Looking the southern ocean from space: recent results and ...€¦ · Oceano Antartide –Napoli –4-5 Luglio 2019 ∙ Maintaining continuity in currently valued datasets.Continued

Looking the southern ocean from space: recent results

and perspectives

Giovanni Macelloni – IFAC - CNR

Workshop “Oceano Antartide” Napoli 4-5 luglio 2019

Oceano Antartide – Napoli – 4-5 Luglio 2019

Oceanic and atmospheric processes influencing air-sea interactions

Remote sensing and Ocean-Atmosphere Processes

Neukermans, Harmel, Gali et al. 2018. Elem Sci Anth,

Main Parameters Observed from Space:

• Sea Ice – Tickness, Concentration,Motion, Edge, Snowcover

• Sea Surface Temperature • Sea surface height• Sea surface salinity• Ocean colour (clorophyll and prymary production,

Phytoplanction,algae)• Surface winds• Atmosphere parameters on Sea-Ice

Satellite Sensors and Parameters


Ice Extent –– NSIDC

Sea ICE – Properties : Low resolution Products available (mw-opt)

Extent, comcentration, iceberg

July 1° July 1°


Sea ICE – Properties : Low resolution Products available

Concentratio + Snow Depth + SST Sea Ice Drift


JAXA – AMSRE-2 Product

2019 Minimum record!

Sea ICE – Properties : Low resolution Climatological studies

NSIDC - Product


Sea ICE – Properties : Low resolution Climatological studies


Sea Ice Thickness existing instruments

Passive (microwave) systems Active (microwave/oprtical) systems

Tb Sensitive to thickness Signal difference between sea and sea – ice

ESA - SMOSESA – Cryosat-2 - Ku

NASA – Icesat-2 - LaserAMSR- E SSM/I


Sea Ice Thickness available products…only in the Arctic !

Low tickness 0- 100 cm

Low resolution , high revisit time (daily)

Tickness 100- 500 cm

High resolution , Low revisit time (monthly)

Total

FYl

MYl

Tilling et. al 2018


Terra Nova Bay polynya observed by active (ASAR) and passive (AMSR-E) microwave radiometers

Parmiggiani 2006 , 2011


M. Moctezuma Flores et al. 2014

Automatic measurement of polynya in BTN area


Modelling sea ice formation in the Terra Nova Bay polynya

Modis Data

Model

Sansiviero et al. 2017 – Journal of Marine Science


Monitoring the Terra Nova Bay Polynia

MODIS

ASAR

Aulicino et al. 2018 – Remote Sensing


Estimating Sea Ice thickness by using SSM/I data

Aulicino et al. 2014 – IEEE TGRS

Annual Variability


Segmentation of ICEBERG

Binary Image

SAR image

Iceberg Monitoring

Nunziata et al. 2018 – IEEE


2019 Prelim results on sea ice thickness retrieval in the MIZ

Antarctica - Weddell Sea, March, 30 2019

CosmoSkyMed - satellite 4

YOPP acquisition –PNRA Project WAMIZ

CSK SAR: 6.05 ± 1.87 cm

SMOS (BRE): 4.65 ± 1.49 cm

De Caroils et. Al 2019


Sea Ice in Antarctica The needs• Develop a solid sea Ice thickness product is the priority

• Better understanding of snow depth and snow properties is critical for calculating thickness retrieval uncertainties and for improving algorithms.

• Collection of in situ data collections for: i) density distribution of snow and ice for conversion of freeboard into thickness, ii) enhanced accuracy of snow depth, iii) enhanced accuracy and validation of freeboard, and iv) identification of areas of flooding at the snow–ice interface.

• Coincident in situ, airborne and spaceborne validation. An overall agreement between the operations and research communities is that collecting coincident airborne vs spacebornevalidation along satellite overpasses would improve validation success for retrieval algorithms

• More data from polynyas and leads.

Sources: SCAR, SOOS, EC, Community papers, etc.


Sea Surface Temperature Thermal or MW radiometers

Daily Products Available

University of Maine Copernicus Service


Sea Surface Temperature Climate studies

Freeman et al. 2016

Detection of Polar Front by using model and SST data

Period 2002-2014


Sea Surface Temperature Climate studies

Seasonal Correlation between SST

and

(a) Antarctic Oscillation (AAO)

(b) Southern Oscillation (SO).

ENSO-Southern Ocean Teleconnections Using Satellite-Derived SST

Ferster et al. 2018

The largest coefficients

occur with AAO and SO

during the austral summer

and autumn, while the

smallest coefficients occur

in austral winter.

Period 1982-2016


∙ Maintaining continuity in currently valued datasets. Continued investment in

successful SST programmes is vital for the Southern Ocean community.

∙ Investigating solutions for higher temporal and spatial resolution observations,

but will require investment in more missions and/or innovative engineering.

∙ Increasing targeted acquisitions in areas of interest. SST plays a vital role in all

near-surface Southern Ocean processes (ice edge, transitional seasons, leads and

polynyas)

SST The needs


Sea Surface Salinity L Band microwave Radiometers

SMAP (2015- )Aquarius (2011-2015)

• L-band space borne systems (SMOS and Aquarius) have provided the first global estimation of SSS from space

SMOS (2009 - )


Sea Surface Salinity – High latitudes• Some difficulties exist in the monitoring of low SSS values

• Improvements at high latitudes are needed• Southern Ocean SSS validation exercises should begin as soon as possible.• Campaigns are needed

From T. Lee 2016

Aquarius


Aulicino et al . 2018 - ESSD

Sea surface salinity and temperature in the southern Atlantic Ocean from South African

icebreakers, 2010–2017

South African Cruise within PNRA project


Sea Surface Level Altimetry

Copernicus Service


Sea Surface Level Gravimetry

Jeon et al. 2018 – Nature Scientific Report

SEA Surface height temporal Trends

New correction of GRACE data

Relevant for Southern Oceans


Maximum winter surface mixed-layer depth (MLD)

Mixed-Layer Seasonal and Interannual Variations

B. Buongiorno Nardelli et al. 2017 – JGR

Combination of Satellite data : SST (AVHRR+ AMSRE); SSS (SMOS ESA) ; Sea Level Anomalies (Altimeter)In Situ (ARGO- CTD) ; Glider , XBTClimatology


• Further research and development into addressing SSH measurement

capabilities,

• increased spatial and temporal resolution is needed ; spatial resolution for

intermittent ice cover, and increased temporal to understand seasonal and

annual sea level dynamics.

• Targeted data acquisition. Individual regions identified as important were the

Amundsen-Bellingshausen region, the Antarctic Peninsula and the Weddell Sea

(~ 120°W to 0°).. Similar to SST coverage requests, high-latitude polynyas were

identified as priority regions of study because they give insight into SSH in

largely ice-covered regions, which requires the next point, increased resolution.

SSH The needs


Clorophyll, Primary Production and biogeochemistry

Sentinel-3 OLCI chlorophyll-a concentration

Nasa Product


Clorophyll, Primary Production and biogeochemistryComputation of NPP in the ROSS sea from satellite data (Chl, Sea Ice, SST) 1997- 2013

Schine et al. 2016


Clorophyll, Primary Production and biogeochemistry

Correlation with SAM (Southern Annular Mode)

Schine et al. 2016

Correlation with MEI (Multivariate ENSO Index)


Clorophyl Concentration MAPS in the ROSS SEA

February 2006 February 2012

Rivaro et al. 2019

Relationships with inorganic carbon and pH


• Maintain and further develop the collection of calibration and verification data.

• Develop new algortihms for new sensors ongoing in situ data collection strategy is becoming increasingly important.

• Autonomous platforms The development and use of bio-optical floats that are capable of operating in the Southern Ocean, including under ice, is a high priority for this community (like Argo)

• Increased spectral resolution of sensors more elaborate and complex products to be produced ( photo-physiology estimates, new algorithms for floristic and environmental conditions) .

• LIDAR data phytoplankton carbon content and POC (CALIOP-CALIPSO). LiDAR would provide unprecedented and critical information on the vertical structure of marine microbes, biomass and biogeochemistry in the Southern Ocean.

Ocean Colours, The needs


Antarctic Science + Satellite Antartcic Science + Satellite + Ocean

Antarctic Science Antartcic Science + Ocean

ITALIAN RESEARCH SOUTHERN OCEAN AND REMOTE SENSING

17K36 K

1.7K3K

USUKDEAUFINZJPCHS

USUKDEAUFICHJPNZS

USUKDEAUFCHIJPCARU

USUKAUDEFCHCAJPNLI

7°

10°

6° (quasi 5°) 6°

SCOPUS ANALYSIS 1995-2019


S1 - MW

S2 - VISIBLE

S3 - THERMAL


Background Mission Plan over Terra Nova BayCosmoSkymed

Current National Capabilities : SAR – CSK

Sea ice, ocean wind, glaciers facies, mouvements, etc.


NEW National Capabilities : PRISMA - Hyperspectral


From the sea

NEW National Capabilities : Added Value for :• Cal / val activities• Develop new algorithms and products

From the Sky

Boulder clay

Laura Bassi

Documents

Looking the southern ocean from space: recent results and ...€¦ · Oceano Antartide –Napoli –4-5 Luglio 2019 ∙ Maintaining continuity in currently valued datasets.Continued