LRFDCONS 3 Tableofcontents

7/31/2019 LRFDCONS 3 Tableofcontents

1/52 2010 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.

All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.


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ABBREVIATED TABLE OF CONTENTS

TheAASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications, Third Edition, contains the following 32 sections:

1. Structure Excavation and Backfill2. Removal of Existing Structures3. Temporary Works4. Driven Foundation Piles5. Drilled Shafts6. Ground Anchors7. Earth-Retaining Systems8. Concrete Structures9. Reinforcing Steel10. Prestressing11. Steel Structures12. Steel Grid Flooring13. Painting14. Stone Masonry15. Concrete Block and Brick Masonry16. Timber Structures17. Preservative Treatment of Wood18. Bearing Devices19. Bridge Deck Joint Seals20. Railings21. Waterproofing22. Slope Protection23. Miscellaneous Metal24. Pneumatically Applied Mortar25. Steel and Concrete Tunnel Liners26. Metal Culverts27. Concrete Culverts28. Wearing Surfaces29. Embedment Anchors30. Thermoplastic Pipe31. Aluminum Structures32. Shock Transmission Units

2010 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.


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FOREWORD

The first broadly recognized national standard to design and construct bridges in the United States was published in

1931 by the American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO), the predecessor to AASHTO. With the advent of

the automobile and the establishment of highway departments in all of the American states dating back to just before the

turn of the century, the design, construction, and maintenance of most U.S. bridges was the responsibility of these

departments and, more specifically, the chief bridge engineer within each department. It was natural, therefore, that these

engineers, acting collectively as the AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Bridges and Structures, would become the

author and guardian of this first bridge standard.

This first publication was entitled Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges and Incidental Structures. It quickly

became the de facto national standard and, as such, was adopted and used by not only the state highway departments but

also other bridge-owning authorities and agencies in the United States and abroad. The title was soon revised to Standard

Specifications for Highway Bridges and new editions were released about every four years. AASHTO released the 17th

and final edition in 2002.

The body of knowledge related to the design of highway bridges has grown enormously since 1931 and continues to

do so. Theory and practice have evolved greatly, reflecting advances through research in understanding the properties of

materials, in improved materials, in more rational and accurate analysis of structural behavior, in the advent of computers

and rapidly advancing computer technology, in the study of external events representing particular hazards to bridges such

as seismic events and stream scour, and in many other areas. The pace of advances in these areas has accelerated in recent

years. To accommodate this growth in bridge engineering knowledge, the Subcommittee on Bridges and Structures has

been granted authority under AASHTOs governing documents to approve and issue Bridge Interims each year, not only

with respect to the Standard Specifications but also to enhance the twenty-odd additional publications on bridges and

structures engineering that are under its stewardship.

In 1986, the Subcommittee submitted a request to the AASHTO Standing Committee on Research to assess U.S.

bridge design specifications, to review foreign design specifications and codes, to consider design philosophies alternative

to those underlying the Standard Specifications, and to render recommendations based on these investigations. This work

was accomplished under the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP), an applied research program

directed by the AASHTO Standing Committee on Research and administered on behalf of AASHTO by the Transportation

Research Board (TRB). The work was completed in 1987, and, as might be expected with continuing research, the

Standard Specifications were found to have discernible gaps, inconsistencies, and even some conflicts. Beyond this, the

specification did not reflect or incorporate the most recently developing design philosophy, load-and-resistance factor

design (LRFD), a philosophy which has been gaining ground in other areas of structural engineering and in other parts of

the world such as Canada and Europe.

From its inception until the early 1970s, the sole design philosophy embedded within the Standard Specifications was

one known as working stress design (WSD). WSD establishes allowable stresses as a fraction or percentage of a given

materials load-carrying capacity, and requires that calculated design stresses not exceed those allowable stresses.

Beginning in the early 1970s, WSD was adjusted to reflect the variable predictability of certain load types, such as

vehicular loads and wind forces, through adjusting design factors, a design philosophy referred to as load factor design

(LFD). Both WSD and LFD are reflected in the current edition of the Standard Specifications.

A further philosophical extension considers the variability in the properties of structural elements, in similar fashion to

load variabilities. While considered to a limited extent in LFD, the design philosophy of LRFD takes variability in the

behavior of structural elements into account in an explicit manner. LRFD relies on extensive use of statistical methods, but

sets forth the results in a manner readily usable by bridge designers and analysts.

With the advent of these specifications, bridge engineers had a choice of two standards to guide their designs, the

long-standing AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges, and the alternative, newly adoptedAASHTO LRFD

Bridge Design Specifications, and its companions,AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction SpecificationsandAASHTO

LRFD Movable Highway Bridge Design Specifications. Subsequently, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and

the states mandated that LRFD standards be used to design all new and total replacement bridges after 2007. For more

information on FHWAs LRFD policy, please visit http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/lrfd/index.htm.

A new edition of these specifications will be published every two years, followed by an interim edition the immediate

year after its release. The Interim Specifications have the same status as AASHTO standards, but are tentative revisions

approved by at least two-thirds of the Subcommittee. These revisions are voted on by the AASHTO member departments

prior to the publication of each new edition of this book and, if approved by at least two-thirds of the members, they are



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included in the next new edition as standards of the Association. AASHTO members are the 50 State Highway or

Transportation Departments, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. Each member has one vote. The U.S. Department

of Transportation is a nonvoting member.

Annual Interim Specifications are generally used by the States after their adoption by the Subcommittee. Orders for

these annual Interim Specifications may be placed by visiting our website, bookstore.transportation.org, or by calling

1-800-231-3475 (toll free within the U.S. and Canada). A free copy of the current publication catalog can be downloaded

from our website or requested from the Publications Sales Office.

The Subcommittee would also like to thank Mr. John M. Kulicki, Ph.D., and his associates at Modjeski and Masters

for their valuable assistance in the preparation of the LRFD Specifications.

AASHTO encourages suggestions to improve these specifications. They should be sent to the Chairman,

Subcommittee on Bridges and Structures, AASHTO, 444 North Capitol Street, N.W., Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001.

Inquiries as to intent or application of the specifications should be sent to the same address.

AASHTO Highways Subcommittee on Bridges and Structures

February 2010



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PREFACE

Units

TheAASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications, Third Edition, uses U.S. Customary units only. Per a

decision by the subcommittee in 2009, SI units will no longer be included in this edition or future interims.

References

If a standard is available as a stand-alone publicationfor example, the ACI standardsthe title is italicizedin the

text and listed in the references. If a standard is available as part of a larger publicationfor example, the AASHTO

materials specificationsthe standards title is not italicized and the larger publicationin this case, Standard

Specifications for Transportation Materials and Methods of Sampling and Testing, 29th Editionis listed in the

references.

Unit Abbreviations

Most of the abbreviations commonly used in LRFD Construction are listed below.

Also, please note the following:

Abbreviations for singular and plural are the same. Most units of time have one-letter abbreviations. Unit abbreviations are always set in roman type, while variables

and factors are set in italic type. Thus, 2 h is the abbreviation for two hours.

Table iFrequently-Used Unit Abbreviations

Unit Abbreviation

cubic foot ft3

cubic inch in.3

cubic yard yd3

degrees Fahrenheit F

foot ftfoot-kip ft-kip

foot per hour ft/h

foot per minute ft/min

foot per second ft/s

foot pound ft lb

foot pound-force ft lbf

foot second ft s

gallon gal

hour h

Hertz Hz

inch in.

joule J

kilonewton kN

kilopascal kPa

kip per foot kip/ft

kip per square inch ksi

kip per square foot kip/ft2

megapascal MPa

microinch in

micron m

mile mi

minute min (min. for minimum)



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SECTION 1:STRUCTURE EXCAVATION AND BACKFILL

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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1.1GENERAL ........................................................................................................................................................... 1-11.2WORKINGDRAWINGS .................................................................................................................................... 1-11.3MATERIALS ....................................................................................................................................................... 1-21.4CONSTRUCTION ............................................................................................................................................... 1-2

1.4.1Depth of Footings ...................................................................................................................................... 1-21.4.2Foundation Preparation and Control of Water ........................................................................................... 1-2

1.4.2.1General ............................................................................................................................................. 1-21.4.2.2Excavations within Channels ........................................................................................................... 1-31.4.2.3Foundations on Rock ....................................................................................................................... 1-31.4.2.4Foundations Not on Rock ................................................................................................................ 1-31.4.2.5Approval of Foundation ................................................................................................................... 1-3

1.4.3Backfill ...................................................................................................................................................... 1-41.5MEASUREMENTANDPAYMENT .................................................................................................................. 1-4

1.5.1Measurement .............................................................................................................................................. 1-41.5.2Payment ..................................................................................................................................................... 1-5

1.6REFERENCE ....................................................................................................................................................... 1-6



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SECTION 3:TEMPORARY WORKS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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33.1GENERAL ........................................................................................................................................................... 3-1

3.1.1Description ................................................................................................................................................. 3-13.1.2Working Drawings ..................................................................................................................................... 3-13.1.3Design ........................................................................................................................................................ 3-2

3.1.4Construction ............................................................................................................................................... 3-23.1.5Removal ..................................................................................................................................................... 3-2

3.2FALSEWORKANDFORMS .............................................................................................................................. 3-23.2.1General ....................................................................................................................................................... 3-23.2.2Falsework Design and Construction .......................................................................................................... 3-3

3.2.2.1Loads ............................................................................................................................................... 3-33.2.2.2Foundations ...................................................................................................................................... 3-33.2.2.3Deflections ....................................................................................................................................... 3-33.2.2.4Clearances ........................................................................................................................................ 3-33.2.2.5Construction ..................................................................................................................................... 3-4

3.2.3Formwork Design and Construction .......................................................................................................... 3-43.2.3.1General ............................................................................................................................................. 3-43.2.3.2Design .............................................................................................................................................. 3-53.2.3.3Construction ..................................................................................................................................... 3-53.2.3.4Tube Forms ...................................................................................................................................... 3-63.2.3.5Stay-in-Place Forms ......................................................................................................................... 3-6

3.2.4Removal of Falsework and Forms ............................................................................................................. 3-63.2.4.1General ............................................................................................................................................. 3-63.2.4.2Time of Removal ............................................................................................................................. 3-63.2.4.3Extent of Removal ........................................................................................................................... 3-7

3.3COFFERDAMSANDSHORING ....................................................................................................................... 3-83.3.1General ....................................................................................................................................................... 3-83.3.2Protection of Concrete ............................................................................................................................... 3-83.3.3Removal ..................................................................................................................................................... 3-8

3.4TEMPORARYWATERCONTROLSYSTEMS ................................................................................................ 3-93.4.1General ....................................................................................................................................................... 3-93.4.2Working Drawings ..................................................................................................................................... 3-93.4.3Operations .................................................................................................................................................. 3-9

3.5TEMPORARYBRIDGES ................................................................................................................................... 3-93.5.1General ....................................................................................................................................................... 3-93.5.2Detour Bridges ........................................................................................................................................... 3-93.5.3Haul Bridges ............................................................................................................................................ 3-103.5.4Maintenance ............................................................................................................................................. 3-10

3.6MEASUREMENTANDPAYMENT ................................................................................................................ 3-103.7REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................... 3-11



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SECTION 5:DRILLED SHAFTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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5.1DESCRIPTION ................................................................................................................................................... 5-15.2SUBMITTALS, APPROVALS AND MEETINGS ............................................................................................ 5-1

5.2.1Experience and Personnel ......................................................................................................................... 5-15.2.2Drilled Shaft Installation Plan ................................................................................................................... 5-25.2.3Slurry Technical Assistance ...................................................................................................................... 5-55.2.4Approvals .................................................................................................................................................. 5-55.2.5Drilled Shaft Preconstruction Conference ................................................................................................. 5-5

5.3MATERIALS ...................................................................................................................................................... 5-65.3.1Concrete .................................................................................................................................................... 5-65.3.2Reinforcing Steel ....................................................................................................................................... 5-65.3.3Casings ...................................................................................................................................................... 5-65.3.4Mineral Slurry ........................................................................................................................................... 5-75.3.5Polymer Slurry .......................................................................................................................................... 5-85.3.6Water Slurry .............................................................................................................................................. 5-85.3.7Access Tubes for Cross-Hole Sonic Log Testing .......... .......... ........... ........... .......... ........... .......... .......... ... 5-95.3.8Grout ......................................................................................................................................................... 5-9

5.4CONSTRUCTION .............................................................................................................................................. 5-95.4.1Drilled Shaft Excavation ........................................................................................................................... 5-95.4.2Drilled Shaft Excavation Protection ........................................................................................................ 5-105.4.3Drilled Shaft Excavation Protection Methods ......................................................................................... 5-10

5.4.3.1Temporary Casing Construction Method............. ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... .......... .... 5-105.4.3.2Permanent Casing Construction Method ....................................................................................... 5-115.4.3.3Alternative Casing Methods .......................................................................................................... 5-115.4.3.4Slurry ............................................................................................................................................. 5-11

5.4.3.4.1Slurry Technical Assistance ................................................................................................ 5-115.4.3.4.2Minimum Level of Slurry in the Excavation ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... . 5-125.4.3.4.3Cleaning Slurry ................................................................................................................... 5-12

5.4.4Obstructions ............................................................................................................................................ 5-125.4.5Protection of Existing Structures ............................................................................................................. 5-135.4.6Slurry Sampling and Testing ................................................................................................................... 5-135.4.7Drilled Shaft Excavation Inspection ........... ........... .......... ........... ........... ........... .......... ........... ........... ....... 5-145.4.8Assembly and Placement of Reinforcing Steel ....................................................................................... 5-145.4.9Concrete Placement, Curing, and Protection ........................................................................................... 5-155.4.10Tremies .................................................................................................................................................. 5-165.4.11Drilled Shaft Construction Tolerances .................................................................................................. 5-165.4.12Integrity Testing .................................................................................................................................... 5-17

5.5MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT ............................................................................................................... 5-195.5.1Measurement ........................................................................................................................................... 5-19

5.5.1.1Drilled Shafts in Soil ..................................................................................................................... 5-195.5.1.2Drilled Shafts in Rock ................................................................................................................... 5-205.5.1.3Obstruction Removal .................................................................................................................... 5-205.5.1.4Trial Drilled Shafts ........................................................................................................................ 5-205.5.1.5Exploration Holes.......................................................................................................................... 5-215.5.1.6Permanent CasingFurnishing and Placing ................................................................................. 5-21

5.5.1.7Load Tests ..................................................................................................................................... 5-215.5.1.8Cross-Hole Sonic Logging Casing ................................................................................................ 5-215.5.1.9Drilled Shaft Construction ............................................................................................................ 5-215.5.1.10Reinforcing Steel ......................................................................................................................... 5-21

5.5.2Payment ................................................................................................................................................... 5-225.5.2.1Drilled Shafts in Soil ..................................................................................................................... 5-225.5.2.2Drilled Shafts in Rock ................................................................................................................... 5-225.5.2.3Obstruction Removal .................................................................................................................... 5-225.5.2.4Trial Drilled Shafts ........................................................................................................................ 5-225.5.2.5Exploration Holes.......................................................................................................................... 5-225.5.2.6Permanent CasingFurnishing and Placing ................................................................................. 5-22



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SECTION 6:GROUND ANCHORS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

6-i

6.1DESCRIPTION .................................................................................................................................................... 6-16.2WORKINGDRAWINGS .................................................................................................................................... 6-16.3MATERIALS ....................................................................................................................................................... 6-2

6.3.1Prestressing Steel ....................................................................................................................................... 6-26.3.2Grout .......................................................................................................................................................... 6-26.3.3Steel Elements ............................................................................................................................................ 6-36.3.4Corrosion Protection Elements .................................................................................................................. 6-36.3.5Miscellaneous Elements ........... .......... ........... ........... .......... ........... ........... .......... ........... ........... ........... ....... 6-4

6.4FABRICATION ................................................................................................................................................... 6-56.4.1Bond Length and Tendon Bond Length ..................................................................................................... 6-5

6.4.1.1Grout-Protected Ground Anchor Tendon .......... ........... ........... .......... ........... ........... .......... ........... ....... 6-56.4.1.2Encapsulation-Protected Ground Anchor Tendon ........................................................................... 6-5

6.4.2Unbonded Length ....................................................................................................................................... 6-66.4.3Anchorage and Trumpet ............................................................................................................................. 6-66.4.4Tendon Storage and Handling .................................................................................................................... 6-7

6.5INSTALLATION ................................................................................................................................................. 6-76.5.1Drilling ....................................................................................................................................................... 6-7

6.5.2Tendon Insertion ........................................................................................................................................ 6-76.5.3Grouting ..................................................................................................................................................... 6-76.5.4Trumpet and Anchorage ............................................................................................................................. 6-86.5.5Testing and Stressing ................................................................................................................................. 6-9

6.5.5.1Testing Equipment ........................................................................................................................... 6-96.5.5.2Performance Test ............................................................................................................................. 6-96.5.5.3Proof Test....................................................................................................................................... 6-116.5.5.4Creep Test ...................................................................................................................................... 6-126.5.5.5Ground Anchor Load Test Acceptance Criteria ............................................................................. 6-136.5.5.6Lock-Off ........................................................................................................................................ 6-14




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SECTION 7:EARTH-RETAINING SYSTEMS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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77.1DESCRIPTION .................................................................................................................................................... 7-17.2WORKINGDRAWINGS .................................................................................................................................... 7-17.3MATERIALS ....................................................................................................................................................... 7-2

7.3.1Concrete ..................................................................................................................................................... 7-27.3.1.1Cast-in-Place .................................................................................................................................... 7-27.3.1.2Pneumatically Applied Mortar ......................................................................................................... 7-27.3.1.3Precast Elements .............................................................................................................................. 7-27.3.1.4Segmental Concrete Facing Blocks ................................................................................................. 7-2

7.3.2Reinforcing Steel ....................................................................................................................................... 7-27.3.3Structural Steel ........................................................................................................................................... 7-37.3.4Timber ........................................................................................................................................................ 7-37.3.5Drainage Elements ..................................................................................................................................... 7-3

7.3.5.1Pipe and Perforated Pipe .................................................................................................................. 7-37.3.5.2Filter Fabric ..................................................................................................................................... 7-37.3.5.3Permeable Material .......................................................................................................................... 7-37.3.5.4Geocomposite Drainage Systems ..................................................................................................... 7-3

7.3.6Structure Backfill Material ......................................................................................................................... 7-3

7.3.6.1General ............................................................................................................................................. 7-37.3.6.2Crib and Cellular Walls ................................................................................................................... 7-47.3.6.3Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls ............................................................................................... 7-4

7.4EARTHWORK .................................................................................................................................................... 7-57.4.1Structure Excavation .................................................................................................................................. 7-57.4.2Foundation Treatment ................................................................................................................................ 7-57.4.3Structure Backfill ....................................................................................................................................... 7-5

7.5DRAINAGE ......................................................................................................................................................... 7-57.5.1Concrete Gutters ........................................................................................................................................ 7-57.5.2Weep Holes ................................................................................................................................................ 7-67.5.3Drainage Blankets ...................................................................................................................................... 7-67.5.4Geocomposite Drainage Systems ............................................................................................................... 7-7

7.6CONSTRUCTION ............................................................................................................................................... 7-77.6.1Concrete and Masonry Gravity Walls, Reinforced Concrete Retaining Walls ........... ........... ........... ......... 7-77.6.2Sheet Pile and Soldier Pile Walls ............................................................................................................... 7-7

7.6.2.1Sheet Pile Walls ............................................................................................................................... 7-77.6.2.2Soldier Pile Walls ............................................................................................................................ 7-87.6.2.3Anchored Sheet Pile and Soldier Pile Walls .................................................................................... 7-9

7.6.2.3.1General .................................................................................................................................. 7-97.6.2.3.2Wales ................................................................................................................................... 7-107.6.2.3.3Concrete Anchor System ..................................................................................................... 7-107.6.2.3.4Tie-Rods .............................................................................................................................. 7-107.6.2.3.5Ground Anchors .................................................................................................................. 7-107.6.2.3.6Earthwork ............................................................................................................................ 7-10

7.6.3Crib Walls and Cellular Walls ................................................................................................................. 7-117.6.3.1Foundation ..................................................................................................................................... 7-117.6.3.2Crib Members ................................................................................................................................ 7-117.6.3.3Concrete Monolithic Cell Members ............................................................................................... 7-127.6.3.4Member Placement ........................................................................................................................ 7-127.6.3.5Backfilling ..................................................................................................................................... 7-12

7.6.4Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls ....................................................................................................... 7-137.6.4.1Facing ............................................................................................................................................ 7-137.6.4.2Soil Reinforcement ........................................................................................................................ 7-137.6.4.3Construction ................................................................................................................................... 7-14




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8-ii TABLE OF CONTENTS

8.7.2Sequence of Placement ............................................................................................................................ 8-188.7.2.1Vertical Members ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... ............ .......... ...... 8-188.7.2.2Superstructures ............................................................................................................................... 8-198.7.2.3Arches ............................................................................................................................................ 8-198.7.2.4Box Culverts .................................................................................................................................. 8-198.7.2.5Precast Elements ............................................................................................................................ 8-19

8.7.3Placing Methods .......... ........... .......... ........... ........... .......... ........... ........... .......... ........... ........... .......... ........ 8-208.7.3.1General ........................................................................................................................................... 8-20

8.7.3.2Equipment ...................................................................................................................................... 8-20

8.7.4Consolidation ........................................................................................................................................... 8-218.7.5Underwater Placement ............................................................................................................................. 8-22

8.7.5.1General ........................................................................................................................................... 8-228.7.5.2Equipment ...................................................................................................................................... 8-228.7.5.3Clean-Up ........................................................................................................................................ 8-23

8.8CONSTRUCTIONJOINTS ............................................................................................................................... 8-238.8.1General ..................................................................................................................................................... 8-238.8.2Bonding .................................................................................................................................................... 8-238.8.3Bonding and Doweling to Existing Structures ......................................................................................... 8-238.8.4Forms at Construction Joints .................................................................................................................... 8-24

8.9EXPANSIONANDCONTRACTIONJOINTS ................................................................................................ 8-248.9.1General ..................................................................................................................................................... 8-248.9.2Materials .................................................................................................................................................. 8-24

8.9.2.1Premolded Expansion Joint Fillers ................................................................................................. 8-248.9.2.2Polystyrene Board Fillers ............................................................................................................... 8-258.9.2.3Contraction Joint Material ............................................................................................................. 8-258.9.2.4Pourable Joint Sealants .................................................................................................................. 8-258.9.2.5Metal Armor................................................................................................................................... 8-258.9.2.6Waterstops ..................................................................................................................................... 8-25

8.9.2.6.1Rubber Waterstops ......... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... ........... ........... ...... 8-268.9.2.6.2Polyvinyl Chloride Waterstops ............................................................................................ 8-268.9.2.6.3Copper Waterstops ......... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... ........... ........... ...... 8-268.9.2.6.4Testing of Waterstop Material ............................................................................................. 8-27

8.9.3Installation ................................................................................................................................................ 8-278.9.3.1Open Joints .................................................................................................................................... 8-278.9.3.2Filled Joints .......... ........... ........... .......... ........... ........... .......... ........... ........... .......... ........... .......... ..... 8-278.9.3.3Sealed Joints................................................................................................................................... 8-278.9.3.4Waterstops ..................................................................................................................................... 8-278.9.3.5Expansion Joint Armor Assemblies ............................................................................................... 8-28

8.10FINISHINGPLASTICCONCRETE ............................................................................................................... 8-288.10.1General ................................................................................................................................................... 8-288.10.2Roadway Surface Finish ........................................................................................................................ 8-28

8.10.2.1Striking Off and Floating ............................................................................................................. 8-288.10.2.2Straightedging .............................................................................................................................. 8-308.10.2.3Texturing ...................................................................................................................................... 8-30

8.10.2.3.1Dragged .............................................................................................................................. 8-308.10.2.3.2Broomed ............................................................................................................................ 8-308.10.2.3.3Tined .................................................................................................................................. 8-31

8.10.2.4Surface Testing and Correction .................................................................................................... 8-318.10.3Pedestrian Walkway Surface Finish ....................................................................................................... 8-318.10.4Troweled and Brushed Finish ................................................................................................................ 8-318.10.5Surface under Bearings .......................................................................................................................... 8-32

8.11CURINGCONCRETE ..................................................................................................................................... 8-328.11.1General ................................................................................................................................................... 8-328.11.2Materials................................................................................................................................................. 8-33

8.11.2.1Water ............................................................................................................................................ 8-338.11.2.2Liquid Membranes ....................................................................................................................... 8-338.11.2.3Waterproof Sheet Materials ......................................................................................................... 8-33

8.11.3Methods .................................................................................................................................................. 8-338.11.3.1Forms-in-Place Method .......... ........... ........... ........... .......... ........... ........... ........... .......... .......... ...... 8-33



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SECTION 8:CONCRETE STRUCTURES 8-iii

8.11.3.2Water Method .............................................................................................................................. 8-338.11.3.3Liquid Membrane Curing Compound Method ............................................................................ 8-338.11.3.4Waterproof Cover Method ........................................................................................................... 8-348.11.3.5Steam or Radiant-Heat Curing Method ....................................................................................... 8-34

8.11.4Bridge Decks ......................................................................................................................................... 8-358.12FINISHINGFORMEDCONCRETESURFACES .......................................................................................... 8-36

8.12.1General ................................................................................................................................................... 8-368.12.2Class 1Ordinary Surface Finish ......................................................................................................... 8-368.12.3Class 2Rubbed Finish ........................................................................................................................ 8-378.12.4Class 3Tooled Finish.......................................................................................................................... 8-378.12.5Class 4Sandblasted Finish .................................................................................................................. 8-378.12.6Class 5Wire-Brushed or Scrubbed Finish .......................................................................................... 8-38

8.13PRECASTCONCRETEMEMBERS .............................................................................................................. 8-388.13.1General ................................................................................................................................................... 8-388.13.2Working Drawings ................................................................................................................................. 8-388.13.3Materials and Manufacture .................................................................................................................... 8-388.13.4Curing .................................................................................................................................................... 8-398.13.5Storage and Handling ............................................................................................................................. 8-408.13.6Erection .................................................................................................................................................. 8-408.13.7Epoxy-Bonding Agents for Precast Segmental Box Girders ................................................................. 8-40

8.13.7.1Materials ...................................................................................................................................... 8-408.13.7.1.1Test 1Sag Flow of Mixed Epoxy- Bonding Agent ........................................................ 8-41 8.13.7.1.2Test 2Gel Time of Mixed Epoxy-Bonding Agent ......................................................... 8-41 8.13.7.1.3Test 3Open Time of Bonding Agent ........... ........... ........... ........... .......... ........... ........... .. 8-418.13.7.1.4Test 4Three-Point Tensile Bending Test ....................................................................... 8-428.13.7.1.5Test 5Compression Strength of Cured Epoxy-Bonding Agent ........... ........... ........... ..... 8-428.13.7.1.6Test 6Temperature Deflection of Epoxy-Bonding Agent .......... ........... ........... ........... ... 8-438.13.7.1.7Test 7Compression and Shear Strength of Cured Epoxy-Bonding Agent .......... ........... 8-43

8.13.7.2Mixing and Installation of Epoxy ................................................................................................ 8-438.14MORTARANDGROUT ................................................................................................................................ 8-45

8.14.1General ................................................................................................................................................... 8-458.14.2Materials and Mixing ............................................................................................................................. 8-458.14.3Placing and Curing................................................................................................................................. 8-45

8.15APPLICATIONOFLOADS ........................................................................................................................... 8-468.15.1General ................................................................................................................................................... 8-46

8.15.2Earth Loads ............................................................................................................................................ 8-468.15.3Construction Loads ................................................................................................................................ 8-468.15.4Traffic Loads ......................................................................................................................................... 8-47

8.16SPECIALREQUIREMENTSFORSEGMENTALBRIDGES ....................................................................... 8-478.16.1Geometry Control .................................................................................................................................. 8-47

8.16.1.1Deflection and Camber Data ........................................................................................................ 8-478.16.1.2Geometry Control ........................................................................................................................ 8-47

8.16.2Tolerances .............................................................................................................................................. 8-488.16.3Shop Drawings and Design Calculations for Construction Procedures ............ ........... ........... ........... .... 8-50

8.16.3.1General......................................................................................................................................... 8-508.16.3.2Design Calculations for Construction Procedures ....................................................................... 8-518.16.3.3Shop Drawings ............................................................................................................................ 8-51

8.16.4Forms ..................................................................................................................................................... 8-528.16.4.1General......................................................................................................................................... 8-528.16.4.2Forms for Precast Segmental Construction .................................................................................. 8-53

8.16.5Permanent Bearings ............................................................................................................................... 8-548.16.6Special Provisions for Cast-in-Place Segmental Construction ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........ 8-54

8.16.6.1General......................................................................................................................................... 8-548.16.6.2Forming System ........................................................................................................................... 8-548.16.6.3Superstructure Construction ........................................................................................................ 8-55

8.16.7Special Provisions for Precast Concrete Segmental Construction ......................................................... 8-578.16.7.1General......................................................................................................................................... 8-578.16.7.2Fabrication ................................................................................................................................... 8-588.16.7.3Separation of Match-Cast Segments ............................................................................................ 8-59



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8-iv TABLE OF CONTENTS

8.16.7.4Handling and Erection of Segments ............................................................................................. 8-598.16.8Special Provisions for Incremental Launching........... ........... ........... .......... ........... ........... .......... ............ 8-59

8.16.8.1General ......................................................................................................................................... 8-598.16.8.2Casting of Segments..................................................................................................................... 8-598.16.8.3Geometric Tolerances .................................................................................................................. 8-608.16.8.4Launching Force .......................................................................................................................... 8-608.16.8.5Pier Monitoring ............................................................................................................................ 8-60

8.16.9Defects and Breakage ............................................................................................................................. 8-60

8.17MEASUREMENTANDPAYMENT .............................................................................................................. 8-618.17.1Measurement .......................................................................................................................................... 8-618.17.2Payment .................................................................................................................................................. 8-62

8.18REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................. 8-62APPENDIXA8PROPOSED STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR COMBINED AGGREGATES FOR

HYDRAULIC CEMENT CONCRETE ...................................................................................................................... 8-64



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10-ii TABLE OF CONTENTS

10.8.3Plastic Ducts ........... ........... .......... ........... ........... .......... ........... ........... .......... ........... ........... ........... ........ 10-1710.8.4Duct Area ............................................................................................................................................. 10-1810.8.5Duct Fittings .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... ........... .......... ........... ........... .......... 10-18

10.9GROUT .......................................................................................................................................................... 10-1910.9.1Approval ............................................................................................................................................... 10-1910.9.2Mixing .................................................................................................................................................. 10-2010.9.3Grout Physical Properties ..................................................................................................................... 10-20

10.10TENSIONING .............................................................................................................................................. 10-22

10.10.1General Tensioning Requirements ..................................................................................................... 10-2210.10.1.1Concrete Strength .......... ........... .......... ........... ........... ........... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... 10-2310.10.1.2Prestressing Equipment ............................................................................................................ 10-2410.10.1.3Sequence of Stressing .............................................................................................................. 10-2410.10.1.4Measurement of Stress ............................................................................................................. 10-24

10.10.2Pretensioning Requirements ............................................................................................................... 10-2510.10.3Post-Tensioning Requirements .......... ........... ........... ........... .......... ........... ........... .......... ........... ........... 10-2610.10.4Record of Stressing Operation............................................................................................................ 10-2710.10.5Protection of Tendon .......................................................................................................................... 10-27

10.11GROUTING ................................................................................................................................................. 10-2810.11.1General ............................................................................................................................................... 10-2810.11.2Preparation of Ducts ........................................................................................................................... 10-2910.11.3Equipment .......................................................................................................................................... 10-2910.11.4Mixing of Grout ................................................................................................................. ............ .... 10-3010.11.5Injection of Grout ............................................................................................................................... 10-3010.11.6Temperature Considerations ........... .......... ........... ........... .......... ........... ........... .......... ............ ............ .. 10-3110.11.7Vertical Grouting................................................................................................................................ 10-3110.11.8Post-Grouting Inspection ........... .......... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... .......... .......... ............ ........ 10-3110.11.9Finishing ............................................................................................................................................. 10-3110.11.10Protection of End Anchorages .......................................................................................................... 10-3210.11.11Construction Traffic and Operations Causing Vibrations .......... ........... ........... .......... ........... .......... . 10-33

10.12MEASUREMENTANDPAYMENT .......................................................................................................... 10-3310.12.1Measurement ...................................................................................................................................... 10-3310.12.2Payment .............................................................................................................................................. 10-33

10.13REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................................. 10-34



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SECTION 11:STEEL STRUCTURES

TABLE OF CONTENTS

11-i

1111.1GENERAL ....................................................................................................................................................... 11-1

11.1.1Description ............................................................................................................................................. 11-111.1.2Notice of Beginning of Work ................................................................................................................ 11-111.1.3Inspection ............................................................................................................................................... 11-111.1.4Inspectors Authority ............................................................................................................................. 11-2

11.2WORKING DRAWINGS ................................................................................................................................ 11-211.2.1Shop Drawings ....................................................................................................................................... 11-211.2.2Erection Drawings ................................................................................................................................. 11-311.2.3Camber Diagram .................................................................................................................................... 11-3

11.3MATERIALS ................................................................................................................................................... 11-311.3.1Structural Steel ....................................................................................................................................... 11-3

11.3.1.1General......................................................................................................................................... 11-311.3.1.2Carbon Steel ................................................................................................................................ 11-311.3.1.3High-Strength, Low-Alloy Structural Steel ................................................................................. 11-411.3.1.4High-Strength, Low-Alloy, Quenched, and Tempered Structural Steel Plate .................... ......... 11-411.3.1.5High-Yield-Strength, Quenched, and Tempered Alloy-Steel Plate .................... ........... ........... ... 11-411.3.1.6Eyebars ........................................................................................................................................ 11-411.3.1.7Structural Tubing ......................................................................................................................... 11-5

11.3.2High-Strength Fasteners......................................................................................................................... 11-511.3.2.1Material ........................................................................................................................................ 11-511.3.2.2Identifying Marks ........................................................................................................................ 11-611.3.2.3Dimensions .................................................................................................................................. 11-611.3.2.4Galvanized High-Strength Fasteners ........................................................................................... 11-611.3.2.5Alternative Fasteners ................................................................................................................... 11-711.3.2.6Load-Indicator Devices................................................................................................................ 11-7

11.3.3Welded Stud Shear Connectors ............................................................................................................. 11-811.3.3.1Materials ...................................................................................................................................... 11-811.3.3.2Test Methods ............................................................................................................................... 11-811.3.3.3Finish ........................................................................................................................................... 11-811.3.3.4Certification ................................................................................................................................. 11-811.3.3.5Check Samples ............................................................................................................................ 11-8

11.3.4Steel Forgings and Steel Shafting .......................................................................................................... 11-911.3.4.1Steel Forgings .............................................................................................................................. 11-911.3.4.2Cold-Finished Carbon Steel Shafting .......................................................................................... 11-9

11.3.5Steel Castings ......................................................................................................................................... 11-911.3.5.1Mild Steel Castings ...................................................................................................................... 11-911.3.5.2Chromium Alloy-Steel Castings .................................................................................................. 11-9

11.3.6Iron Castings .......................................................................................................................................... 11-911.3.6.1Materials ...................................................................................................................................... 11-911.3.6.2Work Quality and Finish............................................................................................................ 11-1011.3.6.3Cleaning ..................................................................................................................................... 11-10

11.3.7Galvanizing .......................................................................................................................................... 11-1011.4FABRICATION ............................................................................................................................................. 11-10

11.4.1Identification of Steels During Fabrication .......................................................................................... 11-1011.4.2Storage of Materials ............................................................................................................................. 11-1111.4.3Plates .................................................................................................................................................... 11-11

11.4.3.1Direction of Rolling ................................................................................................................... 11-1111.4.3.2Plate-Cut Edges ......................................................................................................................... 11-11

11.4.3.2.1Edge Planing .................................................................................................................... 11-1111.4.3.2.2Oxygen Cutting ............................................................................................................... 11-1111.4.3.2.3Visual Inspection and Repair of Plate-Cut Edges ............................................................ 11-11

11.4.3.3Bent Plates ................................................................................................................................. 11-11



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SECTION 11: STEEL STRUCTURES 11-iii

11.5.6Connections Using High-Strength Bolts .............................................................................................. 11-2611.5.6.1General....................................................................................................................................... 11-2611.5.6.2Bolted Parts ................................................................................................................................ 11-2611.5.6.3Surface Conditions ........... ........... .......... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... .......... ........... ......... 11-2611.5.6.4Installation ................................................................................................................................. 11-27

11.5.6.4.1General ............................................................................................................................ 11-2711.5.6.4.2Rotational-Capacity Tests .......... ........... .......... ........... ........... .......... ........... ........... ........... 11-2911.5.6.4.3Requirement for Washers ................................................................................................ 11-30

11.5.6.4.4Turn-of-Nut Installation Method ..................................................................................... 11-3211.5.6.4.5Calibrated Wrench Installation Method ........................................................................... 11-3211.5.6.4.6Alternative Design Bolt Installation Method ................................................................... 11-33 11.5.6.4.7Direct Tension Indicator Installation Method .................................................................. 11-33

11.5.6.4.7aVerification ............................................................................................................. 11-3411.5.6.4.7bInstallation .............................................................................................................. 11-36

11.5.6.4.8Lock-Pin and Collar Fasteners ......................................................................................... 11-3611.5.6.4.9Inspection ........................................................................................................................ 11-36

11.5.6.4.9aGeneral.................................................................................................................... 11-3611.5.6.4.9bResponsibilities of the Engineer ............................................................................. 11-3611.5.6.4.9cInspection Procedures ............................................................................................. 11-37

11.5.7Welding................................................................................................................................................ 11-3711.6ERECTION .................................................................................................................................................... 11-38

11.6.1General ................................................................................................................................................. 11-3811.6.2Handling and Storing Materials ........................................................................................................... 11-3811.6.3Bearings and Anchorages .................................................................................................................... 11-3811.6.4Erection Procedure .......... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... ............ .......... ........... 11-38

11.6.4.1Conformance to Drawings ......................................................................................................... 11-3811.6.4.2Erection Stresses ........................................................................................................................ 11-3811.6.4.3Maintaining Alignment and Camber ......................................................................................... 11-39

11.6.5Field Assembly .................................................................................................................................... 11-3911.6.6Pin Connections ................................................................................................................................... 11-3911.6.7Misfits .................................................................................................................................................. 11-39

11.7MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT ........................................................................................................... 11-4011.7.1Method of Measurement ...................................................................................................................... 11-4011.7.2Basis of Payment ................................................................................................................................. 11-41

11.8ADDITIONAL PROVISIONS FOR CURVED STEEL GIRDERS ............................................................. 11-4211.8.1General ................................................................................................................................................. 11-4211.8.1.1Scope ......................................................................................................................................... 11-42

11.8.2Contractors Construction Plan for Curved Girder Bridges ................................................................. 11-4211.8.3Fabrication ........................................................................................................................................... 11-43

11.8.3.1General....................................................................................................................................... 11-4311.8.3.2Handling .................................................................................................................................... 11-4311.8.3.3Girders ....................................................................................................................................... 11-43

11.8.3.3.1Rolled I-Beams ................................................................................................................ 11-4311.8.3.3.2Welded I-Girders ............................................................................................................. 11-4411.8.3.3.3Welded Box and Tub Girders .......................................................................................... 11-44

11.8.3.4Web Attachments ........... ........... .......... ........... ........... .......... ........... ........... .......... .......... ........... .. 11-4411.8.3.4.1Transverse Stiffeners ....................................................................................................... 11-4411.8.3.4.2Connection Plates ............................................................................................................ 11-44

11.8.3.4.3Longitudinal Stiffeners .................................................................................................... 11-4411.8.3.4.4Cross-frames and Diaphragms ......................................................................................... 11-45

11.8.3.5Bolt Holes .................................................................................................................................. 11-4511.8.3.6Tolerances .................................................................................................................................. 11-45

11.8.3.6.1Welded Web Flatness ...................................................................................................... 11-4511.8.3.6.2Camber ............................................................................................................................ 11-4511.8.3.6.3Sweep .............................................................................................................................. 11-4511.8.3.6.4Girder Lengths ................................................................................................................. 11-45

11.8.3.7Fit-Up ........................................................................................................................................ 11-46



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SECTION 16:TIMBER STRUCTURES

TABLE OF CONTENTS

16-i

16.1GENERAL ....................................................................................................................................................... 16-116.1.1Related Work ......................................................................................................................................... 16-1

16.2MATERIALS ................................................................................................................................................... 16-116.2.1Lumber and Timber (Solid Sawn or Glue Laminated) ........................................................................... 16-116.2.2Steel Components .................................................................................................................................. 16-216.2.3Castings .................................................................................................................................................. 16-216.2.4Hardware ................................................................................................................................................ 16-216.2.5Galvanizing ............................................................................................................................................ 16-3

16.2.5.1General ......................................................................................................................................... 16-316.2.6Timber Connectors .......... .......... ........... ........... .......... ........... ........... .......... ........... .......... ........... ........... .. 16-3

16.2.6.1Dimensions .................................................................................................................................. 16-316.2.6.2Split Ring Connectors .................................................................................................................. 16-416.2.6.3Shear-Plate Connectors ................................................................................................................ 16-516.2.6.4Spike-Grid Connectors................................................................................................................. 16-5

16.3FABRICATIONANDCONSTRUCTION ...................................................................................................... 16-516.3.1Quality ................................................................................................................................................... 16-516.3.2Storage of Material ...............

Documents

LRFDCONS 3 Tableofcontents