Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Ove
rcon
sum
ptio
n is
dri
ving
the
rapi
d de
clin
e of
the
wor
ld’s
nat
ural
env
iron
men
ts
LIV
ING
PL
AN
ET
RE
PO
RT
19
98
2LI
VIN
G P
LAN
ET
RE
PO
RT
1998
LIV
ING
PLA
NE
T R
EP
OR
T 19
98
Exec
utiv
e S
umm
ary
1
The
Livi
ng P
lane
t In
dex
2Fo
rest
eco
syst
ems
inde
xFr
eshw
ater
eco
syst
ems
inde
xM
arin
e ec
osys
tem
s in
dex
Map
1:
Thr
eate
ned
bird
s an
d m
amm
al
spec
ies
3
Glo
bal
Con
sum
pti
on P
ress
ure
4C
onsu
mpt
ion
pres
sure
:to
p 20
cou
ntri
esC
onsu
mpt
ion
pres
sure
by
regi
onM
ap 2
: D
istr
ibut
ion
of g
loba
l con
sum
ptio
n pr
essu
re5
Fore
st E
cosy
stem
s6
Nat
ural
for
est
cove
r by
reg
ion
Ori
gina
l and
rem
aini
ng f
ores
t co
ver
Map
3:
Ori
gina
l and
rem
aini
ng f
ores
t co
ver
7
Fres
hwat
er E
cosy
stem
s8
Fres
hwat
er s
peci
es p
opul
atio
n tr
ends
Fres
hwat
er e
cosy
stem
s in
dex
Fres
hwat
er la
kes
Map
4:
Fres
hwat
er s
peci
es t
rend
s9
Mar
ine
Ecos
yste
ms
10M
arin
e sp
ecie
s po
pula
tion
tren
dsM
arin
e ec
osys
tem
s in
dex
Map
5:
Mar
ine
spec
ies
tren
ds11
Gra
in C
onsu
mp
tion
12G
loba
l tre
ndC
onsu
mpt
ion
by r
egio
nM
ap 7
: C
onsu
mpt
ion
by c
ount
ry15
Mar
ine
Fish
Con
sum
pti
on14
Glo
bal t
rend
Con
sum
ptio
n by
reg
ion
Map
8:
Con
sum
ptio
n by
cou
ntry
15
Woo
d C
onsu
mp
tion
16G
loba
l tre
ndC
onsu
mpt
ion
by r
egio
nM
ap 8
: C
onsu
mpt
ion
by c
ount
ry17
Fres
hwat
er W
ithd
raw
als
18G
loba
l tre
ndC
onsu
mpt
ion
by r
egio
nM
ap 9
: C
onsu
mpt
ion
by c
ount
ry19
Car
bon
Dio
xid
e Em
issi
ons
20G
loba
l tre
ndPr
oduc
tion
by r
egio
nM
ap 1
0: P
rodu
ctio
n by
cou
ntry
21
Cem
ent
Con
sum
pti
on22
Glo
bal t
rend
Con
sum
ptio
n by
reg
ion
Map
11:
Con
sum
ptio
n by
cou
ntry
23
Tech
nica
lNot
es24
Tab
les
Nat
iona
l and
Reg
iona
l Con
sum
ptio
n pe
r pe
rson
28N
atio
nal a
nd R
egio
nal C
onsu
mpt
ion
32Li
ving
Pla
net
Inde
x an
d Fo
rest
Eco
syst
ems
Dat
a36
Sou
rces
37
Map
12:
Cou
ntri
es a
nd r
egio
ns in
the
Liv
ing
Pla
net
Rep
ort
38
CO
NT
EN
TS
AU
TH
OR
S
Jona
than
Lo
h1
Jørg
en R
and
ers1
Ale
x M
acG
illiv
ray2
Val
Kap
os
3
Bri
an G
roo
mb
rid
ge3
Mar
tin
Jenk
ins3
1. W
WF
INT
ERN
AT
ION
AL
AV
EN
UE
DU
MO
NT-
BLA
NC
C
H-1
196
GLA
ND
SW
ITZ
ER
LAN
D
Tel:
+41
22
364
91 1
1
Fax:
+41
22
364
53 5
8E
-mai
l: in
fob
ox@
ww
fnet
.org
Web
site
: w
ww
.pan
da.
org
2. N
EW E
CO
NO
MIC
SFO
UN
DA
TIO
N1s
t FL
OO
R V
INE
CO
UR
T11
2-11
6 W
HIT
ECH
APE
L R
OA
DLO
ND
ON
E1
1JE
UK
Tel:
+44
171
377
56
96
Fax:
+44
171
377
57
20E
-mai
l:in
fo@
new
eco
nom
ics.
org
Web
site
:w
ww
.new
econ
omic
s.or
g
3. W
OR
LD C
ON
SER
VA
TIO
NM
ON
ITO
RIN
G C
ENT
RE
219
HU
NT
ING
TON
RO
AD
CA
MB
RID
GE
CB
3 0D
LU
KTe
l: +
44 1
23 3
77 2
7 73
14
Fax:
+44
122
3 27
71
36E
-mai
l: in
fo@
wcm
c.o
rg.u
kW
ebsi
te:
ww
w.w
cmc.
org
.uk
1LI
VIN
G P
LAN
ET
RE
PO
RT
1998
WW
F‘s
mis
sion
is t
o co
nser
ve n
atur
e an
d ec
olog
ical
pro
cess
es.T
he L
ivin
g
Plan
et R
epor
tsee
ks t
o pr
esen
t a
quan
titat
ive
pict
ure
of t
he s
tate
of
the
wor
ld‘s
natu
ral e
nviro
nmen
t an
d th
e hu
man
pre
ssur
es u
pon
it. S
peci
fical
ly, it
pre
sent
s
WW
F‘s
Livi
ng P
lane
t In
dex
(LPI
), a
mea
sure
of
the
chan
ge in
the
hea
lth o
f th
e
wor
ld‘s
nat
ural
eco
syst
ems
sinc
e 19
70, f
ocus
ing
on t
he E
arth
‘s f
ores
t,
fres
hwat
er, a
nd m
arin
e bi
omes
as
thes
e co
ntai
n m
ost
of t
he w
orld
‘s b
iodi
vers
ity.
The
repo
rt a
lso
anal
yses
glo
bal c
onsu
mpt
ion
patt
erns
to
calc
ulat
e G
loba
l
Con
sum
ptio
n Pr
essu
re –
a m
easu
re o
f th
e bu
rden
pla
ced
on t
he n
atur
al
envi
ronm
ent
by h
uman
ity. P
eopl
e pu
t pr
essu
re o
n fo
rest
, fre
shw
ater
, and
mar
ine
ecos
yste
ms
thro
ugh
the
prod
uctio
n an
d co
nsum
ptio
n of
res
ourc
es s
uch
as g
rain
, fis
h, w
ood,
and
fre
shw
ater
, and
the
em
issi
on o
f po
lluta
nts
such
as
carb
on d
ioxi
de (C
O2).
The
LPI h
as d
eclin
ed b
y ab
out
30 p
er c
ent
rela
tive
to it
s re
fere
nce
poin
t in
1970
, whi
ch c
an b
e in
terp
rete
d as
mea
ning
tha
t th
e w
orld
has
lost
nea
rly a
thi
rd
of it
s na
tura
l wea
lth in
tha
t tim
e. G
loba
l Con
sum
ptio
n Pr
essu
re is
gro
win
g
rapi
dly
– at
abo
ut 5
per
cen
t pe
r ye
ar –
and
is li
kely
to
exce
ed g
loba
lly
sust
aina
ble
leve
ls, a
t le
ast
for
fish
cons
umpt
ion,
mea
t co
nsum
ptio
n, a
nd C
O2
emis
sion
s, if
inde
ed t
hey
have
not
bee
n ex
ceed
ed a
lread
y. G
loba
l Con
sum
ptio
n
Pres
sure
is v
ery
unev
enly
dis
trib
uted
: on
ave
rage
, con
sum
ers
in t
he
indu
stria
lized
wor
ld e
xert
tw
o-an
d-a-
half
times
as
muc
h pr
essu
re o
n th
e na
tura
l
envi
ronm
ent
as t
heir
coun
terp
arts
in t
he d
evel
opin
g w
orld
.
WW
F is
par
ticul
arly
wor
ried
abou
t th
e si
gnifi
cant
loss
of
biod
iver
sity
impl
ied
by t
he d
eclin
e in
the
LPI
and
the
incr
easi
ng e
nviro
nmen
tal d
egra
datio
n im
plie
d by
the
grow
th in
con
sum
ptio
n pr
essu
re, a
nd b
elie
ves
that
it is
impo
rtan
t to
try
to
reve
rse
thes
e ne
gativ
e tr
ends
. Rec
omm
enda
tions
on
how
gov
ernm
ents
,
busi
ness
es, a
nd c
onsu
mer
s ca
n re
spon
d to
the
se t
rend
s, in
clud
ed in
the
sec
tions
on c
onsu
mpt
ion
in t
his
repo
rt, a
re b
ased
on
WW
F po
licie
s an
d ai
m t
o sl
ow d
own
and
even
tual
ly h
alt
the
degr
adat
ion
of t
he w
orld
‘s n
atur
al e
nviro
nmen
ts.
The
Livi
ng P
lane
t Rep
orth
as d
raw
n on
ly o
n re
cent
, con
sist
ent,
and
upda
teab
le d
atas
ets.
WW
F an
d its
col
labo
rato
rs, t
he W
orld
Con
serv
atio
n
Mon
itorin
g C
entr
e an
d th
e N
ew E
cono
mic
s Fo
unda
tion,
are
com
mitt
ed t
o
trac
king
env
ironm
enta
l tre
nds,
and
to
impr
ovin
g th
e re
port
‘s in
dice
s.
EX
EC
UT
IVE
SU
MM
AR
Y
WW
F L
IVIN
G P
LA
NE
T I
ND
EX
A
mea
sure
of t
he h
ealth
of t
he w
orl
d’s
nat
ural
eco
syst
ems,
197
0–19
95
020406080100
120
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
Up
per
co
nfid
ence
lim
it
Low
er c
onf
iden
ce li
mit
CO
NS
UM
PT
ION
PR
ES
SU
RE
A
mea
sure
of t
he b
urd
en p
lace
d o
n th
e en
viro
nmen
t by
peo
ple
, 199
5C
ON
SU
MP
TIO
N P
RE
SS
UR
E
PE
R P
ER
SO
N
Pre
ssur
e un
its
CO
NS
UM
PT
ION
PR
ES
SU
RE
O
F W
HO
LE
CO
UN
TR
Y
Mill
ion
pre
ssur
e un
itsC
HIN
A
UN
ITE
D S
TA
TE
S
IND
IA
JAP
AN
R
US
SIA
N F
ED
ER
AT
ION
IN
DO
NE
SIA
B
RA
ZIL
G
ER
MA
NY
P
AK
IST
AN
K
OR
EA
, RE
P.
ITA
LY
FRA
NC
E
ME
XIC
O
TH
AIL
AN
D
UN
ITE
D K
ING
DO
M
SP
AIN
T
AIW
AN
C
AN
AD
A
PH
ILIP
PIN
ES
IR
AN
1 =
wo
rld
av
erag
e co
nsum
er in
199
5
1,04
072
344
329
422
515
714
212
411
010
697 92 92 89 83 76 73 69 67 65
0.85
2.74
0.47
2.35
1.53
0.79
0.88
1.52
0.78
2.35
1.70 1.
580.
981.
52 1.43
1.92
3.42
2.35
0.99
0.96
010203040
MAURITIUS
NEW ZEALAND
MADAGASCAR
PHILIPPINES
HAITI
CUBA
AUSTRALIA
JAPAN
DOMINICAN REP.
BANGLADESH
INDONESIA
BRAZIL
CHINA
CAMBODIA
INDIA
VIET NAM
PAPUA NEW GUINEA
BOLIVIA
LAOS
CHILE
UNITED STATES
KOREA, REP.
MONGOLIA
JAMAICA
THAILAND
ALGERIA
LESOTHO
RUSSIAN FEDERATION
LIBYA
MALAYSIA
YEMEN
SAUDI ARABIA
BHUTAN
NEPAL
PUERTO RICO
KUWAIT
ARGENTINA
PERU
MEXICO
SOUTH AFRICA
MYANMAR
SPAIN
LIBERIA
PAKISTAN
JORDAN
AFGHANISTAN
COLOMBIA
ECUADOR
PORTUGAL
ISRAEL
IRAN
TANZANIA
GUINEA
MOROCCO
ETHIOPIA
SIERRA LEONE
EGYPT
TAIWAN
SRI LANKA
KOREA, D.P.R.
URUGUAY
CAMEROON
CONGO, DEM. REP. (ZAIRE)
CÔTE D’IVOIRE
PARAGUAY
ROMANIA
TUNISIA
OMAN
SOMALIA
UKRAINE
MAURITANIA
MOZAMBIQUE
NIGERIA
TURKEY
MOLDOVA
RWANDA
Fig.
3:
TH
RE
AT
EN
ED
SP
EC
IES
Pe
rcen
tage
of b
ird a
nd m
amm
al
spec
ies
thre
aten
ed
2LI
VIN
G P
LAN
ET
RE
PO
RT
1998
TH
E
LIV
ING
P
LA
NE
T
IND
EX
TH
E L
ivin
g Pl
anet
Ind
ex (
LPI
) is
a m
easu
reof
the
heal
th o
f glo
bal e
cosy
stem
s an
dbi
odiv
ersi
ty, b
ased
on
data
sho
win
g th
eav
erag
e ch
ange
ove
r tim
e in
the
stat
e of
fore
st,
fres
hwat
er, a
nd m
arin
e ec
osys
tem
s. It
is a
nat
tem
pt to
qua
ntify
the
exte
nt a
nd s
ever
ity o
fbi
odiv
ersi
ty lo
ss.
Cha
nge
in th
e ar
ea o
f nat
ural
fore
st c
over
,ca
lcul
ated
as
tota
l for
est c
over
less
pla
ntat
ions
,is
use
d as
a m
easu
re o
f the
sta
te o
f for
est
ecos
yste
ms.
The
sta
te o
f fre
shw
ater
and
mar
ine
ecos
yste
ms
is in
dica
ted
by c
hang
es in
popu
latio
ns o
f sel
ecte
d fr
eshw
ater
and
mar
ine
vert
ebra
te s
peci
es.
Figu
re 1
sho
ws
that
the
LPI
fell
by o
ver
30 p
er c
ent b
etw
een
1970
and
199
5 an
d th
atth
e av
erag
e ra
te o
f dec
line
betw
een
1990
and
1995
was
abo
ut 3
per
cen
t per
yea
r. T
his
can
be in
terp
rete
d as
mea
ning
that
30
per
cent
of
the
Ear
th’s
natu
ral w
ealth
was
lost
dur
ing
this
per
iod.
The
fore
st in
dex
wen
t dow
n by
abo
ut
10 p
er c
ent f
rom
197
0 to
199
5. B
ut fo
rest
ar
ea is
not
nec
essa
rily
pro
port
iona
l to
fore
stbi
odiv
ersi
ty, a
nd th
e re
lativ
ely
slow
dec
line
ofth
e in
dex
mas
ks a
loss
of e
colo
gica
l qua
lity,
part
icul
arly
in te
mpe
rate
fore
sts.
The
fres
hwat
er e
cosy
stem
s in
dex
drop
ped
by 5
0 pe
r ce
nt o
ver
the
sam
e 25
-yea
r pe
riod
.B
etw
een
1990
and
199
5 th
e av
erag
e ra
te o
fde
clin
e w
as a
lmos
t 6 p
er c
ent p
er y
ear.
The
mar
ine
ecos
yste
ms
inde
x fe
ll by
abo
ut30
per
cen
t, w
ith a
n av
erag
e ra
te o
f dec
reas
ebe
twee
n 19
90 a
nd 1
995
of n
earl
y 4
per
cent
per
year
. T
he fr
eshw
ater
and
mar
ine
indi
ces
can
beth
ough
t of a
s m
easu
ring
the
chan
ge in
the
popu
latio
n of
a ty
pica
l mar
ine
or fr
eshw
ater
spec
ies,
sta
rtin
g w
ith 1
00 in
divi
dual
s in
19
70. T
he s
ampl
es o
f spe
cies
use
d in
bot
hin
dice
s in
clud
e al
l tho
se fo
r w
hich
tim
e-se
ries
pop
ulat
ion
data
cou
ld b
e fo
und
–
70 fr
eshw
ater
and
87
mar
ine
spec
ies.
Fis
h an
dam
phib
ian
spec
ies
are
unde
r-re
pres
ente
dco
mpa
red
with
bir
ds, m
amm
als,
and
rep
tiles
, as
are
trop
ical
spe
cies
com
pare
d w
ith te
mpe
rate
ones
. (Fu
rthe
r de
tail
of th
e co
nstr
uctio
n of
the
indi
ces
is d
iscu
ssed
on
page
s 6-
11.)
To s
uppl
emen
t the
LPI
’s pe
rspe
ctiv
e on
the
stat
e of
nat
ural
eco
syst
ems
at a
glo
bal l
evel
, Map
1 an
d Fi
gure
3 s
how
a m
easu
re o
f the
cur
rent
stat
e of
bio
dive
rsity
at a
nat
iona
l lev
el, b
ased
on
the
perc
enta
ge o
f eac
h co
untr
y’s
bird
and
mam
mal
spe
cies
that
are
cla
ssifi
ed a
s vu
lner
able
,en
dang
ered
or
criti
cally
end
ange
red
in th
e 19
96IU
CN
Red
List
of T
hrea
tene
d A
nim
als.
WW
F L
IVIN
G P
LA
NE
T I
ND
EX
A
mea
sure
of t
he h
ealth
of t
he w
orl
d’s
nat
ural
eco
syst
ems,
197
0–19
95
020406080100
120 19
7019
7519
8019
8519
9019
95020406080100
120
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1965
1960
020406080100
120 19
7019
7519
8019
8519
9019
95020406080100
120 19
7019
7519
8019
8519
9019
95
Up
per
co
nfid
ence
lim
itLo
wer
co
nfid
ence
lim
it
Fig.
1:
LIV
ING
P
LA
NE
T
IND
EX
Fig.
2a:
FO
RE
ST
E
CO
SY
ST
EM
S
IND
EX
Fig.
2b
: FR
ES
HW
AT
ER
E
CO
SY
ST
EM
S
IND
EX
Fig.
2c:
M
AR
INE
E
CO
SY
ST
EM
S
IND
EX
KENYA
NAMIBIA
ANGOLA
LATVIA
GREECE
LITHUANIA
CHAD
POLAND
GHANA
HUNGARY
SINGAPORE
MALI
LEBANON
IRAQ
NIGER
GABON
VENEZUELA
SYRIA
COSTA RICA
BOTSWANA
SLOVENIA
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
CONGO
ESTONIA
ITALY
PANAMA
SENEGAL
AUSTRIA
ALBANIA
SUDAN
FINLAND
FRANCE
GERMANY
UGANDA
BULGARIA
MALAWI
BELARUS
ZAMBIA
BURUNDI
CROATIA
ZIMBABWE
NORWAY
CANADA
SWEDEN
CZECH REP.
SLOVAKIA
GUINEA-BISSAU
BENIN
TOGO
HONDURAS
BELGIUM/LUXEMBOURG
BURKINA FASO
NETHERLANDS
CENTRAL AFRICAN REP.
NICARAGUA
GUATEMALA
SWITZERLAND
ERITREA
DENMARK
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO
GAMBIA, THE
UNITED KINGDOM
IRELAND
EL SALVADOR
HONG KONG
ARMENIA
AZERBAIJAN
BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
GEORGIA
KAZAKHSTAN
KYRGYZSTAN
MACEDONIA
TAJIKISTAN
TURKMENISTAN
UZBEKISTAN
YUGOSLAVIA
3LI
VIN
G P
LAN
ET
RE
PO
RT
1998
10 a
nd o
ver
7 to
<10
5 to
<7
3 to
<5
2 to
<3
<2
insu
ffic
ent
data
Map
1:
TH
RE
AT
EN
ED
SP
EC
IES
Perc
enta
ge o
f b
ird
and
mam
mal
sp
ecie
sth
reat
ened
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
01234567
NORWAY
TAIWAN
CHILE
SINGAPORE
DENMARK
UNITED STATES
KUWAIT
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
AUSTRALIA
ESTONIA
NETHERLANDS
CANADA
JAPAN
KOREA, REP.
BELGIUM/LUXEMBOURG
FINLAND
KOREA, D.P.R.
PORTUGAL
SPAIN
MALAYSIA
KAZAKHSTAN
UZBEKISTAN
SWEDEN
IRELAND
HONG KONG
GREECE
ISRAEL
ITALY
SAUDI ARABIA
AUSTRIA
LITHUANIA
FRANCE
IRAQ
LATVIA
CZECH REP.
RUSSIAN FEDERATION
GERMANY
THAILAND
SWITZERLAND
SLOVENIA
UNITED KINGDOM
SLOVAKIA
NEW ZEALAND
OMAN
URUGUAY
POLAND
BULGARIA
HUNGARY
LEBANON
ROMANIA
BELARUS
SOUTH AFRICA
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO
PAPUA NEW GUINEA
LIBYA
PANAMA
VENEZUELA
ARGENTINA
COSTA RICA
TURKEY
UKRAINE
PERU
PHILIPPINES
MEXICO
IRAN
PARAGUAY
CROATIA
ECUADOR
TUNISIA
BRAZIL
MACEDONIA
CHINA
JORDAN
MAURITIUS
YUGOSLAVIA
GABON
Wor
ld
aver
age
Fig.
4:
CO
NS
UM
PT
ION
PR
ES
SU
RE
A
mea
sure
of t
he b
urde
n pl
aced
on
the
envi
ronm
ent b
y pe
ople
, 199
5C
ON
SU
MP
TIO
N P
RE
SS
UR
E
PE
R P
ER
SO
N
Pres
sure
uni
ts
CO
NS
UM
PT
ION
PR
ES
SU
RE
O
F W
HO
LE C
OU
NT
RY
M
illio
n pr
essu
re u
nits
CH
INA
U
NIT
ED S
TATE
S
IND
IA
JAPA
N
RU
SS
IAN
FED
ERA
TIO
N
IND
ON
ESIA
B
RA
ZIL
GER
MA
NY
PA
KIS
TAN
K
OR
EA, R
EP.
ITA
LY
FRA
NC
E M
EXIC
O
THA
ILA
ND
U
NIT
ED K
ING
DO
M
SPA
IN
TAIW
AN
C
AN
AD
A
PHIL
IPPI
NES
IR
AN
1 =
wor
ld
aver
age
cons
umer
in 1
995
1,04
072
344
329
422
515
714
212
411
010
697 92 92 89 83 76 73 69 67 65
Fig.
5:
CO
NS
UM
PT
ION
PR
ES
SU
RE
BY
RE
GIO
N
Pres
sure
uni
ts p
er p
erso
n pe
r ye
ar, 1
995
data
(1
= w
orld
ave
rage
con
sum
er in
199
5)
Middle East and Central Asia 1.11
Asia/Pacific 0.83
Latin America and the Caribbean 0.95
North America 2.70
Western Europe 1.72
Central and Eastern Europe 1.29
OECD 1.97
Non-OECD 0.78
Africa 0.55
Fig.
6:
CO
NS
UM
PT
ION
PR
ES
SU
RE
B
Y C
OU
NT
RY
Pr
essu
re u
nits
per
per
son
per
year
, 19
95 d
ata
0.85
2.74
0.47
2.35
1.53
0.79
0.88
1.52
0.78
2.35
1.70 1.
580.
981.
52 1.43
1.92
3.42
2.35
0.99
0.96
4LI
VIN
G P
LAN
ET
RE
PO
RT
1998
GL
OB
AL
C
ON
SU
MP
TIO
N
PR
ES
SU
RE
CO
NSU
MPT
ION
Pre
ssur
e is
a m
easu
re o
fna
tiona
l and
indi
vidu
al p
ress
ures
on
natu
ral
ecos
yste
ms,
base
d on
res
ourc
e co
nsum
ptio
nan
d po
llutio
n da
ta fr
om 1
52 c
ount
ries
in 1
995.
It is
an
atte
mpt
to q
uant
ify th
e bu
rden
pla
ced
on th
e gl
obal
env
iron
men
t by
the
inha
bita
nts
of th
ese
coun
trie
s. T
here
are
six
com
pone
nts
to G
loba
lC
onsu
mpt
ion
Pres
sure
: gra
in, m
arin
e fis
h, a
ndw
ood
cons
umpt
ion;
fres
hwat
er w
ithdr
awal
s;ca
rbon
dio
xide
em
issi
ons,
as a
pro
xy fo
r fo
ssil
fuel
con
sum
ptio
n; a
nd c
emen
t con
sum
ptio
n,as
a p
roxy
for
land
con
sum
ptio
n. I
mpo
rtan
tly,
cons
iste
nt, r
ecen
t, an
d up
date
able
info
rmat
ion
is a
vaila
ble
for
each
of t
hese
com
pone
nts
for
mos
t cou
ntri
es. T
he p
rodu
ctio
n an
dco
nsum
ptio
n of
thes
e re
sour
ces
are
clos
ely
rela
ted
to th
e de
grad
atio
n of
the
plan
et’s
natu
ral e
cosy
stem
s. Fo
r ea
ch o
f the
six
com
pone
nts,
aco
untr
y’s
tota
l con
sum
ptio
n –
calc
ulat
ed a
sits
pro
duct
ion
of th
e re
sour
ce in
que
stio
n
plus
impo
rts
min
us e
xpor
ts –
is d
ivid
ed b
y its
pop
ulat
ion
to p
rovi
de th
e av
erag
eco
nsum
ptio
n pe
r pe
rson
for
that
cou
ntry
. T
he r
esul
ts o
f the
se c
alcu
latio
ns a
re s
how
n on
pag
es 1
2-23
. Fig
ures
4 a
nd 5
sho
w to
tal
and
per
pers
on C
onsu
mpt
ion
Pres
sure
, ba
sed
on a
ll si
x co
mpo
nent
s co
mbi
ned,
for
sele
cted
cou
ntri
es a
nd r
egio
ns. F
igur
e 6
show
s C
onsu
mpt
ion
Pres
sure
per
per
son
for
all 1
52 c
ount
ries
and
Map
2 s
how
s th
e ge
ogra
phic
al d
istr
ibut
ion
of G
loba
l
Con
sum
ptio
n Pr
essu
re –
the
dist
ribu
tion
of c
onsu
mpt
ion
pres
sure
with
in c
ount
ries
is
bas
ed o
nly
on th
e di
stri
butio
n of
its
popu
latio
n.E
ach
of th
e si
x co
mpo
nent
s ha
s be
en g
iven
equa
l wei
ghtin
g in
cal
cula
ting
Con
sum
ptio
nPr
essu
re. I
t wou
ld, o
f cou
rse,
be
poss
ible
toob
tain
diff
eren
t res
ults
by
appl
ying
diff
eren
tw
eigh
tings
to d
iffer
ent c
ompo
nent
s, bu
t the
met
hod
used
her
e is
the
sim
ples
t. M
ore
deta
ilson
the
calc
ulat
ions
are
giv
en o
n pa
ge 2
4.
Wor
ld a
vera
ge
JAMAICA
SYRIA
INDONESIA
MADAGASCAR
PAKISTAN
CONGO
GHANA
SENEGAL
COLOMBIA
EGYPT
MOROCCO
BOTSWANA
CUBA
GAMBIA, THE
EL SALVADOR
GUATEMALA
MOLDOVA
HONDURAS
ZAMBIA
GEORGIA
MAURITANIA
LAOS
DOMINICAN REP.
SRI LANKA
KENYA
ALGERIA
VIET NAM
CÔTE D’IVOIRE
SUDAN
CAMEROON
NEPAL
BENIN
NICARAGUA
BURKINA FASO
MONGOLIA
NIGERIA
SIERRA LEONE
CENTRAL AFRICAN REP.
TANZANIA
GUINEA
INDIA
MYANMAR
BOLIVIA
CAMBODIA
ZIMBABWE
GUINEA-BISSAU
MOZAMBIQUE
ANGOLA
MALAWI
TOGO
MALI
NIGER
UGANDA
CONGO, DEM. REP. (ZAIRE)
HAITI
ETHIOPIA
YEMEN
BURUNDI
ALBANIA
RWANDA
BANGLADESH
AFGHANISTAN
ARMENIA
AZERBAIJAN
BHUTAN
BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
CHAD
ERITREA
KYRGYZSTAN
LESOTHO
LIBERIA
NAMIBIA
PUERTO RICO
SOMALIA
TAJIKISTAN
TURKMENISTAN
5LI
VIN
G P
LAN
ET
RE
PO
RT
1998
1,20
0 to
60,
000
420
to <
1,20
0
180
to <
420
70 t
o <
180
0 to
<70
Map
2:
DIS
TR
IBU
TIO
N O
F G
LO
BA
LC
ON
SU
MP
TIO
N P
RE
SS
UR
E
Pres
sure
uni
ts p
er k
m2
Eac
h o
f th
e fi
ve c
olo
urs
on
th
e m
apco
vers
20
per
cen
t o
f g
lob
al c
on
sum
pti
on
in 1
995
6LI
VIN
G P
LAN
ET
RE
PO
RT
1998
FO
RE
ST
E
CO
SY
ST
EM
S
TH
E w
orld
’s fo
rest
cov
er, n
ot c
ount
ing
plan
tatio
ns, d
ecre
ased
by
13 p
er c
ent
betw
een
1960
and
199
0, fr
om 3
7 m
illio
n km
2
to 3
2 m
illio
n km
2 . T
his
is e
quiv
alen
t to
anav
erag
e an
nual
loss
of a
bout
160
,000
km2
–an
are
a ha
lf th
e si
ze o
f Nor
way
– o
r 0.
5 pe
rce
nt p
er y
ear.
Fig
ure
7 sh
ows
that
mos
t of
this
has
occ
urre
d in
trop
ical
reg
ions
. For
exam
ple,
sat
ellit
e im
ages
of t
he B
razi
lian
Am
azon
sho
w th
at f
ores
t cov
er h
as b
een
lost
at a
n av
erag
e an
nual
rat
e of
abo
ut19
,000
km2
over
the
last
20
year
s: th
e to
tal
accu
mul
ated
def
ores
tatio
n up
to 1
996
was
equi
vale
nt to
the
loss
of a
n ar
ea s
light
ly
larg
er th
an S
pain
out
of a
n or
igin
al fo
rest
area
abo
ut th
e si
ze o
f Wes
tern
Eur
ope.
Alth
ough
tem
pera
te a
nd b
orea
l for
est a
rea
has
rem
aine
d m
ore
or le
ss c
onst
ant s
ince
the
1960
s, th
e fla
t lin
es o
n th
e gr
aph
conc
eal a
decl
ine
in q
ualit
y, a
s m
uch
of it
is s
econ
dary
or s
emi-n
atur
al r
athe
r th
an o
ld-g
row
th fo
rest
.In
add
ition
, Tab
le 2
(pa
ge 3
6) s
how
s th
atm
uch
curr
ent f
ores
t is
frag
men
ted
into
are
asto
o sm
all t
o su
ppor
t the
full
com
plem
ent o
fsp
ecie
s th
at w
ould
live
in a
n un
dist
urbe
dna
tura
l for
est.
Furt
herm
ore,
pla
ntat
ions
,w
hich
mak
e up
larg
e tr
acts
of c
urre
nt fo
rest
area
, nei
ther
sup
port
the
sam
e le
vels
of
biod
iver
sity
nor
per
form
the
sam
e ec
olog
ical
func
tions
as
old-
grow
th fo
rest
.
Ori
gin
al
fore
st c
over
Hal
f of t
he w
orld
’s or
igin
al fo
rest
has
gon
e.O
rigi
nal f
ores
t cov
er is
an
estim
ate
of th
elik
ely
area
of f
ores
t und
er c
urre
nt c
limat
icco
nditi
ons
with
out h
uman
inte
rfer
ence
. Thi
sw
ould
be
clos
e to
the
max
imal
are
a of
fore
stso
me
time
afte
r th
e la
st ic
e ag
e, a
roun
d 6,
000-
8,00
0 ye
ars
ago.
Sin
ce th
en fo
rest
s ha
ve b
een
clea
red
to m
ake
room
for
agri
cultu
re a
ndot
her
hum
an a
ctiv
ities
.It
is a
ppar
ent f
rom
Fig
ure
9 an
d M
ap 3
that
, his
tori
cally
, tem
pera
te fo
rest
s ha
ve fa
red
at le
ast a
s ba
dly
as tr
opic
al fo
rest
s w
hich
are
curr
ently
dis
appe
arin
g fa
stes
t. T
he p
erce
ntag
esof
four
fore
st ty
pes
lost
are
: ove
r 60
per
cen
t of
tem
pera
te b
road
leaf
and
mix
ed fo
rest
; aro
und
30 p
er c
ent o
f nee
dlel
eaf f
ores
t; ab
out 4
5 pe
rce
nt o
f tro
pica
l moi
st fo
rest
; and
app
roxi
mat
ely
70 p
er c
ent o
f tro
pica
l dry
fore
st.
The
gre
ates
t red
uctio
n ha
s be
en in
Asi
a,w
here
abo
ut 7
0 pe
r ce
nt o
f the
ori
gina
l for
est
cove
r ha
s go
ne. T
oday
, lar
gely
inta
ct tr
acts
of
undi
stur
bed
fore
st r
emai
n on
ly in
the
Rus
sian
Fede
ratio
n, C
anad
a, a
nd th
e A
maz
on a
ndC
ongo
bas
ins.
05101520
Africa
Asia/Pacific (inc. Middle East and Central Asia)
Latin America and the Caribbean
North America
Europe (C, E and W Europe but excluding Russian Fed.)
Russian Federation
Fig.
7:
NA
TU
RA
L F
OR
ES
T C
OV
ER
M
illio
n sq
uare
kilo
met
res,
196
0–19
90
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
Rus
sian
Fed
erat
ion
Afr
ica
Eur
op
e (C
entr
al, E
aste
rn a
nd
Wes
tern
Eur
op
e b
ut
excl
udin
g R
ussi
an F
ed.)
Asi
a/P
acifi
c (in
c. M
idd
le E
ast
and
Cen
tral
Asi
a)
No
rth
Am
eric
a
Latin
Am
eric
a an
d
the
Car
ibb
ean
Ori
gina
l*
Are
a in
199
0
* P
ote
ntia
l co
ver
assu
min
g cu
rren
t clim
atic
co
nditi
ons
and
no
hum
an in
terf
eren
ce
Fig.
9:
BY
TY
PE
M
illio
n sq
uare
kilo
met
res
05101520
Needleleaf forest
Temperate broadleaf and mixed forest
Tropical dry forest
Tropical moist forest
13.76
4.75
4.77
15.49
11.84
9.60
6.97
7.65
5.19
1.81
12.05
8.15
10.80
11.99
6.88
12.55
19.60
17.74
18.18
3.69
OR
IGIN
AL A
ND
CU
RR
EN
T F
OR
ES
T C
OV
ER
: Fi
g. 8
: B
Y R
EG
ION
M
illio
n sq
uare
kilo
met
res
0246810
7LI
VIN
G P
LAN
ET
RE
PO
RT
1998
Trop
ical
moi
st f
ores
t –
orig
inal
Trop
ical
moi
st f
ores
t –
curr
ent
area
Trop
ical
dry
for
est
– or
igin
al
Trop
ical
dry
for
est
– cu
rren
t ar
ea
Tem
pera
te b
road
leaf
and
mix
ed f
ores
t –
orig
inal
Tem
pera
te b
road
leaf
and
mix
ed f
ores
t –
curr
ent
area
Nee
dlel
eaf
fore
st –
ori
gina
l
Nee
dlel
eaf
fore
st –
cur
rent
are
a
Map
3:
OR
IGIN
AL
AN
D C
UR
RE
NT
F
OR
ES
T C
OV
ER
FR
ES
HW
AT
ER
E
CO
SY
ST
EM
S
UN
LIK
E c
hang
es in
fore
st e
cosy
stem
s, it
isdi
ffic
ult t
o in
dica
te b
iolo
gica
l tre
nds
infr
eshw
ater
eco
syst
ems
such
as
lake
s, ri
vers
,an
d w
etla
nds
by m
easu
ring
cha
nges
in a
rea.
Inst
ead
Figu
re 1
0 sh
ows
chan
ges
inpo
pula
tions
of s
elec
ted
fres
hwat
er s
peci
es a
s a
mea
sure
of t
he h
ealth
of t
hese
eco
syst
ems.
Dat
a on
tren
ds in
the
popu
latio
ns o
f 227
fres
hwat
er fi
sh, r
eptil
e, b
ird,
and
mam
mal
spec
ies
wer
e an
alys
ed to
est
imat
e th
epe
rcen
tage
that
wer
e ei
ther
dec
linin
g, s
tabl
e,or
incr
easi
ng d
urin
g th
e 19
70s,
the
1980
s, an
dth
e 19
90s.
The
res
ults
sho
w th
at, d
urin
g th
is
peri
od, a
bout
50-
60 p
er c
ent w
ere
in d
eclin
e,w
hile
35-
40 p
er c
ent r
emai
ned
stab
le, a
nd o
nly
5-10
per
cen
t inc
reas
ed.
Cle
arly
ther
e ar
e lim
itatio
ns to
this
anal
ysis.
The
sam
ple
incl
udes
eve
ry v
erte
brat
e sp
ecie
s for
whi
ch in
form
atio
n on
pop
ulat
ion
tren
ds o
ver t
hela
st th
ree
deca
des c
ould
be
foun
d. W
hile
this
sam
ple
cove
rs a
wid
e ta
xono
mic
and
geo
grap
hic
rang
e of
spec
ies,
fish
and
amph
ibia
ns a
re u
nder
-re
pres
ente
d –
amph
ibia
ns a
re b
elie
ved
bybi
olog
ists t
o be
dec
linin
g m
ore
rapi
dly
than
perh
aps a
ny o
ther
fres
hwat
er g
roup
– a
s are
spec
ies f
rom
trop
ical
cou
ntrie
s.
Fresh
wate
r eco
syst
em
s in
dex
For
70 o
ut o
f the
227
spe
cies
it w
as p
ossi
ble
toes
timat
e po
pula
tions
at t
wo
or m
ore
poin
ts in
time.
The
se ti
me-
seri
es d
ata
wer
e av
erag
ed
to c
onst
ruct
an
inde
x of
the
chan
ges
infr
eshw
ater
eco
syst
ems
(Fig
ure
2b).
Thi
s in
dex
repr
esen
ts th
e ch
ange
s fr
om 1
970
to 1
995
in a
hypo
thet
ical
pop
ulat
ion
that
is ty
pica
l of t
hesa
mpl
e as
a w
hole
. Map
4 s
how
s th
e ch
ange
sin
pop
ulat
ions
of s
elec
ted
spec
ies
from
the
fres
hwat
er in
dex
and
thei
r ap
prox
imat
elo
catio
n in
the
wor
ld. T
he 7
0 sp
ecie
s ar
e lis
ted
on p
age
25.
Fresh
wate
r la
kes
Figu
re 1
1 co
mpa
res
two
glob
al s
urve
ys o
f 93
fres
hwat
er la
kes
to g
ive
a qu
alita
tive
indi
catio
n of
the
over
all c
hang
e in
thei
rec
olog
ical
sta
te b
etw
een
the
1960
s an
d th
e19
80s
or 1
990s
. The
com
pari
son
focu
sed
part
icul
arly
on
thre
ats
and
impa
cts
from
over
fishi
ng, c
oast
al d
evel
opm
ent,
silta
tion,
and
pollu
tion.
Eac
h la
ke w
as c
lass
ified
acco
rdin
g to
whe
ther
its
cond
ition
had
beco
me
bett
er o
r w
orse
, or
was
unc
hang
ed,
and
the
perc
enta
ge o
f the
lake
s in
eac
hca
tego
ry w
as c
ompa
red
for
each
reg
ion.
Incr
easi
ng
Sta
ble
Dec
reas
ing
Bet
ter
No
cha
nge
Wo
rse
020406080100
120
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
Up
per
co
nfid
ence
lim
it
Low
er
conf
iden
ce
limit
Fig.
2b
: FR
ES
HW
AT
ER
EC
OS
YS
TE
MS
IN
DE
X
1970
–199
5
Fig.
10:
FR
ES
HW
AT
ER
SP
EC
IES
PO
PU
LA
TIO
N T
RE
ND
S
Per
cent
age
of s
pec
ies
wo
rld
wid
e, 1
970–
pre
sent
Fig.
11:
FR
ES
HW
AT
ER
LA
KE
S:
CH
AN
GE
IN
CO
ND
ITIO
N
Per
cent
age
of l
akes
, 196
0s–p
rese
nt
Afr
ica
Asi
a/P
acifi
c (in
c. M
idd
le E
ast
and
Cen
tral
Asi
a)
Eur
op
e (C
, E a
nd W
Eur
op
e b
ut
exc
lud
ing
Rus
sian
Fed
.)
Latin
Am
eric
a19
70–1
979
1990
–p
rese
nt19
80–1
989
0102030405060
01020304050607080
5
35
59
4
39
11
38
52
58
55
40
54
33
63
22
3
0
35
62
78
Perc
enta
ge o
f la
kes,
196
0s–p
rese
nt
LIV
ING
PLA
NE
T R
EP
OR
T 19
988
9LI
VIN
G P
LAN
ET
RE
PO
RT
1998
Ana
s cl
ypea
ta
1970
1995
Poly
odon
spat
hula
1970
1995
Eudo
cim
usru
ber
1970
1995
Podi
ceps
tacz
anow
skii
1970
1995
Pho
enic
opte
rus
andi
nus
1970
1995
Net
tapu
sau
ritu
s
1970
1995
Tach
ybap
tus
rufo
lava
tus
1970
1995
Pho
enic
opte
rus
min
or
1970
1995
Pla
tale
ale
ucor
odia
1970
1995
Cic
onia
cic
onia
1970
1995
Bot
auru
sst
ella
ris
1970
1995
Des
man
am
osch
ata
1970
1995 Hus
o hu
so
1970
1995
Gav
ialis
gang
etic
us
1970
1995
Lipo
tes
vexi
llife
r
1970
1995
Gru
sja
pone
nsis
1970
1995
Cro
cody
lus
min
dore
nsis
1970
1995
Bat
agur
bask
a
1970
1995
Cro
cody
lus
poro
sus
1970
1995
Him
anto
pus
nova
ezel
andi
ae
1970
1995
Map
4:
FR
ES
HW
ATER
SP
EC
IES
P
OP
ULA
TIO
N T
REN
DS
Sel
ecte
d sp
ecie
s
An
as
cly
peata
No
rth
ern
sh
ovele
rB
ata
gu
r b
ask
aR
iver
terr
ap
inB
ota
uru
s st
ell
ari
sE
ura
sian
bit
tern
Cic
on
ia c
ico
nia
Wh
ite s
tork
Cro
co
dyl
us
min
do
ren
sis
Ph
ilip
pin
es
cro
co
dil
eC
roco
dyl
us
po
rosu
sE
stu
ari
ne c
roco
dil
eD
esm
an
a m
osc
hata
Ru
ssia
n d
esm
an
Eu
do
cim
us
rub
er
Scarl
et
ibis
Gavi
ali
s g
an
geti
cu
sG
hari
al
Gru
s ja
po
nen
sis
Red
-cro
wn
ed
cra
ne
Him
an
top
us
no
vaeze
lan
dia
eB
lack
sti
ltH
uso
hu
soB
elu
ga (
stu
rgeo
n)
Lip
ote
s ve
xil
life
rB
aij
i (r
iver
do
lph
in)
Nett
ap
us
au
ritu
sA
fric
an
pyg
my g
oo
seP
ho
en
ico
pte
rus
an
din
us
An
dean
fla
min
go
Ph
oen
ico
pte
rus
min
or
Less
er
flam
ing
o
Pla
tale
a l
eu
co
rod
iaW
hit
e s
po
on
bil
lP
od
icep
s ta
cza
no
wsk
iiJu
nín
gre
be
Po
lyo
do
n s
path
ula
Pad
dle
fish
Tach
ybap
tus
rufo
lava
tus
Ala
otr
a g
reb
e
MA
RI
NE
E
CO
SY
ST
EM
S
FIG
UR
E 1
2 sh
ows
the
chan
ges
inpo
pula
tions
of m
arin
e ve
rteb
rate
spe
cies
as
a m
easu
re o
f the
hea
lth o
f the
oce
ans
and
coas
ts, i
n th
e sa
me
way
that
fres
hwat
ersp
ecie
s w
ere
used
as
indi
cato
rs o
f fre
shw
ater
ecos
yste
ms.
Dat
a on
the
popu
latio
ns o
f 11
6 sp
ecie
s w
ere
anal
ysed
to e
stim
ate
the
perc
enta
ges
that
wer
e ei
ther
dec
linin
g,
stab
le, o
r in
crea
sing
in e
ach
deca
de s
ince
1970
. The
res
ults
sho
w th
at, o
ver
this
per
iod,
abou
t 40
per
cent
of m
arin
e po
pula
tions
hav
e
decl
ined
, abo
ut 2
5 pe
r ce
nt h
ave
mai
ntai
ned
stab
le p
opul
atio
ns, a
nd 3
5 pe
r ce
nt h
ave
incr
ease
d.
The
sam
ple
incl
udes
eve
ry m
arin
eve
rteb
rate
spe
cies
for
whi
ch in
form
atio
n on
pop
ulat
ion
tren
ds o
ver
the
last
few
deca
des
coul
d be
foun
d. A
lthou
gh th
is c
over
sa
wid
e ge
ogra
phic
and
taxo
nom
ic r
ange
,so
me
bias
rem
ains
bec
ause
ther
e is
mor
ein
form
atio
n av
aila
ble
on b
irds
and
mam
mal
sth
an fi
shes
rel
ativ
e to
thei
r nu
mbe
rs in
the
wor
ld’s
oce
ans.
Sim
ilarl
y, th
ere
is m
ore
info
rmat
ion
on te
mpe
rate
spe
cies
than
on
trop
ical
one
s.
Mari
ne e
cosy
stem
s in
dex
For
87 o
ut o
f the
116
spe
cies
it w
as p
ossi
ble
to e
stim
ate
popu
latio
n si
zes
at m
ore
than
one
poin
t in
time.
As
with
the
fres
hwat
er s
peci
espo
pula
tions
, the
se d
ata
wer
e av
erag
ed to
prod
uce
the
mar
ine
ecos
yste
ms
inde
x sh
own
in F
igur
e 2c
. The
inde
x re
pres
ents
the
chan
ge
from
197
0 to
199
5 of
a h
ypot
hetic
alpo
pula
tion
that
is ty
pica
l of t
he s
ampl
e.
Map
5 s
how
s th
e ch
ange
s in
pop
ulat
ion
ofse
lect
ed s
peci
es fr
om th
e m
arin
e ec
osys
tem
sin
dex.
The
list
of 8
7 sp
ecie
s ca
n be
see
n on
pag
e 26
.
Incr
easi
ng
Sta
ble
Dec
reas
ing
Fig.
12:
M
AR
INE
SP
EC
IES
PO
PU
LA
TIO
N T
RE
ND
S
Per
cent
age
of v
erte
bra
te s
pec
ies
wo
rld
wid
e, 1
970–
pre
sent
1970
–197
919
90–
pre
sent
1980
–198
901020304050
32
22
46
39
25
38
24
3837
020406080100
120
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
Up
per
co
nfid
ence
lim
it
Low
er
conf
iden
ce
limit
Fig.
2c:
M
AR
INE
EC
OS
YS
TE
MS
IN
DE
X
1970
–199
5
LIV
ING
PLA
NE
T R
EP
OR
T 19
9810
11LI
VIN
G P
LAN
ET
RE
PO
RT
1998
Lim
anda
asp
era
1970
1995
Del
phin
apte
rus
leuc
as
1970
1995
Cul
pea
palla
si
1970
1995
Cal
lorh
inus
ursi
nus
1970
1995
Sph
enis
cus
men
dicu
lus
1970
1995Tr
iche
chus
man
alus
1970
1995
Thun
nus
thyn
nus
1970
1995 S
ula
dact
ylat
ra
1970
1995
Sph
enis
cus
dem
ersu
s
1970
1995
Dio
med
eaex
ulan
s
1970
1995
Ple
uron
ecte
sfe
rrug
ineu
s
1970
1995
Mel
anog
ram
mus
aegl
efin
us
1970
1995
Rei
nhar
dtiu
shi
ppog
loss
oide
s
1970
1995
Seb
aste
sm
ente
lla
1970
1995
Ap
teno
dyt
esp
atag
oni
cus
1970
1995
Neo
phoc
aci
nere
a
1970
1995
Car
etta
care
tta
1970
1995
Sul
a su
la
1970
1995
Der
moc
hely
sco
riac
ea
1970
1995
Dio
med
eaim
mut
abili
s
1970
1995
Ap
ten
od
ytes
pata
go
nic
us
Kin
g p
en
gu
inC
all
orh
inu
s u
rsin
us
No
rth
ern
fu
r se
al
Care
tta c
are
tta
Lo
gg
erh
ead
tu
rtle
Clu
pea p
all
asi
Pacif
ic h
err
ing
Delp
hin
ap
teru
s le
ucas
Belu
ga w
hale
Derm
och
ely
s co
riacea
Leath
erb
ack
tu
rtle
Dio
med
ea e
xu
lan
sW
an
deri
ng
alb
atr
oss
Dio
med
ea i
mm
uta
bil
isLaysa
n a
lbatr
oss
Lim
an
da a
spera
Yell
ow
fin
so
leM
ela
no
gra
mm
us
aeg
lefi
nu
sH
ad
do
ck
Neo
ph
oca c
inere
aA
ust
rali
an
sea l
ion
Ple
uro
necte
s fe
rru
gin
eu
sY
ell
ow
tail
flo
un
der
Rein
hard
tiu
s h
ipp
og
loss
oid
es
Gre
en
lan
d h
ali
bu
tS
eb
ast
es
men
tell
aD
eep
wate
r re
dfi
shS
ph
en
iscu
s d
em
ers
us
Jack
ass
pen
gu
inS
ph
en
iscu
s m
en
dic
ulu
sG
ala
pag
os
pen
gu
in
Su
la d
acty
latr
aM
ask
ed
bo
ob
yS
ula
su
laR
ed
-fo
ote
d b
oo
by
Th
un
nu
s th
ynn
us
Blu
efi
n t
un
aTr
ich
ech
us
man
atu
sC
ari
bb
ean
man
ate
e
Map
5:
MA
RIN
E S
PEC
IES
P
OP
ULA
TIO
N T
REN
DS
Sel
ecte
d sp
ecie
s
Wor
ld a
vera
ge
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
UNITED STATES
NEW ZEALAND
LITHUANIA
YUGOSLAVIA
DENMARK
ROMANIA
BELARUS
URUGUAY
SLOVENIA
CANADA
KAZAKHSTAN
AUSTRALIA
AUSTRIA
HONG KONG
ARGENTINA
CZECH REP.
IRELAND
POLAND
HUNGARY
BULGARIA
FRANCE
ITALY
GREECE
RUSSIAN FEDERATION
BELGIUM/LUXEMBOURG
SPAIN
SLOVAKIA
GERMANY
NETHERLANDS
UKRAINE
PARAGUAY
PORTUGAL
FINLAND
TURKMENISTAN
UZBEKISTAN
TURKEY
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
MOLDOVA
SWEDEN
SWITZERLAND
MONGOLIA
UNITED KINGDOM
GEORGIA
KOREA, REP.
MEXICO
ESTONIA
BRAZIL
NORWAY
MOROCCO
CHINA
TAIWAN
EGYPT
CHILE
KYRGYZSTAN
TAJIKISTAN
AZERBAIJAN
ISRAEL
SYRIA
VENEZUELA
KUWAIT
SOUTH AFRICA
MACEDONIA
PANAMA
ALGERIA
JAPAN
ALBANIA
NIGER
BOLIVIA
ARMENIA
SAUDI ARABIA
TUNISIA
IRAN
LIBYA
COSTA RICA
MALAYSIA
MALI
Wor
ld
aver
age
Fig.
13:
P
RO
DU
CT
ION
BY
MA
JOR
CO
UN
TR
Y/R
EG
ION
M
illio
n to
nnes
per
yea
r, 1
961–
1995
Fig.
14:
C
ON
SU
MP
TIO
N B
Y R
EG
ION
K
ilogr
ams
per
pers
on p
er y
ear,
199
5 da
ta
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
0
500
1,00
0
1,50
0
2,00
0W
orld
tot
al
Res
t of w
orld
Chi
na
Euro
pean
Uni
on
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
Indi
a
Form
er
Sov
iet U
nion
Africa 194
Middle East and Central Asia 316
Asia/Pacific 277
Latin America and the Caribbean 332
North America 679
Western Europe 452
Central and Eastern Europe 474
OECD 489
Non-OECD 277
Fig.
15:
C
ON
SU
MP
TIO
N B
Y C
OU
NT
RY
K
ilogr
ams
per
pers
on p
er y
ear,
19
95 d
ata
12LI
VIN
G P
LAN
ET
RE
PO
RT
1998
GR
AIN
C
ON
SU
MP
TIO
N
GR
AIN
S, s
uch
as w
heat
and
ric
e, a
re th
e m
ost
impo
rtan
t cro
ps fo
r fe
edin
g th
e w
orld
’spo
pula
tion.
Abo
ut a
thir
d of
the
glob
al g
rain
harv
est i
s fe
d to
ani
mal
s to
pro
duce
mea
t and
dair
y pr
oduc
ts, a
nd th
e w
orld
’s liv
esto
ckpo
pula
tion
is e
xpan
ding
at l
east
as
fast
as
the
hum
an p
opul
atio
n. A
s pe
ople
bec
ome
mor
eaf
fluen
t and
mov
e hi
gher
up
the
food
cha
in,
the
grow
ing
dem
and
for
mea
t, da
iry
prod
ucts
,an
d eg
gs e
xert
s fu
rthe
r pr
essu
re to
incr
ease
crop
pro
duct
ion.
Cle
arin
g fo
rest
s to
cre
ate
crop
land
or
past
ure
is r
espo
nsib
le fo
r m
ost o
fth
e de
fore
stat
ion
in th
e tr
opic
s. Fi
gure
13
show
s tha
t wor
ld g
rain
pro
duct
ion
has m
ore
than
dou
bled
sinc
e 19
60. H
owev
er, t
hein
crea
se p
er p
erso
n ha
s fla
ttene
d sin
ce th
e 19
80s.
Prod
uctio
n is
no lo
nger
gro
win
g fa
ster
than
the
wor
ld’s
popu
latio
n as
wat
er re
sour
ces a
rere
achi
ng th
eir l
imits
and
cro
plan
ds a
re lo
st to
urba
n de
velo
pmen
t and
soil
eros
ion.
Ass
umin
gth
at g
loba
l gra
in p
rodu
ctio
n ca
n be
mai
ntai
ned
and
dist
ribut
ed e
venl
y, th
e cu
rren
t har
vest
of
appr
oxim
atel
y 2
billi
on to
nnes
a y
ear w
ould
supp
lyab
out 3
30kg
per
per
son
per y
ear,
suffi
cien
t to
prov
ide
a he
alth
y di
et fo
r the
cur
rent
wor
ldpo
pula
tion,
but
not
if e
very
one
wer
e to
ado
pt th
eco
nsum
ptio
n pa
ttern
s of t
he in
dust
rializ
ed c
ount
ries.
Figu
res
14 a
nd 1
5 an
d M
ap 6
sho
w th
eco
nsum
ptio
n of
gra
in-e
quiv
alen
t in
each
cou
ntry
and
regi
on, c
alcu
late
d as
the
cons
umpt
ion
of
grai
n co
nsum
ed d
irec
tly b
y hu
man
s, pl
us th
eam
ount
con
sum
ed in
dire
ctly
as
mea
t, pl
us s
eed,
proc
essi
ng lo
sses
, and
was
te g
rain
.
WW
F re
com
men
dat
ions
to r
educe
pre
ssure
on
ecosy
stem
s fr
om
gra
in a
nd m
eat
consu
mpti
on
■Pr
otec
t so
il fr
om e
rosi
on a
nd d
egra
datio
n ca
used
by o
verg
razi
ng a
nd b
ad a
gric
ultu
ral p
ract
ices
. ■
Pres
erve
exi
stin
g cr
opla
nds
for
agri
cultu
re, r
athe
rth
an u
rban
and
indu
stri
al d
evel
opm
ent,
road
build
ing,
or
non-
esse
ntia
l cro
ps s
uch
as t
obac
co.
■In
crea
se w
ater
-use
effi
cien
cy o
f irr
igat
ed c
ropl
and
to c
ut w
ater
loss
es a
nd e
xpan
d th
e ar
ea u
nder
irri
gatio
n, e
spec
ially
in A
fric
a an
d La
tin A
mer
ica.
■R
educ
e de
pend
ence
on
pest
icid
es a
nd in
crea
se th
eus
e of
bio
logi
cal c
ontr
ol a
nd p
est-
resi
stan
t var
ietie
s.■
Cut
mea
t an
d da
iry
prod
uct
cons
umpt
ion,
espe
cial
ly in
Eur
ope
and
Nor
th A
mer
ica.
e
MAURITIUS
VIET NAM
LEBANON
MYANMAR
NEPAL
CROATIA
LAOS
BOTSWANA
COLOMBIA
BURKINA FASO
CAMBODIA
SENEGAL
LESOTHO
INDONESIA
EL SALVADOR
GUINEA-BISSAU
SUDAN
PHILIPPINES
JORDAN
DOMINICAN REP.
JAMAICA
KOREA, D.P.R.
MAURITANIA
ECUADOR
GUATEMALA
ZAMBIA
GABON
THAILAND
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO
PAKISTAN
YEMEN
MADAGASCAR
MALAWI
INDIA
PERU
NIGERIA
BANGLADESH
HONDURAS
NICARAGUA
ZIMBABWE
CHAD
KENYA
TANZANIA
CUBA
BENIN
SRI LANKA
IRAQ
CÔTE D’IVOIRE
CAMEROON
GAMBIA, THE
GUINEA
PAPUA NEW GUINEA
SIERRA LEONE
TOGO
CENTRAL AFRICAN REP.
GHANA
UGANDA
CONGO
ANGOLA
MOZAMBIQUE
BURUNDI
CONGO, DEM. REP. (ZAIRE)
AFGHANISTAN
BHUTAN
BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
ERITREA
ETHIOPIA
HAITI
LATVIA
LIBERIA
NAMIBIA
OMAN
PUERTO RICO
RWANDA
SINGAPORE
SOMALIA
13LI
VIN
G P
LAN
ET
RE
PO
RT
1998
600
and
ove
r
500
to <
600
400
to <
500
300
to <
400
200
to <
300
<20
0
insu
ffic
ent
dat
a
Map
6:
CO
NS
UM
PTIO
N B
Y C
OU
NTR
YK
ilogr
ams
per
per
son
per
yea
r, 19
95 d
ata
010203040
050100
150
200
250
NORWAY
CHILE
DENMARK
TAIWAN
NETHERLANDS
JAPAN
KOREA, D.P.R.
PORTUGAL
FINLAND
KOREA, REP.
SPAIN
HONG KONG
ISRAEL
THAILAND
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
BELGIUM/LUXEMBOURG
SINGAPORE
SWEDEN
IRELAND
ESTONIA
MALAYSIA
UNITED KINGDOM
AUSTRALIA
PERU
GREECE
LATVIA
FRANCE
PHILIPPINES
PANAMA
OMAN
GABON
MAURITIUS
SENEGAL
LITHUANIA
CANADA
SWITZERLAND
ITALY
SOUTH AFRICA
AUSTRIA
PAPUA NEW GUINEA
UNITED STATES
CONGO
JAMAICA
RUSSIAN FEDERATION
VENEZUELA
GHANA
HUNGARY
SLOVENIA
NEW ZEALAND
MOROCCO
SRI LANKA
GERMANY
GAMBIA, THE
INDONESIA
MEXICO
YUGOSLAVIA
MAURITANIA
MYANMAR
ECUADOR
CHINA
COLOMBIA
DOMINICAN REP.
KUWAIT
TURKEY
CÔTE D’IVOIRE
CUBA
CZECH REP.
SAUDI ARABIA
IRAN
MACEDONIA
POLAND
ANGOLA
SIERRA LEONE
URUGUAY
VIET NAM
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO
Africa 6.0
Middle East and Central Asia 7.4
Asia/Pacific 15.5
Latin America and the Caribbean 15.7
North America 23.9
Western Europe 41.6
Central and Eastern Europe 13.9
OECD 38.4
Non-OECD 10.7
Wor
ld
aver
age
Fig.
16:
P
RO
DU
CT
ION
BY
MA
JOR
CO
UN
TR
Y/R
EG
ION
M
illio
n to
nnes
per
yea
r, 1
961–
1995
Fig.
18:
C
ON
SU
MP
TIO
N B
Y C
OU
NT
RY
K
ilogr
ams
per
pers
on p
er y
ear,
19
95 d
ata
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
020406080W
orld
tot
al
Res
t of w
orld
Form
er
Sov
iet U
nion
Euro
pean
Uni
onJa
pan
Chi
le
Chi
na
Peru
Fig.
17:
C
ON
SU
MP
TIO
N B
Y R
EG
ION
K
ilogr
ams
per
pers
on p
er y
ear,
199
5 da
ta
14LI
VIN
G P
LAN
ET
RE
PO
RT
1998
MA
RI
NE
F
ISH
C
ON
SU
MP
TIO
N
FISH
is th
e pr
imar
y so
urce
of p
rote
in fo
r 95
0m
illio
n pe
ople
and
form
s an
impo
rtan
t par
t of
the
diet
of m
any
mor
e. A
bout
a th
ird
of g
loba
lfis
h pr
oduc
tion
is p
roce
ssed
into
fish
mea
l or
oil,
mos
t of w
hich
is fe
d to
ani
mal
s. T
hree
-qu
arte
rs o
f the
fish
eat
en o
r ot
herw
ise
cons
umed
are
mar
ine
fish,
cau
ght f
rom
the
wild
, rat
her
than
fres
hwat
er fi
sh o
r fa
rmed
fish
.O
verf
ishi
ng is
cau
sing
man
y fis
h st
ocks
tode
clin
e, e
spec
ially
in th
e N
orth
Atla
ntic
.T
he a
vera
ge m
arin
e fis
h ca
tch
for
1990
-199
5
was
84
mill
ion
tonn
es p
er y
ear,
doub
le w
hat i
tw
as in
196
0 (F
igur
e 16
). O
n to
p of
this
, at l
east
27 m
illio
n to
nnes
per
yea
r of
by-
catc
h –
unw
ante
d fis
h –
wer
e ca
ught
and
dis
card
ed,
putt
ing
the
min
imum
est
imat
e of
fish
cau
ght a
tm
ore
than
110
mill
ion
tonn
es a
yea
r.T
he U
N F
ood
and
Agr
icul
ture
Org
aniz
atio
nes
timat
ed th
at, i
n 19
94, 6
0 pe
r ce
nt o
f the
wor
ld’s
fish
reso
urce
s w
ere
eith
er fu
lly e
xplo
ited
or in
dec
line.
The
FA
O a
lso
estim
ates
that
the
max
imum
sus
tain
able
pot
entia
l of t
he o
cean
s
is b
etw
een
82 a
nd 1
00 m
illio
n to
nnes
a y
ear,
equi
vale
nt to
abo
ut 1
4kg-
17kg
of f
ish
per
pers
onpe
r ye
ar fo
r a
wor
ld p
opul
atio
n of
abo
ut 6
bill
ion.
Cur
rent
leve
ls o
f mar
ine
prod
uctio
n w
illth
eref
ore
lead
to fu
rthe
r de
clin
es in
fish
sto
cks.
The
dat
a us
ed in
Fig
ures
17
and
18 a
nd M
ap 7
incl
ude
shel
lfish
, fin
fish,
and
fish
that
is p
roce
ssed
into
oil
or m
eal f
or a
nim
al fe
ed, a
s w
ell a
s fis
hco
nsum
ed a
s fo
od. F
resh
wat
er fi
sh a
re n
otin
clud
ed, n
or is
by-
catc
h as
this
is d
iffic
ult t
oat
trib
ute
to a
con
sum
er c
ount
ry.
WW
F re
com
men
dat
ions
to r
educe
pre
ssure
on m
arin
e fi
sher
ies
■S
top
over
fishi
ng b
y lim
iting
fishi
ng e
ffort
and
acc
ess
to fi
sher
ies,
and
allo
win
gde
plet
ed s
tock
s to
rec
over
. ■El
imin
ate
dest
ruct
ive
fishi
ng p
ract
ices
and
the
was
tefu
l dis
card
ing
of
by-c
atch
by
com
mer
cial
fish
ing
oper
atio
ns.
■D
evel
op s
ocia
l and
eco
nom
ic in
cent
ives
for
the
sust
aina
ble
man
agem
ent o
f fis
herie
s, s
uch
asin
depe
nden
t cer
tific
atio
n un
der
the
ausp
ices
of t
heM
arin
e S
tew
ards
hip
Cou
ncil.
■R
emov
e go
vern
men
t fis
hing
sub
sidi
es a
nd d
ecom
mis
sion
exce
ss fl
eet c
apac
ity. ■
Esta
blis
h an
d m
aint
ain
no-
fishi
ng z
ones
to s
erve
as
insu
ranc
e ag
ains
tun
sust
aina
ble
fishi
ng e
lsew
here
.
Fig.
18:
Wor
ld a
vera
ge
ARGENTINA
UKRAINE
TOGO
TUNISIA
CAMEROON
CROATIA
BOTSWANA
GUINEA
GEORGIA
BENIN
YEMEN
NIGERIA
MADAGASCAR
LIBYA
GUINEA-BISSAU
BRAZIL
COSTA RICA
ROMANIA
EGYPT
LESOTHO
ALGERIA
JORDAN
PAKISTAN
HAITI
HONDURAS
BULGARIA
INDIA
LIBERIA
MOZAMBIQUE
CONGO, DEM. REP. (ZAIRE)
BANGLADESH
CAMBODIA
EL SALVADOR
NICARAGUA
TANZANIA
GUATEMALA
SOMALIA
ALBANIA
BOLIVIA
BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
MONGOLIA
ZAMBIA
SYRIA
LEBANON
BURKINA FASO
PARAGUAY
PUERTO RICO
MALI
ZIMBABWE
CENTRAL AFRICAN REP.
IRAQ
KENYA
MALAWI
RWANDA
SUDAN
BURUNDI
LAOS
NIGER
ETHIOPIA
AFGHANISTAN
ARMENIA
AZERBAIJAN
BELARUS
BHUTAN
CHAD
ERITREA
KAZAKHSTAN
KYRGYZSTAN
MOLDOVA
NAMIBIA
NEPAL
SLOVAKIA
TAJIKISTAN
TURKMENISTAN
UGANDA
UZBEKISTAN
15LI
VIN
G P
LAN
ET
RE
PO
RT
1998
100
and
ove
r
50 t
o <
100
25 t
o <
50
10 t
o <
25
2 to
<10
<2
insu
ffic
ent
dat
a
Map
7:
CO
NS
UM
PTIO
N B
Y C
OU
NTR
YK
ilogr
ams
per
per
son
per
yea
r, 19
95 d
ata
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
SWEDEN
ESTONIA
LATVIA
UNITED STATES
LIBERIA
PAPUA NEW GUINEA
PARAGUAY
MALAYSIA
CANADA
FINLAND
COSTA RICA
AUSTRALIA
CHILE
ZAMBIA
GHANA
KENYA
CONGO
GUATEMALA
DENMARK
URUGUAY
BRAZIL
LITHUANIA
TANZANIA
EL SALVADOR
CAMEROON
CENTRAL AFRICAN REP.
HONDURAS
MOZAMBIQUE
LAOS
BENIN
GAMBIA, THE
BOTSWANA
CONGO, DEM. REP. (ZAIRE)
CZECH REP.
SWITZERLAND
HONG KONG
NIGERIA
CÔTE D’IVOIRE
FRANCE
IRELAND
BELARUS
BURKINA FASO
ECUADOR
NEPAL
SOMALIA
MALAWI
SUDAN
BHUTAN
HAITI
INDONESIA
SLOVENIA
ETHIOPIA
NICARAGUA
SLOVAKIA
BELGIUM/LUXEMBOURG
UGANDA
BURUNDI
GERMANY
NORWAY
SINGAPORE
CAMBODIA
MADAGASCAR
SIERRA LEONE
AUSTRIA
THAILAND
CHAD
GUINEA
ZIMBABWE
RWANDA
UNITED KINGDOM
RUSSIAN FEDERATION
NIGER
ANGOLA
SENEGAL
COLOMBIA
MALI
Wor
ld
aver
age
Fig.
19:
P
RO
DU
CT
ION
BY
MA
JOR
CO
UN
TR
Y/R
EG
ION
M
illio
n cu
bic
met
res
per
year
, 196
1–19
95
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
0
500
1,00
0
1,50
0
2,00
0
2,50
0
3,00
0
3,50
0W
orld
tot
al
Res
t of w
orld
Chi
na
Euro
pean
Uni
onB
razi
l
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
Indi
a
Form
er
Sov
iet U
nion
Africa 0.80
Middle East and Central Asia 0.15
Asia/Pacific 0.38
Latin America and the Caribbean 0.81
North America 2.05
Western Europe 0.77
Central and Eastern Europe 0.53
OECD 1.00
Non-OECD 0.48
Fig.
21:
C
ON
SU
MP
TIO
N B
Y C
OU
NT
RY
C
ubic
met
res
per
pers
on p
er y
ear,
19
95 d
ata
Fig.
20:
C
ON
SU
MP
TIO
N B
Y R
EG
ION
C
ubic
met
res
per
pers
on p
er y
ear,
199
5 da
ta
16LI
VIN
G P
LAN
ET
RE
PO
RT
1998
WO
OD
C
ON
SU
MP
TIO
N
WO
OD
is a
ver
satil
e m
ater
ial:
as a
fuel
it
is th
e m
ost i
mpo
rtan
t sou
rce
of e
nerg
y fo
r 2
billi
on p
eopl
e; a
s tim
ber
it ca
n be
mad
e in
topl
ywoo
d, v
enee
rs, a
nd o
ther
saw
nwoo
d, o
rch
ippe
d to
mak
e w
ood-
base
d pa
nels
; or
it ca
nbe
pul
ped
to m
ake
pape
r. To
pro
duce
woo
d,th
e w
orld
nee
ds fo
rest
s, bu
t the
wor
ld’s
fore
sts
are
curr
ently
faci
ng tw
o cr
itica
l pro
blem
s:di
min
ishi
ng s
ize
and
decl
inin
g bi
olog
ical
qual
ity a
s a
resu
lt of
the
conv
ersi
on o
f na
tura
l for
ests
into
pla
ntat
ions
. Thi
s is
par
tly
beca
use
of in
adeq
uate
fore
st p
rote
ctio
n an
dun
sust
aina
ble
man
agem
ent a
nd p
artly
bec
ause
of th
e w
aste
ful c
onsu
mpt
ion
of w
ood
and
pape
r.W
orld
woo
d pr
oduc
tion
has
incr
ease
d by
two-
thir
ds s
ince
196
0 (F
igur
e 19
). In
199
5,co
nsum
ptio
n of
fuel
woo
d, in
dust
rial
roun
dwoo
d, p
ulp,
and
pap
er g
loba
lly w
as a
bout
3.5
billi
on m
3 , or
0.6
m3
per
pers
on p
er y
ear.
Eve
n so
, the
wor
ld’s
fore
sts,
if m
anag
ed w
ell,
coul
d st
ill p
rovi
de m
ore
than
eno
ugh
woo
d.G
loba
l con
sum
ptio
n, h
owev
er, i
s ch
arac
teri
zed
by e
xtre
mes
of c
onsu
mpt
ion
betw
een
coun
trie
s, w
ith 1
8 co
untr
ies
cons
umin
g m
ore
than
twic
e th
e w
orld
ave
rage
, and
49
cons
umin
g le
ss th
an h
alf t
he w
orld
ave
rage
. Fi
gure
s 20
and
21
and
Map
8 a
reca
lcul
ated
in c
ubic
met
res
from
dat
a on
natio
nal p
rodu
ctio
n, im
port
s, an
d ex
port
s of
woo
d an
d w
ood
prod
ucts
. Pul
p an
d pa
per
cons
umpt
ion,
whi
ch is
mea
sure
d in
tonn
es, h
asbe
en c
onve
rted
bac
k in
to c
ubic
met
res
ofw
ood
raw
mat
eria
l equ
ival
ent.
WW
F re
com
men
dat
ions
to r
educe
pre
ssure
on f
ore
sts
■Es
tabl
ish
a ne
twor
k of
eco
logi
cally
rep
rese
ntat
ive
prot
ecte
d ar
eas
cove
ring
at
leas
t 10
per
cen
t of
eac
h fo
rest
ty
pe. ■
Ensu
re fo
rest
s ou
tsid
e pr
otec
ted
area
s ar
e w
ell m
anag
ed a
ccor
ding
to
stan
dard
s se
t by
the
For
est
Ste
war
dshi
p C
ounc
il.
■D
evel
op e
colo
gica
lly a
nd s
ocia
lly a
ppro
pria
tefo
rest
res
tora
tion
prog
ram
mes
. ■R
educ
e fo
rest
dam
age
from
pol
lutio
n an
d cl
imat
e ch
ange
. ■U
se fo
rest
goo
ds a
nd s
ervi
ces
with
in t
he r
egen
erat
ive
capa
city
of t
he fo
rest
es
tate
and
elim
inat
e th
e w
aste
ful c
onsu
mpt
ion
of w
ood.
Wor
ld a
vera
ge
PHILIPPINES
ITALY
NETHERLANDS
TOGO
SOUTH AFRICA
CROATIA
HUNGARY
PERU
GUINEA-BISSAU
ROMANIA
SPAIN
SRI LANKA
MYANMAR
POLAND
TUNISIA
PANAMA
TAIWAN
JAPAN
VIET NAM
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
JAMAICA
ISRAEL
KOREA, REP.
MACEDONIA
AFGHANISTAN
ARGENTINA
PORTUGAL
GREECE
TURKEY
BOLIVIA
BULGARIA
INDIA
CUBA
LEBANON
MEXICO
BANGLADESH
CHINA
KOREA, D.P.R.
PAKISTAN
MONGOLIA
DOMINICAN REP.
KUWAIT
SAUDI ARABIA
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO
LIBYA
VENEZUELA
MAURITIUS
ALGERIA
ALBANIA
IRAN
MOROCCO
YUGOSLAVIA
EGYPT
OMAN
JORDAN
MOLDOVA
SYRIA
YEMEN
IRAQ
MAURITANIA
KAZAKHSTAN
UKRAINE
UZBEKISTAN
ARMENIA
AZERBAIJAN
BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
ERITREA
GABON
GEORGIA
KYRGYZSTAN
LESOTHO
NAMIBIA
NEW ZEALAND
PUERTO RICO
TAJIKISTAN
TURKMENISTAN
17LI
VIN
G P
LAN
ET
RE
PO
RT
1998
1.67
and
ove
r
1.33
to
<1.
67
1.00
to
<1.
33
0.67
to
<1.
00
0.33
to
<0.
67
<0.
33
insu
ffic
ent
dat
a
Map
8:
CO
NS
UM
PTIO
N B
Y C
OU
NTR
YC
ubic
met
res
per
per
son
per
yea
r, 19
95 d
ata
0
500
1,00
0
1,50
0
2,00
0
0
1,00
0
2,00
0
3,00
0
4,00
0
5,00
0
6,00
0
TURKMENISTAN
UZBEKISTAN
KYRGYZSTAN
KAZAKHSTAN
IRAQ
TAJIKISTAN
AZERBAIJAN
ESTONIA
PAKISTAN
UNITED STATES
AFGHANISTAN
CHILE
CANADA
MADAGASCAR
BULGARIA
AUSTRALIA
URUGUAY
IRAN
LITHUANIA
ARMENIA
ROMANIA
ARGENTINA
ITALY
MEXICO
EGYPT
LIBYA
CUBA
BELGIUM/LUXEMBOURG
MOLDOVA
MAURITANIA
RUSSIAN FEDERATION
PERU
SPAIN
PANAMA
SYRIA
GEORGIA
PORTUGAL
JAPAN
PHILIPPINES
KOREA, D.P.R.
UKRAINE
FRANCE
GREECE
HUNGARY
KOREA, REP.
INDIA
MALAYSIA
SUDAN
THAILAND
TURKEY
ECUADOR
GERMANY
SRI LANKA
NEW ZEALAND
NETHERLANDS
DOMINICAN REP.
FINLAND
BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
CROATIA
MACEDONIA
SLOVENIA
YUGOSLAVIA
MOROCCO
INDONESIA
VIET NAM
CHINA
ISRAEL
COSTA RICA
LEBANON
NICARAGUA
TUNISIA
SOUTH AFRICA
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
SWEDEN
SLOVAKIA
MAURITIUS
Wor
ld
aver
age
Fig.
23:
W
ITH
DR
AW
ALS
BY
RE
GIO
N
Cub
ic m
etre
s pe
r pe
rson
per
yea
r, 1
995
data
Africa 229
Middle East and Central Asia 1,461
Asia/Pacific 569
Latin America and the Caribbean 533
North America 1,843
Western Europe 594
Central and Eastern Europe 696
OECD 980
Non-OECD 568
Fig.
24:
W
ITH
DR
AW
ALS
BY
CO
UN
TR
Y
Cub
ic m
etre
s pe
r pe
rson
per
yea
r,
1995
dat
a
Fig.
22:
W
ITH
DR
AW
ALS
BY
MA
JOR
CO
UN
TR
Y/R
EG
ION
B
illio
n cu
bic
met
res
per
year
, 196
0–19
95
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
0
500
1,00
0
1,50
0
2,00
0
2,50
0
3,00
0
3,50
0
4,00
0W
orld
tot
al
Res
t of w
orld
Rus
sian
Fed
erat
ion
Paki
stan
Chi
na
Euro
pean
Uni
on
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
Indi
a
18LI
VIN
G P
LAN
ET
RE
PO
RT
1998
FR
ES
HW
AT
ER
W
ITH
DR
AW
AL
S
FRE
SHW
AT
ER
is e
ssen
tial t
o hu
man
hea
lth,
agri
cultu
re, i
ndus
try,
and
nat
ural
eco
syst
ems,
but i
s no
w r
unni
ng s
carc
e in
man
y re
gion
s of
the
wor
ld. N
atur
al e
cosy
stem
s, e
spec
ially
wet
land
s an
d na
tura
l for
ests
, cap
ture
wat
eran
d ev
en o
ut s
easo
nal f
low
s as
wel
l as
rech
argi
ng g
roun
dwat
er a
nd im
prov
ing
wat
erqu
ality
. Con
serv
ing
natu
ral e
cosy
stem
s is
vita
lto
mai
ntai
ning
the
supp
ly o
f fre
shw
ater
.C
onve
rsel
y, th
e ov
erus
e of
fres
hwat
er h
asad
vers
e im
pact
s on
nat
ural
eco
syst
ems.
Glo
bal f
resh
wat
er w
ithdr
awal
s ha
veal
mos
t dou
bled
sin
ce 1
960
(Fig
ure
22).
It
is e
stim
ated
that
hum
anity
now
use
s m
ore
than
hal
f of a
ll ac
cess
ible
fres
hwat
er r
unof
f –th
e so
urce
of a
ll w
ater
for
irri
gatio
n,in
dust
rial
, and
mun
icip
al u
ses
as w
ell a
sin
stre
am u
ses
such
as
the
mai
nten
ance
of
fres
hwat
er fi
sher
ies
and
hydr
oele
ctri
c po
wer
gene
ratio
n.
Figu
res
23 a
nd 2
4 an
d M
ap 9
sho
wan
nual
with
draw
als
of fr
eshw
ater
per
per
son
by c
ount
ry a
nd r
egio
n, c
ombi
ning
agr
icul
tura
l,in
dust
rial
, and
mun
icip
al u
ses
– bu
t exc
ludi
ngin
stre
am u
ses.
Of c
ours
e, s
ome
part
s of
the
wor
ld h
ave
abun
dant
wat
er r
esou
rces
whi
leot
hers
are
chr
onic
ally
sho
rt o
f fre
shw
ater
, so
high
per
per
son
usag
e in
a p
artic
ular
cou
ntry
is n
ot n
eces
sari
ly a
n in
dica
tor
of u
nsus
tain
able
cons
umpt
ion.
Eve
n in
cou
ntri
es th
at h
ave
gene
rally
abu
ndan
t wat
er, h
owev
er, h
igh
leve
ls o
f con
sum
ptio
n of
ten
lead
to lo
caliz
edsh
orta
ges.
WW
F re
com
men
dat
ions
to r
educe
pre
ssure
on
fres
hw
ater
eco
syst
ems
and m
eet
bas
ic h
um
annee
ds
■C
onse
rve
and
rest
ore
fres
hwat
er e
cosy
stem
sto
mai
ntai
n th
eir
hydr
olog
ical
func
tions
. ■M
anag
ew
ater
res
ourc
es o
n a
catc
hmen
t ar
ea b
asis
, tak
ing
into
acco
unt
land
-use
pra
ctic
es t
hat
may
hav
e an
impa
ct
on t
he q
ualit
y or
qua
ntity
of s
urfa
ce o
r gr
ound
wat
er.
■Es
tabl
ish
prot
ecte
d w
etla
nd a
reas
and
des
igna
teim
port
ant
site
s un
der
the
Con
vent
ion
on W
etla
nds.
■
Incr
ease
wat
er-u
se e
ffici
ency
, esp
ecia
lly in
the
agri
cultu
ral s
ecto
r w
here
wat
er lo
sses
are
hig
hest
. ■
Impr
ove
wat
er q
ualit
y th
roug
h po
llutio
n pr
even
tion
–pa
rtic
ular
ly a
red
uctio
n of
syn
thet
ic c
hem
ical
s en
teri
ngfr
eshw
ater
bod
ies
– an
d w
aste
wat
er t
reat
men
t.
1,461
Wor
ld a
vera
ge
POLAND
KUWAIT
AUSTRIA
BELARUS
HONDURAS
BRAZIL
SAUDI ARABIA
MONGOLIA
CZECH REP.
LATVIA
LAOS
OMAN
DENMARK
YEMEN
IRELAND
BANGLADESH
BOLIVIA
SENEGAL
UNITED KINGDOM
VENEZUELA
ZAMBIA
NAMIBIA
ALGERIA
EL SALVADOR
COLOMBIA
JAMAICA
JORDAN
MALI
SWITZERLAND
HONG KONG
NEPAL
GUATEMALA
GUINEA
ZIMBABWE
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO
PARAGUAY
ALBANIA
RWANDA
MYANMAR
SIERRA LEONE
SOMALIA
KENYA
MALAWI
BOTSWANA
NIGER
SINGAPORE
CÔTE D’IVOIRE
CAMBODIA
GABON
ANGOLA
ERITREA
LIBERIA
NORWAY
NIGERIA
MOZAMBIQUE
BURKINA FASO
TANZANIA
CAMEROON
ETHIOPIA
CHAD
GAMBIA, THE
LESOTHO
BENIN
PAPUA NEW GUINEA
TOGO
CENTRAL AFRICAN REP.
GUINEA-BISSAU
BURUNDI
CONGO
GHANA
BHUTAN
CONGO, DEM. REP. (ZAIRE)
UGANDA
HAITI
PUERTO RICO
TAIWAN
19LI
VIN
G P
LAN
ET
RE
PO
RT
1998
2,00
0 an
d o
ver
1,00
0 to
<2,
000
500
to <
1,00
0
250
to <
500
100
to <
250
<10
0
insu
ffic
ent
dat
a
Ma
p9:
WIT
HD
RA
WA
LS B
Y C
OU
NTR
YC
ubic
met
res
per
per
son
per
yea
r, 19
95 d
ata
05101520
05101520253035
SINGAPORE
KUWAIT
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
UNITED STATES
NORWAY
AUSTRALIA
SAUDI ARABIA
CANADA
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO
KAZAKHSTAN
RUSSIAN FEDERATION
BELGIUM/LUXEMBOURG
DENMARK
NETHERLANDS
ESTONIA
CZECH REP.
KOREA, D.P.R.
GERMANY
FINLAND
UNITED KINGDOM
IRELAND
JAPAN
POLAND
KOREA, REP.
GREECE
ISRAEL
UKRAINE
TAIWAN
VENEZUELA
NEW ZEALAND
HONG KONG
SOUTH AFRICA
AUSTRIA
ITALY
LIBYA
SLOVAKIA
TURKMENISTAN
BULGARIA
SPAIN
FRANCE
SLOVENIA
SWITZERLAND
BELARUS
OMAN
AZERBAIJAN
SWEDEN
PORTUGAL
HUNGARY
MALAYSIA
ROMANIA
MACEDONIA
IRAQ
LEBANON
PUERTO RICO
UZBEKISTAN
LITHUANIA
IRAN
MEXICO
CROATIA
ARGENTINA
JAMAICA
LATVIA
MONGOLIA
ALGERIA
SYRIA
CHILE
YUGOSLAVIA
GABON
THAILAND
TURKEY
CUBA
CHINA
PANAMA
JORDAN
MOLDOVA
MAURITIUS
Africa 1.06
Middle East and Central Asia 4.89
Asia/Pacific 2.31
Latin America and the Caribbean 2.58
North America 19.34
Western Europe 8.58
Central and Eastern Europe 9.25
OECD 10.97
Non-OECD 2.40
Wor
ld
aver
age
Fig.
25:
E
MIS
SIO
NS
BY
MA
JOR
CO
UN
TR
Y/R
EG
ION
B
illio
n to
nnes
per
ann
um, 1
960–
1995
Fig.
26:
E
MIS
SIO
NS
BY
RE
GIO
N
Tonn
es p
er p
erso
n pe
r ye
ar, 1
995
data
Fig.
27:
E
MIS
SIO
NS
BY
CO
UN
TR
Y
Tonn
es p
er p
erso
n pe
r ye
ar,
1995
dat
a
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
0510152025W
orld
tot
al
Res
t of w
orld
Indi
a
Form
er
Sov
iet U
nion
Japa
n
Euro
pean
Uni
on
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
Chi
na
20LI
VIN
G P
LAN
ET
RE
PO
RT
1998
CA
RB
ON
D
IOX
IDE
E
MIS
SIO
NS
TH
E e
mis
sion
of c
arbo
n di
oxid
e (C
O2)
to th
eat
mos
pher
e fr
om fo
ssil
fuel
com
bust
ion
is a
prin
cipa
l cau
se o
f glo
bal c
limat
e ch
ange
and
also
a r
easo
nabl
y go
od in
dica
tor
of o
ther
air
pollu
tion
– pa
rtic
ular
ly n
itrog
en o
xide
s an
dsu
lphu
r di
oxid
e em
issi
ons.
Fos
sil f
uels
– c
oal,
oil,
and
natu
ral g
as –
pro
vide
abo
ut 9
0 pe
rce
nt o
f the
wor
ld’s
com
mer
cial
ene
rgy
used
for
elec
tric
ity g
ener
atio
n, tr
ansp
ort,
indu
stry
,an
d in
hom
es a
nd b
usin
esse
s.G
loba
l CO
2em
issi
ons
mor
e th
an d
oubl
ed
betw
een
1960
and
199
5, fr
om le
ss th
an
10 b
illio
n to
nnes
per
yea
r to
mor
e th
an
23 b
illio
n to
nnes
per
yea
r (F
igur
e 25
).
Thi
s do
es n
ot in
clud
e th
e em
issi
ons
from
defo
rest
atio
n w
hich
add
bet
wee
n 2
billi
onan
d 10
bill
ion
tonn
es p
er y
ear.
T
he c
once
ntra
tion
of C
O2
in th
eat
mos
pher
e is
clim
bing
to a
dan
gero
us le
vel.
To s
tabi
lize
the
atm
osph
eric
con
cent
ratio
n,th
e sc
ient
ific
com
mun
ity b
elie
ves
that
glo
bal
CO
2em
issi
ons
wou
ld h
ave
to b
e cu
t by
abou
t
60 p
er c
ent,
to a
leve
l tha
t is
with
in th
e ca
paci
tyof
the
ocea
ns a
nd te
rres
tria
l eco
syst
ems,
espe
cial
ly fo
rest
s, to
rem
ove
CO
2fr
om th
eat
mos
pher
e.O
n av
erag
e, e
ach
pers
on in
the
wor
ldbu
rns
enou
gh fo
ssil
fuel
s to
em
it ab
out 4
tonn
es o
f CO
2pe
r ye
ar (
Figu
re 2
7). Y
et, a
sFi
gure
26
and
Map
10
show
, per
per
son
CO
2
emis
sion
s in
Nor
th A
mer
ica
are
arou
nd 2
0to
nnes
per
yea
r, d
oubl
e th
e E
urop
ean
aver
age
and
eigh
t tim
es th
e de
velo
ping
wor
ld a
vera
ge.
WW
F re
com
men
dat
ions
to r
educe
ener
gy
consu
mpti
on a
nd C
O2
emis
sions
■In
crea
se t
heus
e of
ene
rgy-
savi
ng t
echn
olog
ies
and
elim
inat
ew
aste
ful e
nerg
y co
nsum
ptio
n in
tra
nspo
rt, i
ndus
try,
and
the
hom
e. ■
Incr
ease
the
sup
ply
of e
nerg
y fr
omso
urce
s w
hich
red
uce
or e
limin
ate
pollu
tion,
es
peci
ally
ren
ewab
le s
ourc
es s
uch
as s
olar
and
w
ind.
■A
ssis
t de
velo
ping
cou
ntri
es t
o in
vest
insu
stai
nabl
e en
ergy
tech
nolo
gies
as
they
indu
stri
aliz
e.
■In
crea
se e
nerg
y pr
ices
to
cove
r th
e fu
llen
viro
nmen
tal c
osts
ofen
ergy
use
, and
rem
ove
gove
rnm
ent
subs
idie
s on
ene
rgy.
■S
top
defo
rest
atio
nan
d pr
omot
e re
affo
rest
atio
n of
def
ores
ted
area
s in
an
ecol
ogic
ally
and
soc
ially
app
ropr
iate
man
ner.
Fig.
27:
Bill
ion
tonn
es p
er y
ear,
1960
–199
5
Wor
ld a
vera
ge
ECUADOR
COLOMBIA
URUGUAY
TUNISIA
BRAZIL
EGYPT
COSTA RICA
BOTSWANA
DOMINICAN REP.
INDONESIA
GEORGIA
BOLIVIA
MAURITANIA
PERU
KYRGYZSTAN
MOROCCO
YEMEN
ARMENIA
INDIA
PHILIPPINES
EL SALVADOR
ZIMBABWE
NIGERIA
PARAGUAY
CÔTE D’IVOIRE
GUATEMALA
HONDURAS
ANGOLA
NICARAGUA
PAKISTAN
TAJIKISTAN
PAPUA NEW GUINEA
ALBANIA
BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
CONGO
SENEGAL
VIET NAM
SRI LANKA
CAMEROON
ZAMBIA
GHANA
KENYA
GUINEA-BISSAU
GAMBIA, THE
TOGO
BANGLADESH
GUINEA
SIERRA LEONE
BHUTAN
MYANMAR
BENIN
NIGER
SUDAN
LIBERIA
BURKINA FASO
HAITI
TANZANIA
CENTRAL AFRICAN REP.
MADAGASCAR
MOZAMBIQUE
ETHIOPIA
MALAWI
NEPAL
RWANDA
AFGHANISTAN
CONGO, DEM. REP. (ZAIRE)
LAOS
CAMBODIA
MALI
UGANDA
BURUNDI
CHAD
ERITREA
LESOTHO
NAMIBIA
SOMALIA
21LI
VIN
G P
LAN
ET
RE
PO
RT
1998
10 a
nd o
ver
5 to
<10
2 to
<5
1 to
<2
0.2
to <
1
<0.
2
insu
ffic
ent
dat
a
Map
10:
EM
ISS
ION
S B
Y C
OU
NTR
YTo
nnes
per
per
son
per
yea
r, 19
95 d
ata
0
100
200
300
400
500
0
200
400
600
800
1,00
0
1,20
0
1,40
0
1600
1800
2000
KUWAIT
TAIWAN
KOREA, REP.
LEBANON
SAUDI ARABIA
IRAQ
PORTUGAL
AUSTRIA
JORDAN
KOREA, D.P.R.
GREECE
SINGAPORE
OMAN
SPAIN
JAPAN
ISRAEL
BELGIUM/LUXEMBOURG
THAILAND
ITALY
IRELAND
SWITZERLAND
MALAYSIA
SLOVENIA
TUNISIA
CZECH REP.
SLOVAKIA
GERMANY
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO
TURKEY
LIBYA
SYRIA
PUERTO RICO
CROATIA
POLAND
CHINA
FRANCE
UNITED STATES
AUSTRALIA
HONG KONG
NETHERLANDS
NORWAY
VENEZUELA
HUNGARY
COSTA RICA
COLOMBIA
ESTONIA
ROMANIA
EGYPT
IRAN
MOROCCO
BULGARIA
RUSSIAN FEDERATION
SWEDEN
CANADA
MACEDONIA
MEXICO
UNITED KINGDOM
ALGERIA
SOUTH AFRICA
JAMAICA
UKRAINE
CHILE
ECUADOR
FINLAND
NEW ZEALAND
DENMARK
URUGUAY
DOMINICAN REP.
ARGENTINA
LITHUANIA
BRAZIL
MAURITANIA
YUGOSLAVIA
UZBEKISTAN
EL SALVADOR
GUATEMALA
Wor
ld
aver
age
Fig.
29:
C
ON
SU
MP
TIO
N B
Y R
EG
ION
K
ilogr
ams
per
pers
on p
er y
ear,
199
5 da
ta
Fig.
28:
C
ON
SU
MP
TIO
N B
Y M
AJO
R C
OU
NT
RY
/RE
GIO
N
Mill
ion
tonn
es p
er y
ear,
196
0–19
95
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
0
200
400
600
800
1,00
0
1,20
0
1,40
0W
orld
tot
al
Res
t of w
orld
Kor
ea, R
ep.
Chi
na
Euro
pean
Uni
on
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
Japa
nIn
dia
Fig.
30:
C
ON
SU
MP
TIO
N B
Y C
OU
NT
RY
K
ilogr
ams
per
pers
on p
er y
ear,
19
95 d
ata
Africa 79
Middle East and Central Asia 345
Asia/Pacific 244
Latin America and the Caribbean 191
North America 324
Western Europe 451
Central and Eastern Europe 252
OECD 445
Non-OECD 195
22LI
VIN
G P
LAN
ET
RE
PO
RT
1998
CE
ME
NT
C
ON
SU
MP
TI
ON
A S
IGN
IFIC
AN
T c
ause
of b
iodi
vers
ity lo
ssw
hich
is n
ot c
over
ed b
y th
e ot
her
com
pone
nts
of G
loba
l Con
sum
ptio
n Pr
essu
re is
the
loss
of n
atur
al h
abita
t, fo
rest
, and
farm
land
tour
ban
expa
nsio
n, in
fras
truc
ture
dev
elop
men
t,an
d m
inin
g. M
ost c
ount
ries
do
not p
rodu
ceda
ta o
n th
e am
ount
of l
and
that
is lo
st e
ach
year
in th
ese
way
s, s
o ce
men
t con
sum
ptio
nha
s be
en u
sed
as a
ver
y ap
prox
imat
e m
easu
reof
con
stru
ctio
n an
d ro
ad b
uild
ing,
and
of
aggr
egat
es e
xtra
ctio
n.
Wor
ld c
emen
t co
nsum
ptio
n ha
sin
crea
sed
mor
e th
an f
ourf
old
sinc
e 19
60(F
igur
e 28
). T
he r
aw m
ater
ials
use
d fo
rco
nstr
ucti
on a
re n
ot li
kely
to
beco
me
scar
ce a
t cu
rren
t ra
tes
of e
xtra
ctio
n an
dur
ban
area
s st
ill o
nly
mak
e up
a s
mal
lpr
opor
tion
of
the
wor
ld’s
land
are
a, s
o it
isno
t re
alis
tic
to s
ugge
st a
sus
tain
able
lim
it.
But
urb
an e
ncro
achm
ent
is a
ser
ious
prob
lem
bot
h in
indu
stri
aliz
ed c
ount
ries
and
the
deve
lopi
ng w
orld
, whe
re t
he
phys
ical
siz
e of
cit
ies
is p
redi
cted
to
doub
lebe
twee
n 19
80 a
nd 2
000.
Fig
ures
29
and
30 a
nd M
ap 1
1 sh
ow
that
wor
ld a
vera
ge c
emen
t con
sum
ptio
n w
asab
out 2
50kg
per
per
son
per
year
in 1
995,
with
alm
ost 5
0 co
untr
ies
abov
e th
at a
vera
ge.
Nat
iona
l dat
a on
cem
ent p
rodu
ctio
n ha
vebe
en u
sed
whe
re d
ata
on c
onsu
mpt
ion
are
not a
vaila
ble.
WW
F re
com
men
dat
ions
to r
educe
lan
dco
nsu
mpti
on a
nd c
ontr
ol urb
aniz
atio
n■
Use
indu
stri
al a
nd r
esid
entia
l zon
ing
and
gree
nbel
t co
ntro
ls t
o re
gene
rate
inne
r ci
ties
and
redu
ce u
rban
spr
awl.
■Pr
omot
e co
mpa
ctci
ties
and
car-
free
zon
es t
o m
inim
ize
tran
spor
tan
d en
ergy
dem
and
as w
ell a
s la
nd t
ake.
■
Inte
grat
e tr
ansp
ort
and
land
-use
pla
nnin
g an
dpr
omot
e tr
ansp
ort
by r
ail o
r w
ater
rat
her
than
road
. ■Pr
otec
t ec
olog
ical
ly s
ensi
tive
area
s ne
arhu
man
set
tlem
ents
and
min
ing
oper
atio
ns.
Wor
ld a
vera
ge
PHILIPPINES
PANAMA
BELARUS
INDONESIA
HONDURAS
PARAGUAY
CUBA
KAZAKHSTAN
VIET NAM
GABON
TURKMENISTAN
BOLIVIA
ZIMBABWE
PERU
BHUTAN
TOGO
GHANA
LATVIA
NICARAGUA
SENEGAL
BENIN
YEMEN
INDIA
KYRGYZSTAN
PAKISTAN
ALBANIA
ARMENIA
KENYA
SRI LANKA
MONGOLIA
BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
CAMEROON
CONGO
CÔTE D’IVOIRE
ZAMBIA
ANGOLA
TANZANIA
AZERBAIJAN
NIGERIA
GEORGIA
ETHIOPIA
TAJIKISTAN
MALAWI
MOLDOVA
MYANMAR
NEPAL
SUDAN
HAITI
AFGHANISTAN
UGANDA
MADAGASCAR
NIGER
SOMALIA
BANGLADESH
CONGO, DEM. REP. (ZAIRE)
MALI
MOZAMBIQUE
RWANDA
BOTSWANA
BURKINA FASO
BURUNDI
CAMBODIA
CENTRAL AFRICAN REP.
CHAD
ERITREA
GAMBIA, THE
GUINEA
GUINEA-BISSAU
LAOS
LESOTHO
LIBERIA
MAURITIUS
NAMIBIA
PAPUA NEW GUINEA
SIERRA LEONE
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
23LI
VIN
G P
LAN
ET
RE
PO
RT
1998
700
and
ove
r
400
to <
700
200
to <
400
100
to <
200
50 t
o <
100
<50
insu
ffic
ent
dat
a
Map
11:
C
ON
SU
MP
TIO
N B
Y C
OU
NTR
YK
ilogr
ams
per
per
son
per
yea
r, 19
95 d
ata
24LI
VIN
G P
LAN
ET
RE
PO
RT
1998
TE
CH
NIC
AL
NO
TE
SPa
ge 2
TH
E LI
VIN
G P
LAN
ET IN
DEX
Figu
res
1 an
d 2
.The
LP
I is
gene
rate
d by
aver
agin
g th
ree
sepa
rate
indi
ces
for
the
fore
st,
fres
hwat
er, a
nd m
arin
e bi
omes
. Eac
h is
set
at
100
in 1
970
and
give
n an
equ
al w
eigh
ting.
Th
e fo
rest
inde
x is
bas
ed o
n th
e ch
ange
inth
e ar
ea o
f na
tura
l for
est
cove
r, co
rrec
ted
for
plan
tatio
ns, w
orld
wid
e fr
om 1
960
to 1
990
(see
bel
ow).
The
loss
of
fore
sts
over
the
pe
riod
aver
aged
abo
ut 1
60,0
00km
2pe
r ye
ar.
This
rel
ates
larg
ely
to t
ropi
cal f
ores
ts, t
he
loss
of
tem
pera
te f
ores
ts h
avin
g be
enco
mpa
rativ
ely
smal
l.Th
e fr
eshw
ater
and
mar
ine
indi
ces
are
base
don
the
cha
nges
in p
opul
atio
ns o
f sa
mpl
es o
ffr
eshw
ater
and
mar
ine
vert
ebra
te s
peci
esw
orld
wid
e si
nce
1970
(see
pag
es 2
5-26
). Th
esa
mpl
es in
clud
e al
l fre
shw
ater
and
mar
ine
vert
ebra
te s
peci
es f
or w
hich
pop
ulat
ion
stat
istic
s fr
om m
ore
than
one
poi
nt in
tim
eco
uld
be f
ound
, a t
otal
of
70 a
nd 8
7 sp
ecie
sre
spec
tivel
y.Th
ere
are
of c
ours
e lim
itatio
ns t
o th
eac
cura
cy o
f th
ese
indi
ces.
Firs
t, f
ores
t ar
ea is
not
dire
ctly
pro
port
iona
l to
fore
st b
iodi
vers
ity,
and
ther
e is
an
unde
rlyin
g de
clin
e in
for
est
qual
ity in
man
y re
gion
s th
at is
not
ref
lect
ed in
the
chan
ge in
are
a of
for
est
cove
r, w
hich
inm
any
coun
trie
s is
incr
easi
ng. S
ome
indi
cato
rsof
for
est
qual
ity h
ave
been
pro
pose
d, b
utag
reem
ent
has
yet
to b
e re
ache
d on
wha
t th
ebe
st m
easu
res
shou
ld b
e.
Sec
ond,
it is
diff
icul
t to
ens
ure
the
repr
esen
tativ
enes
s of
the
fre
shw
ater
and
mar
ine
indi
ces
beca
use
the
num
ber
of s
peci
esin
eac
h sa
mpl
e co
mpa
red
with
the
tot
alnu
mbe
rs o
f fr
eshw
ater
and
mar
ine
spec
ies
isre
lativ
ely
smal
l. In
bot
h sa
mpl
es t
here
is s
ome
bias
tow
ards
bird
s an
d m
amm
als,
whi
le f
ishe
san
d re
ptile
s ar
e un
der-r
epre
sent
ed a
ndam
phib
ians
alto
geth
er a
bsen
t, r
efle
ctin
g th
ele
vel o
f kn
owle
dge
of t
hese
gro
ups.
A r
ecen
t es
timat
e by
Cos
tanz
a et
al.
(199
7)pu
t th
e cu
rren
t ec
onom
ic v
alue
of
natu
ral
ecos
yste
ms
and
ecol
ogic
al s
ervi
ces
prov
ided
by t
he b
iosp
here
at
abou
t U
S$3
3 tr
illio
n pe
rye
ar, a
lmos
t do
uble
the
glo
bal G
NP
of
US
$18
trill
ion
per
year
. The
LP
I est
imat
es t
he a
vera
gera
te o
f de
grad
atio
n of
the
Ear
th‘s
eco
syst
ems
over
the
per
iod
1990
-199
5 to
be
abou
t 3
per
cent
per
yea
r, w
hich
equ
ates
to
an e
cono
mic
loss
of
abou
t U
S$1
tril
lion
per
year
. Cos
tanz
a et
al.
also
est
imat
ed t
he c
urre
nt e
cono
mic
valu
e of
eco
logi
cal s
ervi
ces
prov
ided
by
trop
ical
for
ests
to
be a
bout
US
$2,0
00 p
erhe
ctar
e pe
r ye
ar, b
y fr
eshw
ater
eco
syst
ems
tobe
abo
ut U
S$5
tril
lion
per
year
and
by
mar
ine
ecos
yste
ms
to b
e ab
out
US
$21
trill
ion
per
year
.Th
e av
erag
e an
nual
dec
lines
fro
m 1
990
to 1
995
in t
he f
ores
t, f
resh
wat
er, a
nd m
arin
e in
dice
sth
eref
ore
equa
te t
o ec
onom
ic lo
sses
of
abou
tU
S$3
2 bi
llion
per
yea
r fo
r fo
rest
s, U
S$2
91bi
llion
per
yea
r fo
r fr
eshw
ater
eco
syst
ems,
and
US
$775
bill
ion
per
year
for
mar
ine
ecos
yste
ms.
Figu
re 3
and
Map
1.T
he n
umbe
r of
thr
eate
ned
bird
and
mam
mal
spe
cies
ref
ers
to t
he n
umbe
rth
at a
re g
loba
lly v
ulne
rabl
e, e
ndan
gere
d or
criti
cally
end
ange
red
(IUC
N 1
996)
, and
not
nece
ssar
ily t
he n
umbe
r of
bird
and
mam
mal
spec
ies
that
are
thr
eate
ned
with
in e
ach
coun
try:
a s
peci
es m
ay b
e hi
ghly
thr
eate
ned
inon
e co
untr
y bu
t in
a lo
wer
ris
k ca
tego
rygl
obal
ly. O
nly
bird
s an
d m
amm
als
wer
e us
edas
the
ass
essm
ent
of t
he s
tatu
s of
all
bird
and
mam
mal
spe
cies
has
bee
n co
mpl
eted
,w
here
as t
he a
sses
smen
t of
oth
er t
axon
omic
grou
ps is
inco
mpl
ete.
Page
4 G
LOB
AL
CO
NS
UM
PT
ION
PR
ESS
UR
E
Con
sum
ptio
n pr
essu
re is
a m
easu
re o
f th
eim
pact
tha
t hu
man
s ex
ert
on n
atur
alec
osys
tem
s th
roug
h th
e co
nsum
ptio
n of
natu
ral r
esou
rces
and
pol
lutio
n of
the
envi
ronm
ent.
The
cal
cula
tions
wer
e m
ade
usin
g si
x m
easu
res
of r
esou
rce
cons
umpt
ion
and
pollu
tion
in 1
52 c
ount
ries:
gra
in a
nd m
eat
cons
umpt
ion;
mar
ine
fish
cons
umpt
ion;
woo
dan
d pa
per
cons
umpt
ion;
fre
shw
ater
with
draw
als;
car
bon
diox
ide
(CO
2)em
issi
ons,
as
a pr
oxy
for
foss
il fu
el c
onsu
mpt
ion;
and
cem
ent
cons
umpt
ion,
as
a pr
oxy
for
land
cons
umpt
ion.
Cou
ntrie
s w
ith p
opul
atio
ns o
fle
ss t
han
1 m
illio
n in
199
5 w
ere
not
incl
uded
inth
e an
alys
is:
64 c
ount
ries,
with
a c
ombi
ned
popu
latio
n of
abo
ut 1
3 m
illio
n pe
ople
, wer
eth
eref
ore
excl
uded
. Lux
embo
urg
has
been
aggr
egat
ed w
ith B
elgi
um. R
egio
nal i
nfor
mat
ion
is b
ased
on
data
for
reg
iona
l sub
sets
of
the
152
coun
trie
s, w
hile
glo
bal i
nfor
mat
ion
incl
udes
all
coun
trie
s of
the
wor
ld. (
For
deta
ilsof
the
reg
ions
, see
insi
de b
ack
cove
r.)A
ll co
nsum
ptio
n, p
rodu
ctio
n, a
nd p
opul
atio
nda
ta r
elat
e to
199
5. T
he s
ourc
es u
sed
toca
lcul
ate
each
of
the
six
com
pone
nts
are
give
non
pag
es 2
6-27
. Nat
iona
l pop
ulat
ion
stat
istic
sar
e fr
om t
he U
nite
d N
atio
ns P
opul
atio
n D
ivis
ion
(Ann
ual P
opul
atio
ns (1
994
Rev
.), M
edia
nes
timat
e), a
nd g
rid-r
efer
ence
d po
pula
tion
stat
istic
s us
ed t
o cr
eate
Map
2co
me
from
the
Nat
iona
l Cen
ter
for
Geo
grap
hic
Info
rmat
ion
and
Ana
lysi
s at
the
Uni
vers
ity o
f C
alifo
rnia
, San
taB
arba
ra (T
oble
r et
al.
1995
). Fo
r gr
ain,
mar
ine
fish,
and
woo
d, t
otal
natio
nal c
onsu
mpt
ion
is c
alcu
late
d as
fol
low
s:
Co
nsum
pti
on
=
(pro
duc
tio
n +
imp
ort
s –
exp
ort
s) +
(i
mp
ort
s o
f d
eriv
ed p
rod
ucts
–
corr
esp
ond
ing
exp
ort
s)
The
prin
cipa
l pro
duct
s de
rived
fro
m t
hese
thre
e re
sour
ces
incl
ude
mea
t, f
ish
mea
l, an
dpu
lp a
nd p
aper
. Fre
shw
ater
with
draw
als
and
CO
2em
issi
ons
data
are
tak
en d
irect
ly f
rom
natio
nal d
atas
ets.
Cem
ent
cons
umpt
ion
was
assu
med
to
be e
qual
to
prod
uctio
n in
all
coun
trie
s ex
cept
for
the
larg
est
15 c
onsu
mer
s,fo
r w
hich
nat
iona
l con
sum
ptio
n da
ta a
reav
aila
ble.
Tota
l nat
iona
l con
sum
ptio
n w
as t
hen
divi
ded
by t
he c
ount
ry‘s
pop
ulat
ion
to g
ive
natio
nal p
erpe
rson
con
sum
ptio
n. R
egio
nal c
onsu
mpt
ion
per
pers
on w
as c
alcu
late
d as
a r
egio
n‘s
tota
lco
nsum
ptio
n, d
ivid
ed b
y its
pop
ulat
ion.
Glo
bal
per
pers
on c
onsu
mpt
ion
was
cal
cula
ted
bydi
vidi
ng t
he w
orld
‘s t
otal
con
sum
ptio
n of
eac
hco
mpo
nent
by
the
wor
ld’s
tot
al p
opul
atio
n.Th
e ag
greg
ated
Glo
bal C
onsu
mpt
ion
Pres
sure
is a
mea
sure
bas
ed o
n th
e si
x co
mpo
nent
sco
mbi
ned.
For
eac
h co
mpo
nent
, a c
ount
ry’s
per
pers
on a
vera
ge w
as d
ivid
ed b
y th
e gl
obal
per
pers
on a
vera
ge, g
ivin
g a
rela
tive
scor
e. T
here
lativ
e sc
ores
for
all
six
com
pone
nts
wer
e th
enav
erag
ed t
o gi
ve t
he C
onsu
mpt
ion
Pres
sure
per
pers
on f
or t
hat
coun
try.
Tot
al C
onsu
mpt
ion
Pres
sure
was
the
n ca
lcul
ated
by
mul
tiply
ing
aco
untr
y‘s
per
pers
on C
onsu
mpt
ion
Pres
sure
by
its p
opul
atio
n. F
or c
ount
ries
whe
re t
here
was
insu
ffic
ient
dat
a to
cal
cula
te o
ne o
f th
eco
mpo
nent
s, G
loba
l Con
sum
ptio
n Pr
essu
re w
as
base
d on
onl
y fiv
e co
mpo
nent
s. F
or c
ount
ries
whe
re t
here
wer
e in
suff
icie
nt d
ata
on m
ore
than
one
com
pone
nt, G
loba
l Con
sum
ptio
n Pr
essu
rew
as n
ot c
alcu
late
d.
Page
6 F
OR
EST
EC
OS
YS
TEM
S
Sta
tistic
s on
def
ores
tatio
n ra
tes
and
fore
st lo
ssin
the
Bra
zilia
n A
maz
on c
ome
from
the
Bra
zilia
n N
atio
nal S
pace
Age
ncy
(INP
E 1
998)
.
Figu
re 7
and
Tab
les
2 an
d 3
.For
Afr
ica,
Asi
a,an
d La
tin A
mer
ica,
dat
a fo
r 19
90 a
re W
orld
Con
serv
atio
n M
onito
ring
Cen
tre
(WC
MC
)fig
ures
for
tot
al f
ores
t ar
ea f
or e
ach
regi
onm
inus
the
Uni
ted
Nat
ions
Foo
d an
d A
gric
ultu
reO
rgan
izat
ion
(FA
O) p
lant
atio
n fig
ures
.D
efor
esta
tion
rate
s fo
r 19
80-1
990
are
thos
e in
the
FAO
For
est R
esou
rces
Ass
essm
ent 1
990.
For
1960
-197
0 an
d 19
70-1
980,
def
ores
tatio
nra
tes
from
Sin
gh a
nd M
arzo
li (1
995)
hav
e be
enap
plie
d to
eac
h re
gion
. The
latt
er o
nly
appl
ied
to t
he t
ropi
cal p
arts
of
thes
e re
gion
s.
For
Euro
pe, c
hang
es a
re t
aken
fro
m t
heD
obris
Ass
essm
entw
hich
has
fig
ures
for
cha
nge
in f
ores
t ex
tent
for
29
Euro
pean
cou
ntrie
s,in
clud
ing
thos
e of
Eas
tern
Eur
ope,
for
the
deca
des
from
196
0-19
90. T
he t
otal
for
est
area
sum
med
ove
r th
ese
coun
trie
s is
ass
umed
to
bere
pres
enta
tive
of E
urop
e as
a w
hole
.Fi
gure
s fo
r ch
ange
s in
Aus
tral
asia
and
Nor
thA
mer
ica
are
from
FA
O (1
995)
, app
lied
toW
CM
C f
igur
es f
or f
ores
t ar
ea. I
n bo
th c
ases
figur
es f
or p
lant
atio
n ar
ea h
ave
been
ded
ucte
dfr
om t
he 1
990
WC
MC
fig
ure
for
tota
l for
est
area
to
give
an
estim
ate
of n
atur
al f
ores
t. It
may
be
assu
med
tha
t th
e pl
anta
tion
area
s ar
eun
dere
stim
ates
. Dat
a ar
e m
issi
ng f
or f
ores
tch
ange
s in
Nor
th A
mer
ica
befo
re 1
980
so it
isas
sum
ed t
hat
no o
vera
ll ch
ange
has
tak
enpl
ace.
It is
als
o as
sum
ed t
hat
ther
e ha
s be
enno
cha
nge
in f
ores
t ar
ea in
Rus
sia
from
198
0-19
90:
FAO
(199
5) n
otes
tha
t th
is is
the
saf
est
assu
mpt
ion,
as
data
fro
m d
iffer
ent
sour
ces
conf
lict.
Pla
ntat
ion
area
s in
the
tro
pics
and
tem
pera
tere
gion
s in
Arg
entin
a, A
ustr
alia
, Can
ada,
Chi
le,
Chi
na, J
apan
, Mor
occo
, New
Zea
land
, the
Rep
ublic
of
Kore
a, S
outh
Afr
ica,
Uni
ted
Sta
tes,
Uru
guay
, and
the
for
mer
US
SR
wer
e ob
tain
edfr
om F
AO
.
25LI
VIN
G P
LAN
ET
RE
PO
RT
1998
For
Euro
pe, t
he a
rea
of f
ores
t st
ands
less
tha
n30
yea
rs o
ld w
as c
alcu
late
d fo
r 21
cou
ntrie
sfr
om K
uuse
la (1
994)
, as
a pr
oxy
for
plan
tatio
ns.
This
giv
es a
min
imum
est
imat
e, a
s m
any
plan
tatio
ns a
re m
ore
than
30
year
s ol
d. It
isas
sum
ed t
hat
the
aver
age
prop
ortio
n of
plan
tatio
n to
tot
al f
ores
t ar
ea f
or t
hese
coun
trie
s, 3
1 pe
r ce
nt, w
as r
epre
sent
ativ
e of
the
who
le o
f Eu
rope
. The
est
imat
ed a
rea
ofpl
anta
tion
in A
rmen
ia, A
zerb
aija
n, B
elar
us,
Esto
nia,
Geo
rgia
, Lat
via,
Lith
uani
a, M
oldo
va, a
ndU
krai
ne w
as s
ubtr
acte
d fr
om t
he f
orm
er U
SSR
tota
l and
the
rem
aind
er a
ttrib
uted
to
Rus
sia.
Tab
le 2
.For
est
frag
men
tatio
n w
as e
valu
ated
usin
g ge
ogra
phic
info
rmat
ion
syst
ems
(GIS
)an
alys
es o
f la
rge
regi
onal
sec
tions
fro
m t
hegl
obal
cur
rent
for
est
cove
r da
tase
t, w
ithou
tdi
vidi
ng f
ores
t co
ver
into
diff
eren
t ty
pes.
Nei
ther
nat
iona
l bou
ndar
ies
nor
river
s le
ss t
han
0.5k
m w
ide
wer
e co
nsid
ered
to
disr
upt
patc
hes
of f
ores
t. E
urop
e‘s
fore
sts
wer
e th
em
ost
frag
men
ted
with
abo
ut 2
6 pe
r ce
nt o
f th
eto
tal,
incl
udin
g pl
anta
tions
, in
bloc
ks o
f le
ssth
an 5
00km
2 . A
roun
d 14
per
cen
t of
Asi
a‘s
fore
sts
wer
e fr
agm
ente
d in
to a
reas
sm
alle
rth
an 5
00km
2 , w
here
as in
Rus
sia
and
Nor
th
Am
eric
a th
e fig
ure
was
less
tha
n 10
per
cen
t.
Figu
res
8 an
d 9
and
Map
3.O
rigin
al a
ndcu
rren
t fo
rest
cov
er w
ere
com
pile
d by
WC
MC
from
a v
arie
ty o
f na
tiona
l and
inte
rnat
iona
lso
urce
map
s. O
rigin
al f
ores
t co
ver
was
com
pile
d fr
om s
ix p
oten
tial v
eget
atio
n da
tase
tsw
hich
, bet
wee
n th
em, c
over
the
glo
be. T
hecu
rren
t fo
rest
cov
er d
ata
are
base
d on
WC
MC
‘s h
oldi
ngs
of s
patia
l dat
a. T
hese
com
efr
om a
var
iety
of
natio
nal a
nd in
tern
atio
nal
sour
ces,
incl
udin
g re
mot
e se
nsin
g, a
nd a
varie
ty o
f da
tes.
The
for
est
cove
r in
the
map
isde
fined
as
clos
ed f
ores
t, w
hich
in g
ener
alre
fers
to
cano
py c
over
of
mor
e th
an 3
0 pe
rce
nt. T
he g
loba
l tot
al m
atch
es v
ery
wel
l with
FAO
‘s e
stim
ate
of g
loba
l for
est
cove
r in
199
0.Th
e cl
assi
ficat
ion
of f
ores
ts h
as b
een
sim
plifi
edto
fou
r fo
rest
typ
es:
trop
ical
moi
st f
ores
t,tr
opic
al d
ry f
ores
t, t
empe
rate
bro
adle
af a
ndm
ixed
for
est,
and
nee
dlel
eaf
fore
st.
The
fact
tha
t th
e gr
eate
st lo
ss o
f fo
rest
has
been
in A
sia
is p
erha
ps u
nsur
pris
ing
as m
ost
ofth
e w
orld
‘s p
opul
atio
n is
Asi
an a
nd a
gric
ultu
re
has
been
pra
ctis
ed in
Asi
a fo
r lo
nger
tha
nan
ywhe
re e
lse.
Alth
ough
it is
pos
sibl
e to
see
asi
gnifi
cant
red
uctio
n in
the
are
a of
all
type
s of
fore
st, t
he f
igur
es u
nder
estim
ate
the
true
mag
nitu
de o
f im
pact
s on
for
est
biod
iver
sity
as
muc
h of
the
cur
rent
for
est
cove
r ha
s re
grow
nor
bee
n pl
ante
d an
d is
the
refo
re g
ener
ally
of
low
er b
iolo
gica
l qua
lity.
Page
8 F
RES
HW
AT
ER E
CO
SY
ST
EMS
Fig
ure
10.F
or 2
27 f
resh
wat
er s
peci
es it
was
poss
ible
to
loca
te q
ualit
ativ
e in
form
atio
n on
popu
latio
n tr
ends
and
est
imat
e w
ithco
nsid
erab
le c
onfid
ence
whe
ther
num
bers
wer
e de
crea
sing
, sta
ble,
or
incr
easi
ng. T
hesp
ecie
s in
the
sam
ple
com
pris
e 19
mam
mal
s –
desm
ans,
man
atee
s, o
tter
s, a
nd r
iver
dol
phin
s;92
bird
s –
cran
es, d
ucks
, gee
se a
nd s
wan
s,fla
min
gos,
gre
bes,
her
ons,
ibis
es a
ndsp
oonb
ills,
rai
ls a
nd g
allin
ules
, ski
mm
ers
and
dipp
ers,
stil
ts, a
nd s
tork
s; 7
2 re
ptile
s –
croc
odili
ans
and
turt
les;
and
44
fishe
s –
gray
ling,
lam
prey
s, p
addl
efis
h, a
nd s
turg
eons
.Th
e to
tal n
umbe
r of
spe
cies
in e
ach
cate
gory
for
eac
h tim
e pe
riod
was
use
d to
dem
onst
rate
the
gen
eral
sta
tus
of g
loba
lfr
eshw
ater
bio
dive
rsity
at
that
tim
e. T
he s
tatu
sfo
r ea
ch t
ime
perio
d is
an
indi
catio
n of
any
chan
ges
in t
he g
ener
al s
tatu
s of
glo
bal
fres
hwat
er e
cosy
stem
s fr
om t
he 1
970s
thro
ugh
to 1
997.
Fig
ure
2b a
nd
Map
4.
Qua
ntita
tive
popu
latio
nda
ta f
rom
mor
e th
an o
ne p
oint
in t
ime
wer
eav
aila
ble
for
70 o
ut o
f th
e 22
7 sp
ecie
s. T
hese
data
poi
nts
wer
e us
ed t
o ca
lcul
ate
the
fres
hwat
er e
cosy
stem
s in
dex,
whi
chre
pres
ents
the
cha
nges
fro
m 1
970
to 1
995
in a
hypo
thet
ical
pop
ulat
ion
that
is t
ypic
al o
f th
esa
mpl
e. M
ap 4
show
s th
e ap
prox
imat
elo
catio
ns o
f a
sele
ctio
nof
the
spe
cies
use
d to
cons
truc
t th
e in
dex.
The
70
spec
ies
are:
MA
MM
ALS
Inse
ctiv
ore
sD
esm
ana
mos
chat
a
Riv
er d
olp
hins
Lipo
tes
vexi
llife
rP
lata
nist
a m
inor
BIR
DS
Cra
nes
Gru
s am
eric
ana
Gru
s ja
pone
nsis
Gru
s m
onac
hus
Gru
s vi
pio
Duc
ks, g
eese
, sw
ans
Ana
s ac
uta
Ana
s am
eric
ana
Ana
s cl
ypea
taA
nas
crec
ca
Ana
s di
scor
sA
nas
form
osa
Ana
s pl
atyr
hync
hos
Ana
s qu
erqu
edul
a A
nas
stre
pera
A
nas
supe
rcili
osa
Ana
s w
yvill
iana
Ayt
hya
amer
ican
aA
ythy
a m
arila
Ayt
hya
nyro
ca
Ayt
hya
valis
iner
ia
Cyg
nus
olor
M
arm
aron
etta
ang
ustir
ostr
is
Mer
gus
albe
llus
Mer
gus
mer
gans
erN
etta
ruf
ina
Net
tapu
s au
ritus
Ta
dorn
a fe
rrug
inea
Flam
ingo
sP
hoen
icop
teru
s an
dinu
sP
hoen
icop
teru
s ch
ilens
isP
hoen
icop
teru
s ja
mes
iP
hoen
icop
teru
s m
inor
Pho
enic
opte
rus
rube
r
Gre
bes
Podi
ceps
tacz
anow
skii
Tach
ybap
tus
rufo
lava
tus
Her
ons
Ard
ea c
iner
ea
Ard
ea c
ocoi
A
rdea
pur
pure
a A
rdeo
la r
allo
ides
B
otau
rus
stel
laris
Ix
obry
chus
min
utus
N
yctic
orax
nyt
icor
ax
Ibis
es a
nd s
po
onb
ills
Eud
ocim
us r
uber
Pla
tale
a le
ucor
odia
P
lata
lea
min
or
Ple
gadi
s fa
lcin
ellu
s
Rai
ls a
nd g
allin
ules
Fulic
a cr
ista
ta
Porp
hyrio
por
phyr
io
Sti
lts
Him
anto
pus
nova
ezel
andi
ae
Sto
rks
Cic
onia
cic
onia
C
icon
ia n
igra
REP
TIL
ESC
roco
dile
s an
d a
lliga
tors
Alli
gato
r si
nens
isC
roco
dylu
s ac
utus
Cro
cody
lus
min
dore
nsis
Cro
cody
lus
palu
stris
Cro
cody
lus
poro
sus
Gha
rial
Gav
ialis
gan
getic
us
Turt
les
Bat
agur
bas
kaC
alla
gur
born
eoen
sis
FIS
HES
Pad
dle
fish
Poly
odon
spa
thul
a
Stu
rgeo
nsA
cipe
nser
bae
riiA
cipe
nser
gue
lden
stae
dtii
Aci
pens
er n
acca
riiA
cipe
nser
sin
ensi
sA
cipe
nser
ste
llatu
sA
cipe
nser
tran
smon
tanu
sA
mur
Riv
er F
ishe
ry-C
hina
Am
ur R
iver
Fis
hery
-Rus
sia
Hus
o hu
so
Figu
re 1
1.Th
e ba
se li
ne in
form
atio
n is
tak
enfr
om P
roje
ct A
qua,
a p
roje
ct d
esig
ned
todo
cum
ent
info
rmat
ion
on m
ore
than
600
wat
erbo
dies
judg
ed w
orth
y of
con
serv
atio
n (L
uthe
r
26LI
VIN
G P
LAN
ET
RE
PO
RT
1998
and
Rzó
ska
1971
). S
ome
of t
he P
roje
ct A
qua
data
app
ear
to h
ave
been
col
lect
ed in
197
0,bu
t th
e pu
blis
hed
info
rmat
ion
rela
tes
esse
ntia
lly t
o th
e 19
60s.
A s
ubst
antia
l num
ber
of la
kes
trea
ted
in P
roje
ct A
qua
are
also
tre
ated
in la
ter
info
rmat
ion
sour
ces,
suc
h as
the
Dire
ctor
y of
Asi
an W
etla
nds
(Sco
tt 1
989)
and
the
Lake
s D
atab
ase
(ILE
C w
eb s
ite),
and
inth
ese
case
s it
is o
ften
pos
sibl
e to
mak
e an
asse
ssm
ent
at a
late
r tim
e po
int
and
sode
term
ine
the
exte
nt o
f ch
ange
. Ent
ries
for
93 la
kes
wer
e co
mpa
red
and
each
giv
en a
sim
ple
scor
e ac
cord
ing
to w
heth
er t
heir
cond
ition
app
ears
to
have
dec
lined
(or
impa
cts
incr
ease
d), s
taye
d th
e sa
me,
or
impr
oved
.Th
ree
cate
gorie
s of
info
rmat
ion
wer
e us
ed
in t
he s
corin
g: p
rese
nt u
sage
; th
reat
s fr
ompo
ssib
le o
r pr
opos
ed d
evel
opm
ents
; an
d ot
her
info
rmat
ion.
No
chan
ge w
ill s
omet
imes
mea
nno
new
info
rmat
ion.
The
res
ults
are
bas
ed o
nun
even
sam
plin
g an
d no
n-st
anda
rd r
epor
ting,
but
may
be
take
n as
a v
alid
indi
catio
n of
the
gene
ral d
irect
ion
of c
hang
e ov
er r
ecen
tde
cade
s. H
owev
er, n
ot a
ll re
med
ial m
easu
res
take
n w
ithin
the
pas
t 10
yea
rs o
r so
, or
thei
rbe
nefic
ial e
ffec
ts, w
ill h
ave
been
rep
orte
d in
the
info
rmat
ion
sour
ces
used
.
Page
10
MA
RIN
E EC
OS
YS
TEM
S
Figu
re 1
2.It
was
pos
sibl
e to
loca
te q
ualit
ativ
ein
form
atio
n on
pop
ulat
ion
tren
ds f
or 1
16m
arin
e ve
rteb
rate
spe
cies
and
est
imat
e w
ith c
onsi
dera
ble
conf
iden
ce w
heth
er
thei
r nu
mbe
rs w
ere
decr
easi
ng, s
tabl
e, o
rin
crea
sing
. The
tot
al n
umbe
r of
spe
cies
in e
ach
cate
gory
for
eac
h tim
e pe
riod
was
use
d to
dem
onst
rate
the
gen
eral
sta
tus
of g
loba
lm
arin
e bi
odiv
ersi
ty a
t th
at t
ime.
The
sta
tus
for
each
tim
e pe
riod
is a
n in
dica
tion
of a
nych
ange
s in
the
gen
eral
sta
tus
of g
loba
l mar
ine
ecos
yste
ms
from
the
197
0s t
hrou
gh t
o 19
97.
The
spec
ies
in t
he s
ampl
e co
nsis
t of
36
mam
mal
s –
mar
ine
otte
rs, s
ireni
ans,
seal
s,
fur
seal
s an
d se
a lio
ns, b
alee
n w
hale
s,
toot
hed
wha
les,
and
dol
phin
s; 4
0 bi
rds
–al
batr
osse
s, g
anne
ts a
nd b
oobi
es, a
ndpe
ngui
ns;
7 re
ptile
s –
mar
ine
turt
les;
and
33
fishe
s –
cods
, fla
tfis
h, h
errin
gs, s
ole,
sea
perc
han
d re
dfis
h, t
una
and
mac
kere
l, an
d ot
her
mar
ine
fish.
Figu
re 2
c an
d M
ap 5
.Qua
ntita
tive
popu
latio
nda
ta f
rom
mor
e th
an o
ne p
oint
in t
ime
wer
eav
aila
ble
for
87 o
ut o
f th
e 11
6 sp
ecie
s. T
hese
data
poi
nts
wer
e us
ed t
o ca
lcul
ate
the
mar
ine
ecos
yste
ms
inde
x. A
s w
ith t
he f
resh
wat
erec
osys
tem
s, t
he m
arin
e ec
osys
tem
s in
dex
repr
esen
ts t
he c
hang
es f
rom
197
0 to
199
5 of
ahy
poth
etic
al p
opul
atio
n th
at is
typ
ical
of
the
sam
ple
as a
who
le. T
he a
ppro
xim
ate
loca
tions
of a
sel
ectio
n of
the
pop
ulat
ions
use
d ar
esh
own
in M
ap 5
. The
87
spec
ies
are:
MA
MM
ALS
S
ea o
tter
E
nhyd
ra lu
tris
Fur
seal
s A
rcto
ceph
alus
aus
tral
isA
rcto
ceph
alus
for
ster
iA
rcto
ceph
alus
gal
apag
oens
isA
rcto
ceph
alus
phi
lippi
iA
rcto
ceph
alus
pus
illus
Arc
toce
phal
us to
wns
endi
Arc
toce
phal
us tr
opic
alis
Cal
lorh
inus
urs
inus
Mo
nk s
eals
M
onac
hus
mon
achu
sM
onac
hus
scha
uins
land
i
Sea
lio
ns
Eum
etop
ias
juba
tus
Neo
phoc
a ci
nere
aO
taria
byr
onia
Pho
carc
tos
hook
eri
Zalo
phus
cal
iforn
ianu
s
Bal
een
wha
les
Esc
hric
htiu
s ro
bust
usB
alae
na m
ystic
etus
Bal
aeno
pter
a bo
real
isB
alae
nopt
era
eden
iB
alae
nopt
era
mus
culu
sB
alae
nopt
era
phys
alus
Meg
apte
ra n
ovae
angl
iae
Too
thed
wha
les
Del
phin
apte
rus
leuc
as
Man
atee
Tr
iche
chus
man
atus
BIR
DS
Alb
atro
sses
D
iom
edea
alb
atru
sD
iom
edea
am
ster
dam
ensi
sD
iom
edea
cau
taD
iom
edea
chl
oror
hync
hos
Dio
med
ea e
xula
nsD
iom
edea
imm
utab
ilis
Dio
med
ea ir
rora
taD
iom
edea
mel
anop
hris
Gan
nets
and
bo
ob
ies
Mor
us b
assa
nus
Mor
us c
apen
sis
Papa
sula
abb
otti
Sula
dac
tyla
tra
Sula
sul
aSu
la v
arie
gata
Peng
uins
Apt
enod
ytes
for
ster
iA
pten
odyt
es p
atag
onic
usE
udyp
tes
pach
yrhy
nchu
sE
udyp
tes
robu
stus
Meg
adyt
es a
ntip
odes
Pyg
osce
lis a
delia
eP
ygos
celis
pap
uaSp
heni
scus
dem
ersu
sSp
heni
scus
hum
bold
tiSp
heni
scus
men
dicu
lus
REP
TIL
ES
Turt
les
Car
etta
car
etta
Che
loni
a m
ydas
Der
moc
hely
s co
riace
aLe
pido
chel
ys k
empi
iLe
pido
chel
ys o
livac
ea
FIS
HES
C
od
sG
adus
mac
roce
phal
usG
adus
mor
hua
Mel
anog
ram
mus
aeg
lefin
usM
erla
ngiu
s m
erla
ngus
Mer
lucc
ius
prod
uctu
sPo
llach
ius
vire
nsTh
erag
ra c
halc
ogra
mm
aTr
isop
teru
s es
mar
kii
Flat
fish
Ath
eres
thes
sto
mia
sH
ippo
glos
soid
es e
llass
odon
Hip
pogl
osso
ides
pla
tess
oide
sLe
pido
pset
ta b
iline
ata
Lim
anda
asp
era
Ple
uron
ecte
s fe
rrug
ineu
sP
leur
onec
tes
plat
essa
Ple
uron
ecte
s qu
adrit
uber
cula
tus
Pse
udop
leur
onec
tes
amer
ican
usR
einh
ardt
ius
hipp
oglo
ssoi
des
Sole
a so
lea
Her
ring
sC
lupe
a ha
reng
usC
lupe
a pa
llasi
Spra
ttus
spra
ttus
Sea
per
ch a
nd r
edfi
shSe
bast
es a
lutu
sSe
bast
es m
ente
llaSe
bast
olob
us a
lasc
anus
Tuna
s an
d m
acke
rel
Thun
nus
alba
care
sTh
unnu
s ob
esus
Thun
nus
thyn
nus
Scom
ber
scom
brus
Oth
er m
arin
e fi
shA
nopl
opom
a fim
bria
Mal
lotu
s vi
llosu
sP
leur
ogra
mm
us m
onop
tery
gius
Uro
phyc
is te
nuis
Page
12
GR
AIN
CO
NS
UM
PT
ION
Fig
ures
13
to 1
5 an
d M
ap 6
.A
ll da
ta c
ame
from
the
FA
OS
TAT
data
base
of
natio
nal g
rain
and
mea
t pr
oduc
tion
and
trad
e. G
rain
-eq
uiva
lent
con
sum
ptio
n w
as c
alcu
late
d as
the
cons
umpt
ion
of g
rain
, plu
s its
indi
rect
cons
umpt
ion
in t
he f
orm
of
mea
t, p
lus
seed
,pr
oces
sed,
and
was
te g
rain
. In
calc
ulat
ing
aco
untr
y‘s
cons
umpt
ion,
all
impo
rts
and
expo
rts
of g
rain
, mea
t, a
nd p
oultr
y w
ere
take
nin
to a
ccou
nt.
Apa
rt f
rom
the
inhe
rent
inef
ficie
ncy
ofco
nver
ting
vege
tabl
e m
atte
r in
to m
eat,
ani
mal
sar
e al
so m
ore
dem
andi
ng o
f w
ater
and
ene
rgy
than
cro
ps (s
ee t
able
). Th
e fo
llow
ing
conv
ersi
on
TE
CH
NIC
AL
NO
TE
S c
ontin
ued
27LI
VIN
G P
LAN
ET
RE
PO
RT
1998
fact
ors
wer
e us
ed t
o co
nver
t fr
om m
eat
into
grai
n co
nsum
ptio
n (k
g of
gra
in p
er k
g of
mea
t):
beef
and
vea
l 5.0
; pi
g m
eat
3.5;
mut
ton
and
goat
1.8
; po
ultr
y 2.
25.
Foo
d, e
nerg
y, a
nd w
ater
req
uire
men
ts o
fcr
op
s an
d li
vest
ock
Food
grai
n en
ergy
w
ater
re
quire
men
t: re
quire
men
t:re
quire
men
t: kg
gra
in in
put p
er
Joul
e in
put
litre
s pe
r
kg m
eat o
utpu
tpe
r Jou
le o
utpu
tkg
mea
t
(FAO
)(L
ünze
r 199
2)(P
imen
tel 1
997)
whe
at0
0.1-
0.4
900
mai
ze0
1 40
0ric
e0
0.1-
0.4
1 91
0m
ilk0.
8-8
eggs
0.5-
10po
ultry
2.
0-2.
57
3 50
0(b
atte
ry-fa
rmed
)po
rk3.
0-4.
0be
ef (i
ndus
trial
3.0-
7.0
3510
0 00
0pr
oduc
tion)
Page
14
MA
RIN
E FI
SH
CO
NS
UM
PT
ION
Figu
re 1
6. A
nnua
l dat
a on
fis
h pr
oduc
tion
1961
-198
3 co
me
from
FA
OS
TAT
and
incl
ude
allm
arin
e fis
h, c
rust
acea
ns, m
ollu
scs
and
ceph
alpo
ds, c
aptu
re a
nd c
ultu
re f
ishe
ries;
1984
-199
5 da
ta c
ome
from
FA
O r
ecen
t tr
ends
in g
loba
l fis
hery
pro
duct
ion
(ww
w.f
ao.o
rg)
whi
ch in
clud
es a
ll of
the
abo
ve e
xcep
t th
ose
prod
uced
by
mar
icul
ture
.
Fig
ure
s 17
and
18
and
Map
7.
The
stat
istic
son
fis
h co
nsum
ptio
n ca
me
from
the
FA
OS
TAT
data
base
on
nutr
ition
and
FA
O F
ishe
ries
Dep
artm
ent
(FA
O 1
997,
Gra
inge
r an
d G
arci
a19
96).
Con
sum
ptio
n in
clud
es m
arin
e fis
h,cr
usta
cean
s, c
epha
lopo
ds a
nd o
ther
mol
lusc
s,an
d no
n-fo
od f
ish
mea
l and
fis
h oi
l. A
llim
port
san
d ex
port
s of
bot
h fo
od f
ish
and
non-
food
fis
h w
ere
take
n in
to a
ccou
nt. F
resh
wat
erfis
h w
ere
not
incl
uded
, nor
was
by-
catc
h as
this
is d
iffic
ult
to a
ttrib
ute
to a
con
sum
erco
untr
y. F
arm
ed (m
aric
ultu
re) f
ish
are
incl
uded
in t
his
data
set.
The
diff
erre
nce
in t
otal
wor
ldfis
h co
nsum
ptio
n an
d to
tal w
orld
fis
hpr
oduc
tion
in 1
995
is e
xpla
ined
by
the
incl
usio
n of
far
med
fis
h in
the
con
sum
ptio
nda
ta a
nd a
lso
the
incl
usio
n of
dat
a fr
omTa
iwan
, whi
ch a
re n
ot in
clud
ed in
the
prod
uctio
n da
ta.
Page
16
WO
OD
CO
NS
UM
PT
ION
Fig
ure
19.
Figu
res
on w
ood
prod
uctio
n ca
me
from
the
FA
OS
TAT
fore
stry
dat
abas
e.Th
e da
ta in
clud
e fu
elw
ood
and
indu
stri
alro
undw
ood.
The
wor
ld’s
for
ests
, man
aged
sus
tain
ably
,co
uld
still
pro
vide
eno
ugh
woo
d to
mee
t cu
rren
tne
eds.
On
the
basi
s of
the
wor
ld’s
cur
rent
for
est
cove
r an
d th
e po
tent
ial s
usta
inab
le y
ield
s of
eigh
t di
ffer
ent
fore
st t
ypes
, allo
win
g fo
r 10
per
cent
pro
tect
ed a
reas
in e
ach,
tot
al a
nnua
l yie
ldco
uld
be a
s hi
gh a
s 4
billi
on c
ubic
met
res
(m3 )
,or
0.7
m3
per
pers
on p
er y
ear.
The
eigh
t fo
rest
type
s ar
e ba
sed
on t
he f
our
type
s us
ed t
ocl
assi
fy f
ores
t ec
osys
tem
s, in
corp
orat
ing
diff
eren
ces
betw
een
trop
ical
for
est
prod
uctiv
ityin
the
Am
eric
as a
nd t
he r
est
of t
he w
orld
, plu
spl
anta
tions
.
Fig
ures
20
and
21
and
Map
7.
Cal
cula
tions
wer
e m
ade
from
the
FA
OS
TAT
data
base
of
natio
nal p
rodu
ctio
n, im
port
s, a
nd e
xpor
ts o
fw
ood
and
woo
d pr
oduc
ts. W
ood
used
for
fuel
or t
imbe
r is
mea
sure
d in
m3 .
Pul
p an
dpa
per
cons
umpt
ion,
whi
ch is
mea
sure
d in
tonn
es, h
as b
een
conv
erte
d ba
ck in
to m
3of
woo
d ra
w m
ater
ial e
quiv
alen
t (w
rme)
.C
onve
rsio
n fa
ctor
s va
ry f
or e
ach
prod
uct
from
pape
r m
ill t
o pa
per
mill
and
fro
m c
ount
ry t
oco
untr
y bu
t, f
or r
easo
ns o
f pr
actic
ality
, age
nera
l set
of
fact
ors
was
use
d to
con
vert
diff
eren
t ty
pes
of p
ulp
and
pape
r in
to w
rme
(inm
3w
rme
per
tonn
e):
mec
hani
cal p
ulp
2.5;
chem
ical
pul
p 5.
0; s
emi-
chem
ical
pul
p 2.
75;
diss
olvi
ng p
ulp
2.5;
new
sprin
t 2.
8; w
ritin
g an
dpr
intin
g pa
per
3.5;
oth
er p
aper
and
pap
erbo
ard
2.5.
Saw
nwoo
d, w
ood-
base
d pa
nels
, and
fibre
boar
d w
ere
not
conv
erte
d as
the
woo
dw
aste
gen
erat
ed in
the
ir pr
oduc
tion
is u
sual
lyus
ed e
lsew
here
in t
he in
dust
ry f
or f
ibre
, pul
p,or
ene
rgy.
N
atio
nal c
onsu
mpt
ion
of w
rme
is e
stim
ated
as t
he v
olum
e of
pro
duct
ion
of w
ood
raw
mat
eria
l, pl
us t
he v
olum
e of
net
tra
de in
all
woo
d ra
w m
ater
ial a
nd p
rodu
cts.
Page
20
FRES
HW
AT
ER W
ITH
DR
AW
ALS
Acc
ordi
ng t
o Po
stel
et
al.(
1996
), hu
man
ity n
owus
es 5
4 pe
r ce
nt o
f fr
eshw
ater
run
off
that
isge
ogra
phic
ally
and
tem
pora
lly a
cces
sibl
e.
Figu
res
22 t
o 24
and
Map
9.A
nnua
lw
ithdr
awal
s of
fre
shw
ater
per
per
son
by c
ount
ryan
d re
gion
cam
e fr
om u
npub
lishe
d da
ta o
nfr
eshw
ater
res
ourc
es a
nd a
vaila
bilit
y fr
om a
stud
y le
d by
the
Rus
sian
Sta
te H
ydro
logi
cal
Inst
itute
(Shi
klom
anov
et
al.),
und
erta
ken
for
the
Uni
ted
Nat
ions
(WM
O e
t al
.199
7). S
ome
stud
ies
pref
er t
o m
easu
re e
ach
coun
try‘
sw
ithdr
awal
s of
fre
shw
ater
as
a fr
actio
n of
its
annu
al r
enew
able
res
ourc
e. H
owev
er, t
his
mas
ks t
he f
act
that
in m
any
coun
trie
sfr
eshw
ater
may
not
be
acce
ssib
le t
hrou
ghou
tth
e co
untr
y or
ava
ilabl
e th
roug
hout
the
yea
r. Th
eSa
hel r
egio
n, f
or e
xam
ple,
fac
es s
ever
e w
ater
shor
tage
s al
thou
gh it
use
s le
ss t
han
10 p
er c
ent
of it
s an
nual
ren
ewab
le f
resh
wat
er r
esou
rce.
Page
22
CA
RB
ON
DIO
XID
E EM
ISS
ION
S
Figu
res
25 t
o 27
and
Map
10.
The
data
incl
ude
emis
sion
s fr
om t
he c
ombu
stio
n of
fos
sil f
uels
(coa
l, oi
l, an
d na
tura
l gas
), ga
s fla
ring,
cem
ent
man
ufac
ture
, and
bun
ker
fuel
s, f
rom
Mar
land
and
Bod
en (1
998)
. Gas
fla
ring
is t
he b
urni
ng o
fun
wan
ted
natu
ral g
as a
t oi
l wel
l-hea
ds. T
hem
anuf
actu
re o
f ce
men
t re
leas
es C
O2
from
the
brea
kdow
n of
cal
cium
car
bona
te. B
unke
r fu
els
are
used
in in
tern
atio
nal m
arin
e an
d av
iatio
ntr
ansp
ort.
Con
vent
iona
l em
issi
ons
inve
ntor
ies
omit
bunk
er f
uels
fro
m n
atio
nal a
ccou
nts
beca
use
of t
he p
robl
em o
f at
trib
utin
g th
em t
oan
y on
e co
untr
y. H
owev
er, a
s bu
nker
fue
ls a
rere
spon
sibl
e fo
r 2-
3 pe
r ce
nt o
f gl
obal
em
issi
ons,
and
perh
aps
as m
uch
as 1
0 pe
r ce
nt o
f gl
obal
war
min
g, t
hey
have
bee
n in
clud
ed a
ndat
trib
uted
to
the
coun
try
in w
hich
the
fue
l is
load
ed o
n to
the
airc
raft
or
ship
. Sin
gapo
re h
ashi
gh p
er p
erso
n em
issi
ons
in p
art
beca
use
it is
an in
tern
atio
nal t
rans
port
hub
.
Page
24
CEM
ENT
CO
NS
UM
PT
ION
Figu
res
28 t
o 3
0 an
d M
ap 1
1.N
atio
nal d
ata
once
men
t pr
oduc
tion
wer
e us
ed w
here
dat
a on
cons
umpt
ion
are
not
avai
labl
e. P
rodu
ctio
n is
an
adeq
uate
sub
stitu
te f
or c
onsu
mpt
ion
as m
ost
cem
ent
is c
onsu
med
with
in t
he p
rodu
cing
coun
try
and
grou
nd d
eliv
erie
s of
cem
ent
gene
rally
do
not
exce
ed 1
50km
. Mar
land
and
Bod
en (1
998)
giv
e fig
ures
on
CO
2em
issi
ons
from
cem
ent
man
ufac
ture
, whi
ch h
ave
been
conv
erte
d in
to c
emen
t pr
oduc
tion
at a
rat
e of
2
tonn
es o
f ce
men
t pe
r to
nne
of C
O2.
Dat
a on
con
sum
ptio
n ar
e av
aila
ble
for
the
top
15 c
onsu
min
g co
untr
ies
from
the
Cen
tre
for
Con
cret
e In
form
atio
n (1
997)
.
NA
TIO
NA
L A
ND
RE
GIO
NA
L C
ON
SU
MP
TIO
N u
nits
per
per
son
per
year
, 199
5
LIV
ING
PLA
NE
T R
EP
OR
T 19
9828
PO
PU
LAT
ION
GR
AIN
FIS
HW
OO
DFR
ESH
WA
TER
CO
2C
EMEN
TC
ON
SU
MP
TIO
NP
RES
SU
RE
Cou
ntry
Tota
l M
eat
Food
S
eed,
was
te,
Fuel
woo
dTi
mbe
r, pu
lp,
(kg
grai
n-(k
g gr
ain-
grai
nan
d pr
oces
sing
Mar
ine
Tota
l an
d ch
arco
alan
d pa
per
With
draw
als
Em
issi
ons
(ave
rage
(mill
ions
)eq
uiva
lent
)eq
uiva
lent
)(k
g)(k
g)(k
g)(m
3 w
rme)
(m3 )
(m3
wrm
e)(m
3 )(t
)(k
g)co
nsum
er e
quiv
alen
ts)
Wo
rld
ave
rage
N.A
316
125
152
4015
.90.
580.
320.
2664
44.
0124
21.
00
AFR
ICA
Alg
eria
27.9
431
652
236
283.
60.
140.
080.
0618
03.
3222
20.
58A
ngol
a11
.07
111
4263
610
.20.
630.
540.
0957
0.65
270.
41B
enin
5.41
182
4110
239
6.1
1.09
1.03
0.06
280.
1370
0.54
Bot
swan
a1.
4925
194
133
246.
51.
071.
000.
0781
1.51
I.D0.
71B
urki
na F
aso
10.3
224
73
208
370.
60.
970.
930.
0440
0.09
I.D0.
52B
urun
di6.
3964
1434
160.
10.
780.
760.
0220
0.04
I.D0.
32C
amer
oon
13.2
317
144
109
176.
91.
170.
930.
2338
0.32
390.
55C
entr
al A
fric
an R
ep.
3.32
140
8548
80.
21.
160.
980.
1826
0.08
I.D0.
50C
had
6.36
187
3712
723
I.D0.
720.
610.
1134
0.02
I.DI.D
Con
go2.
5911
854
595
23.0
1.45
0.91
0.54
200.
5039
0.77
Con
go, D
em. R
ep. (
Zaire
)43
.90
5413
366
1.8
1.07
1.00
0.08
100.
062
0.36
Côt
e d’
Ivoi
re14
.25
176
3012
125
11.1
0.99
0.81
0.18
660.
7535
0.57
Egy
pt62
.93
352
6025
141
4.3
0.11
0.04
0.07
881
1.54
255
0.73
Erit
rea
3.53
I.D21
I.DI.D
I.DI.D
I.DI.D
57I.D
I.DI.D
Eth
iopi
a55
.05
I.D27
I.DI.D
0.0
0.86
0.83
0.03
360.
0717
0.33
Gab
on1.
3221
211
680
1633
.0I.D
I.DI.D
593.
0099
0.80
Gam
bia,
The
1.12
169
2013
217
14.6
1.09
0.99
0.10
320.
19I.D
0.69
Gha
na17
.45
133
2288
2418
.81.
501.
440.
0617
0.24
800.
77G
uine
a6.
7015
116
110
246.
40.
720.
620.
1014
00.
17I.D
0.48
Gui
nea-
Bis
sau
1.07
234
5516
118
5.2
0.54
0.39
0.15
210.
23I.D
0.42
Keny
a28
.26
185
5212
410
0.2
1.48
1.41
0.07
870.
2453
0.59
Leso
tho
2.05
240
5317
215
3.9
I.DI.D
I.D30
I.DI.D
I.DLi
beria
3.04
I.D13
I.DI.D
2.0
2.06
1.74
0.33
550.
12I.D
I.DLi
bya
5.41
289
6719
329
5.6
0.17
0.10
0.07
879
7.43
426
1.09
Mad
agas
car
14.7
620
468
114
225.
70.
740.
710.
031
567
0.08
40.
79M
alaw
i11
.13
201
1316
028
0.2
0.94
0.89
0.05
870.
0713
0.41
Mal
i10
.80
277
5619
427
0.4
0.61
0.57
0.04
162
0.05
20.
37M
aurit
ania
2.27
220
5016
09
13.6
0.01
0.00
0.00
814
1.38
165
0.64
Mau
ritiu
s1.
1227
610
715
811
32.4
0.16
0.01
0.15
322
2.11
I.D0.
84M
oroc
co27
.03
358
5026
246
16.6
0.13
0.05
0.08
427
1.09
241
0.72
Moz
ambi
que
16.0
010
920
837
1.9
1.15
1.08
0.07
410.
081
0.42
Nam
ibia
1.54
I.D65
124
I.DI.D
I.DI.D
I.D18
1I.D
I.DI.D
Nig
er9.
1530
734
220
530.
10.
640.
600.
0469
0.13
30.
37N
iger
ia11
1.72
196
2712
543
5.8
1.00
0.92
0.08
420.
8323
0.51
Rw
anda
7.95
I.D8
I.DI.D
0.2
0.71
0.68
0.04
102
0.07
10.
29S
eneg
al8.
3124
255
163
2432
.30.
630.
540.
0920
50.
4671
0.77
Sie
rra
Leon
e4.
5114
415
115
1410
.00.
740.
710.
0399
0.17
I.D0.
51
0 =
neg
ligib
le
I.D =
insu
ffic
ient
dat
a N
.A =
not
app
licab
le
Tota
ls m
ay n
ot a
dd u
p du
e to
rou
ndin
g
29
PO
PU
LAT
ION
GR
AIN
FIS
HW
OO
DFR
ESH
WA
TER
CO
2C
EMEN
TC
ON
SU
MP
TIO
NP
RES
SU
RE
Cou
ntry
Tota
l M
eat
Food
S
eed,
was
te,
Fuel
woo
dTi
mbe
r, pu
lp,
(kg
grai
n-(k
g gr
ain-
grai
nan
d pr
oces
sing
Mar
ine
Tota
l an
d ch
arco
alan
d pa
per
With
draw
als
Em
issi
ons
(ave
rage
units
per
per
son
per
year
(mill
ions
)eq
uiva
lent
)eq
uiva
lent
)(k
g)(k
g)(k
g)(m
3 w
rme)
(m3 )
(m3
wrm
e)(m
3 )(t
)(k
g)co
nsum
er e
quiv
alen
ts)
LIV
ING
PLA
NE
T R
EP
OR
T 19
98
AFR
ICA
con
t.S
omal
ia9.
25I.D
32I.D
I.D1.
20.
950.
940.
0199
I.D3
I.DS
outh
Afr
ica
41.4
733
312
418
723
28.6
0.56
0.17
0.39
359
7.56
219
1.19
Sud
an28
.10
233
5615
818
0.2
0.91
0.82
0.09
633
0.13
90.
56Ta
nzan
ia29
.69
185
4011
133
1.4
1.24
1.17
0.07
400.
0927
0.50
Togo
4.14
144
2891
258.
60.
580.
520.
0628
0.18
850.
41Tu
nisi
a8.
9029
656
202
387.
90.
490.
380.
1238
11.
7948
40.
89U
gand
a21
.30
123
3559
29I.D
0.81
0.70
0.11
90.
056
0.37
Zam
bia
9.46
216
2915
927
0.9
1.54
1.42
0.12
186
0.27
320.
65Zi
mba
bwe
11.2
618
824
146
170.
30.
720.
560.
1613
60.
8789
0.44
Reg
iona
l ave
rage
N.A
194
4213
025
6.0
0.80
0.71
0.09
229
1.06
790.
55
MID
DLE
EA
ST
AN
D C
ENT
RA
L A
SIA
Afg
hani
stan
20.1
4I.D
31I.D
I.DI.D
0.38
0.30
0.08
1 77
30.
066
I.DA
rmen
ia3.
6030
156
147
99I.D
I.DI.D
I.D1
142
1.01
56I.D
Aze
rbai
jan
7.56
343
4018
112
2I.D
I.DI.D
I.D2
257
5.64
26I.D
Geo
rgia
5.46
388
8718
012
16.
2I.D
I.DI.D
743
1.42
180.
64Ira
n67
.28
293
5821
124
10.7
0.13
0.04
0.09
1 27
23.
9524
30.
96Ira
q20
.45
177
2113
223
0.2
0.01
0.01
0.00
2 55
64.
8488
11.
57Is
rael
5.63
337
173
145
1952
.50.
400.
000.
3940
58.
5662
31.
73Jo
rdan
5.44
230
6415
115
3.2
0.09
0.00
0.09
167
2.59
736
0.84
Kaza
khst
an17
.11
555
188
220
148
I.D0.
000.
000.
002
580
12.9
510
51.
89Ku
wai
t1.
5533
419
112
816
11.5
0.20
0.04
0.16
305
32.6
31
295
2.68
Kyrg
yzst
an4.
7534
913
013
188
I.DI.D
I.DI.D
2 73
01.
1563
I.DLe
bano
n3.
0127
112
413
710
0.7
0.29
0.17
0.12
391
4.61
998
1.21
Om
an2.
16I.D
87I.D
I.D33
.10.
100.
000.
1024
25.
6964
81.
35S
audi
Ara
bia
17.8
830
111
116
822
10.9
0.19
0.01
0.18
285
16.3
089
61.
70S
yria
14.6
633
738
232
680.
80.
030.
000.
0374
43.
1641
00.
80Ta
jikis
tan
6.10
349
3418
812
7I.D
I.DI.D
I.D2
450
0.61
16I.D
Turk
ey61
.95
408
5623
312
011
.20.
350.
140.
2158
52.
7046
01.
01Tu
rkm
enis
tan
4.10
414
101
187
126
I.DI.D
I.DI.D
6 38
86.
9298
I.DU
nite
d A
rab
Em
irate
s2.
3840
224
912
527
49.7
0.43
0.01
0.41
345
29.6
7I.D
2.61
Uzb
ekis
tan
22.8
441
399
188
126
I.D0.
000.
000.
004
021
4.33
153
1.85
Yem
en14
.50
205
3416
46
6.0
0.03
0.02
0.01
234
1.03
690.
33R
egio
nal a
vera
geN
.A31
671
182
667.
40.
150.
060.
091
461
4.89
345
1.11
AS
IA/P
AC
IFIC
Aus
tral
ia18
.09
554
369
105
8039
.31.
550.
161.
391
510
16.5
033
22.
46B
angl
ades
h12
0.43
194
1017
014
1.7
0.27
0.26
0.01
220
0.17
20.
26B
huta
n1.
64I.D
21I.D
I.DI.D
0.90
0.87
0.03
140.
1585
I.DC
ambo
dia
10.2
524
742
177
281.
70.
740.
650.
0864
0.05
I.D0.
45C
hina
1 22
1.46
357
145
182
3012
.50.
260.
170.
0941
32.
6235
20.
85H
ong
Kong
5.87
545
418
118
958
.21.
000.
050.
9515
87.
9732
71.
78In
dia
935.
7419
717
161
192.
30.
320.
290.
0364
90.
9765
0.47
Indo
nesi
a19
7.59
238
3118
918
14.6
0.90
0.76
0.14
420
1.51
122
0.79
30LI
VIN
G P
LAN
ET
RE
PO
RT
1998
PO
PU
LAT
ION
GR
AIN
FIS
HW
OO
DFR
ESH
WA
TER
CO
2C
EMEN
TC
ON
SU
MP
TIO
NP
RES
SU
RE
Cou
ntry
Tota
l M
eat
Food
S
eed,
was
te,
Fuel
woo
dTi
mbe
r, pu
lp,
(kg
grai
n-(k
g gr
ain-
grai
nan
d pr
oces
sing
Mar
ine
Tota
l an
d ch
arco
alan
d pa
per
With
draw
als
Em
issi
ons
(ave
rage
units
per
per
son
per
year
(mill
ions
)eq
uiva
lent
)eq
uiva
lent
)(k
g)(k
g)(k
g)(m
3 w
rme)
(m3 )
(m3
wrm
e)(m
3 )(t
)(k
g)co
nsum
er e
quiv
alen
ts)
AS
IA/P
AC
IFIC
con
t.Ja
pan
125.
1030
915
312
928
99.0
0.47
0.01
0.46
735
9.31
636
2.35
Kore
a, D
.P.R
.23
.92
224
3515
931
68.7
0.22
0.18
0.04
686
10.7
571
22.
02Ko
rea,
Rep
.45
.00
374
142
168
6561
.20.
400.
110.
2965
78.
691
256
2.35
Laos
4.
8825
539
181
350.
11.
100.
920.
1825
80.
06I.D
0.63
Mal
aysi
a20
.14
282
144
126
1139
.82.
010.
481.
5364
85.
3453
01.
90M
ongo
lia2.
4139
023
911
833
0.9
0.21
0.16
0.05
273
3.51
450.
52M
yanm
ar46
.53
271
2622
124
13.1
0.50
0.44
0.06
101
0.15
110.
46N
epal
21.9
226
334
199
30I.D
0.95
0.92
0.03
150
0.07
100.
55N
ew Z
eala
nd3.
5862
148
097
4416
.7I.D
I.DI.D
557
8.43
196
1.36
Paki
stan
140.
5020
644
149
132.
70.
220.
200.
021
985
0.61
610.
78Pa
pua
New
Gui
nea
4.30
149
7076
325
.42.
041.
290.
7628
0.59
I.D1.
16P
hilip
pine
s67
.58
231
8513
79
34.6
0.61
0.54
0.07
726
0.93
145
0.99
Sin
gapo
re2.
85I.D
256
I.DI.D
46.7
0.75
0.02
0.73
6734
.84
668
3.16
Sri
Lank
a18
.35
180
1615
311
15.1
0.51
0.49
0.02
567
0.39
490.
60Ta
iwan
21.3
035
323
510
117
124.
30.
480.
000.
48I.D
8.53
1 25
83.
42Th
aila
nd58
.79
212
6112
130
50.0
0.73
0.62
0.11
596
2.98
572
1.52
Vie
t N
am74
.55
272
6518
126
9.8
0.47
0.41
0.06
414
0.43
101
0.58
Reg
iona
l ave
rage
N.A
277
8516
824
15.5
0.38
0.28
0.11
569
2.31
244
0.83
LAT
IN A
MER
ICA
AN
D T
HE
CA
RIB
BEA
NA
rgen
tina
34.5
952
634
613
051
9.0
0.37
0.15
0.22
1 03
53.
7718
51.
03B
oliv
ia7.
4130
615
712
424
0.9
0.34
0.17
0.17
210
1.41
950.
45B
razi
l16
1.79
366
220
104
425.
01.
290.
840.
4529
01.
5817
30.
88C
hile
14.2
635
120
113
614
185.
51.
540.
700.
841
627
3.09
211
3.27
Col
ombi
a35
.10
248
138
101
1011
.80.
610.
510.
1117
21.
9327
50.
74C
osta
Ric
a3.
4228
315
711
412
4.6
1.57
0.98
0.59
394
1.53
289
1.02
Cub
a11
.04
184
7310
011
11.0
0.29
0.23
0.06
868
2.65
109
0.71
Dom
inic
an R
ep.
7.82
228
127
8912
11.8
0.20
0.13
0.07
445
1.51
186
0.61
Ecu
ador
11.4
621
811
492
1212
.80.
970.
450.
5258
32.
0520
10.
90E
l Sal
vado
r5.
7723
662
161
141.
51.
231.
150.
0717
30.
9015
20.
68G
uate
mal
a10
.62
217
5315
014
1.2
1.36
1.25
0.10
141
0.68
147
0.68
Hai
ti7.
18I.D
33I.D
I.D2.
60.
900.
860.
047
0.09
70.
36H
ondu
ras
5.65
193
5012
716
2.6
1.16
1.04
0.12
293
0.68
116
0.65
Jam
aica
2.45
224
114
9712
20.7
0.42
0.22
0.20
169
3.74
214
0.80
Mex
ico
93.6
737
315
317
743
14.4
0.29
0.17
0.12
899
3.84
224
0.98
Nic
arag
ua4.
4318
843
130
151.
50.
850.
830.
0338
10.
6179
0.54
Pana
ma
2.63
319
180
123
1634
.30.
480.
360.
1275
12.
6213
31.
06Pa
ragu
ay4.
9643
031
576
390.
62.
031.
310.
7210
90.
7711
50.
96Pe
ru23
.78
197
8110
510
38.7
0.55
0.45
0.10
787
1.29
880.
99Pu
erto
Ric
o3.
67I.D
70I.D
I.D0.
5I.D
I.DI.D
I.D4.
3838
5I.D
Trin
idad
and
Tob
ago
1.31
212
8011
517
9.2
0.19
0.02
0.18
115
13.7
146
01.
18U
rugu
ay3.
1957
040
611
054
9.9
1.33
0.96
0.38
1 35
81.
8118
91.
35Ve
nezu
ela
21.8
433
717
812
633
19.6
0.17
0.04
0.13
188
8.46
316
1.05
Reg
iona
l ave
rage
N.A
332
180
121
3215
.70.
810.
540.
2753
32.
5819
10.
95
31
PO
PU
LAT
ION
GR
AIN
FIS
HW
OO
DFR
ESH
WA
TER
CO
2C
EMEN
TC
ON
SU
MP
TIO
NP
RES
SU
RE
Cou
ntry
Tota
l M
eat
Food
S
eed,
was
te,
Fuel
woo
dTi
mbe
r, pu
lp,
(kg
grai
n-(k
g gr
ain-
grai
nan
d pr
oces
sing
Mar
ine
Tota
l an
d ch
arco
alan
d pa
per
With
draw
als
Em
issi
ons
(ave
rage
units
per
per
son
per
year
(mill
ions
)eq
uiva
lent
)eq
uiva
lent
)(k
g)(k
g)(k
g)(m
3 w
rme)
(m3 )
(m3
wrm
e)(m
3 )(t
)(k
g)co
nsum
er e
quiv
alen
ts)
LIV
ING
PLA
NE
T R
EP
OR
T 19
98
NO
RT
H A
MER
ICA
Can
ada
29.4
656
034
995
116
31.7
1.81
0.18
1.63
1 60
414
.95
234
2.35
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
263.
2569
243
111
514
723
.12.
080.
361.
721
870
19.8
333
42.
74R
egio
nal a
vera
geN
.A67
942
311
314
423
.92.
050.
341.
711
843
19.3
432
42.
70
WES
TER
N E
UR
OP
EA
ustr
ia7.
9754
538
795
6326
.10.
730.
420.
3130
47.
5275
31.
68B
elgi
um/L
uxem
bour
g10
.52
467
317
100
4946
.80.
810.
060.
7485
812
.26
593
2.11
Den
mar
k5.
1859
337
210
411
713
4.5
1.35
0.11
1.25
234
11.9
619
32.
80Fi
nlan
d5.
1141
823
882
9865
.11.
770.
810.
9643
910
.38
196
2.09
Fran
ce57
.98
489
333
113
4335
.80.
980.
170.
8166
56.
2134
51.
58G
erm
any
81.5
944
329
488
6114
.70.
780.
050.
7358
010
.53
466
1.52
Gre
ece
10.4
547
627
514
853
37.9
0.35
0.13
0.23
665
8.63
670
1.74
Irela
nd3.
5550
727
813
298
39.9
0.98
0.02
0.96
225
9.50
563
1.81
Italy
57.1
948
029
615
925
30.4
0.60
0.10
0.50
986
7.44
568
1.70
Net
herla
nds
15.5
044
331
769
5610
7.6
0.58
0.02
0.56
519
11.5
932
32.
37N
orw
ay4.
3436
221
211
634
251.
00.
780.
200.
5846
17.2
632
34.
00Po
rtug
al9.
8242
326
012
736
66.4
0.36
0.06
0.30
739
5.60
814
2.01
Spa
in39
.62
465
320
103
4259
.00.
520.
070.
4578
26.
2664
41.
92S
wed
en8.
7839
323
599
5942
.82.
340.
441.
9034
15.
6224
01.
82S
witz
erla
nd7.
2039
326
610
127
31.1
1.01
0.12
0.90
160
5.92
556
1.50
Uni
ted
Kin
gdom
58.2
638
924
094
5539
.60.
680.
010.
6720
59.
7122
31.
43R
egio
nal a
vera
geN
.A45
229
410
949
41.6
0.77
0.10
0.67
594
8.58
451
1.72
CEN
TR
AL
AN
D E
AS
TER
N E
UR
OP
EA
lban
ia3.
4430
710
811
980
0.9
0.13
0.10
0.03
103
0.54
580.
30B
elar
us10
.14
585
250
200
135
I.D0.
970.
080.
8929
45.
8512
21.
19B
osni
a an
d H
erze
govi
na3.
46I.D
70I.D
I.D0.
9I.D
I.D0.
0143
20.
5343
I.DB
ulga
ria8.
7749
218
916
314
02.
40.
320.
100.
221
548
6.57
240
1.21
Cro
atia
4.50
262
119
9547
6.8
0.55
0.20
0.35
432
3.81
379
0.90
Cze
ch R
ep.
10.3
052
331
812
085
11.0
1.05
0.07
0.98
266
10.8
946
91.
54E
ston
ia1.
5337
218
211
476
39.8
2.23
0.36
1.87
2 10
510
.94
273
2.44
Hun
gary
10.1
249
326
412
011
017
.50.
550.
180.
3666
05.
5329
71.
21La
tvia
2.56
I.D19
2I.D
I.D36
.42.
220.
351.
8726
33.
6580
1.55
Lith
uani
a3.
7061
921
424
216
332
.21.
290.
271.
021
194
4.01
176
1.63
Mac
edon
ia2.
1632
812
813
763
10.7
0.39
0.30
0.09
432
4.97
231
0.87
Mol
dova
4.43
397
9518
112
1I.D
0.04
0.00
0.04
854
2.44
110.
66Po
land
38.3
949
924
415
510
010
.60.
490.
070.
4232
28.
8736
21.
22R
oman
ia22
.84
593
198
202
193
4.4
0.52
0.12
0.40
1 10
25.
3126
31.
20R
ussi
an F
eder
atio
n14
7.00
471
204
159
107
20.2
0.65
0.20
0.46
792
12.3
824
01.
53S
lova
kia
5.35
445
213
121
111
I.D0.
820.
080.
7433
77.
1146
81.
41S
love
nia
1.95
567
349
143
7517
.10.
870.
090.
7843
26.
0251
51.
45U
krai
ne51
.38
440
168
162
109
8.7
0.00
0.00
0.00
674
8.54
214
1.00
Yugo
slav
ia10
.85
604
342
146
116
14.0
0.12
0.00
0.11
432
3.05
157
0.84
Reg
iona
l ave
rage
N.A
474
209
157
111
13.9
0.53
0.13
0.40
696
9.25
252
1.29
NA
TIO
NA
L A
ND
RE
GIO
NA
L C
ON
SU
MP
TIO
N u
nits
per
yea
r,19
95
LIV
ING
PLA
NE
T R
EP
OR
T 19
9832
PO
PU
LAT
ION
GR
AIN
FIS
HW
OO
DFR
ESH
WA
TER
CO
2C
EMEN
TTO
TAL
CO
NS
UM
PT
ION
Tota
l M
eat
Tim
ber,
pulp
,P
RES
SU
RE
Cou
ntry
(mill
ion
t(m
illio
n t
Food
S
eed,
was
te,
Tota
l Fu
elw
ood
and
pape
r gr
ain-
grai
n-gr
ain
and
proc
essi
ngM
arin
e (m
illio
n m
3an
d ch
arco
al(m
illio
n m
3W
ithdr
awal
sE
mis
sion
s(m
illio
n av
erag
e(m
illio
ns)
equi
vale
nt)
equi
vale
nt)
(mill
ion
t)(m
illio
n t)
(mill
ion
t)w
rme)
(mill
ion
m3 )
wrm
e)(b
illio
n m
3 )(m
illio
n t)
(mill
ion
t)co
nsum
er e
quiv
alen
ts)
Wo
rld
to
tal
5 73
7.73
1 81
5.73
716.
1087
4.03
230.
6491
.22
3 31
7.10
1 85
2.01
1 46
5.14
3 69
4.21
23 0
15.8
31
386.
385
737.
73
AFR
ICA
Alg
eria
27.9
48.
831.
466.
580.
790.
103.
892.
131.
775.
0292
.74
6.21
16.2
7A
ngol
a11
.07
1.23
0.47
0.69
0.07
0.11
7.02
6.01
1.01
0.63
7.17
0.30
4.53
Ben
in5.
410.
980.
220.
550.
210.
035.
905.
580.
320.
150.
690.
382.
90B
otsw
ana
1.49
0.37
0.14
0.20
0.04
0.01
1.58
1.49
0.10
0.12
2.24
I.D1.
05B
urki
na F
aso
10.3
22.
550.
032.
140.
380.
0110
.04
9.58
0.46
0.41
0.96
I.D5.
34B
urun
di6.
390.
410.
090.
220.
100.
004.
974.
860.
110.
130.
23I.D
2.04
Cam
eroo
n13
.23
2.26
0.59
1.44
0.23
0.09
15.4
612
.37
3.08
0.50
4.19
0.52
7.27
Cen
tral
Afr
ican
Rep
.3.
320.
470.
280.
160.
030.
003.
833.
250.
580.
090.
28I.D
1.67
Cha
d6.
361.
190.
230.
810.
15I.D
4.55
3.88
0.67
0.22
0.15
I.DI.D
Con
go2.
590.
300.
140.
150.
010.
063.
752.
351.
400.
051.
300.
102.
00C
ongo
, Dem
. Rep
. (Za
ire)
43.9
02.
390.
571.
560.
250.
0847
.18
43.8
53.
330.
422.
580.
1015
.98
Côt
e d‘
Ivoi
re14
.25
2.51
0.42
1.73
0.36
0.16
14.1
411
.54
2.60
0.94
10.6
30.
508.
09E
gypt
62.9
322
.18
3.78
15.8
12.
580.
276.
812.
634.
1855
.43
96.8
616
.02
45.8
8E
ritre
a3.
53I.D
0.07
I.DI.D
I.DI.D
I.DI.D
0.20
I.DI.D
I.DE
thio
pia
55.0
5I.D
1.46
I.DI.D
0.00
47.3
545
.61
1.74
2.00
3.73
0.96
17.9
9G
abon
1.32
0.28
0.15
0.11
0.02
0.04
I.DI.D
I.D0.
083.
960.
131.
05G
ambi
a, T
he1.
120.
190.
020.
150.
020.
021.
221.
110.
120.
040.
22I.D
0.77
Gha
na17
.45
2.32
0.38
1.53
0.41
0.33
26.1
825
.19
0.99
0.30
4.21
1.40
13.4
3G
uine
a6.
701.
010.
110.
740.
160.
044.
804.
150.
650.
941.
12I.D
3.19
Gui
nea-
Bis
sau
1.07
0.25
0.06
0.17
0.02
0.01
0.58
0.42
0.16
0.02
0.25
I.D0.
45Ke
nya
28.2
65.
241.
473.
490.
270.
0141
.76
39.7
71.
992.
456.
861.
5016
.81
Leso
tho
2.05
0.49
0.11
0.35
0.03
0.01
I.DI.D
I.D0.
06I.D
I.DI.D
Libe
ria3.
04I.D
0.04
I.DI.D
0.01
6.27
5.28
0.99
0.17
0.37
I.DI.D
Liby
a5.
411.
560.
361.
040.
150.
030.
890.
540.
364.
7540
.18
2.30
5.88
Mad
agas
car
14.7
63.
011.
011.
680.
330.
0810
.90
10.4
60.
4423
.14
1.18
0.06
11.6
9M
alaw
i11
.13
2.24
0.14
1.79
0.31
0.00
10.4
99.
940.
550.
970.
760.
144.
61M
ali
10.8
02.
990.
602.
090.
300.
006.
546.
120.
421.
750.
520.
023.
99M
aurit
ania
2.27
0.50
0.11
0.36
0.02
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.01
1.85
3.14
0.38
1.46
Mau
ritiu
s1.
120.
310.
120.
180.
010.
040.
180.
010.
170.
362.
35I.D
0.94
Mor
occo
27.0
39.
671.
347.
081.
250.
453.
501.
452.
0511
.54
29.5
66.
5119
.52
Moz
ambi
que
16.0
01.
750.
321.
320.
110.
0318
.44
17.3
21.
120.
661.
210.
026.
80N
amib
ia1.
54I.D
0.10
0.19
I.DI.D
I.DI.D
I.D0.
28I.D
I.DI.D
Nig
er9.
152.
810.
312.
010.
480.
005.
875.
500.
360.
631.
170.
033.
41N
iger
ia11
1.72
21.9
03.
0513
.99
4.85
0.65
111.
2210
2.78
8.45
4.65
93.0
92.
6057
.23
Rw
anda
7.95
I.D0.
06I.D
I.D0.
005.
675.
390.
280.
810.
520.
012.
27S
eneg
al8.
312.
010.
461.
350.
200.
275.
274.
500.
771.
703.
850.
596.
40S
ierr
a Le
one
4.51
0.65
0.07
0.52
0.06
0.05
3.33
3.20
0.13
0.45
0.76
I.D2.
31
I.D =
insu
ffic
ient
dat
a 0
= n
eglig
ible
33
PO
PU
LAT
ION
GR
AIN
FIS
HW
OO
DFR
ESH
WA
TER
CO
2C
EMEN
TTO
TAL
CO
NS
UM
PT
ION
Tota
l M
eat
Tim
ber,
pulp
,P
RES
SU
RE
Cou
ntry
(mill
ion
t(m
illio
n t
Food
S
eed,
was
te,
Tota
l Fu
elw
ood
and
pape
r gr
ain-
grai
n-gr
ain
and
proc
essi
ngM
arin
e (m
illio
n m
3an
d ch
arco
al(m
illio
n m
3W
ithdr
awal
sE
mis
sion
s(m
illio
n av
erag
eun
its p
er y
ear
(mill
ions
)eq
uiva
lent
)eq
uiva
lent
)(m
illio
n t)
(mill
ion
t)(m
illio
n t)
wrm
e)(m
illio
n m
3 )w
rme)
(bill
ion
m3 )
(mill
ion
t)(m
illio
n t)
cons
umer
equ
ival
ents
)
LIV
ING
PLA
NE
T R
EP
OR
T 19
98
AFR
ICA
cont
.
Som
alia
9.25
I.D0.
30I.D
I.D0.
018.
798.
690.
110.
91I.D
0.03
I.DS
outh
Afr
ica
41.4
713
.82
5.13
7.74
0.95
1.19
23.1
37.
0416
.09
14.8
931
3.27
9.08
49.5
2S
udan
28.1
06.
541.
594.
430.
520.
0125
.45
23.0
62.
3917
.80
3.64
0.25
15.7
8Ta
nzan
ia29
.69
5.49
1.20
3.30
0.99
0.04
36.7
534
.59
2.16
1.19
2.60
0.80
14.9
0To
go4.
140.
600.
110.
380.
110.
042.
412.
160.
250.
120.
740.
351.
68Tu
nisi
a8.
902.
630.
501.
790.
340.
074.
403.
361.
053.
3915
.91
4.31
7.90
Uga
nda
21.3
02.
610.
751.
250.
61I.D
17.2
414
.94
2.30
0.20
1.05
0.13
7.84
Zam
bia
9.46
2.04
0.28
1.51
0.26
0.01
14.5
913
.44
1.16
1.76
2.52
0.30
6.14
Zim
babw
e11
.26
2.11
0.27
1.65
0.20
0.00
8.08
6.27
1.81
1.53
9.74
1.00
4.97
Reg
iona
l tot
al72
4.05
140.
7030
.49
94.2
718
.16
4.37
580.
4751
1.81
68.6
516
5.68
768.
5257
.03
401.
46
MID
DLE
EA
ST
AN
D C
ENT
RA
L A
SIA
Afg
hani
stan
20.1
4I.D
0.62
I.DI.D
I.D7.
685.
991.
6935
.70
1.25
0.11
I.DA
rmen
ia3.
601.
080.
200.
530.
36I.D
I.DI.D
I.D4.
113.
650.
20I.D
Aze
rbai
jan
7.56
2.59
0.30
1.37
0.92
I.DI.D
I.DI.D
17.0
642
.61
0.20
I.DG
eorg
ia5.
462.
120.
470.
980.
660.
03I.D
I.DI.D
4.05
7.75
0.10
3.49
Iran
67.2
819
.68
3.89
14.2
01.
590.
728.
502.
565.
9485
.61
265.
6616
.32
64.8
5Ira
q20
.45
3.61
0.44
2.71
0.47
0.00
0.16
0.11
0.05
52.2
699
.07
18.0
232
.07
Isra
el5.
631.
900.
970.
820.
110.
302.
240.
012.
222.
2848
.21
3.50
9.75
Jord
an5.
441.
250.
350.
820.
080.
020.
510.
010.
500.
9114
.08
4.01
4.57
Kaza
khst
an17
.11
9.50
3.21
3.76
2.53
I.D0.
010.
000.
0044
.14
221.
641.
8032
.26
Kuw
ait
1.55
0.52
0.29
0.20
0.02
0.02
0.31
0.06
0.25
0.47
50.4
82.
004.
15Ky
rgyz
stan
4.75
1.66
0.62
0.62
0.42
I.DI.D
I.DI.D
12.9
55.
470.
30I.D
Leba
non
3.01
0.82
0.37
0.41
0.03
0.00
0.86
0.51
0.35
1.18
13.8
63.
003.
65O
man
2.16
I.D0.
19I.D
I.D0.
070.
220.
000.
220.
5212
.30
1.40
2.91
Sau
di A
rabi
a17
.88
5.38
1.99
3.00
0.40
0.20
3.39
0.09
3.30
5.09
291.
5316
.02
30.3
5S
yria
14.6
64.
950.
553.
401.
000.
010.
490.
020.
4710
.91
46.3
76.
0111
.77
Tajik
ista
n6.
102.
130.
211.
150.
77I.D
I.DI.D
I.D14
.95
3.74
0.10
I.DTu
rkey
61.9
525
.29
3.44
14.4
37.
410.
7021
.68
8.54
13.1
436
.24
167.
4228
.50
62.8
6Tu
rkm
enis
tan
4.10
1.70
0.41
0.77
0.52
I.DI.D
I.DI.D
26.1
928
.35
0.40
I.DU
nite
d A
rab
Em
irate
s2.
380.
960.
590.
300.
060.
121.
020.
030.
990.
8270
.52
I.D6.
21U
zbek
ista
n22
.84
9.42
2.25
4.29
2.88
I.D0.
000.
000.
0091
.84
98.9
53.
5042
.32
Yem
en14
.50
2.97
0.50
2.38
0.09
0.09
0.48
0.32
0.16
3.40
14.8
91.
00
4.80
Reg
iona
l tot
al30
8.54
97.5
121
.88
56.1
320
.31
2.27
47.5
518
.27
29.2
845
0.68
1 50
7.82
106.
5234
1.69
AS
IA/P
AC
IFIC
Aus
tral
ia18
.09
10.0
26.
681.
891.
450.
7128
.05
2.88
25.1
727
.31
298.
436.
0144
.43
Ban
glad
esh
120.
4323
.35
1.20
20.5
21.
640.
2032
.28
31.3
10.
9726
.47
20.9
80.
2831
.66
Bhu
tan
1.64
I.D0.
03I.D
I.DI.D
1.47
1.42
0.05
0.02
0.24
0.14
I.DC
ambo
dia
10.2
52.
530.
431.
820.
290.
027.
556.
680.
870.
660.
50I.D
4.66
Chi
na1
221.
4643
5.76
176.
8122
1.88
37.0
715
.23
316.
4720
4.24
112.
2350
4.32
3 19
7.94
430.
001
040.
37H
ong
Kong
5.
873.
202.
450.
690.
050.
345.
890.
315.
580.
9346
.76
1.92
10.4
7In
dia
935.
7418
4.07
15.6
715
0.93
17.4
72.
1630
0.58
274.
2426
.34
607.
2391
1.42
60.6
044
3.05
Indo
nesi
a19
7.59
47.0
56.
1837
.36
3.51
2.89
177.
4115
0.32
27.0
983
.06
298.
7024
.10
156.
78
34LI
VIN
G P
LAN
ET
RE
PO
RT
1998
PO
PU
LAT
ION
GR
AIN
FIS
HW
OO
DFR
ESH
WA
TER
CO
2C
EMEN
TTO
TAL
CO
NS
UM
PT
ION
Tota
l M
eat
Tim
ber,
pulp
,P
RES
SU
RE
Cou
ntry
(mill
ion
t(m
illio
n t
Food
S
eed,
was
te,
Tota
l Fu
elw
ood
and
pape
rgr
ain-
grai
n-gr
ain
and
proc
essi
ngM
arin
e (m
illio
n m
3an
d ch
arco
al(m
illio
n m
3W
ithdr
awal
sE
mis
sion
s(m
illio
n av
erag
eun
its p
er y
ear
(mill
ions
)eq
uiva
lent
)eq
uiva
lent
)(m
illio
n t)
(mill
ion
t)(m
illio
n t)
wrm
e)(m
illio
n m
3 )w
rme)
(bill
ion
m3 )
(mill
ion
t)(m
illio
n t)
cons
umer
equ
ival
ents
)
AS
IA/P
AC
IFIC
cont
.
Japa
n12
5.10
38.6
919
.10
16.1
33.
4612
.38
58.6
00.
6657
.94
91.9
51
164.
1779
.60
294.
17Ko
rea,
D.P
.R.
23.9
25.
370.
833.
790.
751.
645.
194.
320.
8716
.41
257.
1717
.02
48.2
2Ko
rea,
Rep
.45
.00
16.8
56.
397.
552.
912.
7617
.85
4.85
13.0
129
.56
390.
8456
.50
105.
76La
os4.
881.
240.
190.
880.
170.
005.
374.
510.
861.
260.
31I.D
3.06
Mal
aysi
a20
.14
5.68
2.90
2.55
0.23
0.80
40.5
69.
7130
.85
13.0
610
7.47
10.6
838
.29
Mon
golia
2.41
0.94
0.57
0.29
0.08
0.00
0.51
0.38
0.13
0.66
8.46
0.11
1.26
Mya
nmar
46.5
312
.60
1.21
10.2
71.
120.
6123
.04
20.3
92.
654.
697.
060.
5221
.55
Nep
al21
.92
5.75
0.74
4.36
0.65
I.D20
.83
20.2
00.
633.
281.
530.
2212
.12
New
Zea
land
3.58
2.22
1.72
0.35
0.16
0.06
I.DI.D
I.D1.
9930
.14
0.70
4.86
Paki
stan
140.
5028
.94
6.19
20.9
81.
770.
3830
.72
28.1
22.
6027
8.84
85.8
88.
6010
9.81
Papu
a N
ew G
uine
a4.
300.
640.
300.
330.
010.
118.
795.
533.
250.
122.
56I.D
4.98
Phi
lippi
nes
67.5
815
.64
5.76
9.25
0.62
2.34
41.2
436
.32
4.92
49.0
463
.15
9.81
66.7
2S
inga
pore
2.85
I.D0.
73I.D
I.D0.
132.
150.
062.
090.
1999
.22
1.90
9.00
Sri
Lank
a18
.35
3.30
0.30
2.81
0.20
0.28
9.30
8.94
0.37
10.4
17.
190.
9010
.94
Taiw
an21
.30
7.51
5.01
2.14
0.36
2.65
10.2
10.
0110
.20
I.D18
1.69
26.8
172
.84
Thai
land
58.7
912
.46
3.58
7.09
1.79
2.94
43.1
136
.58
6.53
35.0
417
5.17
33.6
089
.34
Vie
t N
am74
.55
20.2
54.
8313
.51
1.90
0.73
35.2
330
.49
4.74
30.8
531
.73
7.51
42.9
7R
egio
nal t
otal
3 19
2.75
884.
0426
9.81
537.
3577
.64
49.3
71
222.
4088
2.47
339.
931
817.
347
388.
7277
7.53
2 64
9.26
LAT
IN A
MER
ICA
AN
D T
HE
CA
RIB
BEA
NA
rgen
tina
34.5
918
.20
11.9
64.
491.
750.
3112
.65
5.18
7.47
35.8
113
0.56
6.41
35.6
2B
oliv
ia7.
412.
271.
170.
920.
180.
012.
521.
271.
251.
5610
.48
0.70
3.32
Bra
zil
161.
7959
.24
35.6
216
.79
6.83
0.80
208.
1413
5.61
72.5
346
.86
255.
2028
.00
141.
68C
hile
14.2
65.
012.
861.
940.
202.
6521
.97
9.98
11.9
923
.20
44.1
43.
0046
.62
Col
ombi
a35
.10
8.70
4.83
3.53
0.33
0.41
21.5
817
.79
3.79
6.03
67.5
79.
6426
.15
Cos
ta R
ica
3.42
0.97
0.54
0.39
0.04
0.02
5.39
3.36
2.02
1.35
5.24
0.99
3.48
Cub
a11
.04
2.03
0.81
1.11
0.12
0.12
3.24
2.54
0.70
9.59
29.2
61.
207.
81D
omin
ican
Rep
.7.
821.
780.
990.
700.
090.
091.
550.
980.
563.
4811
.78
1.45
4.75
Ecu
ador
11.4
62.
491.
311.
050.
140.
1511
.13
5.19
5.94
6.68
23.4
42.
3010
.35
El S
alva
dor
5.77
1.36
0.36
0.93
0.08
0.01
7.09
6.66
0.43
1.00
5.19
0.88
3.93
Gua
tem
ala
10.6
22.
310.
561.
590.
150.
0114
.43
13.3
31.
101.
507.
191.
567.
27H
aiti
7.18
I.D0.
24I.D
I.D0.
026.
486.
180.
300.
050.
660.
052.
56H
ondu
ras
5.65
1.09
0.28
0.72
0.09
0.01
6.55
5.87
0.68
1.66
3.86
0.66
3.66
Jam
aica
2.45
0.55
0.28
0.24
0.03
0.05
1.02
0.53
0.49
0.41
9.15
0.52
1.96
Mex
ico
93.6
734
.91
14.3
816
.54
3.99
1.35
27.6
316
.31
11.3
284
.21
359.
5821
.00
91.6
8N
icar
agua
4.43
0.83
0.19
0.58
0.07
0.01
3.78
3.66
0.11
1.69
2.70
0.35
2.39
Pana
ma
2.63
0.84
0.47
0.32
0.04
0.09
1.27
0.95
0.32
1.98
6.90
0.35
2.79
Para
guay
4.96
2.13
1.56
0.38
0.19
0.00
10.0
76.
523.
550.
543.
810.
574.
75Pe
ru23
.78
4.68
1.93
2.51
0.24
0.92
13.0
310
.68
2.34
18.7
330
.58
2.10
23.4
3Pu
erto
Ric
o3.
67I.D
0.26
I.DI.D
0.00
I.DI.D
I.DI.D
16.0
81.
42I.D
Trin
idad
and
Tob
ago
1.31
0.28
0.10
0.15
0.02
0.01
0.25
0.02
0.23
0.15
17.9
10.
601.
54U
rugu
ay3.
191.
821.
290.
350.
170.
034.
253.
051.
204.
335.
770.
604.
29Ve
nezu
ela
21.8
47.
363.
892.
750.
720.
433.
730.
902.
834.
1018
4.78
6.91
22.9
5R
egio
nal t
otal
478.
0615
8.83
85.8
957
.96
15.4
77.
5038
7.76
256.
5813
1.18
254.
891
231.
8391
.27
454.
22
35
PO
PU
LAT
ION
GR
AIN
FIS
HW
OO
DFR
ESH
WA
TER
CO
2C
EMEN
TTO
TAL
CO
NS
UM
PT
ION
Tota
l M
eat
Tim
ber,
pulp
,P
RES
SU
RE
Cou
ntry
(mill
ion
t(m
illio
n t
Food
S
eed,
was
te,
Tota
l Fu
elw
ood
and
pape
r gr
ain-
grai
n-gr
ain
and
proc
essi
ngM
arin
e (m
illio
n m
3an
d ch
arco
al(m
illio
n m
3W
ithdr
awal
sE
mis
sion
s(m
illio
n av
erag
eun
its p
er y
ear
(mill
ions
)eq
uiva
lent
)eq
uiva
lent
)(m
illio
n t)
(mill
ion
t)(m
illio
n t)
wrm
e)(m
illio
n m
3 )w
rme)
(bill
ion
m3 )
(mill
ion
t)(m
illio
n t)
cons
umer
equ
ival
ents
)
LIV
ING
PLA
NE
T R
EP
OR
T 19
98
NO
RT
H A
MER
ICA
Can
ada
29.4
616
.50
10.3
02.
793.
410.
9353
.35
5.21
48.1
447
.25
440.
586.
9069
.14
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
263.
2518
2.29
113.
4730
.15
38.6
66.
0754
8.09
94.9
545
3.14
492.
2652
19.4
787
.90
722.
58R
egio
nal t
otal
292.
7119
8.79
123.
7732
.95
42.0
87.
0060
1.44
100.
1650
1.28
539.
5156
60.0
594
.80
791.
72
WES
TER
N E
UR
OP
EA
ustr
ia7.
974.
343.
090.
760.
500.
215.
853.
352.
502.
4259
.95
6.00
13.4
1B
elgi
um/L
uxem
bour
g10
.52
4.91
3.34
1.06
0.52
0.49
8.51
0.68
7.83
9.03
128.
976.
2422
.20
Den
mar
k5.
183.
071.
930.
540.
610.
707.
000.
556.
451.
2161
.97
1.00
14.5
2Fi
nlan
d5.
112.
131.
210.
420.
500.
339.
034.
144.
892.
2452
.99
1.00
10.6
9Fr
ance
57.9
828
.36
19.3
26.
562.
482.
0857
.10
10.0
047
.10
38.5
736
0.10
20.0
091
.90
Ger
man
y81
.59
36.1
623
.98
7.19
4.99
1.20
63.4
64.
2559
.21
47.3
085
9.20
38.0
012
4.11
Gre
ece
10.4
54.
982.
871.
550.
560.
403.
711.
332.
386.
9590
.24
7.00
18.2
2Ire
land
3.55
1.80
0.99
0.47
0.35
0.14
3.47
0.07
3.40
0.80
33.7
42.
006.
43Ita
ly57
.19
27.4
716
.95
9.08
1.44
1.74
34.3
05.
6528
.65
56.3
642
5.30
32.5
097
.24
Net
herla
nds
15.5
06.
874.
921.
070.
871.
679.
010.
258.
768.
0417
9.71
5.00
36.7
0N
orw
ay4.
341.
570.
920.
500.
151.
093.
390.
862.
520.
2074
.86
1.40
17.3
4Po
rtug
al9.
824.
162.
561.
240.
350.
653.
570.
602.
977.
2655
.04
8.00
19.7
4S
pain
39.6
218
.42
12.6
84.
071.
662.
3420
.62
2.66
17.9
530
.97
248.
1525
.50
76.0
6S
wed
en8.
783.
452.
060.
870.
520.
3820
.53
3.88
16.6
52.
9949
.36
2.10
15.9
5S
witz
erla
nd7.
202.
831.
920.
720.
190.
227.
280.
836.
451.
1542
.67
4.01
10.7
7U
nite
d K
ingd
om58
.26
22.6
613
.97
5.49
3.20
2.31
39.7
30.
4539
.27
11.9
356
5.95
13.0
083
.16
Reg
iona
l tot
al38
3.06
173.
1911
2.70
41.5
918
.89
15.9
429
6.55
39.5
725
6.99
227.
433
288.
2017
2.75
658.
43
CEN
TR
AL
AN
D E
AS
TER
N E
UR
OP
EA
lban
ia3.
441.
060.
370.
410.
270.
000.
440.
350.
090.
361.
850.
201.
02B
elar
us10
.14
5.94
2.54
2.03
1.37
I.D9.
860.
819.
052.
9859
.35
1.24
12.0
7B
osni
a an
d H
erze
govi
na3.
46I.D
0.24
I.DI.D
0.00
I.DI.D
0.04
1.49
1.84
0.15
I.DB
ulga
ria8.
774.
311.
661.
431.
230.
022.
770.
861.
9113
.58
57.6
02.
1010
.65
Cro
atia
4.05
1.18
0.54
0.43
0.21
0.03
2.45
0.90
1.55
1.94
17.1
41.
704.
04C
zech
Rep
.10
.30
5.39
3.27
1.24
0.88
0.11
10.8
20.
6910
.13
2.74
112.
134.
8315
.85
Est
onia
1.53
0.57
0.28
0.17
0.12
0.06
3.42
0.55
2.86
3.22
16.7
40.
423.
74H
unga
ry10
.12
4.99
2.67
1.22
1.11
0.18
5.52
1.85
3.67
6.68
55.9
23.
0012
.20
Latv
ia2.
56I.D
0.49
I.DI.D
0.09
5.67
0.90
4.77
0.67
9.32
0.20
3.97
Lith
uani
a3.
702.
290.
790.
890.
600.
124.
771.
003.
774.
4214
.82
0.65
6.04
Mac
edon
ia2.
160.
710.
280.
300.
140.
020.
840.
640.
200.
9310
.76
0.50
1.89
Mol
dova
4.43
1.76
0.42
0.80
0.54
I.D0.
17I.D
0.17
3.79
10.8
20.
052.
93Po
land
38.3
919
.16
9.37
5.96
3.83
0.41
18.7
52.
5116
.24
12.3
534
0.52
13.9
046
.71
Rom
ania
22.8
413
.54
4.51
4.61
4.41
0.10
11.8
72.
779.
1025
.17
121.
186.
0127
.31
Rus
sian
Fed
erat
ion
147.
0069
.16
29.9
623
.44
15.7
62.
9796
.27
28.7
167
.56
116.
421
819.
3335
.30
225.
44S
lova
kia
5.35
2.38
1.14
0.65
0.59
I.D4.
370.
413.
961.
8138
.06
2.50
7.55
Slo
veni
a1.
951.
100.
680.
280.
150.
031.
700.
181.
520.
8411
.72
1.00
2.81
Ukr
aine
22.5
922
.59
8.34
8.34
5.61
0.45
0.03
I.D0.
0334
.62
438.
5311
.01
51.3
7Yu
gosl
avia
10.8
56.
553.
711.
581.
260.
151.
250.
021.
234.
6933
.06
1.70
9.
17R
egio
nal t
otal
342.
8516
2.68
71.5
653
.78
38.0
84.
7618
0.94
43.1
513
7.83
238.
703
170.
7086
.48
440.
94
36LI
VIN
G P
LAN
ET
RE
PO
RT
1998
Tab
le1:
WW
F LI
VIN
G P
LAN
ET IN
DEX
: 19
60-1
995
Year
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
Livi
ng P
lane
t In
dex
100
9996
8981
68Fo
rest
Inde
x10
410
210
098
9693
9189
Fres
hwat
er In
dex
100
105
100
8468
48M
arin
e In
dex
100
9593
9182
67
Tab
le2:
OR
IGIN
AL
AN
D C
UR
REN
T F
OR
EST
CO
VER
:sh
ow
ing
frag
men
tati
on
and
pla
ntat
ion
area
s in
mill
ion
km2
Afr
ica
Mid
dle
Eas
t A
sia/
Paci
fic
Asi
a/Pa
cifi
c in
c. M
idd
leLa
tin
Am
eric
aN
ort
h A
mer
ica
Euro
pe
Rus
sian
WO
RLD
TO
TAL
an
d C
entr
al A
sia
East
and
Cen
tral
Asi
a an
d t
he C
arib
bea
nFe
der
atio
n
Orig
inal
For
est
Cov
er13
.761
I.DI.D
15.4
8711
.839
9.60
45.
186
12.0
4967
.925
Fore
st C
over
, 199
0 4.
745
0.16
84.
603
4.77
17.
653
6.96
71.
815
8.15
034
.102
Frag
men
ts 5
0 to
<50
0km
20.
419
0.03
80.
478
0.51
60.
180
0.16
90.
270
0.37
91.
933
Frag
men
ts <
50km
20.
462
0.04
10.
105
0.14
60.
136
0.27
50.
204
0.15
31.
376
Pla
ntat
ion
area
0.05
90.
004
0.84
70.
850
0.10
40.
294
0.56
30.
167
2.03
6
NO
TE
:C
urre
nt f
ores
t co
ver
incl
udes
fra
gmen
ts a
nd p
lant
atio
n ar
eas.
Figu
res
for
plan
tati
on a
reas
incl
ude
som
e fr
agm
ents
of
less
tha
n 50
0km
2an
d le
ss t
han
50km
2 .Fi
gure
s fo
r fr
agm
ents
incl
ude
som
e pl
anta
tion
are
as.
Figu
res
for
Eur
ope
incl
ude
Cen
tral
, E
aste
rn,
and
Wes
tern
Eur
ope
but
excl
ude
the
Rus
sian
Fed
erat
ion.
Tab
le3:
NA
TU
RA
L FO
RES
T C
OV
ER:
regi
ona
l 196
0-19
90 a
nd w
orl
d19
60-1
995
area
in m
illio
n km
2
Year
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
Afr
ica
5.90
65.
720
5.53
35.
321
5.11
04.
898
4.68
6A
sia/
Paci
fic5.
301
5.06
64.
830
4.59
44.
358
4.14
03.
921
Latin
Am
eric
a an
d th
e C
arib
bean
9.68
89.
361
9.03
48.
676
8.31
87.
934
7.55
0N
orth
Am
eric
a6.
705
6.70
56.
705
6.70
56.
705
6.68
96.
673
Eur
ope
1.13
91.
171
1.20
21.
219
1.23
61.
244
1.25
2R
ussi
an F
eder
atio
n7.
983
7.98
37.
983
7.98
37.
983
7.98
37.
983
Tota
l36
.723
36.0
0535
.287
34.4
9833
.709
32.8
8732
.066
31.2
60
NO
TE
:N
atur
al f
ores
t co
ver
excl
udes
pla
ntat
ions
.
LIV
ING
PL
AN
ET
IN
DE
X a
dditi
onal
dat
a
36LI
VIN
G P
LAN
ET
RE
PO
RT
1998
Tab
le1:
WW
F LI
VIN
G P
LAN
ET IN
DEX
: 19
60-1
995
Year
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
Livi
ng P
lane
t In
dex
100
9996
8981
68Fo
rest
Inde
x10
410
210
098
9693
9189
Fres
hwat
er In
dex
100
105
100
8468
48M
arin
e In
dex
100
9593
9182
67
Tab
le2:
OR
IGIN
AL
AN
D C
UR
REN
T F
OR
EST
CO
VER
:sh
ow
ing
frag
men
tati
on
and
pla
ntat
ions
are
as in
mill
ion
km2
Afr
ica
Mid
dle
Eas
t A
sia-
Paci
fic
Asi
a-Pa
cifi
c in
c. M
idd
leLa
tin
Am
eric
aN
ort
h A
mer
ica
Euro
pe
Rus
sian
GLO
BA
L TO
TAL
an
d C
entr
al A
sia
East
and
Cen
tral
Asi
a an
d t
he C
arib
bea
nFe
der
atio
n
Orig
inal
For
est
Cov
er13
.761
I.DI.D
15.4
8711
.839
9.60
45.
186
12.0
4967
.925
Cur
rent
For
est
Cov
er
4.74
50.
168
4.60
34.
771
7.65
36.
967
1.81
58.
150
34.1
02
Frag
men
ts 5
0 to
<50
0km
20.
419
0.03
80.
478
0.51
60.
180
0.16
90.
270
0.37
91.
933
Frag
men
ts <
50km
20.
462
0.04
10.
146
0.14
50.
136
0.27
50.
204
0.15
31.
376
Pla
ntat
ion
area
0.05
90.
004
0.84
70.
850
0.10
40.
294
0.56
30.
167
2.03
6
NO
TE
:C
urre
nt f
ores
t co
ver
incl
udes
fra
gmen
ts a
nd p
lant
atio
n ar
eas.
Figu
res
for
plan
tati
on a
reas
incl
ude
som
e fr
agm
ents
of
less
tha
n 50
0km
2an
d le
ss t
han
50km
2 .Fi
gure
s fo
r fr
agm
ents
incl
ude
som
e pl
anta
tion
are
as.
Figu
res
for
Eur
ope
incl
ude
Cen
tral
, E
aste
rn a
nd W
este
rn E
urop
e bu
t ex
clud
e th
e R
ussi
an F
eder
atio
n.
Tab
le3:
NA
TU
RA
L FO
RES
T C
OV
ER:
regi
ona
l 196
0-19
90 a
nd w
orl
d19
60-1
995
area
in m
illio
n km
2
Year
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
Afr
ica
5.90
65.
720
5.53
35.
321
5.11
04.
898
4.68
6A
sia-
Paci
fic5.
301
5.06
64.
830
4.59
44.
358
4.14
03.
921
Latin
Am
eric
a an
d th
e C
arib
bean
9.68
89.
361
9.03
48.
676
8.31
87.
934
7.55
0N
orth
Am
eric
a6.
705
6.70
56.
705
6.70
56.
705
6.68
96.
673
Eur
ope
1.13
91.
171
1.20
21.
219
1.23
61.
244
1.25
2R
ussi
an F
eder
atio
n7.
983
7.98
37.
983
7.98
37.
983
7.98
37.
983
Tota
l36
.723
36.0
0535
.287
34.4
9833
.709
32.8
8732
.066
31.2
60
NO
TE
:N
atur
al f
ores
t co
ver
excl
udes
pla
ntat
ions
.
LIV
ING
PL
AN
ET
IN
DE
X a
dditi
onal
dat
a
37LI
VIN
G P
LAN
ET
RE
PO
RT
1998
SO
UR
CE
S a
nd f
urth
er r
eadi
ngB
ohn
, U. a
nd G
.D. K
aten
ina
(199
4)M
ap o
f N
atur
al V
eget
atio
n. S
cale
1:2
,500
,000
.Ko
mar
ov B
otan
ical
Inst
itute
, St
Pete
rsbu
rg.
Car
naha
n, J
.A. (
n.d
.)
Aus
tral
ia -
Nat
ural
Veg
etat
ion.
Aus
tral
ian
Sur
veyi
ng a
nd L
and
Info
rmat
ion
Gro
up,
Dep
artm
ent
of A
dmin
istr
ativ
e S
ervi
ces.
1:
5 m
illio
n sc
ale.
Cen
tre
for
Co
ncre
te In
form
atio
n (1
997)
Glo
bal C
emen
t Rep
ort.
Trad
e S
hip
Publ
icat
ions
Ltd,
Dor
king
.
Cos
tanz
a, R
., R
. d’A
rge,
R. d
e G
root
, S. F
arbe
r,M
. Gra
sso
, B. H
anno
n, K
. Lim
bur
g, S
. Nae
em,
R.V
. O’N
eill,
J. P
arue
lo, R
.G. R
aski
n, P
. Sut
ton,
M. v
an d
en B
elt
(199
7)Th
e va
lue
of t
he w
orld
’s e
cosy
stem
ser
vice
s an
dna
tura
l cap
ital.
Nat
ure.
Vol
. 387
pp.
253
-260
.
Dai
ly, G
.C. (
1997
)N
atur
e’s
Serv
ices
: So
ciet
al D
epen
denc
e on
Nat
ural
Eco
syst
ems.
Isla
nd P
ress
, Was
hing
ton,
D.C
. and
Cov
elo,
Cal
iforn
ia.
Din
erst
ein,
E.,
D.M
. Ols
on,
D.J
. Gra
ham
, A
.L. W
ebst
er, S
.A. P
rim
m, M
.P. B
oo
kbin
der
and
G. L
edec
(19
95)
A C
onse
rvat
ion
Ass
essm
ent o
f th
e Te
rres
tria
lE
core
gion
s of
Lat
in A
mer
ica
and
the
Car
ibbe
an.
Publ
ishe
d in
ass
ocia
tion
with
The
Wor
ld W
ildlif
eFu
nd. T
he W
orld
Ban
k, W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C.
Euro
pea
n C
om
mis
sio
n (1
995)
Eur
ope’
s E
nviro
nmen
t: S
tatis
tical
Com
pend
ium
for
the
Dob
rísA
sses
smen
t. O
ffic
e fo
r O
ffic
ial
Publ
icat
ions
of
the
Eur
opea
n C
omm
uniti
es,
Luxe
mbo
urg.
FAO
(19
95)
Fore
st R
esou
rces
Ass
essm
ent 1
990:
Glo
bal
Synt
hesi
s. F
AO
For
estr
y Pa
per
124.
FA
O, R
ome.
FAO
(19
97)
The
Stat
e of
the
Wor
ld’s
Fis
herie
s an
dA
quac
ultu
re 1
996.
FA
O F
ishe
ries
Dep
artm
ent,
FAO
, Rom
e.
FAO
(19
97)
The
Stat
e of
the
Wor
ld’s
For
ests
199
7. F
AO
,R
ome.
FAO
STA
TFA
O o
nlin
e da
taba
se. h
ttp:
//app
s.fa
o.or
g
Gas
ton,
K.J
.(e
d.)
(199
6)B
iodi
vers
ity. A
Bio
logy
of
Num
bers
and
Diff
eren
ce. B
lack
wel
l Sci
ence
, Oxf
ord.
Gra
inge
r, R
. and
S. G
arci
a (1
996)
Chr
onic
les
of M
arin
e Fi
sher
y La
ndin
gs (1
950-
1994
): T
rend
Ana
lysi
s an
d Fi
sher
ies
Pote
ntia
l.FA
O F
ishe
ries
Tech
nica
l Pap
er 3
59. F
AO
, Rom
e.
ILEC
Inte
rnat
iona
l Lak
e E
nviro
nmen
t C
omm
ittee
Foun
datio
n. L
ake
Dat
abas
e.ht
tp:/
/ww
w.b
iwa.
or.jp
/ilec
/dat
abas
e/da
taba
se.h
tml
INP
E (1
998)
B
razi
lian
Nat
iona
l Ins
titut
e fo
r S
pace
Res
earc
h.ht
tp:/
/ww
w.in
pe.b
r/am
z-04
.htm
IPC
C (
1995
)C
limat
e C
hang
e 19
94. R
adia
tive
Forc
ing
ofC
limat
e C
hang
e an
d A
n E
valu
atio
n of
Em
issi
onSc
enar
ios.
Hou
ghto
n, J
.T. e
t al.
(eds
.)C
ambr
idge
Uni
vers
ity P
ress
, Cam
brid
ge.
IUC
N (
1996
) 19
96 IU
CN
Red
Lis
t of
Thre
aten
ed A
nim
als.
J. B
ailli
e an
d B
. Gro
ombr
idge
(eds
.) IU
CN
,G
land
, Sw
itzer
land
.
Kuu
sela
, K. (
1994
)Fo
rest
Res
ourc
es in
Eur
ope,
195
0-19
90.
Eur
opea
n Fo
rest
Res
earc
h In
stitu
te R
esea
rch
Rep
ort
1. C
ambr
idge
Uni
vers
ity P
ress
,C
ambr
idge
.
Lünz
er, I
. (19
92)
quot
ed in
E. v
on W
eizs
äcke
r, A
.B. L
ovin
s an
dL.
H.L
ovin
s. 1
997.
Fac
tor
Four
: D
oubl
ing
Wea
lth, H
alvi
ng R
esou
rce
Use
. The
New
Rep
ort
to th
e C
lub
of R
ome.
p. 5
0. E
arth
scan
, Lon
don.
Luth
er, H
. and
J. R
zósk
a (1
971)
Pr
ojec
t Aqu
a: A
Sou
rce
Boo
k of
Inla
nd W
ater
sPr
opos
ed fo
r C
onse
rvat
ion.
IBP
Han
dboo
k N
o21
.IU
CN
Occ
asio
nal P
aper
No
2. In
tern
atio
nal
Bio
logi
cal P
rogr
amm
e. B
lack
wel
l Sci
entif
icPu
blic
atio
ns, O
xfor
d.
Mar
land
, G. a
nd T
.A. B
od
en (
1998
)G
loba
l, R
egio
nal a
nd N
atio
nal C
O2
Em
issi
ons.
Tren
ds:
A C
ompe
ndiu
m o
f D
ata
on G
loba
lC
hang
e. C
arbo
n D
ioxi
de In
form
atio
n A
naly
sis
Cen
tre,
Oak
Rid
ge N
atio
nal L
abor
ator
y, O
akR
idge
, Ten
ness
e.
Mila
nova
, E.V
. and
A.V
. Kus
hlin
(e
ds.)
(199
3)W
orld
Map
of
Pres
ent-D
ay L
ands
cape
s. A
nE
xpla
nato
ry N
ote.
Pre
pare
d by
Mos
cow
Sta
teU
nive
rsity
and
the
Uni
ted
Nat
ions
Env
ironm
ent
Prog
ram
me,
Nai
robi
.
Mac
Kin
non,
J. (
unp
ublis
hed
, 199
6)
Rev
iew
of
the
Indo
mal
ayan
Pro
tect
ed A
reas
.A
sian
Bur
eau
for
Con
serv
atio
n, U
K.
Pim
ente
l, D
., J.
Hou
ser,
E. P
reis
s, O
. Whi
te,
H. F
ang,
L. M
esni
ck, T
. Bar
sky,
S. T
aric
he,
J. S
chre
ck a
nd S
. Alp
ert
(199
7)W
ater
res
ourc
es:
agric
ultu
re, e
nviro
nmen
t an
dso
ciet
y. A
n as
sess
men
t of
the
sta
tus
of w
ater
reso
urce
s. B
iosc
ienc
e,Vo
l. 47
, No.
2, p
p. 9
7-10
6.
Post
el, S
.L.,
G.C
. Dai
ly a
nd P
.R. E
hrlic
h (1
996)
Hum
an a
ppro
pria
tion
of r
enew
able
fre
sh w
ater
.Sc
ienc
e. V
ol. 2
71, p
p. 7
85-7
88.
Sco
tt, D
.A.
(ed.
)(19
89)
A D
irect
ory
of A
sian
Wet
land
s. IU
CN
, Gla
nd,
Sw
itzer
land
.
Shi
klo
man
ov,
I.A
. (un
pub
lishe
d, 1
997)
Ass
essm
ent o
f W
ater
Res
ourc
es a
nd W
ater
Ava
ilabi
lity
in th
e W
orld
. Sta
te H
ydro
logi
cal
Inst
itute
, St.
Pet
ersb
urg.
Sin
gh, K
.D. a
nd A
. Mar
zoli
(199
5)D
efor
esta
tion
Tren
ds in
the
Trop
ics:
A T
ime
Serie
s A
naly
sis.
Pap
er p
rese
nted
at
WW
FC
onfe
renc
e on
the
Pot
entia
l Im
pact
s of
C
limat
e C
hang
e on
Tro
pica
l For
ests
, Pue
rto
Ric
o, A
pril
1995
.
Tob
ler,
W.,
U. D
eich
man
n, J
. Go
ttse
gen
and
K. M
alo
y (1
995)
Th
e G
loba
l Dem
ogra
phy
Proj
ect.
Nat
iona
lC
ente
r fo
r G
eogr
aphi
c In
form
atio
n an
d A
naly
sis,
Uni
vers
ity o
f C
alifo
rnia
, San
ta B
arba
ra.
http
://n
cgia
.ucs
b.ed
u/pu
bs/g
dp/
pop.
htm
l#G
LOB
AL
UN
DP
CS
D (
1997
)C
ritic
al T
rend
s: G
loba
l Cha
nge
and
Sust
aina
ble
Dev
elop
men
t. U
nite
d N
atio
ns D
epar
tmen
t of
Polic
y C
oord
inat
ion
and
Sus
tain
able
Dev
elop
men
t, N
ew Y
ork.
Whi
te, F
. (19
83)
The
Vege
tatio
n of
Afr
ica.
UN
ES
CO
, Par
is.
Wo
rld
Co
nser
vati
on
Mo
nito
ring
C
entr
e (1
992)
Glo
bal B
iodi
vers
ity:
Stat
us o
f th
e E
arth
’s L
ivin
gR
esou
rces
. Cha
pman
and
Hal
l, Lo
ndon
. pp
. 139
-141
.
Wo
rld
Met
eoro
logi
cal O
rgan
izat
ion,
UN
agen
cies
and
Sto
ckho
lm E
nvir
onm
ent
Inst
itut
e (1
997)
Com
preh
ensi
ve A
sses
smen
t of
the
Fres
hwat
erR
esou
rces
of
the
Wor
ld. W
orld
Met
eoro
logi
cal
Org
aniz
atio
n, G
enev
a.
Wo
rld
Res
our
ces
Inst
itut
e, U
NEP
, UN
DP
and
Wo
rld
Ban
k (1
996)
Wor
ld R
esou
rces
199
6-97
. Oxf
ord
Uni
vers
ityPr
ess,
New
Yor
k an
d O
xfor
d.
LIVING PLANET REPORT 1998
AFRICA
MIDDLE EAST AND CENTRAL ASIA
ASIA-PACIFIC
LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
NORTH AMERICA
WESTERN EUROPE
CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE
UNITED STATES
180˚ 135˚W 90˚W 45˚W 0˚ 45˚E 90˚E 135˚E 180˚
180˚ 135˚W 90˚W 45˚W 0˚ 45˚E 90˚E 135˚E 180˚
90˚N
60˚N
30˚N
0˚
30˚S
60˚S
90˚N
60˚N
60˚S
Tropic of Cancer
Tropic of Capricorn
Tropic of Ca
Tropic of Cap
MEXICO
CANADA
PUERTO RICO
TRINIDAD ANDTOBAGO
PANAMA
NICARAGUA
JAMAICA
HONDURASGUATEMALAEL SALVADOR
COSTA RICA
DOMINICANREPUBLIC
CUBA
VENEZUELA
ARGENTINA
BOLIVIA
BRAZIL
CHILE
COLOMBIA
ECUADOR
PERU
PARAGUAY
URUGUAY
AL
AUSTRIA
BELARUS
BL
BA
ALBABLCHCRCZHUMANLSLYU
ALBANIABOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINABELGIUM/LUXEMBOURGSWITZERLANDCROATIACZECH REPUBLICHUNGARYMACEDONIANETHERLANDSSLOVENIAYUGOSLAVIA
BULGARIACR
CZ
DENMARK
SL
MA
YU
LITHUANIALATVIAESTONIA
FINLAND
FRANCE
GERMANY
GREECE
HU
IRELAND
ITALY
MOLDOVA
NL
NORWAY
UNITEDKINGDOM
POLAND
PORTUGAL
ROMANIA
RUSSIAN FEDERATION
HAITI
SLOVAKIA UKRAINE
SWEDEN
SPAIN
CH
ALGERIA
BURKINAFASO
CAMEROON
CENTRALAFRICANREPUBLIC
CHAD
LIBYA
CÔTED’IVOIRE
EGYPT
SUDANTHE GAMBIAERITREA
ETHIOPIA
GUINEA-BISSAUGUINEA
GHANATOGOBENIN
MALI
LIBERIA
MAURITANIANIGER
MOROCCO
NIGERIASIERRA LEONE
SENEGAL
SOMALIA
TUNISIA
ANGOLA
BOTSWANA
RWANDABURUNDI
DEMOCRATICREPUBLIC
OF CONGO(ZAIRE)
CONGOGABON
KENYAUGANDA
LESOTHO
MAURITIUS
MALAWI
MADAGASCAR
MO
ZAM
BIQ
UE
NAMIBIA
SOUTHAFRICA
TANZANIA
ZIMBABWE
ZAMBIA
GEORGIA
ARMENIA AZERBAIJAN
AFGHANISTANIRANSYRIA
OMAN
LEBANON
KUWAITJORDAN
IRAQ
SAUDIARABIA
TURKEY
UNITED ARABEMIRATES
YEMEN
ISRAEL
BANGLADESH
BHUTAN
INDIA
KAZAKHSTAN
UZBEKISTAN
TURKMENISTAN TAJIKISTAN
KYRGYZSTAN
SRILANKA
NEPALPAKISTAN
MONGOLIA
CHINA
DEMOCRATICPEOPLE’SREPUBLICOF KOREA
REPUBLICOF KOREA
HONG KONG
TAIWAN
JAPAN
INDONESIA
CAMBODIA
LAOS
MALAYSIA
MYANMAR
PHILIPPINES
SINGAPORE
VIET NAMTHAILAND
AUSTRALIA
NEWZEALAND
PAPUA NEWGUINEA
WW
F a
im
s t
o c
on
se
rv
e n
at
ur
e a
nd
ec
olo
gic
al p
ro
ce
ss
es
b
y:
■
pres
ervi
ng g
enet
ic, s
peci
es, a
nd
ecos
yste
m d
iver
sity
■
ensu
ring
that
the
use
of r
enew
able
nat
ural
re
sour
ces
is s
usta
inab
le n
ow a
nd in
the
long
er te
rm,
for
the
bene
fit o
f all
life
on E
arth
■
prom
otin
g ac
tions
to r
educ
e to
a m
inim
um p
ollu
tion
and
the
was
tefu
l exp
loita
tion
and
cons
umpt
ion
of r
esou
rces
and
ene
rgy.
WW
F–W
orl
d W
ide F
un
d F
or
Natu
re i
s th
e w
orl
d’s
larg
est
an
d
mo
st e
xp
eri
en
ced
in
dep
en
den
t co
nse
rvati
on
org
an
izati
on
. It
has
4.7
mil
lio
n r
eg
ula
r su
pp
ort
ers
an
d a
glo
bal
netw
ork
acti
ve
in 9
6 c
ou
ntr
ies.
WW
F i
s k
no
wn
as
the W
orl
d W
ild
life
Fu
nd
in
Can
ad
a a
nd
th
e
Un
ited
Sta
tes
of
Am
eri
ca.
WW
F I
NT
ER
NA
TIO
NA
L,
AV
EN
UE
DU
MO
NT-
BLA
NC
C
H-1
19
6 G
LA
ND
, S
WIT
ZE
RLA
ND
Te
l: +
41
22
36
4 9
1 1
1
Fax:
+4
1 2
2 3
64
53
58
E-m
ail
: in
fob
ox@
ww
fnet.
org
Web
site
: w
ww
.pan
da.o
rg
Let
’s le
ave
our
child
ren
a liv
ing
plan
et
![[ORAL ARGUMENT NOT YET SCHEDULED] IN THE UNITED … · 31. Rep. Mark Sanford 32. Rep. David Schweikert 33. Rep. Marlin A. Stutzman 34. Rep. Lee Terry 35. Rep. Tim Walberg 36. Rep](https://img.pdfslide.us/doc/110x75/5fd227f8c33c054dd050aa0f/oral-argument-not-yet-scheduled-in-the-united-31-rep-mark-sanford-32-rep-david.jpg)
