(viii)).

· Verify that supplemental safeguarding consists of either additional light curtain (photo-electric) presencesensing devices or other types of guards which meet the requirements of paragraphs 29 CFR 1910.217(c) (seeparagraphs 5.17 – 5.27) and (h) (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(9)(viii)).

· Verify that presence sensing devices used as supplemental safeguarding do not initiate a press stroke, andconform to the requirements of paragraph 29 CFR 1910.217(c)(3)(iii) (see paragraph 5.20) and other applicableprovisions of this section, except for the safety distance which must comply with paragraph 29 CFR1910.217(h)(9)(v) (see paragraph 5.42) (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(9)(viii)(A)).

· Verify that guards used as supplemental safeguarding conform to the design, construction, and applicationrequirements of 29 CFR 1910.217(c)(2) (see paragraph 5.17) and are interlocked with the press control toprevent press PSDI operation if the guard fails, is removed, or is out of position(29 CFR 1910.217(h)(9)(viii)(B)).

· Verify that barriers are fixed to the press frame or bolster to prevent personnel from passing completelythrough the PSDI presence sensing field and assume a position where the point of operation could be accessedwithout detection by the PSDI presence sensing device (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(9)(ix)).

NOTE: As an alternative, supplemental presence sensing devices used only in the safeguard mode may beprovided. If used, these devices must be located to detect all operator locations and positions not detected bythe PSDI sensing field. They must prevent stroking or stop a stroke in process when any supplemental sensingfield(s) are interrupted.

· Verify that the following dimensions are followed when hand tools are used for feeding, scrap removal,lubrication, or removing parts that stick on the die in PSDI mode (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(9)(x)):

– the minimum diameter of the tool handle extension must be greater than the minimum object sensitivity ofthe presence sensing devices used to initiate press strokes; or

– the hand tool must be long enough to ensure that the operator’s hand will be detected at any safetydistance required by the press set-ups.

5.44 Mechanical power presses equipped with presence sensing devices for use in PSDI must beinspected and maintained. (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(10)(i) – (h)(10)(vi))

Guide Note· Verify that presses equipped with presence sensing devices for use in PSDI, or for supplemental safeguarding

on presses used in the PSDI mode, are equipped with a test rod of diameter specified by the presence sensingdevice manufacturer to represent the minimum object sensitivity of the sensing field(29 CFR 1910.217(h)(10)(i)).

· Verify that instructions for use of the test rod are noted on a label attached to the presence sensing device(29 CFR 1910.217(h)(10)(i)).

· Verify that the following checks are made at the beginning of each shift and whenever a die change is made(29 CFR 1910.217(h)(10)(ii)):

– a check must be performed using the test rod according to the presence sensing device manufacturer’sinstructions to determine that the presence sensing device used for PSDI is operational;

– the safety distance must be checked for compliance with 29 CFR 1910.217(h)(9)(v) of this section (seeparagraph 5.42);

– a check must be made to determine if supplemental safeguarding is in place. Where presence sensingdevices are used for supplemental safeguarding, a check for proper operation must be performed using thepresence sensing device manufacturer’s instructions for the test rod);

– a check must be made to ensure that the barriers and/or supplemental presence sensing devices required byparagraph 29 CFR 1910.217(h)(9)(ix) (see paragraph 5.43) are operating properly; and

– a system or visual check must be made to verify correct counterbalance adjustment for die weightaccording to the press manufacturer’s instructions when a press is equipped with a slide counterbalancesystem.



· Verify that periodic inspections are made using the press manufacturer’s recommendations to determine ifbearings are in good working order and if the automatic lubrication systems for these bearings (if automaticlubrication is provided) are supplying proper lubrication (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(10)(iii)).

NOTE: This is for presses used in the PSDI mode with flywheel or bullgear running on crankshaft-mountedjournals and bearings, or for a flywheel mounted on back-shaft journals and bearings(29 CFR 1910.217(h)(10)(iii)).

· Verify that presses requiring manual lubrication of flywheel or bullgear bearings are lubricated according tothe press manufacturer’s recommendations (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(10)(iii)).

· Verify that periodic inspections of clutch and brake mechanisms are performed to ensure they are in properoperating condition using the press manufacturer’s recommendations (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(10)(iv)).

· When any check of the press reveals a condition of noncompliance, improper adjustment, or failure, verify thatthe press is not operated until the condition has been corrected (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(10)(v)).

· Verify that the employer ensures the competence of personnel caring for, inspecting, and maintaining powerpresses equipped for PSDI operation, through initial and periodic training (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(10)(vi)).

5.45 The safety systems of mechanical power presses equipped with presence sensing devices foruse in PSDI must be certified and validated. (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(11)(i) – (h)(11)(v))

Guide Note· Verify that before the initial use of any mechanical press in the PSDI mode, certification and validation are

performed as described in the following (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(11)(i)):

– the design of the safety system must be certified and validated before installation by an OSHA-recognizedthird party validation organization; and

– after a press has been equipped with a safety system whose design has been certified and validated, theinstallation must be certified by the employer and validated by an OSHA-recognized third-party validationorganization.

· Verify that the safety system on a mechanical power press used in the PSDI mode is re-certified by theemployer and revalidated by an OSHA-recognized third-party validation organization on an annual basis.Presses whose safety system has not been re-certified and revalidated within the preceding 12 months must beremoved from service in the PSDI mode until the safety system is re-certified and revalidated(29 CFR 1910.217(h)(11)(ii)).

· Verify that a label is affixed to the press as part of each installation certification/validation and the most recentrecertification/revalidation that has the following information (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(11)(iii)):

– press serial number;– the minimum safety distance required by paragraph 29 CFR 1910.217(h)(9)(v) (see paragraph 5.43);– the fulfillment of design certification/validation;– the employer’s signed certification;– the identification of the OSHA-recognized third-party validation organization and its signed validation;

and– the date the certification/validation and recertification/revalidation is issued.

· Verify that records of the installation certification and validation and the most recent recertification andrevalidation are maintained for each safety system equipped press by the employer as long as the press is inuse. The records must include the following (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(11)(iv)):

– the manufacture and model number of each component and subsystem;– the calculations of the safety distance as required by paragraph 29 CFR 1910.217(h)(9)(v) (see paragraph

5.43); and– the stopping time measurements required by paragraph 29 CFR 1910.217(h)(2)(ii) (see paragraph 5.33).

NOTE: The most recent records must be made available to OSHA upon request.

· Verify that the safety system is removed from service upon the failure of a critical component until it is re-certified and revalidated (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(11)(v)).

NOTE: Recertification by the employer is allowed without revalidation when a noncritical component orsubsystem is replaced by one of the same manufacture and design as the original, or is determined by thethird-party validation organization to be equivalent (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(11)(v)).

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5.46 The employer must notify the OSHA-recognized third-party validation organization within acertain period of time following the failure of the system or injury.(29 CFR 1910.217(h)(11)(v) – (h)(11)(vi))

Guide Note· Verify that the employer has notified the OSHA-recognized third-party validation organization within five days

upon failure of a component or a subsystem of the safety system or when modifications are made which mayaffect the safety of the system (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(11)(v)).

· Verify that the employer notifies the OSHA-recognized third-party validation organization within five days ofthe occurrence of any point of operation injury while a press is used in the PSDI mode(29 CFR 1910.217(h)(11)(vi)).

NOTE: This requirement is in addition to the report of injury required by 29 CFR 1910.217(g); however, acopy of that report may be used for this purpose (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(11)(vi)).

5.47 Die setting on presses used in the PSDI mode is subject to certain requirements.(29 CFR 1910.217(h)(12))

Guide Note· Verify that die setting on presses used in the PSDI mode is performed in accordance with

29 CFR 1910.217(d)). (see paragraph 5.28) and 29 CFR 1910.217(h) (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(12)(i)).· Verify that the PSDI mode is not used for die setting or set-up. Die setting must be performed using an

alternative manual cycle initiation and control means that meets the requirements of 29 CFR 1910.217(b)(7)(see paragraph 5.8 and 5.9) (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(12)(ii)).

· Verify that the following is checked and maintained after a die change by authorized persons whosequalifications include knowledge of the safety distance, supplemental safe-guarding requirements, and themanufacturer’s specifications for counterbalance adjustment (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(12)(iii)):

– the safety distance;– the proper application of supplemental safeguarding; and– the slide counterbalance adjustment (if the press is equipped with a counterbalance).

· Verify that the adjustment of the location of the PSDI presence sensing device requires the use of a specialtool available only to the authorized persons (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(12)(iii)).

5.48 Training requirements apply to operators of presses used in the PSDI mode.(29 CFR 1910.217(h)(13))

Guide Note· Verify that the operator training required by 29 CFR 1910.217(f)(2) (see paragraph 5.30) is provided to the

employee before the employee initially operates the press and as needed to maintain competence, but not lessthan annually (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(13)(i)).

· Verify that the operator training includes instruction in the following for presses used in the PSDI mode(29 CFR 1910.217(h)(13)(i)):

– the manufacturer’s recommended test procedures for checking operation of the presence sensing device.This shall include the use of the test rod required by 29 CFR 1910.217(h)(10)(i) (see paragraph 5.44);

– the safety distance required;– the operation, function, and performance of the PSDI mode;– the requirements for hand tools used in the PSDI mode; and– the severe consequences that can result if the operator attempts to circumvent or by-pass any of the safe-

guard or operating functions of the PSDI system.

· Verify that the employer prepares certification of training that includes the identity of the person trained, thesignature of the employer or the person who conducted the training, and the date the training was completed(29 CFR 1910.217(h)(13)(ii)).

· Verify that the certification record is prepared upon the completion of training, is maintained on file for theduration of the employee’s employment and is made available, upon request, to the Assistant Secretary forOccupational Safety and Health (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(13)(ii)).



5.49 Safety systems for mechanical power press PSDI must meet certification and validation forgeneral design requirements. (29 CFR 1910.217 Appendix A )

Guide Note· Verify that the manufacturer has certified and the OSHA-recognized third-party validation organization has

validated the following (29 CFR 1910.217 Appendix A (A)(1)):

– the design of components, subsystems, software, and assemblies meets OSHA performance requirementsand are ready for the intended use; and

– the performance of combined subsystems meets OSHA’s operational requirements.

· Verify that the manufacturer has evaluated and certified and the OSHA-recognized third-party validationorganization has validated the design and operation of the safety system by determining conformance with thefollowing level of risk evaluation requirements (29 CFR 1910.217 Appendix A (A)(2)(a)):

– the safety system must have the ability to sustain a single failure or a single operating error and not causeinjury to personnel from point of operation hazards. Acceptable design features must demonstrate, in thefollowing order or precedence, that:

1) no single failure points may cause injury; or2) redundancy, and comparison and/or diagnostic checking, exist for the critical items that may cause

injury, and the electrical, electronic, electromechanical, and mechanical parts and components areselected so that they can withstand operational and external environments.

NOTE: The safety factor and/or derated percentage must be specifically noted and adhered to.

· Verify that the manufacturer has designed, evaluated, tested, and certified, and the third-party validationorganization has evaluated and validated that the PSDI safety system meets appropriate requirements in thefollowing areas (29 CFR 1910.217 Appendix A (A)(2)(b)):

– environmental limits consisting of:

1) temperature;2) relative humidity;3) vibration; and4) fluid compatibility with other materials.

– design limits for the following:

1) power requirements;2) power transient tolerances;3) compatibility of materials used;4) material stress tolerances and limits;5) stability to long term power fluctuations;6) sensitivity to signal acquisition;7) repeatability of measured parameter without inadvertent initiation of a press stroke;8) operational life of components in cycles, hours, or both; and9) electromagnetic tolerance to specific operational wave lengths and externally generated wave lengths.

– design certification and validation for new safety systems.

NOTE: Minor modifications not affecting the safety of the system may be made by the manufacturerwithout revalidation. Substantial modifications require testing as a new safety system, as deemednecessary by the validation organization. The certification and validation process must utilize anindependent third-party validation organization recognized by OSHA in accordance with the requirementsspecified in 29 CFR 1910.217 Appendix C.

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5.50 Safety systems for mechanical power press PSDI must also meet certain detailed designcertification and validation requirements by means of analysis, tests, or a combination of both.(29 CFR 1910.217 Appendix A (B))

Guide Note· Verify that tests demonstrating compliance with reaction time meet the following requirements (29 CFR

1910.217 Appendix A (B)(2)):

– when the change of state is motion, the measurement is made at the completion of the motion;– the generation of the test signal introduced into the system for measuring reaction time is such that the

initiation time can be established with an error of less than 0.5 percent of the reaction time measured; and– the instrument used to measure reaction time is calibrated to be accurate to within 0.001 second.

· Verify that analyses and/or tests establish that the following additional certification and validation requirementsas addressed in 29 CFR 1910.217 Appendix A are fulfilled (29 CFR 1910.217 Appendix A (B)(3), (B)(5),(B)(7) and (B)(8)):

– compliance with brake system requirements of 29 CFR 1910.217(h)(2)(ii) (see paragraph 5.33);– compliance with brake and clutch requirements of 29 CFR 1910.217(h)(2)(iii) (see paragraph 5.34); and– compliance with point of operation safeguarding requirements of 29 CFR 1910.217(h)(9)(iv) and (h)(9)(x)

(see paragraphs 5.41 and 5.43).

· Verify that integrated tests were designed and performed to demonstrate compliance with the cycle control andcontrol system requirements of 29 CFR 1910.217(h)(6) (see paragraph 5.37) (29 CFR 1910.217 Appendix A(B)(9)).

5.51 Safety systems for mechanical power press PSDI must meet certain installation certificationand validation requirements. (29 CFR 1910.217 Appendix A (C))

Guide Note· Verify that the PSDI system installation has been evaluated and tested in accordance with the requirements of

29 CFR 1910.217(a) – (h) and 29 CFR 1910.217 Appendix A (29 CFR 1910.217 Appendix A (C)(1)).· Verify that the necessary supporting documentation certifying proper installation is submitted to the OSHA-

recognized third-party validation organization (29 CFR 1910.217 Appendix A (C)(1)).· Verify that the OSHA-recognized third-party validation organization has reviewed and evaluated the

certification documentation, or conducted tests, and validated that the PSDI safety system is in fullconformance with the requirements of 29 CFR 1910.217(a) – (h) and Appendix A (29 CFR 1910.217Appendix A (C)(2)).

5.52 PSDI safety systems that have received certification and validation must undergo recertificationand revalidation. (29 CFR 1910.217 Appendix A (D))

Guide Note· Verify that PSDI safety systems that have received installation certification and validation are re-certified and

revalidated the earlier of the following (29 CFR 1910.217 Appendix A (D)(1)):

– each time the systems hardware is significantly changed, modified, or refurbished;– each time the operational conditions are significantly changed (including environmental, application, or

facility changes, but excluding such changes as die changes or press relocations not involving revision tothe safety system;

– when a failure of a significant component has occurred or a change has been made which may affectsafety; or

– when one year has elapsed since the installation certification and validation or the last recertification andrevalidation.

· Verify that the PSDI safety system installation is evaluated and tested to re-certify that the requirements of29 CFR 1910.217(a) – (h) and 29 CFR 1910.217 Appendix A are being met (29 CFR 1910.217 Appendix A,(D)(2)).

· Verify that the necessary supporting documentation is submitted to the OSHA-recognized third-partyvalidation organization, and that it includes, at a minimum, the following (29 CFR 1910.217 Appendix A(D)(2)(a) – (c)):

– demonstration of a thorough inspection of the entire press and PSDI safety system to ascertain that theinstallation, components, and safeguarding have not been changed, modified or tampered with since theinstallation certification/validation or last recertification and revalidation was made;



– demonstrations that such adjustments as may be needed (such as to the brake monitor setting) have beenaccomplished with proper changes made in the records and on such notices as are located on the press andsafety system; and

– demonstration that review has been made of the reports covering the design certification and validation,the installation certification and validation, and all recertification and revalidations, in order to detect anydegradation to an unsafe condition, and that necessary changes have been made to restore the safetysystem to previous certification/validation levels.

· Verify that the OSHA-recognized third-party validation organization has reviewed and evaluated therecertification documentation, or conducted tests, and revalidated that the PSDI safety system is in fullconformance with the requirements of 29 CFR 1910.217(a) – (h) and 29 CFR 1910.217 Appendix A (29 CFR1910.217 Appendix A (D)(3)).

6. Forging Machines.

6.1 Lead casts or other use of lead in the forge shop or die shop must meet certain generalrequirements. (29 CFR 1910.218(a)(1))

Guide Note· Verify that the following requirements are met:

– heating elements must be thermostatically controlled to maintain proper melting temperature and toprevent overheating (29 CFR 1910.218(a)(1)(i));

– fixed or permanent lead pot installations are exhausted (29 CFR 1910.218(a)(1)(ii));– portable units are used only in areas where good, general room ventilation is provided (29 CFR

1910.218(a)(1)(iii));– personal protective equipment (gloves, goggles, aprons, and other items) are worn (29 CFR

1910.218(a)(1)(iv));– a covered container is provided to store dross skimmings (29 CFR 1910.218(a)(1)(v)); and– equipment is kept clean, particularly from accumulations of yellow lead oxide (29 CFR

1910.218(a)(1)(vi)).

NOTE: Employees who are occupational exposed to lead are covered under 29 CFR 1910.1025—LeadStandard for General Industry. The Lead Standard describes specific engineering controls, work practices,exposure monitoring, personal protective equipment, and administrative requirements for employers. Consultthe Lead Standard for additional guidance.

6.2 All forge shop equipment must be maintained in a condition that will ensure continued safeoperation. (29 CFR 1910.218(a)(2))

Guide Note· Verify that all forge shop equipment is maintained and operated as described below (29 CFR 1910.218(a)(2)):

– regular and periodic safety checks are performed and records of these inspections include the date ofinspection, signature of inspector, and the serial number or other identifier of the inspected forgingmachine (29 CFR 1910.218(a)(2)(i));

– inspection occurs at frequent and regular intervals of guards and point of operation protection devices.Records of inspections must include the date of inspection, the signature of the inspector, and the serialnumber or other identifier of the inspected equipment (29 CFR 1910.218(a)(2)(ii));

– personnel are trained in the proper inspection/maintenance of forging machinery and equipment (29 CFR1910.218(a)(2)(iii)); and

– all overhead parts are fastened or protected in a manner that will prevent them from flying off or falling ifthey fail (29 CFR 1910.218(a)(2)(iv)).

6.3 All hammers and presses must be designed and installed in accordance with specificrequirements. (29 CFR 1910.218(a)(3))

Guide Note· Verify that all hammers are positioned or installed in such a manner that they remain on or are anchored to

foundations capable of supporting them according to applicable engineering standards (29 CFR1910.218(a)(3)(i)).

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· Verify that all presses are installed in a manner that they remain where they are positioned or they areanchored to foundations capable of supporting them according to applicable engineering standards (29 CFR1910.218(a)(3)(ii)).

· Verify that a means has been provided for disconnecting the power to the machine and for locking out orrendering cycling controls inoperable (29 CFR 1910.218(a)(3)(iii)).

· Verify that the ram is blocked when dies are changed or other work is being done on the hammer. Blocks andwedges must made of material that meets the specification and dimensions in 29 CFR 1910.218, Table O-11(29 CFR 1910.218(a)(3)(iv)).

· Verify that tongs do not have sharp handle ends and are of sufficient length to clear the body of the worker inthe event of kickback (29 CFR 1910.218(a)(3)(v)).

· Verify that oil swabs, scale removers, or other devices to remove scale are provided. These devices must be ofsufficient length to enable the operator to reach the full length of the die without placing a hand or armbetween the dies (29 CFR 1910.218(a)(3)(vi)).

· Verify that material handling equipment is of adequate strength, size, and dimension to handle die settingoperations safely (29 CFR 1910.218(a)(3)(vii)).

· Verify that a scale guard of substantial construction is provided at the back of every hammer to stop flyingscale (29 CFR 1910.218(a)(3)(viii)).

· Verify that a scale guard of substantial construction is provided at the back of every press to stop flying scale(29 CFR 1910.218(a)(3)(ix)).

6.4 Hammers must be provided with keys and foot-operated devices. (29 CFR 1910.218(b)(1) –(b)(2))

Guide Note· Verify that die keys and shims are made from a grade of material that will not unduly crack or splinter

(29 CFR 1910.218(b)(1)).· Verify that foot-operated devices (e.g., treadles, pedals, bars, valves, and switches) have been inspected to

determine that they are protected from unintended operation (29 CFR 1910.218(b)(2)).

6.5 Manually operated valves and switches on the presses must be identified and accessible.(29 CFR 1910.218(c))

Guide Note· Verify that manually operated valves have been inspected to determine if they are clearly identified and readily

accessible (29 CFR 1910.218(c)).

6.6 Power-driven hammers are subject to special design and safety requirements. (29 CFR1910.218(d)(1) – (d)(4))

Guide Note· Verify that every steam or air hammer has a safety cylinder head that can act as a cushion if the rod should

break or pull out of the ram (29 CFR 1910.218(d)(1)).· Verify that steam hammers are provided with a quick-closing emergency shut-off valve at a convenient

location in the admission pipeline. This valve must be closed and locked in the off position while the hammeris being adjusted, repaired, or serviced, or when the dies are being changed (29 CFR 1910.218(d)(2)).

· Verify that steam hammers are provided with a means of cylinder draining such as a self-draining arrangementor a quick-acting drain cock (29 CFR 1910.218(d)(3)).

· Verify that steam or air piping conforms to ANSI B31.1.0 - 1967 (29 CFR 1910.218(d)(4)).

6.7 Gravity and board drop hammers are subject to specific design and safety requirements.(29 CFR 1910.218(e)(1) – (e)(2))

Guide Note· Verify that air-lift hammers have a safety cylinder head as required in 29 CFR 1910.218(d)(1) (see paragraph

6.6) (29 CFR 1910.218(e)(1)(i)).· Verify that air-lift hammers have an air shut-off valve as required in 29 CFR 1910.218(d)(2) (see paragraph

6.6) (29 CFR 1910.218(e)(1)(ii)).· Verify that air-lift hammers have two drain cocks, one on the main cylinder and one on the clamp cylinder

(29 CFR 1910.218(e)(1)(iii)).· Verify that air piping conforms to ANSI B31.1.0 - 1967 (29 CFR 1910.218(e)(1)(iv)).



· Verify that board drop hammers have a suitable enclosure that prevents damaged or detached boards fromfalling and that the board enclosure is securely fastened to the hammer (29 CFR 1910.218(e)(2)(i)).

· Verify that board drop hammer major assemblies and fittings which can loosen and fall are properly secured inplace (29 CFR 1910.218(e)(2)(ii)).

6.8 Safety precautions must be taken when dies are being changed or maintenance is beingperformed on the forging press. (29 CFR 1910.218(f)(1) – (f)(2))

Guide Note· Verify that when dies are being changed or maintenance is being performed on a mechanical forging press, the

following are addressed (29 CFR 1910.218(f)(1)):

– power to press is locked out (29 CFR 1910.218(f)(1)(i));– the flywheel is at rest (29 CFR 1910.218(f)(1)(ii)); and– the ram is blocked with a material having strength that meets or exceeds the specifications in 29 CFR

1910.218 Table O-11 (29 CFR 1910.218(f)(1)(iii)).

· Verify that when dies are being changed or maintenance is being performed on a hydraulic forging press, thefollowing are addressed (29 CFR 1910.218(f)(2)):

– hydraulic pumps and power apparatus are locked out (29 CFR 1910.218(f)(2)(i)); and– the ram is blocked with a material having strength that meets or exceeds the specifications in 29 CFR

1910.218 Table O-11 (29 CFR 1910.218(f)(1)(ii)).

6.9 Trimming presses must meet the specific requirements. (29 CFR 1910.218(g)(1) – (g)(2))

Guide Note· Verify that the requirements of 29 CFR 1910.218(f)(1) (see paragraph 6.8) are met for hot trimming presses

(29 CFR 1910.218(g)(1)).· Verify that cold trimming presses are safeguarded in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.217(c) (see paragraphs

5.17 – 5.27) (29 CFR 1910.218(g)(2)).

6.10 Upsetters must meet certain general requirements as well as requirements for lockouts,manually operated controls, tongs, and changing dies. (29 CFR 1910.218(h)(1) – (h)(5))

Guide Note· Verify the following:

– upsetters are installed so that they remain on their supporting foundations (29 CFR 1910.218(h)(1));– upsetters are provided with a means for locking out the power at its entry point to the machine and

rendering its cycling controls inoperable (29 CFR 1910.218(h)(2));– all manually operated valves and switches are clearly identified and readily accessible (29 CFR

1910.218(h)(3));– tongs do not have sharp handle ends and are of sufficient length to clear the body of workers in the event

of kickback (29 CFR 1910.218(h)(4)); and– when dies are being changed, maintenance is performed, or any work is done on the machine, the power

to the upsetter is locked out and the flywheel is at rest (29 CFR 1910.218(h)(5)).

6.11 Other forging equipment must meet additional requirements. (29 CFR 1910.218(i)(1) – (i)(2))

Guide Note· Verify that boltheading meets the requirements of 29 CFR 1910.218(h) (see paragraph 6.10) (29 CFR

1910.218(i)(1)).· Verify that rivet making meets the requirements of 29 CFR 1910.218(h) (see paragraph 6.10) (29 CFR

1910.218(i)(2)).

6.12 Forge facility equipment must meet certain requirements. (29 CFR 1910.218(j)(1) – (j)(5))

Guide Note· Verify that a positive-type lockout device is provided to disconnect the power to billet shears (29 CFR

1910.218(j)(1)).· Verify that each saw has a guard of at least 1/8-inch sheet metal positioned to stop flying sparks (29 CFR

1910.218(j)(2)).

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· Verify that conveyor power transmission equipment is guarded in accordance with ANSI B20.1-1957, SafetyCode for Conveyors, Cableways, and Related Equipment (29 CFR 1910.218(j)(3)).

· Verify that the cleaning chamber has doors or guards to protect operators from shot blast (29 CFR1910.218(j)(4)).

· Verify that personal protective equipment (PPE) is used in grinding operations and that the PPE is used andmaintained in accordance with ANSI B7.1 - 1970, Safety Code for the Use, Care, and Protection of AbrasiveWheels (29 CFR 1910.218(j)(5)).

7. Mechanical Power–Transmission Apparatus.

This section covers all types and shapes of power transmission belts, except the followingwhen operating at 250 ft/min or less: flat belts—1 inch or less in width, flat belts—2 inches orless in width that are free from metal lacings or fasteners, round belts—1/2 inch or less indiameter, and single strand V-belts—the width of which is 13/32 inch or less.

Also exempt are vertical and inclined belts maximum 2-1/2 inches wide and running at a speedof less 1,000 ft/min, and if free from metal lacings or fastenings. A nip-point belt and pulleyguard system is an acceptable means of guarding for these specific belt configurations(29 CFR 1910.219(a)(2)).

7.1 Certain guarding requirements apply to the textile industry. (29 CFR 1910.219(a)(3))

Guide Note· Verify that the side and face sections of nip-point belt and pulley guards are in place with the guard extending

at least 6 inches beyond the rim of the pulley on the in-running and off-running sides of the belt, and at leasttwo inches away from the rim and face of the pulley in all other directions (29 CFR 1910.219(a)(3)).

7.2 Prime mover guards must meet certain design and use requirements. (29 CFR 1910.219(b))

Guide Note· Verify that prime mover guards on flywheels meet minimum requirements as follows:

– Flywheels have no part more than 7 ft above the floor or platform, and are properly guarded as describedbelow (29 CFR 1910.219(b)(1)):

1) with an enclosure of sheet, perforated, expanded metal, or woven wire (29 CFR 1910.219(b)(1)(i));2) with guard rails placed no less than 15 inches nor more than 20 inches from rim. When flywheel

extends into pit or is within 12 inches of floor, a standard toe board must be provided (29 CFR1910.219(b)(1)(ii));

3) when the upper rim of flywheel protrudes through a working floor, it must be entirely enclosed orsurrounded by a guardrail and toe board (29 CFR 1910.219(b)(1)(iii));

4) for flywheels with smooth rims 5 ft or less in diameter, where the preceding methods cannot beapplied, the following may be used (29 CFR 1910.219(b)(1)(iv)):

a) a disk with smooth surface and edge attached to the flywheel covering the spokes of the wheelon the exposed side while providing a means for periodic inspection;

b) an open space, not exceeding four (4) inches in width, may be left between the outside edge ofthe disk and the rim of the wheel to facilitate turning the wheel over; and

c) where a disk is used, the keys or other dangerous projections not covered by disk must be cut offor covered. This does not apply to flywheels with solid web centers.

5) an adjustable guard to be used for starting the engine or for running adjustment may be provided atthe flywheel of gas or oil engines. A slot opening for the jack bar is allowed(29 CFR 1910.219(b)(1)(v)); and

6) wherever flywheels are above working areas, guards must be installed that have sufficient strength tohold the weight of the flywheel in the event of a shaft or wheel mounting failure (29 CFR1910.219(b)(1)(vi)).

· Verify that cranks and connecting rods are properly guarded when exposed to contact as described in 29 CFR1910.219(m) – (n), or by a guard rail as described in 29 CFR 1910.219(o)(5) (see paragraphs 7.14 and 7.15)(29 CFR 1910.219(b)(2)).



· Verify that tail rods or extension piston rods are guarded in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.219(m) and (o) (seeparagraphs 7.14 and 7.15) or by guardrails on the sides and end with a clearance of no less than 15 inches ormore than 20 inches when the rod is fully extended (29 CFR 1910.219(b)(3)).

7.3 Shafting used with mechanical power transmission apparatus must meet certain design and userequirements. (29 CFR 1910.219(c)(1) – (c)(5))

Guide Note· Verify that shafting is installed as follows (29 CFR 1910.219(c)(1)):

– continuous line of shafting must be secured in position against excessive endwise movement (29 CFR1910.219(c)(1)(i)); and

– inclined and vertical shafts, particularly inclined IDLER shafts, must be securely held in position againstendwise thrust (29 CFR 1910.219(c)(1)(ii)).

· Verify that horizontal shafting is guarded as follows (29 CFR 1910.219(c)(2)):

– exposed parts of horizontal shafting located 7 ft or less from the floor or working platform (exceptrunways used exclusively for oiling or running adjustments) must be protected by a stationary casing thatencloses the shaft completely, or by a trough that encloses the sides and top or bottom of the shaft(29 CFR 1910.219(c)(2)(i)); and

– shafting under bench machines must be enclosed by a stationary casing, or by a trough at the sides and topor bottom. The sides of the trough must be within at 6 inches of the underside of table, or if shafting islocated near floor, within 6 inches of floor. The sides of trough must extend at least 2 inches beyond theshafting or protuberance (29 CFR 1910.219(c)(2)(ii)).

· Vertical and inclined shafting 7 ft or less from the floor or working platform (except maintenance runways)must be enclosed with a stationary casing in accordance with the requirements of 29 CFR 1910.219(m) and (o)(see paragraphs 7.14 and 7.15) (29 CFR 1910.219(c)(3)).

· Verify that projecting shaft ends meet the following requirements (29 CFR 1910.219(c)(3)):

– they must have a smooth edge and end and must not project more than 1/2 the diameter of the shaft unlessguarded by nonrotating caps or safety sleeves (29 CFR 1910.219(c)(4)(i)); and

– unused keyways are filled up or covered (29 CFR 1910.219(c)(4)(ii)).

· Verify that all mechanical power transmission apparatus located in basements, towers, and rooms usedexclusively for power transmission equipment are properly guarded in accordance with this section except therequirements for safeguarding belts, pulleys, and shafting need not be complied with when the followingrequirements are met (29 CFR 1910.219(c)(5)):

– the basement, tower, or room occupied by transmission equipment is locked against unauthorized entrance(29 CFR 1910.219(c)(5)(i));

– the vertical clearance in passageways between the floor and power transmission beams, ceiling, or anyother objects is not less than 5 ft. 6 inches (29 CFR 1910.219(c)(5)(ii));

– the intensity of illumination conforms to the requirements of ANSI A11.1-1965 (R-1970) (29 CFR1910.219(c)(5)(iii)); and

– the route followed by the oiler is protected prevent accident (29 CFR 1910.219(c)(5)(v)).

7.4 Pulleys used with mechanical power transmission apparatus must meet certain design and userequirements. (29 CFR 1910.219(d)(1) – (d)(4))

Guide Note· Verify that guarding meets the following requirements for pulleys:

– pulleys no more than 7 ft from the floor or working platform must be guarded in accordance with 29 CFR1910.219(m) and (o) (see paragraphs 7.14 and 7.15) (29 CFR 1910.219(d)(1)); and

– pulleys serving as balance wheels (e.g., punch presses) on which the point of contact between belt andpulley is more than 6 ft. 6 inches from the floor or platform, may be guarded with a disk covering thespokes (29 CFR 1910.219(d)(1)).

· Verify that pulleys are located as described below:

– unless the distance to the nearest fixed pulley, clutch, or hanger exceeds the width of the belt used, a guidemust be provided to prevent the belt from leaving the pulley on the side where insufficient clearance exists(29 CFR 1910.219(d)(2)(i)).

· Verify that pulleys with cracks or broken rim pieces are not used (29 CFR 1910.219(d)(3)).· Verify that pulleys intended to operate at rim speed in excess of the manufacturer’s normal recommendations

are designed and carefully balanced for the speed at which they operate (29 CFR 1910.219(d)(4)).

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7.5 Belts, rope, and chain drives used with mechanical power transmission apparatus must meetcertain design and use requirements. (29 CFR 1910.219(e)(1) – (e)(4))

Guide Note· Verify that horizontal belts and ropes meet the following requirements (29 CFR 1910.219(e)(1)):

– when both runs of horizontal belts are 7 ft or less from the floor level, the guard must extend 15 inchesabove the belt or to a standard height, except when both runs of a horizontal belt are 42 inches or lessfrom the floor. In this case the belt must be fully enclosed in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.219(m)and (o) (see paragraphs 7.14 and 7.15) (29 CFR 1910.219(e)(1)(i)); and

– in power plants or power-development rooms, a guardrail may be used in lieu of the guard required by29 CFR 1910.219(e)(1)(i) (29 CFR 1910.219(e)(1)(ii)).

· Verify that overhead horizontal belts and ropes meet the following requirements (29 CFR 1910.219(e)(2)):

– overhead horizontal belts with lower parts 7 ft or less from the floor or platform must be guarded on sidesand bottom in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.219(o)(3) (see paragraph 7.15) (29 CFR 1910.219(e)(2)(i));and

– horizontal overhead belts more than 7 ft above floor or platform must be guarded for their entire lengthunder the following conditions (29 CFR 1910.219(e)(2)(ii)):

1) if located over passageways or work places and traveling 1,800 ft or more per minute (29 CFR1910.219(e)(2)(ii)(a));

2) if center to center distance between pulleys is 10 ft or more (29 CFR 1910.219(e)(2)(ii)(b)); and3) if they are 8 inches or more in width (29 CFR 1910.219(e)(2)(ii)(c)).

– when the upper and lower runs of horizontal belts are located so that people can pass between them, thepassage must be either (29 CFR 1910.219(e)(2)(iii)):

1) completely barred by a guardrail or other barrier in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.219(m) and (o)(see paragraphs 7.14 and 7.15) (29 CFR 1910.219(e)(2)(iii)(a)); or

2) when passage is necessary, there must be a platform over the lower run guarded on either side by arailing completely filled in with wire mesh or other filler, or by a solid barrier. The upper run mustbe guarded to prevent contact either by the worker or by objects carried by the worker. In powerplants only the lower run of the belt need be guarded (29 CFR 1910.219(e)(2)(iii)(b)).

– overhead chain and link belt drives are governed by the same rules as overhead horizontal belts and mustbe guarded in the same manner as belts (29 CFR 1910.219(e)(2)(iv)).

· Verify that vertical and inclined belts and ropes meet the following requirements (29 CFR 1910.219(e)(3)):

– vertical and inclined belts must be enclosed by a guard conforming to 29 CFR 1910.219(m) and (o) (seeparagraphs 7.14 and 7.15) (29 CFR 1910.219(e)(3)(i)); and

– all guards for inclined belts must be arranged in such a manner that a minimum clearance of 7 ft ismaintained between belt and floor at any point outside the guard (29 CFR 1910.219(e)(3)(ii)).

· Verify that vertical belts running over a lower pulley located more than 7 ft above the floor or platform areguarded at the bottom in the same manner as horizontal overhead belts, if the conditions are the same as thosestated in 29 CFR 1910.219(e)(2)(ii)(a) and (e)(2)(ii)(c) (29 CFR 1910.219(e)(4)).

7.6 Cone-pulley belts and belt tighteners used with mechanical power transmission apparatus mustmeet certain design and use requirements. (29 CFR 1910.219(e)(5) – (e)(6))

Guide Note· Verify that cone-pulley belts meet the following requirements (29 CFR 1910.219(e)(5)):

– the cone belt and pulley must be equipped with a belt shifter to adequately guard the nip point of the beltand pulley. If the frame of the belt shifter does not adequately guard the nip point of the belt and pulley,the nip point must be further protected by means of a vertical guard placed in front of the pulley extendingto the top of the largest step of the cone (29 CFR 1910.219(e)(5)(i));

– if the belt is of the endless type or laced with rawhide laces, and a belt shifter is not desired, the belt isconsidered guarded if the nip point of the belt and pulley is protected by a nip point guard located in frontof the cone extending to the top of the largest step of the cone, and formed to show the contour of thecone in order to give the nip point of the belt and pulley the maximum protection (29 CFR1910.219(e)(5)(ii)); and

– if the cone is located less than 3 ft from the floor or working platform, the cone pulley and belt must beguarded to a height of 3 ft regardless of whether the belt is endless or laced with rawhide (29 CFR1910.219(e)(5)(iii)).



· Verify that belt tighteners meet the following requirements (29 CFR 1910.219(e)(6)):

– suspended counterbalanced tighteners and all parts thereof must be of substantial construction and securelyfastened and the bearings be securely capped. Means must be provided to prevent the tightener fromfalling if the belt breaks (29 CFR 1910.219(e)(6)(i)); and

– where suspended counterweights are used and not guarded by location, they must be encased to preventaccident (29 CFR 1910.219(e)(6)(ii)).

7.7 Gears, sprockets, and chains used with mechanical power transmission apparatus must meetcertain design and use requirements. (29 CFR 1910.219(f)(1) – (f)(4))

Guide Note· Verify that gears are guarded in accordance with one of the following methods (29 CFR 1910.219(f)(1)):

– a complete enclosure (29 CFR 1910.219(f)(1)(i));– a standard guard as described in 29 CFR 1910.219(o) (see paragraph 7.15), at least 7 ft high extending 6

inches above the mesh point of the gears (29 CFR 1910.219(f)(1)(ii)); or– a band guard covering the face of gear with flanges extended inward beyond the root of the teeth on the

exposed side(s). When any portion of the gear train is guarded by a band guard that is less than 6 ft fromthe floor, a disk guard or a complete enclosure to the height of 6 ft is required (29 CFR1910.219(f)(1)(iii)).

EXEMPTION: The guarding of gears does not apply to hand-operated gears used only to adjust machineparts and that do not continue to move after hand power is removed. Guarding of these gears is highlyrecommended, however (29 CFR 1910.219(f)(2)).

· Verify that sprocket wheels and chains are enclosed unless they are more than 7 ft above the floor or platform.When the drive extends over other machine or working areas, fall protection must be provided (29 CFR1910.219(f)(3)).

EXEMPTION: This does not apply to manually operated sprockets (29 CFR 1910.219(f)(3)).

· In cases when frequent oiling must be done, verify that openings with hinged or sliding self-closing covers areprovided. All points not readily accessible must have oil feed tubes if lubricant is to be added while themachinery is in motion (29 CFR 1910.219(f)(4)).

7.8 The driving point of all friction drives must be guarded when exposed to contact. (29 CFR1910.219(g))

Guide Note· Verify that the driving points of all friction drives are guarded when exposed to contact (29 CFR 1910.219(g)).· Verify that all arm or spoke friction drives and all web friction drives with holes in the web are entirely

enclosed (29 CFR 1910.219(g)).· Verify that all projecting belts are guarded on friction drives where exposed to contact (29 CFR 1910.219(g)).

7.9 All projecting keys, setscrews, and other projections in revolving parts must be removed, madeflush, or guarded by metal cover. (29 CFR 1910.219(h)(1) – (h)(2))

Guide Note· Verify that keys, setscrews, and other projections meet the following requirements:

– all projecting keys, setscrews, and other projections in revolving parts must be removed, made flush, orguarded by metal cover (29 CFR 1910.219(h)(1)); and

EXEMPTION: This does not apply to keys or setscrews within gear or sprocket casings or otherenclosures, nor to keys, setscrews, or oilcups in hubs of pulleys less than 20 inches in diameter when theyare within the plane of the rim of the pulley (29 CFR 1910.219(h)(1)).

– it is recommended that no projecting setscrews or oilcups be used in any revolving pulley or part ofmachinery (29 CFR 1910.219(h)(2)).

7.10 Collars and couplings must meet certain design and operation requirements. (29 CFR1910.219(i)(1) – (i)(2))

Guide Note· Verify that collars and couplings meet the following requirements:

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– all revolving collars, including split collars, must be cylindrical, and screws or bolts used in collars mustnot project beyond the largest periphery of the collar (29 CFR 1910.219(i)(1)); and

– shaft couplings must present no hazards from bolts, nuts, setscrews, or revolving surfaces. Bolts, nuts, andsetscrews are allowed if covered with safety sleeves or where they are parallel with the shafting and arecountersunk or do not extend beyond the flange of the coupling (29 CFR 1910.219(i)(2)).

7.11 Bearings and oiling facilities are subject to certain requirements. (29 CFR 1910.219(j))

Guide Note· Verify that all drip cups and pans are securely fastened (29 CFR 1910.219(j)).

7.12 Clutches, cutoff couplings, and clutch pulleys must be guarded. (29 CFR1910.219(k)(1) – (k)(2))

Guide Note· Verify that clutches, cutoff couplings, and clutch pulleys are guarded as follows:

– when clutches, cutoff couplings, or clutch pulleys with projecting parts are located 7 ft or less above thefloor or working platform, they must be enclosed by a stationary guard constructed in accordance with29 CFR 1910.219. A “U” type guard is permissible (29 CFR 1910.219(k)(1)); and

– in engine rooms, a guardrail, preferably with toeboard, may be used instead of the guard required by29 CFR 1910.219(k)(1), provided the room is occupied only by engine room attendants (29 CFR1910.219(k)(2)).

7.13 Belt shifters, clutches, shippers, poles, perches, and fasteners must meet certain designrequirements. (29 CFR 1910.219(l)(1) – (l)(4))

Guide Note· Verify that belt shifters, clutches, shippers, poles, perches, and fasteners meet the following requirements:

– tight and loose pulleys must be equipped with a permanent belt shifter on new installations occurring onor after August 31, 1971. The belt shifter must be provided with mechanical means to prevent the beltfrom creeping from a loose to a tight pulley (29 CFR 1910.219(l)(1)(i)); and

– the belt shifter and clutch handles must be rounded and located as far away as possible from danger ofaccidental contract, but within easy reach of the operator. If belt shifters are not directly located over amachine or bench, the handles must be cut off 6 ft 6 inches above floor level (29 CFR 1910.219(l)(1)(ii)).

NOTE: The use of belt poles as substitutes for mechanical shifters is NOT recommended (29 CFR1910.219(l)(2)).

· Where loose pulleys or idlers are not practicable, verify that belt perches are used to keep idle belts away fromshafts (29 CFR 1910.219(l)(3)).

· Verify that belts that must be shifted by hand, and belts within 7 ft of the floor or working platform that arenot guarded in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.219, are not fastened with metal nor with any other fasteningthat might constitute an accident hazard (29 CFR 1910.219(l)(4)).

7.14 Standard guards must be manufactured using specific materials. (29 CFR 1910.219(m)(1) –(m)(2))

Guide Note· Verify that standard conditions are secured by the use of one of the following materials (29 CFR

1910.219(m)(1)(i)):

– expanded metal;– perforated or solid sheet metal;– wire mesh on a frame of angle iron; or– iron pipe securely fastened to floor or to frame of machine.

· Verify that all metal is free from burrs and sharp edges (29 CFR 1910.219(m)(1)(ii)).· Verify that expanded metal, sheet or perforated metal, and wire mesh are securely fastened to the frame

(29 CFR 1910.219(m)(2)(i)).



7.15 Guards, guardrails, and toeboards must be made of approved materials. (29 CFR1910.219(o)(1) – (o)(5))

Guide Note· Verify that all guards are rigidly braced every 3 ft or fractional part of their height to some fixed part of

machinery or building structure (29 CFR 1910.219(o)(1)(i)(a)).

NOTE: Where a guard is exposed to contact with moving equipment, additional strength may be necessary(29 CFR 1910.219(o)(1)(i)(a)).

· Verify that wood guards are not used, except under the following circumstances (29 CFR 1910.219(o)(2)(i)):

– in woodworking and chemical industries where the presence of fumes or where manufacturing conditionswould cause the rapid deterioration of metal guards; and

– in construction work and in locations outdoors where extreme cold or extreme heat make metal guards andrailings undesirable.

· Verify that guards for horizontal overhead belts meet the following requirements (29 CFR 1910.219(o)(3)):

– guards for horizontal overhead belts must run the entire length of the belt and follow the line of the pulleyto the ceiling or be carried to the nearest wall to enclose the belt. If the belt is located such that it isimpracticable to carry the guard to wall or ceiling, the guard must completely enclose the top and bottomruns of belt and the face of the pulleys (29 CFR 1910.219(o)(3)(i)):

– suitable reinforcement must be provided for the ceiling rafters or overhead floor beams, to safely sustainthe weight and stress likely to be imposed by the guard (29 CFR 1910.219(o)(3)(iii));

– the surface of the guard that the belt contacts must be smooth and free from all projections, except whereconstruction demands it. Protruding shallow roundhead rivets may be used (29 CFR 1910.219(o)(3)(iii));

– overhead belt guards must be at least 1/4 wider than the belt they protect; however, they need not exceed6 inches on each side (29 CFR 1910.219(o)(3)(iii));

– overhead rope drive and block and roller-chain-drive guards must be at least 6 inches wider than the driveon each side (29 CFR 1910.219(o)(3)(iii)); and

– on overhead silent chain-drive guards where the chain is held from lateral displacement on the sprockets,the side clearances required on drives of 20 inch centers or less must not be less than 1/4 inch from thenearest moving chain part, and on drives of over 20 inch centers, a minimum of 1/2 inch from the nearestmoving chain part (29 CFR 1910.219(o)(3)(iii)).

· Verify that horizontal overhead rope and chain-drive guard construction conforms to the rules for overhead-belt guards (29 CFR 1910.219(o)(4)).

· Verify that guardrails and toeboards meet the following requirements (29 CFR 1910.219(o)(5)):

– guardrails must be 42 inches in height, with a midrail between the top rail and floor (29 CFR1910.219(o)(5)(i));

– posts must meet the following requirements (29 CFR 1910.219(o)(5)(ii)):

1) they must be no more than 8 ft apart and be permanent and substantial, smooth, and free fromprotruding nails, bolts, and splinters;

2) if made of pipe, they must have a minimum inside diameter of 1.25 inch;3) if made of metal shapes or bars, their section must be equal in strength to that of 1.5 x 1.5 x 3/16

inch angle iron;4) if made of wood, the posts must be 2 x 4 inches or larger. The upper rail must be 2 x 4 inches or two

1 x 4 strips, one at the top and one at the side of posts. The midrail may be four 1 x 4 inches ormore.

5) where panels are fitted with expanded metal or wire mesh, the middle rails may be omitted; and6) where the guard is exposed to contact with moving equipment, additional strength may be necessary.

– toeboards must be 4 inches or more in height, and must be made of wood, metal, or of metal grill notexceeding one inch mesh (29 CFR 1910.219(o)(5)(iii)).

EXEMPTION: The materials and dimensions specified in this paragraph apply to all guards, except horizontaloverhead belts, rope, cable, or chain guards more than 7 ft above floor or platform (29 CFR 1910.219(o)(1)).

7.16 Mechanical power transmission equipment must be properly maintained.(29 CFR 1910.219(p)(1) – (p)(7))

Guide Note· Verify that all power transmission equipment is inspected at least every 60 days and kept in good working

condition at all times (29 CFR 1910.219(p)(1)).· Verify that shafting is kept in alignment, free from rust and excess oil or grease (29 CFR 1910.219(p)(2)(i)).

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· Verify that where explosives, explosive dusts, flammable vapors, or flammable liquids exist, control measuresare implemented to minimize the hazards of static sparks from shafting (29 CFR 1910.219(p)(2)(ii)).

· Verify that bearings are kept in alignment and properly adjusted (29 CFR 1910.219(p)(3)).· Verify that hangers are inspected to ensure all supporting bolts and screws are tight and hanger support boxes

are adjusted properly (29 CFR 1910.219(p)(4)).· Verify that pulleys are kept in proper alignment to prevent belts from running off (29 CFR 1910.219(p)(5)).· Verify that belts, lacings, and fasteners are inspected and kept in good repair (29 CFR 1910.219(p)(6)(ii)).· Verify that regular oilers wear tight-fitting clothing; whenever possible, machinery must be oiled when not in

motion (29 CFR 1910.219(p)(7)).

NOTE: Inspections should be documented and records maintained (GMP).


.


PART 4: SCORESHEET.

SITE: DATE:

1. General Requirements for All Machines.....

N/A Complies Does notcomply

1.1 Machine guards must be provided to protect people from machine hazards.(29 CFR 1910.212(a)(1) – (a)(2))

q q q

1.2 Points of operation that expose an employee to injury must be guarded.(29 CFR 1910.212(a)(3)(ii) and (a)(3)(iv))

q q q

1.3 Special hand tools designed to place and remove material must allow for the safehandling of material. (29 CFR 1910.212(a)(3)(iii))

q q q

1.4 Revolving drums, barrels, and containers must be guarded by an enclosure.(29 CFR 1910.212(a)(4))

q q q

1.5 Fan blades must be guarded under certain circumstances. (29 CFR 1910.212(a)(5)) q q q

1.6 Machines designed for a fixed location must be secured in place.(29 CFR 1910.212(b))

q q q

2. Woodworking Machinery Requirements.....


2.1 Woodworking machines must be free from sensible vibration. (29 CFR1910.213(a)(1))

q q q

2.2 Arbors and mandrels must be constructed in a certain way. (29 CFR 1910.213(a)(2)) q q q

2.3 Automatic cutoff saws that stroke continuously without the operator being able tocontrol each stroke must not be used. (29 CFR 1910.213(a)(4))

q q q

2.4 Saw frames and tables must limit the size of the saw blade that can be mounted.(29 CFR 1910.213(a)(5))

q q q

2.5 Circular saw fences must be firmly secured to the table or table assembly withoutchanging their alignment to the saw. (29 CFR 1910.213(a)(6))

q q q

2.6 Circular saw gages must slide in grooves or tracks that are accurately machined.(29 CFR 1910.213(a)(7))

q q q

2.7 Hinged saw tables must be in true alignment with the saw. (29 CFR 1910.213(a)(8)) q q q

2.8 All belts, pulleys, gears, shafts, and moving parts must be guarded.(29 CFR 1910.213(a)(9))

q q q

2.9 The frames and exposed noncurrent-carrying metal parts of portable electricwoodworking machinery and portable motor-driven handheld electrical tools operatedat more than 90 V must be grounded. (29 CFR 1910.213(a)(11))

q q q

2.10 Circular saws, with a possibility of contact with a portion of the saw beneath orbehind a table, must be covered at the point of contact. (29 CFR 1910.213(a)(12))

q q q

2.11 Revolving double arbor saws must be fully guarded. (29 CFR 1910.213(a)(13)) q q q

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Machinery and Machine Guarding Scoresheet

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2.12 Saws, cutter heads, or tool collars must not be placed or mounted on a machine arborunless the tool has been accurately machined. (29 CFR 1910.213(a)(14))

q q q

2.13 Combs (featherboards) or suitable jigs must be provided when a standard guardcannot be used. (29 CFR 1910.213(a)(15))

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2.14 A mechanical or electrical power control must be provided on each machine.(29 CFR 1910.213(b)(1))

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2.15 A locking-type belt shifter or an equivalent positive device must be used onmachines driven by belts and shafting. (29 CFR 1910.213(b)(2))

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2.16 Provisions must be made to prevent machines from automatically restarting uponrestoration of power if injury may result. (29 CFR 1910.213(b)(3))

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2.17 Power and operating controls must be located within easy reach of the operator.(29 CFR 1910.213(b)(4))

q q q

2.18 Machines operated by electrical motors must be rendered inoperative while repairs oradjustments are being made. (29 CFR 1910.213(b)(5))

q q q

2.19 Operating treadles must be protected. (29 CFR 1910.213(b)(6)) q q q

2.20 Feeder attachments must have the feed rolls or other moving parts covered orguarded. (29 CFR 1910.213(b)(7))

q q q

2.21 Hand-fed circular ripsaws must be equipped with hoods, spreaders, and nonkickbackfingers or dogs. (29 CFR 1910.213(c)(1) – (c)(3))

q q q

2.22 A hood must guard each circular crosscut table saw. (29 CFR 1910.213(d)(1)) q q q

2.23 Circular resaws must be provided with a guard and spreader.(29 CFR 1910.213(e)(1) – (e)(2))

q q q

2.24 Self-feed circular saws must meet certain requirements. (29 CFR 1910.213(f)(1) –(f)(2))

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2.25 Swing cutoff saws and sliding cutoff saws mounted above the table must be providedwith a hood, an automatic return device, and limit chains. (29 CFR 1910.213(g)(1) –(g)(4))

q q q

2.26 Radial saws must meet certain requirements. (29 CFR 1910.213(h)(1) – (h)(5)) q q q

2.27 Bandsaws and band resaws must meet certain requirements.(29 CFR 1910.213(i)(1) – (i)(3))

q q q

2.28 Jointers must meet certain requirements. (29 CFR 1910.213(j)(1) – (j)(5)) q q q

2.29 Tenoning machines must be designed and used in accordance with certainrequirements. (29 CFR 1910.213(k)(1) – (k)(4))

q q q

2.30 Boring and mortising machines must be designed and used in accordance withcertain requirements. (29 CFR 1910.213(l)(1) – (l)(6))

q q q

2.31 Wood shapers and similar equipment must be designed and used in accordance withcertain requirements. (29 CFR 1910.213(m)(1) and (m)(3))

q q q

2.32 Planing, molding, sticking, and matching machines must be designed and used inaccordance with certain requirements. (29 CFR 1910.213(n)(1) – (n)(4))

q q q

2.33 Profile and swing-head lathes and wood-heel turning machines must be designed andused in accordance with certain requirements. (29 CFR 1910.213(o)(1) – (o)(5))

q q q

2.34 Sanding machines must be designed and used in accordance with certainrequirements. (29 CFR 1910.213(p)(1) – (p)(4))

q q q



2.35 Veneer cutters and wringers must be designed and used in accordance with certainrequirements. (29 CFR 1910.213(q)(1) – (q)(7))

q q q

2.36 Miscellaneous woodworking machines must be designed and used in accordance withcertain requirements. (29 CFR 1910.213(r)(1) – (r)(4))

q q q

2.37 Woodworking machinery must be inspected and properly maintained.(29 CFR 1910.213(s)(1) – (s)(9) and (s)(12) – (s)(14))

q q q

3. Abrasive Wheel Machinery.....


3.1 Abrasive wheel safety guards must meet certain requirements. (29 CFR1910.215(a)(2) – (a)(3))

q q q

3.2 Work rests must be used to support the work. (29 CFR 1910.215(a)(4)) q q q

3.3 Type 6 and 11 cup wheels must be protected. (29 CFR 1910.215(b)(1)) q q q

3.4 Maximum guard exposure angles must not be exceeded. (29 CFR 1910.215(b)(2)) q q q

3.5 The angle of exposure of the grinding wheel periphery and the sides of safety guardsused on bench and floor stands is subject to certain limitations. (29 CFR1910.215(b)(3))

q q q

3.6 The maximum angular exposure of the grinding wheel periphery and the sides ofsafety guards used on cylindrical grinding machines must not exceed 180°. (29 CFR1910.215(b)(4))

q q q

3.7 The maximum angular exposure of the grinding wheel periphery and the sides ofsafety guards used on cutting-off machines and on surface grinding machines thatemploy the wheel periphery must not exceed 150°. (29 CFR 1910.215(b)(5))

q q q

3.8 The maximum angular exposure of the grinding wheel periphery and the sides ofsafety guards used on machines known as swing frame grinding machines must notexceed 180°. (29 CFR 1910.215(b)(6))

q q q

3.9 The maximum angular exposure of the grinding wheel periphery and the sides ofsafety guards used on grinders known as automatic snagging machines must notexceed 180°. (29 CFR 1910.215(b)(7))

q q q

3.10 Where the work is applied to the wheel above the horizontal centerline, the exposureof the grinding wheel periphery must be as small as possible and must not exceed60°. (29 CFR 1910.215(b)(8))

q q q

3.11 Safety guards for bench and floor stands and cylindrical grinders are subject tocertain exposure adjustments. (29 CFR 1910.215(b)(9))

q q q

3.12 Safety guards must meet specific material requirements and minimum dimensions.(29 CFR 1910.215(b)(10))

q q q

3.13 Band-type guards must conform to general specifications. (29 CFR 1910.215(b)(11)) q q q

3.14 Guard design for abrasive machinery must meet ANSI design specifications.(29 CFR 1910.215(b)(12))

q q q

3.15 All abrasive wheels except those listed in the summary paragraph for this sectionmust be mounted between flanges, and the flanges must meet specific requirements.(29 CFR 1910.215(c))

q q q

3.16 Blotters must be used between flanges and abrasive wheel surfaces. (29 CFR1910.215(c)(6))

q q q

3.17 Driving flanges are subject to certain requirements. (29 CFR 1910.215(c)(7)) q q q

3.18 Flanges must meet certain dimension requirements. (29 CFR 1910.215(c)(8)) q q q

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3.19 Flanges must be maintained in good condition. (29 CFR 1910.215(c)(9)) q q q

3.20 Before mounting, all wheels must be closely inspected and sounded by the user.(29 CFR 1910.215(d)(1))

q q q

3.21 Grinding wheels must fit freely on the spindle and remain free under all grindingconditions. (29 CFR 1910.215(d)(2))

q q q

3.22 All contact surfaces of wheels, blotters, and flanges must be flat and free of foreignmanner. (29 CFR 1910.215(d)(3))

q q q

3.23 When a bushing is used in the wheel hole it must not exceed the width of the wheeland must not contact the flanges. (29 CFR 1910.215(d)(4))

q q q

3.24 When blotters or flange facings of compressible material are required, they mustcover entire contact area of wheel flanges. (29 CFR 1910.215(d)(5))

q q q

3.25 When more than one wheel is mounted between a single set of flanges, wheels maybe cemented together or separated by specially designed spacers. (29 CFR1910.215(d)(6))

q q q

4. Mills and Calenders in the Rubber and Plastics Industries.....


4.1 Auxiliary equipment and mill roll heights must meet general requirements.(29 CFR 1910.216(a)(3) – (a)(4))

q q q

4.2 Safety controls must be provided for mills. (29 CFR 1910.216(b)(1) and (b)(3)) q q q

4.3 A safety trip-rod, cable, or wire center cord must be situated across each pair of in-running rolls extending the length of the face of the rolls. (29 CFR 1910.216(c)(1) –(c)(2))

q q q

4.4 All trip and emergency switches must not be automatically resetting.(29 CFR 1910.216(e))

q q q

4.5 Mills and calenders must meet certain stopping limits. (29 CFR 1910.216(f)(1) –(f)(3))

q q q

5. Mechanical Power Presses.....


5.1 Certain types of machines are exempt from mechanical power press regulations.(29 CFR 1910.217(a)(5))

q q q

5.2 Machine components must be designed to minimize hazards. (29 CFR 1910.217(a)(4)and 1910.217(b)(1))

q q q

5.3 Friction brakes provided for stopping or holding a slide movement must be self-engaging. (29 CFR 1910.217(b)(2))

q q q

5.4 Machines using full revolution positive clutches must meet certain requirements.(29 CFR 1910.217(b)(3)(i) – (b)(3)(ii))

q q q

5.5 Foot pedals must be provided with an unintentional operation mechanism, a nonslippad, a pedal return spring, and a pedal counterweight enclosure.(29 CFR 1910.217(b)(4)(i) – (b)(4)(iv))

q q q

5.6 Hand-operated lever power presses must be equipped with latches and must beinterlocked to prevent accidental tripping. (29 CFR 1910.217(b)(5)(i) – (b)(5)(ii))

q q q

5.7 Two-hand trip mechanisms must meet certain requirements.(29 CFR 1910.217(b)(6)(i) – (b)(6)(iii))

q q q

5.8 Machines using part revolution clutches must be designed and used in accordancewith certain selection requirements. (29 CFR 1910.217(b)(7)(iii) – (b)(7)(v))

q q q



5.9 Machines using part revolution clutches must be designed and used in accordancewith other certain requirements. (29 CFR 1910.217(b)(7)(i) – (b)(7)(ii) and(b)(7)(vii) – (b)(7)(xv))

q q q

5.10 Electrical systems in power presses must be designed and used in accordance withcertain requirements. (29 CFR 1910.217(b)(8)(i) – (b)(8)(vi))

q q q

5.11 Slide counterbalance systems must be designed and used in accordance with certainrequirements. (29 CFR 1910.217(b)(9)(i) – (b)(9)(v))

q q q

5.12 Air controlling equipment must be protected against foreign material and waterentering the pneumatic system of the press. (29 CFR 1910.217(b)(10))

q q q

5.13 The maximum anticipated working pressures in any hydraulic system on amechanical power press must not exceed the safe working pressure rating of anycomponent used in that system. (29 CFR 1910.217(b)(11))

q q q

5.14 Pressure vessels must meet specific ASME standards. (29 CFR 1910.217(b)(12)) q q q

5.15 Under certain circumstances, the control system must be constructed so that a failurewithin the system does not prevent the normal stopping action from being applied tothe press when required, but does prevent initiation of a successive stroke until thefailure is corrected. (29 CFR 1910.217(b)(13))

q q q

5.16 When required by 29 CFR 1910.217(c)(5), the brake monitor must meet specificconstruction and installation requirements. (29 CFR 1910.217(b)(14)(i) – (b)(14)(iii))

q q q

5.17 The facility must provide and ensure that point-of-operation guards meet specificrequirements and are used on every operation performed on a mechanical powerpress. (29 CFR 1910.217(c)(1) – (c)(2))

q q q

5.18 Point-of-operation devices must protect the operator by certain means.(29 CFR 1910.217(c)(3)(i))

q q q

5.19 A gate or movable barrier device must be provided to protect the operator.(29 CFR 1910.217(c)(3)(ii))

q q q

5.20 A presence sensing point-of-operation device must protect the operator as provided.(29 CFR 1910.217(c)(3)(iii))

q q q

5.21 The pull-out device must protect the operator and include attachments for each of theoperator’s hands. (29 CFR 1910.217(c)(3)(iv))

q q q

5.22 The sweep device may not be used for point of operation safeguarding.(29 CFR 1910.217(c)(3)(v))

q q q

5.23 A holdout or a restraint device must protect the operator by preventing the operatorfrom inadvertently reaching into the point of operation at all times, and must includeattachments for each of the operator’s hands. (29 CFR 1910.217(c)(3)(vi))

q q q

5.24 A two-hand control device must meet certain requirements. (29 CFR1910.217(c)(3)(vii))

q q q

5.25 A two-hand trip device must meet certain requirements.(29 CFR 1910.217(c)(3)(viii))

q q q

5.26 Hand-feeding tools must be used properly. (29 CFR 1910.217(c)(4)) q q q

5.27 Where the operator feeds or removes parts by placing one or both hands in the point-of-operation, and a two-hand control presence-sensing device of Type B gate ormovable barrier is used for safeguarding, certain additional requirements apply.(29 CFR 1910.217(c)(5))

q q q

5.28 The facility must follow specifications for design, construction, and setting andfeeding of dies. (29 CFR 1910.217(d))

q q q

5.29 Inspection, maintenance, and modification of presses must be performed according tocertain requirements. (29 CFR 1910.217(e)(1) – (e)(3))

q q q

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5.30 The facility must have appropriate procedures in place for operation of powerpresses. (29 CFR 1910.217(f)(2) – (f)(4))

q q q

5.31 Employers are required to report all point-of-operation injuries to operators or otheremployees. (29 CFR 1910.217(g)(1))

q q q

5.32 All part-revolution mechanical power presses used in the presence-sensing deviceinitiation (PSDI) mode of operation must meet general requirements.(29 CFR 1910.217(h)(1)(i) – (h)(1)(v))

q q q

5.33 Brake and clutch requirements for part-revolution mechanical power presses used inthe PSDI mode of operation must meet specific requirements.(29 CFR 1910.217(h)(2)(i) – (h)(2)(iii))

q q q

5.34 Pneumatic systems requirements for part-revolution mechanical power presses usedin the PSDI mode of operation must meet specific requirements.(29 CFR 1910.217(h)(3)(i) and (h)(3)(ii))

q q q

5.35 Flywheels and bearings used in part-revolution mechanical power presses in thePSDI mode of operation must meet specific requirements. (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(4))

q q q

5.36 Brakes used in part-revolution mechanical power presses in the PSDI mode ofoperation must meet specific monitoring requirements. (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(5)(i) –(h)(5)(iii))

q q q

5.37 Cycle control and control systems used in part-revolution mechanical power pressesin the PSDI mode of operation must meet specific requirements.(29 CFR 1910.217(h)(6)(i) – (h)(6)(vii))

q q q

5.38 Cycle control and control systems used in part-revolution mechanical power pressesin the PSDI mode of operation must meet other requirements.(29 CFR 1910.217(h)(6)(vii) – (h)(6)(xvii))

q q q

5.39 Control components on mechanical power presses in the PSDI mode of operationmust withstand environmental stresses. (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(7))

q q q

5.40 Safety systems on mechanical power presses in the PSDI mode of operation mustmeet certain requirements. (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(8)(i) – (h)(8)(ii))

q q q

5.41 The point of operation on mechanical power presses in the PSDI mode of operationmust be safeguarded. (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(9)(i) – (h)(9)(iv))

q q q

5.42 The safety distance from the sensing field of the presence sensing device to the pointof operation on mechanical power presses in the PSDI mode of operation mustcalculated in a specific manner. (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(9)(v))

q q q

5.43 The point of operation on mechanical power presses in the PSDI mode of operationmust be safeguarded in certain ways. (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(9)(vi) – (h)(9)(x))

q q q

5.44 Mechanical power presses equipped with presence sensing devices for use in PSDImust be inspected and maintained. (29 CFR 1910.217(h)(10)(i) – (h)(10)(vi))

q q q

5.45 The safety systems of mechanical power presses equipped with presence sensingdevices for use in PSDI must be certified and validated.(29 CFR 1910.217(h)(11)(i) – (h)(11)(v))

q q q

5.46 The employer must notify the OSHA-recognized third-party validation organizationwithin a certain period of time following the failure of the system or injury.(29 CFR 1910.217(h)(11)(v) – (h)(11)(vi))

q q q

5.47 Die setting on presses used in the PSDI mode is subject to certain requirements.(29 CFR 1910.217(h)(12))

q q q

5.48 Training requirements apply to operators of presses used in the PSDI mode.(29 CFR 1910.217(h)(13))

q q q

5.49 Safety systems for mechanical power press PSDI must meet certification andvalidation for general design requirements. (29 CFR 1910.217 Appendix A )

q q q



5.50 Safety systems for mechanical power press PSDI must also meet certain detaileddesign certification and validation requirements by means of analysis, tests, or acombination of both. (29 CFR 1910.217 Appendix A (B))

q q q

5.51 Safety systems for mechanical power press PSDI must meet certain installationcertification and validation requirements. (29 CFR 1910.217 Appendix A (C))

q q q

5.52 PSDI safety systems that have received certification and validation must undergorecertification and revalidation. (29 CFR 1910.217 Appendix A (D))

q q q

6. Forging Machines.....


6.1 Lead casts or other use of lead in the forge shop or die shop must meet certaingeneral requirements. (29 CFR 1910.218(a)(1))

q q q

6.2 All forge shop equipment must be maintained in a condition that will ensurecontinued safe operation. (29 CFR 1910.218(a)(2))

q q q

6.3 All hammers and presses must be designed and installed in accordance with specificrequirements. (29 CFR 1910.218(a)(3))

q q q

6.4 Hammers must be provided with keys and foot-operated devices. (29 CFR1910.218(b)(1) – (b)(2))

q q q

6.5 Manually operated valves and switches on the presses must be identified andaccessible. (29 CFR 1910.218(c))

q q q

6.6 Power-driven hammers are subject to special design and safety requirements.(29 CFR 1910.218(d)(1) – (d)(4))

q q q

6.7 Gravity and board drop hammers are subject to specific design and safetyrequirements. (29 CFR 1910.218(e)(1) – (e)(2))

q q q

6.8 Safety precautions must be taken when dies are being changed or maintenance isbeing performed on the forging press. (29 CFR 1910.218(f)(1) – (f)(2))

q q q

6.9 Trimming presses must meet the specific requirements. (29 CFR 1910.218(g)(1) –(g)(2))

q q q

6.10 Upsetters must meet certain general requirements as well as requirements forlockouts, manually operated controls, tongs, and changing dies. (29 CFR1910.218(h)(1) – (h)(5))

q q q

6.11 Other forging equipment must meet additional requirements.(29 CFR 1910.218(i)(1) – (i)(2))

q q q

6.12 Forge facility equipment must meet certain requirements. (29 CFR 1910.218(j)(1) –(j)(5))

q q q

7. Mechanical Power–Transmission Apparatus.....


7.1 Certain guarding requirements apply to the textile industry. (29 CFR 1910.219(a)(3)) q q q

7.2 Prime mover guards must meet certain design and use requirements. (29 CFR1910.219(b))

q q q

7.3 Shafting used with mechanical power transmission apparatus must meet certaindesign and use requirements. (29 CFR 1910.219(c)(1) – (c)(5))

q q q

7.4 Pulleys used with mechanical power transmission apparatus must meet certain designand use requirements. (29 CFR 1910.219(d)(1) – (d)(4))

q q q

7.5 Belts, rope, and chain drives used with mechanical power transmission apparatusmust meet certain design and use requirements. (29 CFR 1910.219(e)(1) – (e)(4))

q q q

MG/Part 4 - 8


OF 12/19 ©STP

7.6 Cone-pulley belts and belt tighteners used with mechanical power transmissionapparatus must meet certain design and use requirements. (29 CFR 1910.219(e)(5) –(e)(6))

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7.7 Gears, sprockets, and chains used with mechanical power transmission apparatusmust meet certain design and use requirements. (29 CFR 1910.219(f)(1) – (f)(4))

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7.8 The driving point of all friction drives must be guarded when exposed to contact.(29 CFR 1910.219(g))

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7.9 All projecting keys, setscrews, and other projections in revolving parts must beremoved, made flush, or guarded by metal cover. (29 CFR 1910.219(h)(1) – (h)(2))

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7.10 Collars and couplings must meet certain design and operation requirements. (29 CFR1910.219(i)(1) – (i)(2))

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7.11 Bearings and oiling facilities are subject to certain requirements. (29 CFR1910.219(j))

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7.12 Clutches, cutoff couplings, and clutch pulleys must be guarded. (29 CFR1910.219(k)(1) – (k)(2))

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7.13 Belt shifters, clutches, shippers, poles, perches, and fasteners must meet certaindesign requirements. (29 CFR 1910.219(l)(1) – (l)(4))

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7.14 Standard guards must be manufactured using specific materials. (29 CFR1910.219(m)(1) – (m)(2))

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7.15 Guards, guardrails, and toeboards must be made of approved materials. (29 CFR1910.219(o)(1) – (o)(5))

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7.16 Mechanical power transmission equipment must be properly maintained.(29 CFR 1910.219(p)(1) – (p)(7))

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END OF SCORESHEET

Documents

Machinery and Machine Guardingstponline.stpub.com/pubs/OSHA/OF/OF_MG.pdfOF 12/19 ©STP MG/Part 1 - 1 MACHINERY AND MACHINE GUARDING.. PART 1: INTRODUCTION Applicability of This Module