Local Water Security Action Plan - REC Publicationsdocuments.rec.org/publications/4Jordan_AlSalt.pdf · 67 40 28,780 Mahis and Fuheis Department Mahis and Fuheis Water Directorate

Local Water Security Action Plan

AL SALT MUNICIPALITY

JORDAN

Local Water Security Action PlanAL SALT MUNICIPALITY

2016–2020

Regional Environmental CenterSzentendre • Hungary

April 2016

2LOCAL WATER SECURITY ACTION PLAN

AUTHOR Municipality of Al Salt, Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan

CONTRIBUTORS Members of the Planning Team: Mutaz Ayesh Hamed Allah Al Awaisheh, Local Coordinator Rola Suleiman Saleh Khlaifat, Local Focal Point Rakad Ta'ani, Head of Public Health Section, Balqa University Hussein Khuzai, Balqa University Magdi Algragar, Engineer, Water Authority Bushra Faouri, Engineer, Water Authority Mohammed Alnbapth, Directorate of Health Raad Alkotaihat, Environmental Observer, Ministry of Interior Affairs Shady Al Hadedy, Environmental Observer, Ministry of Interior Affairs Isra Annasuh, Agricultural Engineer, Department of Agriculture

DESIGN AND LAYOUT Tricia Barna, Regional Environmental Center, Szentendre, HungaryCOPYEDITING AND PROOFREADING Rachel Hideg, Regional Environmental Center, Szentendre, Hungary

PUBLISHER The Regional Environmental Center for Central and Eastern Europe (REC)

PRINTING Typonova

This publication was produced under the project “Sustainable Use of Transboundary Water Resources andWater Security Management” (WATER SUM), Component 2: “Water and Security”. The project is implementedby the Regional Environmental Center and funded by the Government of Sweden.

The publication does not necessarily reflect the views of the REC or of the Government of Sweden.

Copyright © 2017 Regional Environmental Center, 2000 Szentendre, Ady Endre ut 9-11, Hungary

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmit-ted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without theprior permission of the REC.

This and all REC publications are printed on recycled paper.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

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LOCAL WATER SECURITY ACTION PLAN

Introduction 4

The local water security assessment 8

Strategic vision and principles 9

Local water security goals, objectives and targets 10

The local water security action plan 10

Implementation 13

Monitoring and evaluation 14

Annexes 15

ANNEX 1: Stakeholder analysis table 16

ANNEX 2: Results of the public opinion assessment 18

ANNEX 3: Results of the indicator-based local water security assessment 25

ANNEX 4: Problem tree analysis 29

ANNEX 5: Identification of actions 30

ANNEX 6: Specification of actions 37

ANNEX 7: Synthesis of objectives 39

References 40

CONTENTS


IntroductionScarcity of water resources is one of the main chal-lenges facing Jordan, and is a limiting factor in eco-nomic development, especially in the agriculturalsector. Demand for water resources is increasing forboth agricultural and non-agricultural purposes. Rapidpopulation growth and industrial development haveled to unprecedented demand for water resources.Total annual demand approaches 1 billion m3, which isapproximately the limit of Jordan’s renewable and economically exploitable water resources.

Jordan’s water resources comprise primarily surfacewaters and groundwater, and for several years renew-able groundwater resources have been abstracted atan unsustainable rate in order to meet the increasingdemand. In addition, the quality of surface waters andgroundwater is deteriorating in some areas. Currentwater demand is not being met satisfactorily through-out the country and the costs of developing new waterresources are rising rapidly.

The extraction of groundwater often exceeds the nat-ural recharge rate, resulting in a decline in the ground-water table and the deterioration of soil and waterquality. Jordan’s groundwater resources need betterprotection against pollution and overexploitation.

The extension of the urban area around the mainsprings, and the existence of the Al Salt WastewaterTreatment Plant near the springs in the study areahave created many pollution problems that affectwater use. Moreover, there are many gaps in the ad-ministrative records, such as water supply by sector,external inflow, outflow, and water losses. In addition,global climate change is expected to intensify thewater shortage problem in Jordan in general, and inAl Salt in particular.

Demographic information

Al Balqa Governorate is located northwest of the Jor-danian capital, Amman. The governorate has thefourth largest population of the 12 governorates ofJordan, and is ranked 10th in terms of area. It has thethird highest population density in the kingdom afterIrbid Governorate and Jerash Governorate.

Administratively, Al Balqa Governorate is divided intofive departments: Al-Qasaba (Salt); Ain Al-Basha;Shouna al-Janubiyya; Deir Alla; and Mahis and Fuheis.Each department is liable to the directorate generalwith respect to the water sector. The wastewater sec-tor comprises three departments, all of which areunder the Balqa Province Water Authority, which hasits centre in Salt (see Table 1).

The management and distribution of water resourcesand network maintenance are not the responsibilityof the municipalities, but of the Ministry of Water andIrrigation. However, the municipalities have an impor-tant role as a partner of the Ministry of Water and Ir-rigation in the raising of water awareness and therationalisation of consumption. The land in whichwater pipes are laid is owned by the municipality.

Description of the area

Al Salt Municipality is located in the Wadi Shue'ibcatchment area. Wadi Shue'ib lies between coordi-nates 209–229 E and 144–165 N (according to thePalestine grids). It is bordered by the Allan and ZerqaRivers to the north, Wadi Kafrein to the south, WadiAs Sir and the city of Amman to the east, and the Jor-dan River to the west. (Figure 1 shows the WadiShue’ib catchment area.)

Climate and topography

The governorate has a diverse climate and varies inelevation. The Ghor area lies 224 m below sea level,while the mountains and highlands rise to elevationsof 1,130 m. The climate in the highlands is rainy andcold in winter and moderate in summer, and the an-nual precipitation rate is 600 mm. The low areas(Ghor) enjoy moderate temperatures in winter and

FIGURE 1: WADI SHUE’IB CATCHMENT AREA

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TABLE 1: DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION AND ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS OF AL SALT

POPULATIONDENSITY(CITIZENS/KM2)

AREA(KM2)

POPULATION ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISION WATER DIRECTORATE

293 463 141,843 Al Salt (Al Qasaba) Department

Al Salt Water Directorate

46 207 99,972 Al Salt Department

111 108 12,632 Al Ardha Sub-district

318 54 18,069 Allan and Zai District

11 94 11,170 Eira and Yarga

145 109 166,463 Ain Al-Basha Department Ain Al Basha Water Directorate

38 150 60,002 Deir Alla Department Deir Alla water Directorate

16 287 50,037 Shouna al-Janubiyya Department Shouna al-Janubiyya Water Directorate

67 40 28,780 Mahis and Fuheis Department Mahis and Fuheis Water Directorate

382 1,120 447,125 Total governorate Al Balqa Governorate

TABLE 2: MONTHLY AND ANNUAL AVERAGES FOR THE MAIN RAINFALL STATIONS (MM)

RAINFALLSTATION

MONTH ANNUAL TOTAL

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY

Salt 13.1 54.0 120.7 145.7 125.4 85.4 17.7 5.8 567.7

Wadi Shue’ib 7.7 37.2 75.6 92.1 75.2 51.6 15.4 2.2 357.1

Hummar 11.5 38.8 109.0 143.1 110.1 82.4 11.0 3.4 509.4

Ira 7.3 28.0 59.6 69.4 62.2 43.3 11.3 3.3 284.4

Shouna al-Janubiyya 4.2 20.3 33.0 42.6 28.5 26.4 8.1 2.0 165.1

Total catchment 9.2 39.1 85.5 105.4 86.2 61.1 14.1 3.4 403.9

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high temperatures in summer, and the precipitationrate is between 150 and 200 mm, which gives the gov-ernorate relatively privileged agricultural conditionsthat contribute to the diversification of cultivatedcrops throughout the year, and makes possible im-portant tourism activities in both winter and summer.

There are five main rainfall stations in the catchmentarea. Average amounts of rainfall are shown in Table 2.

Water resources

The aquifer systems in the Wadi Shue’ib catchmentarea are sub-divided into:

● the Lower Cretaceous Aquifer complex (Kurnubsandstones); and

● the Upper Cretaceous Aquifer complex.

Table 3 shows the thickness of the main aquifers andtheir potential.

The net supply of water in Al Salt’s main water systemin 2014 was 13.9 million m3. The main water systemin Salt receives water from several sources, primarilythree local springs, which produced 0.9 million m3

after treatment in 2014. The Yazedeh well field andother local wells produced 0.8 million m3 and 3.3 mil-lion m3 respectively. The majority of water distributedin the Salt water mains comes from the Zai watertreatment plant. Approximately 8.9 million m3 arepumped directly to the networks and to the NagebDabbour reservoir. The volume of monthly water sup-ply from the main well fields to the Sal water mainssystem in 2014 remained largly consistent throughoutthe year, whereas the volume of imported suppliesincreased slightly between July and October.


TABLE 3: AQUIFER POTENTIALITY IN WADI SHUE’IB CATCHMENT AREA

ERA PERIOD EPOCHQUENNEL GROUP

(1951)

MASRI(1963)

BAKER

(1965)

BENDERUNIT (1974)

THCIKNESS

(METRES)BRIEFDESCRIPTION

AQUIFERPOTENT-IALITY

Mesozoic

UpperCretaceous

CampanianSantonianConiasian

Belqa (B)(B2)WadiGudran (B1)

Phospohorite 10–15Phosphorite, chalk,silicifed limestone

Excellent

Silicfedlimestone

15 Chalk and chalky marl Poor

Turonian

Ajlun (A)

Wadi As Sir(A7)

Massivelimestone (A7)

75–80

Thinly beddedlimestone, marlylimestone with chertbands

Excellent

Cenomanian

Wadi As Sir(A5/A6)

Echinoidallimestone

60–80

Thinly bedded,porcelaneous tomedium-grained, thinmarly intercalation

Fair–poor

Hummar(A4)

40–45Dolomitic limestone,thin to massive beddedand cavarnous

Good–fair

Fuheis (A3)

Nodularlimestone

65–75Limestone, marlylimestone and shale

Poor

Na’ur 120–180Limestone, dolomiticlimestone andmarlstone

Good

LowerCretaceous

AlbianAbtianNeocomian

Kurnub (K)

Subeihi (K2)Varicolouredsandstone

220–300

Multicolouredsandstone with a largeproportion of marl, clayand siltstone

Poor

Arda (K1)White massivesandstone

Yellow-white massivesandstone with shaleand dolomite

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Treated wastewater effluent from existing andplanned treatment plants in the governorate is an-other local source, utilised mainly in agriculture. Totaleffluent was about 6 million m3 in 2014, along withabout 47.2 million m3 from the Assamra treatmentplant via the King Talal Reservoir, as external effluent.By 2020, about 129 million m3 per year will be transferred to Al Balqa Governorate from anothergovernorate, and capacity will be about 23 million m3.

The legal and institutionalframework for water management

The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan is a parliamentaryconstitutional monarchy headed by His Majesty KingAbdullah bin al-Hussein. Jordan became an independ-ent state, known as the Emirate of Trans-Jordan, in1923, and the kingdom was formed in 1946. The Con-stitution was promulgated in 1952 and has since beenamended several times. According to the Constitu-tion, the king is the head of state and is vested withindependent powers: legislative, executive and judi-cial authority. There are two houses of the NationalAssembly: the Senate and the House of Deputies. Theking appoints the members of the Senate on the basisof meritorious service or special qualification, whilethe members of the House of Deputies are freelyelected by national suffrage, with men and womenover the age of 18 allowed to vote.

There are three organisations directly related to thewater sector in Jordan: the Ministry of Water and Irri-gation; the Jordan Water Authority (WAJ); and the Jor-dan Valley Authority ( JVA). The Ministry of Water andIrrigation was established some years after the foun-dation of the WA J and the JVA. The minister is thehead of the board of directors of both organisations.Each organisation has its own organisational struc-ture, area of responsibility and mission.

The role of environmental protection is divided be-tween various governmental institutions, such as theMinistry of Environment, the Ministry of Public Health,the Ministry of Water and Irrigation, the Ministry ofAgriculture, the Ministry of Tourism, the Ministry ofEnergy and Mineral Resources/Natural Resources Authority, the Ministry of Planning, and the AqabaSpecial Economic Zone. Each of these institutions hasarticles in its respective laws giving it the responsibil-ity to maintain and monitor some aspects of environ-mental quality.

Stakeholder analysis

Stakeholder analysis is a technique used to identifythe key people who have to be won over to providethe support necessary for success. Using a stake-holder-based approach allows you to use the opin-ions of the most powerful stakeholders to shape yourproject at an early stage, to improve the quality of theproject, and increase the likelihood of success.

At a workshop held to identify institutions relevant towater security, a planning team was selected compris-ing representatives of Al Salt Municipality, the Ministryof Agriculture, the Ministry of Health, the Ministry ofEnvironment, Al Balqa Applied University, a charitableassociation working in the field of water, and NGOs.

Once the planning team had identified the relevantinstitutions, they were ranked according to their in-terest and involvement (high, medium and low).Those with a direct relationship to water security werethe Ministry of Water and Irrigation, the Ministry ofAgriculture, the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of En-vironment, Al Balqa Applied University, a charitableassociation working in the field of water, and NGOs.The medium-ranked institutions were the Ministry ofEducation, the Income Tax authority, the Ministry ofFinance and mosques. The low-ranked institutionswere the Police department, housewives and society(see Annex 1).

Methodology

The LWSAP for Al Salt Municipality was developedthrough a participatory process. The baseline for thedevelopment of the LWSAP is the municipality’s par-ticipation in the regional project "Sustainable Use ofTransboundary Water Resources and Water SecurityManagement” (WATER SUM), Component II, Waterand Security (WaSe), implemented by the Regional En-vironmental Center for Central and Eastern Europe incooperation with the International Union for Conser-vation of Nature (IUCN). The aim of the component isto promote a comprehensive and integrated ap-proach to water security and ecosystem services andto contribute to the sustainable development of eightmunicipalities in the MENA region as part of effortsto combat water scarcity, reduce the threat of conflict,halt the downward spiral of poverty, biodiversity lossand environmental degradation, and increase humanwell-being within the wider context of regional peaceand stability.

The LWSAP for Al Salt Municipality was compiled on thebasis of the LWSAP methodology developed in the frame-work of the WATER SUM project (Lausevic et al. 2016).


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Water security concerns the development and man-agement of water resources in an equitable, efficientand integrated manner for human survival and well-being. The comprehensive evaluation of urban watersecurity is complex and multifaceted. For the study ofwater security in Al Salt Municipality, questionnaireswere distributed, and SPSS software analysis wasused on various data collected from relevant institu-tions. The local water security action planning processcomprised the following steps:

● Initial assessment. This was based on certain ref-erences and relevant departments (Ministry ofWater and Irrigation, Ministry of Health, Ministryof Agriculture, Ministry of Environment etc.) in addition to personal communication.

● Identification of the scope and scale of the LWSAP.In this study, the city of Al Salt was selected. Thepopulation of the governorate is estimated to beabout 359,500 (General Statistics Department2003), or 6.6 percent of the estimated total popu-lation of the kingdom in 2003. The average familyin the governorate comprises six people. The pop-ulation density is about 321.3 people per squarekilometre, and the population living in urban areasconstitutes 66.9 percent of the total population ofthe governorate. The population of the city of Al Salt is about 200,000.

● Analysis of stakeholders involved in water secu-rity. In this regard, we focused on the most impor-tant institutions and charities involved directlywith water issues.

● Creation of a planning team. The team was se-lected to work on the water security plan at theworkshop mentioned above.

● Design and distribution of 900 questionnaires.Around 50 questionnaires were distributed ini-tially, in order to identify appropriate topics for assessing water security.

● Analysis of the questionnaire. The analysis wascarried out using SPSS software.

● Drafting a list of problems related to water secu-rity. These include water losses from the network,significant need for pumping, and lack of coordi-nation among relevant institutions.

● Prioritisation of problems. Priorities were cate-gorised during a workshop.

● Development of vision and mission.● Setting of goals and objectives.● Creation of an action plan.● Description of each action.

The local water securityassessmentOverview of the situation

Al Salt Municipality covers an area of about 172 km2

and has a population of about 180,000. Half the popu-lation aged between 20 and 64 have high-school edu-cation or higher. Water supply is about 167 litres perday before pumping, and 83.5 litres per day afterpumping (see Figure 2). Water losses in the distributionnetwork reach about 50 percent. To overcome thisproblem, a water demand strategy should be adopted.

Losses from the water supply network are an inter-national problem, especially in countries sufferingfrom water scarcity such as Jordan. The gap betweenwater supply and demand is widening due to devel-opment and a relatively high population growth rate.In addition, global climate change is expected to in-tensify the water shortage problem in Jordan.


FIGURE 2: WATER SUPPLY, DEMAND AND LOSSES

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Status of water security in Al Salt Municipality

The planning team studied the water security situa-tion in the municipality by collecting data on popula-tion, water supply, water demand, and the mostproblematic issues facing the water sector. These im-portant data were collected from the various relevantinstitutions that have a direct interest in water issues.

The study covered the availability of water, the avail-able amount of water per capita from the water supply,the state of the water supply network, water scarcityin Al Salt Municipality, and the amount and duration ofthe water supply provided to the municipality.

The public opinion assessment

As a first step, we distributed 50 questionnaires, pri-marily with the assistance of engineers from Al Salt, toidentify appropriate topics for a questionnaire to as-sess water security. After the compilation of the ques-tionnaire, 900 questionnaires were distributed, basedon the population of Al Salt (200,000 inhabitants). Theinformation obtained via the questionnaires was thenanalysed using SPSS software.

Average water use in the governorate varies between30 and 150 litres per capita per day, and storage ca-pacity at household level is around 3 m3 per family perweek. Families typically have six to eight members,thus there is insufficient storage capacity, as water isscheduled to be pumped once a week for a whole day.There is also a lack of appreciation of the importanceof clean water, as shown by the illegal use of water andpipe leakages. All these factors are caused by a lack ofknowledge. The results of the public opinion assess-ment are shown in Annex 2.

The indicator-based local watersecurity assessment

The indicator-based assessment focused on five maincomponents: resources; infrastructure; capacities;ecosystem health; and human health. The results areshown in Annex 3.

Problems encountered

The key initial LWS problems identified in Al Salt Mu-nicipality following the public opinion and indicator-based assessments are outlined below.

Water-related infrastructure

● The water pipes are old.● The topography creates challenges in terms of

pumping.● There are limited financial resources for mainte-

nance and no maintenance plan.● There is a lack of capacity among the technical staff

and insufficient training programmes.● There is a lack of coordination among stakeholders.

Illegal water use

● Insufficient supply leads to illegal water use.● There is poor coordination among stakeholders.● There is a lack of knowledge and no follow-up

among the population.

Poor management

● There is a lack of awareness among the population,and especially among housewives.

● Water sources are not monitored.● There is a lack of rainwater harvesting.● There are insufficient financial resources.● There is a lack of expertise in the municipality and

ministry.

Strategic vision andprinciplesMission statements serve to inform employees, rele-vant institutions, people and businesses about what isimportant to a specific institution or organisation, andprovide guidance for both strategic and operationaldecision making on water security. While a mission isa statement of what is, a vision is a statement of whator how you would like things to be. It is a picture of thefuture that you are working to create.

With this in mind, the municipality defined the follow-ing long-term vision:

To be recognised as an efficient, world-class munic-ipal system for water security, ensuring sustain-able development and enhancing quality of life inAl Salt Municipality, allowing people and nature toprosper.

The municipality’s mission is to develop and managean excellent city that provides the essence of successand sustainable prosperity; and to alleviate povertyand facilitate social and economic development in theGreater Al Salt municipal area through integrated de-


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velopment planning, skills development and the sus-tainable use of resources.

The vision and mission of the municipality are basedon the following values:

Accountability:We are accountable towards our gov-ernment, society, partners, customers, employees andsuppliers; and we instil accountability principles in ourstaff at all levels.

Competitiveness: We are committed to our govern-ment’s directive to achieve first position globally, in allareas of our work.

Collaboration: We spread positive energy, and encourage teamwork and effective participation withall stakeholders.

Innovation: Sustainable innovation is our pathway to withstand uncertainty and to be at the forefront offuture cities.

Transparency: We embrace transparency and opendata in dealing with stakeholders in the public and private sectors.

Happiness: We harness our capability and energy forpeople’s happiness, which is a top priority for wiseleadership.

Local water securitygoals and objectivesAs defined by UN-Water, water security is the capacityof a population to safeguard sustainable access to ade-quate quantities of acceptable quality water for sus-taining livelihoods, human well-being, and socio-economic development, for ensuring protectionagainst water-borne pollution and water-related disas-ters, and for preserving ecosystems in a climate ofpeace and political stability (UN-Water Analytical Briefon Water Security and the Global Water Agenda, 2013).

The goal of water security is nationally applicable whileresponding to specific national circumstances. Achiev-ing this goal should create social, economic, financialand other benefits that greatly outweigh the costs.These benefits will extend well beyond the water domain, as it is normally understood.

The development of health, education, agriculture andfood production, energy, industry and other social andeconomic activities all depend on the effective man-agement, protection and provision of water and thedelivery of safe water supply and sanitation services.

In addition, the main objective is to protect the city ofAl Salt from the dangers that water-related hazardscan present and to provide clean and sufficient waterto all citizens.

The municipality of Al Salt will facilitate and contributeto the ongoing policy dialogue among relevant stake-holders. It will be responsible for developing a vision;the sound management and guidance of the dialogueprocess; supporting participants; and ensuringprogress towards well-defined solutions.

The municipality will ensure that partners are en-gaged in the process and will coordinate this dialogueprocess with other ongoing initiatives in the watersector in Al Salt.

Specific objectives and targets

The implementation of the vision defined above re-quires that available resources be concentrated on thefulfilment of the objectives and the implementation ofcorresponding actions that will make it possible to address the most acute water security problems andallow Al Salt Municipality to prepare for future chal-lenges in the sector. Activities are proposed underthree topics:

● Sustainable water supply● Water quality and the protection of available water

resources● Water-related infrastructure

The main themes and strategic goals of the LWSAP forAl Salt Municipality are defined below.

● Action theme 1: Sustainable water supply

- Goal 1.1 Undertake an assessment of waterlosses, demand and supply

● Action theme 2: Water quality and the protectionof available water resources

- Goal 2.1 Improve the quality of water resources

● Action theme 3: Water-related infrastructure

- Goal 3.1 Ensure the coverage of the domesticsewerage network

The local water securityaction planThe role of the task force team in the project was to assess the percentage of water losses, identify specificareas suffering from water losses, and promote publicawareness of the importance of water saving.

Other issues must be coordinated with high-levelwater management in Jordan. The replacement ofwater meters, for example, must be done in coopera-tion with the Ministry of Water and Irrigation, along


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with the rehabilitation/replacement of parts of the olddrinking water network, and the development of amechanism to speed up network maintenance, increasethe response rate, and provide training on householdplumbing maintenance to reduce water losses.

In this context, Al Salt Municipality will implement thefollowing actions towards increasing the awareness ofhouseholds on water efficiency and the proper use ofwater resources:

● undertaking an assessment of water losses, demand and supply;

● studying illegal use;● promoting the use of water harvesting techniques;● studying household water use;● reducing illegal use and water leakages;● improving coordination among water stakeholders

for planning and management;● improving the availability of unused resources;● managing knowledge;● increasing sewerage network coverage; and● increasing the use of treated wastewater for

irrigation.

Action theme 1: Sustainablewater supply

GOAL 1.1 Undertake an assessment ofwater losses, demand and supply Objective 1.1.1 Decrease water losses by 10 to 20 percent by 2020

The municipality is aware of the problem of non-rev-enue water in both Al Salt and Jordan as a whole. Therate of non-revenue water in Jordan is extremely highcompared to other countries with a low water supply.This may be due to lack of continuity in supply, asstopping and starting supply damages the system.However, even with a non-continuous supply, Jordan’sperformance could be improved. One of the biggestproblems in the water sector is the water distributedin the system that is not billed. Revenue is lost be-cause water leaks out of the system due to the poorquality of the equipment and pipes. Another reasonis that the water is delivered to homes and busi-nesses but not billed due to malfunctioning metersor illegal connections.

Action 1.1.1.1 Carrying out an assessment aimed atidentifying the rate of non-revenue water and the rea-sons for it

The overall percentage of non-revenue water in Al Saltis 50 percent, as documented by the WAJ. This loss

could be due to leaks in the water network caused bypoor-quality equipment and pipes, inadequate main-tenance, non-working meters, and illegal connections.In order to identify the exact percentages and reasonsbehind the non-revenue water, Al-Salt Governorate willbe divided into specific zones in collaboration with theGIS Department, and each zone will be studied sepa-rately. Actions are further defined below in the case ofdefective water meters (1.1.1.2), water theft (1.1.1.3)and water network failure (1.1.1.4).

Action 1.1.1.2 Replacing water meters

If water meters stop working due to a technical fault,the subscriber does not bear any responsibility. How-ever, if the water meter has been tampered with insuch a way as to stop it working, or if it is removed, thesubscriber bears responsibility for the fault and will befined and penalised due to the water loss, which willbe considered theft.

If the reason for the water loss is a defect in the watermeter, it will be replaced after being examined by acommittee affiliated to the WAJ. The committee willidentify whether the defect is technical or due to deliberate manipulation by the subscriber. In the lattercase, the subscriber will be fined by the WAJ.

Along with the reduction in non-revenue water, thewater company will be compensated for its financiallosses due to subscribers’ manipulation of water meters and non-payment of their water bills.

Action 1.1.1.3 Eliminating illegal connections

Illegal use is responsible for a huge percentage ofwater losses. Some consumers illegally connect apipeline to the water network without obtaining formalapproval from the Water Authority, or may simply re-connect themselves to the network after being discon-nected due to non-payment of their water bills.

A specialist team will be formed to inspect the waternetwork in order to identify any illegal connectionsusing geographic information system (GIS) technology.In the case that illegal use can be proved, the watersupply will be disconnected in collaboration with theoperation and maintenance staff. The case will betransferred to the Customer Services Department inorder for them to take legal action against the violator,so that a fine can be imposed by the Water Authority.

Action 1.1.1.4 Increasing responsiveness and improv-ing water network maintenance

Operation and maintenance are crucial elements ofsustainability, and their lack is a frequent cause of thefailure of water supply and sanitation services. How-ever, many failures are not technical. Sometimes therate of response to maintenance complaints may beweak due, for example, to poor planning and manage-ment, inadequate cost recovery, outreach inadequa-cies on the part of centralised agencies, lack of


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accountability, a low level of technical support, lack oftraining and lack of spare parts.

To improve responsiveness, the staff of Al Salt Munici-pality will cooperate with the Al Salt Water Directorateto enhance the performance of the call centre in mon-itoring and following up complaints related to waternetwork maintenance. Maintenance processes willalso be accelerated in collaboration with the Operationand Maintenance Department.

Action 1.1.1.5 Raising awareness of water saving

Some citizens believe that the illegal use of water is alegitimate right, and that they are entitled to use stolenwater for agricultural and domestic purposes. Someeven sabotage exposed water supply pipes in order todisrupt other people’s supply, while others may fail toinform the necessary authorities about leaks in thewater pipes, etc. Several methods can be employed toraise awareness about the importance of saving water,both conventional and non-conventional. By raisingawareness, it will be possible to reduce the number ofillegal water connections and damage to the water net-work, thus cutting the amount of non-revenue water.

Awareness campaigns are a powerful tool and can beimplemented via conventional media (radio, television,websites, newspapers etc.), and non-conventionalchannels (information distributed with water bills) orvia focus group discussions with relevant institutions(NGOs and CSOs). Campaigns will be launched in col-laboration with the Customer Services Department.

Objective 1.1.2 Promote the use of non-conventionalwater resources by increasing water harvesting by 20 percent

In order to create additional water resources in the in-vestigated area, where water resources are currentlyscarce, various technologies can be applied, such astreating wastewater for reuse in irrigation; or separat-ing grey water from black water for watering gardensor for use in local irrigation.

A pilot project should be implemented to establish awater harvesting system in 30 households and to trainlocal inhabitants on topics such as wastewater reuse inirrigation, the use of grey water and water harvesting.

A study should be carried out to identify the area mostbadly hit by water shortages, and water harvestingtechniques should be integrated into building codes.

Action 1.1.2.1 Promoting the use of water harvestingtechniques

There is a constant need to improve water use effi-ciency. In Jordan, agricultural irrigation consumesaround 62 percent of the available water resources.However, the availability of water for irrigation is ex-pected to decrease in the future, especially due to in-creased demand from other sectors. Irrigation

demand is expected to increase in the coming decadesdue to increased demand for food as a result of thegrowing population. In Jordan, population growth, coupled with economic growth and increased aware-ness of environmental needs, is now imposing consid-erable pressure on existing freshwater resources.

The amount of freshwater available for irrigation is de-creasing, and the decrease is greater in semi-aridzones, where drinking water resources are limited.Water shortages are a worldwide problem and the onlysolution is to improve the efficiency of water use inagriculture and increase the productivity of the limitedwater resources.

In Jordan, 50 percent of potential water savings can bemade through water management practices. Due towater resource scarcity, there is an urgent need to savewater in agriculture, particularly in the Mediterraneanregion. Government water agencies in those countriesfacing water scarcity are encouraging farmers to shiftfrom traditional to local irrigation methods to savewater. Nevertheless, water scarcity and increased de-mand for water are putting pressure on farmers to re-duce the share of freshwater used in irrigation.

Objective 1.1.3 Increase water use efficiency by 20 percent

The water system in the investigated area needs tobe assessed in order to identify leakages and placeswhere water is being overused. The assessmentshould also identify cases of illegal water use. If over-use is due to leakage from the water distribution sys-tem, a storage system is required, while in the caseof water theft, monitoring systems are needed. Com-munication needs to be established between civil so-ciety and water operators, so local communities areable to provide information about leakages. In thecase of water theft, a team from the water companymust be established to disconnect supply. Thoseusing water illegally can be given the option to payfor the stolen water, and the law will be enforcedthrough coordination between the police and thewater company. To discourage illegal use, sentencescan be imposed, prices can be lowered, and certifi-cates issued for legal connections.

Action 1.1.3.1 Studying household water use

GOAL 1.2 Ensure the implementationof water legislationObjective 1.2.1 Decrease illegal and excessive wateruse by 10 to 20 percent

Action 1.2.1.1 Reducing illegal water use and leakages

Objective 1.2.2 Promote the use of non-conventionalwater resources through coordination among relevantinstitutions


13

Action 1.2.2.1 Improving coordination among waterstakeholders for planning and management

Action theme 2: Water qualityand the protection of availablewater resources

GOAL 2.1 Improve the quality of waterresources Al Salt Municipality will establish a task force to under-take a study of all springs in the municipality. Addi-tional tasks will be to collect water in a storage tankand distribute it within the water network, and to im-prove water treatment facilities connected to thesprings.

Objective 2.1.1 Improve 20 percent of local watersprings by 2020

Action 2.1.1.1 Improving the availability of unused resources

This action will increase the volume of usable water resources and increase the amount of water availableper capita.

Objective 2.2.1 Improve knowledge about water resources protection among local residents

Training courses, awareness workshops and capacity-building activities are needed at various levels in orderto improve knowledge of water resources protectiontechnologies, the reuse of treated water in irrigation, theprotection of drinking water from pollution, wastewatertreatment technologies, and other related issues.

This will add usable water resources to the system andincrease the amount of water available per capita.

Action 2.2.1.1 Ensuring knowledge management

Brochures and leaflets can be published and distributedto increase knowledge of water resources protection andefficient water use. Public events can also be organised.

Action theme 3: Water-relatedinfrastructure

GOAL 3.1 Ensure the coverage of thedomestic sewerage networkThe number of people who have gained access to pub-lic wastewater services in recent years is lower than theincrease in the size of the population. Priority has nor-mally been given to the provision of water suppliesover sanitation. The modest overall sewerage coverageis due to the high costs involved in terms of the capitalinvestment associated with treatment plants and

installing a sewerage network and domestic connec-tions. The situation is relatively harder in rural areas,due to the fact that small clusters of people are distrib-uted over a large area.

In Jordan, there are 29 central wastewater treatmentplants that are expected to treat 280 million m3 peryear by 2030. However, many of the existing treatmentplants lack capacity and require urgent rehabilitationand extension work. Poorly managed cesspits are themost common alternative for wastewater disposal. Thishas been a cause for concern, as seepage from cesspitshas contaminated scarce freshwater resources and cre-ated several negative health and environmental im-pacts. Around one-third of the population use unsealedcesspits for dumping wastewater.

Objective 3.1.1 Connect 100 households to the sewerage network by 2020

Action 3.1.1.1 Increasing sewerage network coverage

The study identifies places where households shouldbe connected to the sewerage network. This will be co-ordinated with the Ministry of Water and Irrigation inorder to connect 100 households to the sewerage net-work. Wastewater treatment in the area will improvewater quality and increase the amount of water avail-able for use in Al Salt Municipality. This will also im-prove people’s livelihoods and protect consumers andthe local environment from pollution.

Objective 3.1.2 Connect five farms to a system for thereuse of treated wastewater for irrigating specific cropsby 2020

Wastewater for irrigation can be supplied in the vicinityof the Al Salt wastewater treatment plant. An educa-tion campaign will be launched, making clear thewastewater treatment measures taken, the safety ofthe treated wastewater, and which crop types can beirrigated using treated wastewater.

This will improve knowledge, increase the area of agri-cultural land, improve productivity, potentially providemore water for farmers who are currently without asupply, and improve water security.

Action 3.1.2.1 Increasing the use of treated waste-water in irrigation

As water demand is growing very rapidly, shortages ofwater for irrigation can be expected. The use of treatedwastewater for irrigation can provide an important ad-ditional water resource in the Al Salt area.

Implementation The implementation plan describes the available im-plementation tools and provides a summary of how


14

these tools will be used to implement the plan and toensure that new infrastructure, new working methodsand new resources are sustainable in every respect in thecontext of the project, learning from successful regionalcase studies. The objectives of the implementation phaseare summarised in Annex 7 (Synthesis of objectives).

Monitoring and evaluationThe monitoring and evaluation stage is a critical partof the project cycle. It provides an opportunity to learnfrom the project and to influence future project andprogramme design in order to improve water projectsin general and water security programmes in particu-lar. The monitoring and evaluation of the Al Salt Municipality project will be carried out in relation tofour themes:

● the domestic water network;● the wastewater network;● water harvesting; and● awareness and guidance.

Domestic water network

This network can be improved by:

● improving and rehabilitating the old water net-works for Al Salalem and Al Khandaq areas over asix-month period; and

● installing new water networks in areas not currentlyserved, such as the Umm Zeitouneh area, over asix-month period.

These activities will contribute to:

● maintaining health and public safety and reducingwater-borne diseases;

● enhancing citizens’ physical, psychological and material well-being; and

● reducing the number of complaints received fromcitizens.

Wastewater network

The wastewater network will be improved by:

● connecting the Birket Al Amiriya and Al Zohourareas to the main sewerage network; and

● expanding the Al Salt (Wadi Shue’ib) treatment

plant to improve its performance.

This will contribute to:

● maintaining health and public safety;

● protecting water sources (surface water andgroundwater) from contamination; and

● increasing the capacity of plants and improving theprocessing system.

Water harvesting

Water harvesting techniques will be introduced by:

● digging rainwater collection facilities in severalareas in Al Salt;

● rehabilitating a number of existing wells in severalareas in Al Salt; and

● using grey water for irrigating crops.


● providing additional quantities of clean water to citizens free of charge; and

● maximising the benefit of rainwater and snowfalland protecting them from contamination.

Awareness and guidance

This will be ensured by:

● organising presentations and distributing aware-ness and guidance brochures to citizens; and

● tightening controls over water wastage and deple-tion by tackling the offence of illegal water use.


● improving the water supply and preventing waste;

● saving water in general and preventing abuses; and

● raising the level of awareness of the importance ofwater conservation among citizens, and especiallyhousewives.

The security and safety of water ultimately affect thesecurity of development and society. Everyone mustmake a positive contribution to ensure efficient wateruse, harvest rainwater, and save water resources. Con-trols must also be tightened over illegal water use andover-abstraction. This is an important opportunity toengage citizens as key partners in wise and sustainablewater planning and management.


15


Annexes


NAME OFORGANISATION/GROUP

INTEREST

(H/M/L)

WHAT ARE THEIRCURRENT LEVELS OFINVOLVEMENT IN WATERMANAGEMENT PLANNING,AND WHAT ASPECTS OFTHE LWSAP PROCESS ARETHEY (LIKELY TO BE)MOST INTERESTED IN?

IF INVOLVEMENT AND/OR INTEREST ISL/M, HOW MIGHT WE MOTIVATE THEIRENGAGEMENT WITH LWSAP? WHATBENEFITS MIGHT THEY DERIVE FROMBEING MORE INVOLVED IN LWSAP?

LEVEL OFKNOWLEDGEABOUT WATER-RELATED ISSUES

(H/M/L)

Water Directorate H H - H

Health Directorate H L Rehabilitation and training H

Department ofAgriculture

M M - H

Governorate(internal)

M L Attention to planning M

Al Salt Municipality M M Increase participatory roleH

CSOs M L Media role M

EnvironmentDirectorate

L L - M

EducationDirectorate

L L Increase knowledge L

Farmers H M - L

Housewives H L Group work L

Annex 1: Stakeholder analysis table

17


ACCESS TO HIGH-QUALITYINFORMATIONABOUT WATER-RELATED ISSUES

(H/M/L)

INFLUENCE ONWATERMANAGEMENT

(H/M/L)

COMMENTS ON INFLUENCE (E.G. ATTITUDESTO WATER MANAGEMENT PLANNING, TIMESOR CONTEXTS IN WHICH THEY HAVEMORE/LESS INFLUENCE)

ANY IMPORTANT RELATIONSHIPS WITHOTHER STAKEHOLDERS? (E.G. CONFLICTS/ALLIANCES)

H H H Coordination between departments

M H M Participatory relationship

M M M Participatory relationship

M L M Participatory relationship

M M M Participatory relationship

L L L Correlation

M L L Integrative relationship

L L L Integrative relationship

L L L Integrative relationship

L L L -


Annex 2: Results of the public opinion assessment

1. Information flow

CHART 1.1

CHART 1.2

CHART 1.3

19


CHART 1.4

CHART 1.5

CHART 1.6


CHART 1.7

CHART 2.1

CHART 2.2

2. Water governance

21


CHART 3.1

CHART 3.2

CHART 3.3

3. Water utilisation patterns


CHART 3.4

CHART 4.1

CHART 4.2

4. Public awareness

23


CHART 5.1

CHART 5.2

5. Water-related tensions

6. Water availability

CHART 6.1


CHART 6.2

CHART 6.3

CHART 6.4

25


Annex 3: Results of the indicator-based localwater security assessment

RESOURCE COMPONENT

STRENGTHS

INDICATOR SCORE PERFORMANCE PRIORITY OF ACTION

Surface water supply 76.4 Good Low

AREAS FOR IMPROVEMENT

Water availability 0 Poor High

Groundwater supply 25 Poor Medium

Demand 24 Poor Medium

OVERALL SCORE: 26/100 (POOR PERFORMANCE AND HIGH PRIORITY OF ACTION)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Water availability

Surface water supply

Groundwater supply

Demand

ECOSYSTEM HEALTH COMPONENT

STRENGTHS


Ecosystem stress 100 Good Low

Water quality 70 Good Low


No fish populations exist in the Al Salt ecosystem

OVERALL SCORE: 85/100 (GOOD PERFORMANCE AND LOW PRIORITY OF ACTION)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Fish

Ecosystem stress

Water quality


INFRASTRUCTURE COMPONENT

STRENGTHS


Condition (wastewater system) 100 Good Low


Demand (water system) 12 Poor High

Demand (wastewater system) 0 Poor High

Condition (water system) 0 Poor High

Treatment 47 Medium Medium

OVERALL SCORE: 16/100 (POOR PERFORMANCE AND HIGH PRIORITY OF ACTION)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Demand (water system)

Demand (wastewater system)

Condition (water system)

Condition (wastewater system)

Treatment

HUMAN HEALTH COMPONENT

STRENGTHS


Reliability 100 Good Low

Impact 100 Good Low


Access 33.5 Poor–Medium High–Medium


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Access

Reliability

Impact

27


CAPACITIES COMPONENT

STRENGTHS


Training 80 Good Low

Education 73 Medium–Good Medium–Low


Financial capacity is not applicable


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Financial capacity

Training

Education

SUMMARY: AL SALT MUNICIPALITY


CANADIAN WATER SECURITY INDEX (CWSI) SCORE

COMPONENT SCORE (CWSI) EVALUATION

Water availability 26 Requires improvement

Ecosystem health 85 Strength area

Infrastructure 16 Requires improvement

Human health 78 Strength area

Capacity 76 Strength area

OVERALL CWSI SCORE: 56/100

Resources100

80

60

40

20

0

Infrastructure

Capacity

Human health

Ecosystem health

29


Illegal use

- Lack of financial resources

- Lack of maintenance

TOPICS

Infrastucture:- Old water pipes

- Topography and pumping

Annex 4. Problem tree analysis

- Lack of coordination between stakeholders

Lack of financialresources

Lack of capacity of technical staff

Insufficient trainingprogrammes

- Low number oftechnicians

- Lack of expertise

- Illegal water use

- Insufficient water supply

- Lack of respect fordistribution system

- Insufficient water resources - Lack of awareness

Poor coordination amongstakeholders

No follow-up among publicand institutions

Lack of rainwater harvesting

- Insufficient budget

- Lack of awareness among

housewives

- Insufficientprogrammes

- Low level of allocated budget

- Low level of publicawareness

- Lack of expertise (theministry and municipality have

only one or two experts)

- Insufficient area- Low level of allocated budget

Lack of control of waterresources

POORMANAGEMENTPoor management


Annex 5: Identification of actions

Country Jordan

Name of LSG unit Al Salt Municipality

LWS vision statement To be recognised as an efficient, world-class municipal system for water security, ensuring sustainable development andenhancing quality of life in Al Salt Municipality, allowing people and nature to prosper.

No. Action

Description of action(including listof activities)

Experience with thistype of action to date

General suitability forproblem solving Relevant

location(s)(if applicable)Already

beingrealised

Alreadyplanned

Addressedproblem(s)

Effects onproblem(s)/risk reduction

Action theme 1 Sustainable water supply

Goal 1.1 Undertake an assessment of water losses, demand and supply

Objective 1.1.1 Decrease water losses by 10 to 20% by 2020

1.1.1.1

Carrying out an as-sessment aimed atidentifying the rateof non-revenuewater and the reasons for it

Al Salt Governorate will be divided into zones that will bestudied separately in order toidentify the percentage of waterloss and the reasons behind it ineach zone, in cooperation withthe Customer Services Depart-ment, the Operation and Main-tenance Department, and theGIS Department of the WaterAuthority. If water losses arecaused by defective water meters, Action 1.1.1.2 is applica-ble. In the case of water theft,Action 1.1.1.3 applies. If losses arecaused by a water network fail-ure, Action 1.1.1.4 applies.

No No

The rate of non-revenuewater in Al Salt is 50%, as docu-mented bythe Al SaltWater Au-thority. Thelosses couldbe due toleaks in thesystemcaused bypoor-qualityequipmentand pipes, orinadequatemaintenance,defective me-ters, and ille-galconnections.

By reducing waterlosses, following ascientificapproach andaccurateprocedures, wewill contribute toincreasing thewater supply,decreasing waterlosses andpreventing highwater demanddue to the limitedwater resourcescaused by climatechange. This willhelp to reduce therisk of shortages.

The action willbe implementedin highlandareas, wherewater losses arehigh. Losessmust beassessed incooperation withthe CustomerServices andOperation andMaintenanceDepartments ofAl Salt WaterAuthority.

31


1.1.1.2 Replacing watermeters

If water losses are caused by adefective water meter, themeter will be replaced afterbeing examined by theExamination Committeeaffiliated to the Water Authority.The committee will identifywhether the defect is technicalor due to deliberate damagedone by the subscriber. In thelatter case, the subscriber willbe fined by the Water Authority.

No No

Some watermeters maystop workingdue to tech-nical faults. Inthis case, thesubscriberdoes not bearany responsi-bility. On theother hand, ifdamage hasbeen donedeliberately(manipula-tion of thewater meterto make itstop workingor its re-moval), thesubscriberdoes bear responsibilityfor the faultand will befined and penalised forthe resultingwater losses,which are regarded astheft.

Non-revenuewater will bereduced. Thewater companywill becompensated forfinancial lossescaused by asubscriber'smanipulation ofthe water meterand theirresulting failureto pay the actualvalue of theirwater bill.

1.1.1.3 Eliminating illegalconnections

Where illegal use is proved, thewater supply will bedisconnected in cooperationwith the Operation andMaintenance Department, andthe case will be transferred tothe Customer ServicesDepartment, which will takelegal action against thesubscriber and a fine will beimposed by the water company.

No No

Illegal use isresponsiblefor a hugepercentage ofwater losses.Illegal userefers both toconnectionsto the watersupply with-out permis-sion, or illegalreconnection,where a per-son has notpaid their billbut recon-nects them-selveswithout permission.

By reducing waterlosses, following a scien-tific approach andaccurate pro-cedures, we willcontribute to increasing thewater supply, decreasing waterlosses and preventing highwater demanddue to the limitedwater resourcescaused by climatechange.

Highland areas,where waterlosses are high.


1.1.1.4

Increasingresponsiveness andimproving networkmaintenance

The performance of the Waterauthority’s call centre will beenhanced by monitoring andfollowing up complaints relatedto water network maintenance.This will be done in cooperationwith the head of the Operationand Maintenance Department.

No No

Responsive-ness to maintenancecomplaints issometimesweak due, forexample, tolack of per-sonnel andequipment,or becausethe task ex-ceeds the capability ofthe mainte-nance team.

1.1.1.5 Raising awarenessof water saving

Awareness campaigns are apowerful tool for spreadinginformation about the impactsof network violations and theillegal use of water on bothcitizens and the water provider.Awareness can be raised usingconventional media (radio) andnon-conventional media(messages enclosed with waterbills), and by using existingnetworks (NGOs and CSOs).

No No

Some citizensbelieve thatthe illegal useof water is alegitimateright and thatthey are enti-tled to usestolen waterfor agricul-tural and domesticpurposes. Inaddition,some peoplecause dam-age to ex-posed watersupply pipesin order todisrupt otherpeople’s supply; whileothers mayfail to reportobservedleakages inthe waternetwork.

The number ofillegalconnections tothe waternetwork will bereduced, alongwith instances ofdamage to waterdistributionnetworks, leadingto a reduction innon-revenuewater.

Waterconservationawareness is anunderstandingof the need touse waterefficiently at allstages fromcapture toconsumption, inorder topromote achange inattitudes andbehaviour withregard to watermanagementand use.

33


Objective 1.1.2 Promote the use of non-conventional water resources by increasing water harvesting by 20%

1.1.2.1Promoting the useof water harvestingtechniques

• Implementation of a pilotproject to establish a waterharvesting system for 30 households.

• Separation of grey water fromblack water to be used forgarden and local irrigation.

• Training for local residents onthe use of grey water andwater harvesting.

• Identification of the area mostvulnerable to shortages.

• Integration of waterharvesting in building codes.

No No

Householdslack adequateknowledgeabout waterharvestingpractices.There is highdemand anda low level ofavailablewater percapita.

By providing newwater resources,water supply canbe increased andthe contamina-tion of water resources fromseptic tanks canbe reduced.

Objective 1.1.3 Increase water use efficiency by 20%

1.1.3.1Studying household wateruse.

• Selection of a specificgeographical area anddistribution of a questionnaireto assess how households usewater.

• Implementation of a publicawareness campaign.

• Introduction of water savingmeasures and techniques.

• Introduction of waterconservation units in gardens.

• Monitoring the situationbefore and after planimplementation.

No No

• Lack ofknowledgeaboutwatersaving.

• Lack oftools andmeasures.

• Increasedwater costsdue tooveruse ofwater.

This will help toreduce theoveruse anddepletion ofwater resources.It will be reflectedpositively in theform of healthimprovements ashouseholds willhave sufficientwater.

Highland areas(and maybeothers).


Goal 1.2 Ensure the implementation of water legislation

Objective 1.2.1 Decrease illegal and excessive water use by 10 to 20%

1.2.1.1Reducing illegalwater use andleakages

• Assessment of the watersystem to identify leakagesand places where water isoverused or used illegally.

• Where overuse is due toleakages in the waterdistribution system, it isimportant to develop asystematic approach toidentifying and fixing leaks.

• Where losses are due to watertheft, supply must bedisconnected by a speciallyestablished team followingthe issuing of a warning.Consumers can be given theoption of paying for thewater; or those guilty of watertheft can be punishedaccordingly. The law should beenforced through coordinationbetween the police and thewater company.

• Communication channelsshould be establishedbetween civil society andwater operators, so thatinformation about leakagescan be conveyed.

• Develop a systematicapproach to identifying andfixing leakages.

• Discourage illegal water use,lower the price of water, issuecertificates for proper use.

No No

Water lossesfrom thenetworkamount to50% due toleakages,illegal use,and lack ofawarenessaboutefficientwater use.Response tomaintenancerequests isalso slow.

By reducing waterlosses following ascientificapproach andaccurateprocedures, wewill contribute toincreasing thewater supply andpreventing highwater demand.This will help toreduce the risk ofshortages due tolimited waterresources causedby climatechange.

Highland areas,where waterlosses are high.

Objective 1.2.2 Promote the use of unconventional water resources through coordination among different institutions

1.2.2.1

Improvingcoordinationamong waterstakeholders forplanning andmanagement

• Identification of relationshipsamong water stakeholders inAl Salt.

• Identification of strengths andweaknesses in theserelationships, and whererelationships need to beimproved.

• Identification ofrepresentatives to form acommittee for Al Salt.

• Creation of an institution to beresponsible for making aknowledge database ofpublicly accessible data.

No No

• There is alack of coopera-tion amongwaterstake-holders interms ofknowledgesharing, in-formationsharingand plan-ning.

• There is currentlyno data-base.

This will enhancethe decision-making processand account-ability.

35


Action theme 2 Water quality and the protection of available water resources

Goal 2.1 Improve the quality of water resources

Objective 2.1.1 Improve 20% of local water springs by 2020

2.1.1.1Improving theavailability ofunused resources

• A survey of all of springs in Al Salt Municipality.

• Collection of water fromsprings and creation ofcollection infrastructure.

• Collection of water in astorage tank and itsdistribution via the waternetwork.

• Improvement of watertreatment facilities at thesprings.

No No

• Contamina-tion ofspringwater.

• Lack ofwater.

This will addusable waterresources to thesystem andincrease theamount ofavailable waterper capita.

Highland areas(and maybeothers).

Objective 2.2.1 Improve knowledge about water resources protection among local residents

2.2.1.1Ensuringknowledgemanagement

• Write and distribute brochuresor bulletins to disperseinformation about waterresources protection andconservation to local waterusers.

• Organise lectures for the localcommunity.

• Create and use social mediaand websites to provideinformation about waterconservation.

• Establish contacts with localmedia.

Yes Yes

Lack ofinformationfor local usersregardingwatermanagementpractices.

This will improvelocal knowledgeand awareness ofwater resourcesmanagement andconservationamong users.

Entire community.


Action theme 3 Water-related infrastructure

Goal 3.1 Ensure the coverage of the domestic sewerage network

Objective 3.1.1 Connect 100 households to the sewerage network by 2020

3.1.1.1Increasingsewerage networkcoverage

• Use the study undertaken inAction 1.1.2.1 to identify placeswhere households should beconnected to the seweragenetwork.

• Coordinate with the Ministry ofWater and Irrigation toconnect 100 households to thesewerage network.

No No

• Lack ofcoverage ofhouseholdsby theseweragenetwork.

• Waterpollutiondue to theuse ofseptictanks bythe localpopulation.

This will improvewater quality andincrease theamount of wateravailable for useby themunicipality. Itwill also improvelocal people’slivelihoods.

Target areas tobe determinedby the study.

Objective 3.1.2 Connect five farms to a system for the use of treated wastewater on specific crops by 2020

3.1.2.1

Increasing the useof treatedwastewater inirrigation

• Use the study mentioned in1.1.2.1 to identify all farms thatcould use treated wastewaterfor irrigation near the Al Saltwastewater treatment plant.

• Implement an educationcampaign that will make clearthe wastewater treatmentmeasures undertaken, thesafety of treated wastewater,and which types of crops canbe irrigated using treatedwastewater.

No No

• There is alack ofwater forirrigation.

• There is alack ofknowledgeregardingthe safetyof treatedwastewaterfor irriga-tion.

This will improveknowledge,increase the areaof agriculturalland, improveproductivity,reduce wastewateruse, potentiallyprovide morewater for thosefarmers who faceshortages, andimprove watersecurity.

Local communityof Wadi Shue’ib.

37


Annex 6: Specification of actions

Country Jordan

Name of LSG unit Municipality of Al Salt

No. Action Title

Category

Main responsibleinstitution

Complexity of action

Costs

Negative e

xternal

impacts

Infra

structure

Capacity b

uilding

Policy/governance

Good managem

ent

practices

Time a

spects of

planning an

d realisatio

n

Technical/legal complexity

Acceptance by stakeholders

1.1.1.1

Carrying out anassessmentaimed atidentifying therate of non-revenue waterand the reasonsfor it

x

• Ministry of Water andIrrigation

• Municipality of Al SaltMediumterm

Employees lackexperience in carryingout assessments.

Medium

Low co

st

No negativeimpacts.

1.1.1.3Eliminatingillegalconnections

x

• Ministry of Water andIrrigation Medium

term

Difficulties involved dueto the need forcoordination among theministry, the courts andthe municipality.

Low

Low co

st

Negativeimpacts re-sulting fromsentenc-ingpeople.

1.1.2.1

Promoting theuse of waterharvestingtechniques

x• Ministry of Water andIrrigation

Shortterm

• The ministry mustassist in this process.

• There is no expertisein the municipality;expertise will have tobe found elsewhere.

High

Medium

cost

No negativeimpacts.

1.1.3.1Studyinghousehold wateruse


• Municipality of Al Salt

Mediumterm

There is no expertise inthe municipality;expertise will have tobe found elsewhere.

Medium

Medium

cost

No negativeimpacts.

1.2.1.2Reducing illegalwater use andleakages

x• Ministry of Water andIrrigation.

Mediumterm

Difficulties will arisedue to the need forcoordination among theministry, the courts andthe municipality. Theministry must assist inthis process.

Low

Medium

cost

No negativeimpacts.


No. Action Title

Category

Main responsibleinstitution

Complexity of action

Costs

Negative e

xternal

impacts

Infra

structure

Capacity b

uilding

Policy/governance

Good managem

ent

practices

Time a

spects of

planning an

d realisatio

n

Technical/legal complexity

Acceptance by stakeholders

1.2.2.1

Improvingcoordinationamong waterstakeholders forplanning andmanagement



Mediumterm

This will be complexdue to differentorganisations havingdifferent practices.There may also beadministrative delays

Low

Low co

st

No negativeimpacts.

2.1.1.1

Improving theavailability ofunusedresources



Mediumterm

May require newinfrastructure

Medium

High

No negativeimpacts.

2.2.1.1Ensuringknowledgemanagement


• Academics

Shortterm

Requires coordinationbetween differentagencies to supplyknowledge to thedatabase

Low

Low co

st

No negativeimpacts.

3.1.1.1

Increasingseweragenetwork overage


Longterm

Requires newinfrastructure

Medium

High

No negativeimpacts.

3.1.2.1

Increasing the useof treatedwastewater inirrigation


Longterm

Requires newinfrastructure

Medium

High

No negativeimpacts.

39


Annex 7: Synthesis of objectives

OBJECTIVE 1.1.1 Decrease water losses by 10 to 20% by 2020

DESCRIPTION AND RATIONALE

Water supply network losses are an international problem, especially in countries suffering from water scarcity such as Jordan.Jordan is one of the poorest countries in terms of water resources and is estimated to be below the water poverty line. Water losses are defined here as water that has no revenue. Water losses can be classified as:• Technical losses, resulting from breakages or seepage from distribution pipes or due to visible breakdowns in the distributionnetwork, and sometimes breaks in distribution pipes below the ground, which require specific tools.

• Administrative losses, due to broken water meters, human error (e.g. issuing incorrect bills), incorrectly installed meters,illegal water use, centralisation, and weak governance.

Water losses from the network amount to up to 50% due to leakages, illegal use, and lack of awareness of water useefficiency. Response times in the case of requests for maintenance are also slow.By reducing water losses, following a scientific approach and accurate procedures, we will contribute to increasing the watersupply and preventing high water demand. This will help to reduce the risk of shortages due to the limited water resourcesresulting from climate change.Water supply in Al Salt Municipality comes from groundwater resources (well fields), which form 42% of the total water that issustainably produced, while the remainder is surface water resources (springs).Technically, household connections to the water system represent about 75% of the full capacity of the network design, thusthere is marginal capacity for the community’s infrastructure to meet future extra demand.

ENVISAGED ACTIONS

Carrying out an assessment in the investigation area aimed at identifying the weakest points in the water network in terms ofwater losses.

Establishing a qualified technical team to detect cases of illegal use and leakages from the system.

Raising public awareness about water saving

BENEFICIARIES AND RECIPIENTSIncreased cooperation among all stakeholders will be a first step towards greater cooperation on related issues. Concreterecommendations will be conveyed to all water users with the aim of increasing the amount of water supplied to households,increasing revenue, and increasing the amount of available water that can be used in other areas to reduce water deficits.

OBJECTIVE 1.1.2 Promote the use of non-conventional water resources by increasing water harvesting by 20%

ENVISAGED ACTIONS

Carrying out a study of areas that are most vulnerable to water shortages and integrating water harvesting techniques intobuilding codes.

Separating grey water from black water for use in garden and local irrigation.

Implementing a pilot project to establish a water harvesting system in 30 households.

BENEFICIARIES AND RECIPIENTSPotential for potable water saving through the use of rainwater will be assessed in residential sectors of Al Salt Governorate.Suggestions and recommendations will be provided regarding the improvement of both the quality and quantity of harvestedrainwater.


OBJECTIVE 1.1.3 Increase water use efficiency by 20%

DESCRIPTION AND RATIONALE

The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan faces challenges related to the availability and utilisation of its natural resources. Thesechallenges have emerged due to the scarcity of water and fossil energy resources, and the increasing demand for them.Jordan’s climate is arid to semi-arid with low rainfall and high evaporation rates. About 94% of Jordan’s territory receives lessthan 200 mm of rainfall per year. Jordan imports around 97% of its fossil fuel from abroad, mainly for power generation andtransportation.Water use efficiency is a very useful tool for water saving, but success can only be achieved if there is public awareness andcooperation among all stakeholders. Water use efficiency can also be defined as the relationship between the amount of water consumed and emissions of CO2,thus efficiency is not only about saving water, but is also an environmental issue.

ENVISAGED ACTIONS

Selecting specific geographical areas and distributing a questionnaire designed to assess how households use water.

Implementing a public awareness campaign.

Monitoring the situation before and after plan implementation.

BENEFICIARIES AND RECIPIENTS The action will help to stop the depletion of water resources, which will be reflected positively in health improvements, ashouseholds will have sufficient water, and will help to combat water shortages in general.

R. Laušević, S. Milutinović, J. Petersen-Perlman, M. Reed, A. Graves, M. Bartula, S. Sušić, A. Popović(2016). Local Water Security Action Planning Manual.Szentendre, Hungary: Regional Environmental Center. ISBN 978-963-9638-69-3.http://documents.rec.org/publications/LWSAP_Manual_April2016.pdf

References



watersum.rec.org

Documents

Local Water Security Action Plan - REC Publicationsdocuments.rec.org/publications/4Jordan_AlSalt.pdf · 67 40 28,780 Mahis and Fuheis Department Mahis and Fuheis Water Directorate