�0�

List of acronyms and abbreviationsAQI AirQualityIndex(US)

C10

H12

N2O cotinine

CCs collaboratingcentres

CCME CanadianCouncilofMinistersoftheEnvironment

CEC CommissionforEnvironmentalCooperationofNorthAmerica

CEPA CanadianEnvironmentalProtectionAct

CEQ CouncilonEnvironmentalQuality(US)

CESCC CanadianEndangeredSpeciesConservationCouncil

CFCs chlorofluorocarbons

CISE CanadianInformationSystemfortheEnvironment

CO carbonmonoxide

CO2 carbondioxide

COSEWIC CommitteeontheStatusofEndangeredWildlifeinCanada

CRP ConservationReserveProgram(US)

CSA CanadianStandardsAssociation

CSD UnitedNationsCommissionforSustainableDevelopment

DDE dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene

DDT dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane

DESA UnitedNationsDepartmentforEconomicandSocialAffairs

dkl decalitre

DPSEEA drivingforce,pressure,state,exposure,effect,action

DPSIR drivingforce,pressure,state,impact,response

DSR drivingforce-state-response

EID environmentalindicatorsdatabase

EJ Exajoules

EPA EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(US)

ESDI EnvironmentandSustainableDevelopmentIndicators

ESI EnvironmentalSustainabilityIndex

FSC ForestStewardshipCouncil

ft feet

g gram

GAO UnitedStatesGovernmentAccountabilityOffice

GBIF GlobalBiodiversityInformationFacility

GDP grossdomesticproduct

GEO GlobalEnvironmentOutlook

GEOSS GlobalEarthObservationSystemofSystems

GHG Greenhousegases

Gl gallon

GLWQA GreatLakesWaterQualityAgreement

GNP grossnationalproduct

GPA UnitedNationsGlobalProgrammeofActionfortheProtectionofthe MarineEnvironmentfromLand-basedActivities

GPAC GlobalProgrammeofActionCoalitionfortheGulfofMaine

ha hectare

HCFCs hydrochloroflorocarbons

Hg mercury

��0 Env�ronmental Ind�cators for North Amer�ca

IEA InternationalEnergyAgency

IUCN WorldConservationUnion(InternationalUnionfortheConservationof NatureandNaturalResources)

K Potassium

km kilometre

l litre

lbs pounds

m3 cubicmetre

MDGs MillenniumDevelopmentGoals

MEME multipleexposures–multipleeffects

mg milligram

MSW municipalsolidwaste

N2 nitrogen

NAAEC NorthAmericanAgreementonEnvironmentalCooperation

NAAQO NationalAmbientAirQualityObjectives(Canada)

NAAQS NationalAmbientAirQualityStandards(US)

NAFTA NorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement

NATS NorthAmericanTransportationStatisticsInterchange

NEON NationalEcologicalObservatoryNetwork(US)

NGO Non-governmentalorganization

NIRO NationalIndicatorsandReportingOffice(Canada)

NOx nitrogenoxides

NO2 nitrogendioxide

NO3 nitrate

NOAA NationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration(US)

NPL SuperfundNationalPrioritiesList(US)

NPRI NationalPollutantReleaseInventory(Canada)

NRDC NaturalResourcesDefenseCouncil

NRTEE NationalRoundTableontheEnvironmentandtheEconomy(Canada)

O3 ozone

ODA officialdevelopmentassistance

ODP ozone-depletingpotential

ODS ozonedepletingsubstances

OECD OrganizationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment

P phosphorous

Pb lead

PBTs persistentbioaccumulativetoxics

PCB polychlorinatedbiphenyl

PCSD President’sCouncilonSustainableDevelopment(US)

PM particulatematter

PM10

particulatematterwithanaerodynamicdiameterlessthan101micrometer

PM2.5

particulatematterwithanaerodynamicdiameterlessthan2.51micrometer (fineparticulate)

POPs persistentorganicpollutants

ppb partsperbillion

PPP purchasingpowerparities

PRTR PollutantReleaseandTransferRegister

���

PSR pressure-state-response

RCRA ResourceConservationandRecoveryAct(US)

Rn radon

RPA ResourcePlanningAct(US)

SD sustainabledevelopment

SDIGroup InteragencyWorkingGrouponSustainableDevelopmentIndicators(US)

SFI SustainableForestryInitiative

SIDA SwedishInternationalDevelopmentAgency

SOx sulphuroxides

SO2 sulphurdioxide

SO42

sulphate

SOE State-of-the-environment

SOLEC StateoftheLakesEcosystemConference

SUV sportsutilityvehicle

TEEI transportation,energy,andenvironmentindicators

TRI ToxicsReleaseInventory(US)

μg microgram

UNDP UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme

UNEP UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme

UNFCCC UnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange

USLE universalsoillossequation

VMT vehiclemilestravelled

VOC volatileorganiccompounds

WCED WorldCommissiononEnvironmentandDevelopment

WHO WorldHealthOrganization

WRI WorldResourcesInstitute

WSSD WorldSummitonSustainableDevelopment

��� Env�ronmental Ind�cators for North Amer�ca

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��3

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��� Env�ronmental Ind�cators for North Amer�ca

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��� Env�ronmental Ind�cators for North Amer�ca

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,wit

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ve

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998

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re

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sure

new

sup

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ted

tren

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su

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allO

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OD

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103 m

etri

cto

nnes

of

pr

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tion

(kilo

tonn

es,C

FC-1

1eq

uiva

lent

),

CFC

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equi

vale

nt)

,

1979

–200

019

58–1

993

Stat

e St

ate:

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ate

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e St

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ct

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orth

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a

1957

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119

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994

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se

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se

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air

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lity

air

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air

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1980

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0(1

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982–

2001

no

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issi

ons

fr

oma

llso

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s(k

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1980

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019

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sect

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(1

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),1

992–

2001

sect

oral

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emis

sion

s(1

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rt

tonn

es),

198

2–20

01

crit

eria

pol

luta

nts

aggr

egat

e

emis

sion

sch

ange

(%

)co

mpa

red

to

gro

wth

mea

sure

s,1

970–

2000

108 t

oxic

air

pol

luta

nts:

nat

iona

l

ai

rto

xics

em

issi

ons

(106 t

onne

s/da

y)

1990

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3,1

996

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e St

ate

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e St

ate

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tals

uspe

nded

leve

lsP

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um

ac

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leve

ls)

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0

av

erag

ean

nual

am

bien

tPM

2.5

annu

ala

vera

geP

M2.

5

av

erag

ean

nual

PM

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le

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(5

citi

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g/m

3 ),1

998,

co

ncen

trat

ions

,6c

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orie

s

conc

entr

atio

ns

19

99,2

000

(μg/

m3 )

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1(m

ap)

na

tion

ala

mbi

entl

evel

s:g

roun

d

%

air

pol

luti

onm

onit

or-

le

velO

3(pp

b),1

990–

2000

ing

stat

ions

(ur

ban

and

subu

rban

are

as)

wit

hO

3

exce

edin

g8-

hour

mea

n

co

ncen

trat

ions

(4

rang

es)

1990

–200

2

gr

ound

-lev

elO

3mea

n

8-ho

ur0

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iona

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rm

onit

orin

gst

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ns

tren

din

O3

co

ncen

trat

ions

(pp

b)fo

rea

ster

n

conc

entr

atio

ns(

ppm

),

exce

edin

g8-

hour

O3

conc

entr

atio

ns,

an

dw

este

rnp

rovi

nces

,19

82–2

001

(map

)th

resh

old

for

<4d

ays,

by

reg

ion

19

82–2

000,

wit

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anad

a-w

ide

and

>4d

ays,

200

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st

anda

rda

sbe

nchm

ark

(2

map

s)

nr

Te

e (

Can

ada)

e

nvir

onm

ent

Can

ada

Uni

ted

Stat

es e

Pa

The

hei

nz C

ente

r (U

Sa)

Com

mon

Ind

icat

ors

Env�

ronm

ent a

nd

Env�

ronm

enta

l S�g

nals:

D

raft

Repo

rt o

n T

he S

tate

of t

he

Gen

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�nd�

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sta�n

able

Dev

elop

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t C

anad

a’s N

at�o

nal

the

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ronm

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003

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�on’s

Eco

syste

ms

com

mon

to b

oth

coun

tr�e

sIn

d�ca

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for

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ada

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ronm

enta

l Ind

�cat

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er�e

s

���

perc

entr

educ

tion

in

conc

entr

atio

nof

6c

rite

ria

ai

rpo

lluta

nts,

198

2–20

01

com

pare

dto

199

2–20

01

Impa

ct

Impa

ct

Impa

ct

Impa

ct

Impa

ct

#an

d%

day

sw

/A

irQ

ualit

y

Inde

x(A

QI)

gre

ater

than

100

,

19

88–2

001

m

ean

daily

8-h

rm

axO

3

peop

le(

#)li

ving

ina

reas

w/

popu

lati

one

xpos

edto

8-h

rex

posu

reb

ypo

pula

tion

8-hr

O3a

ndP

M2.

5le

vels

O3a

bove

acc

epta

ble

leve

ls

(ppb

),1

986–

2000

abov

eN

AA

QS,

200

1

Pb(

g/dk

l)in

blo

odo

fchi

ldre

n

5an

dun

der,

1976

–198

0,

1988

–199

1,1

992–

1994

,

19

99–2

000

Resp

onse

Re

spon

se

Resp

onse

Re

spon

se

Resp

onse

a

cid

Dep

osit

ion

aci

d D

epos

itio

n a

cid

Dep

osit

ion

aci

d D

epos

itio

n a

cid

Dep

osit

ion

Pres

sure

Pr

essu

re

Pres

sure

Pr

essu

re

Pres

sure

C

anad

aan

dea

ster

nC

anad

a

sect

oral

SO

2em

issi

ons

(103

to

talS

O2e

mis

sion

s(1

06 ton

nes)

,sh

ortt

onne

s),1

982–

2001

1980

–200

0,w

ith

targ

ets

N

Oxe

mis

sion

s(1

06 ton

nes)

,se

ctor

alN

Oxe

mis

sion

s(1

03

1980

-200

0sh

ortt

onne

s),1

982–

2001

SO2p

ower

pla

nte

mis

sion

s

(106 t

onne

s),1

980–

2001

NO

xpow

erp

lant

em

issi

ons

(1

06 ton

nes)

,199

0–20

01

Stat

e St

ate

Stat

e St

ate

Stat

e

Impa

ct

Impa

ct

Impa

ct

Impa

ct

Impa

ct

la

keS

O42 l

evel

tren

ds(

%la

kes

stud

ied

in3

reg

ions

),

19

81–1

997

la

kea

cidi

tytr

ends

198

1–19

97

(%

ofl

akes

stu

died

)

nr

Te

e (

Can

ada)

e

nvir

onm

ent

Can

ada

Uni

ted

Stat

es e

Pa

The

hei

nz C

ente

r (U

Sa)

Com

mon

Ind

icat

ors

Env�

ronm

ent a

nd

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ronm

enta

l S�g

nals:

D

raft

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rt o

n T

he S

tate

of t

he

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er�c

�nd�

cato

rsSu

sta�n

able

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elop

men

t C

anad

a’s N

at�o

nal

the

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ronm

ent �

003

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�on’s

Eco

syste

ms

com

mon

to b

oth

coun

tr�e

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d�ca

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for

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er�e

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w

etS

O42 d

epos

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year

w

etS

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depo

siti

on(

kg/h

a),

ch

ange

inw

etS

0 42

mea

n(k

g/ha

,7c

ateg

orie

s),

19

89–1

991

com

pare

dto

depo

siti

ond

istr

ibut

ion

19

80–1

983

com

pare

dto

19

99–2

001

(map

ofU

S)

19

96–2

000

(map

ofe

aste

rn

N

orth

Am

eric

a)

w

etN

O3d

epos

itio

n(k

g/ha

,w

etN

O3d

epos

itio

n(k

g/ha

),

ch

ange

inw

etN

O3

7

cate

gori

es)

4-ye

arm

ean,

19

89–1

991

com

pare

dto

depo

siti

ond

istr

ibut

ion

19

80–1

983

com

pare

dto

19

99–2

001

(map

ofU

S)

19

96–2

000

(map

ofe

aste

rn

N

orth

Am

eric

a)

Resp

onse

Re

spon

se

Resp

onse

Re

spon

se

Resp

onse

Indo

or a

ir Q

ualit

y In

door

air

Qua

lity

Indo

or a

ir Q

ualit

y In

door

air

Qua

lity

Indo

or a

ir Q

ualit

y

Pr

essu

re

Pres

sure

Pr

essu

re

Pres

sure

Pr

essu

re

Stat

e

Stat

e

Stat

e

Stat

e

Stat

e

Impa

ct

Impa

ct

Impa

ct

Impa

ct

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ct

%h

omes

w/

youn

gch

ildre

n

ex

pose

dto

env

iron

men

tal

toba

cco

smok

e,1

986–

1998

C10

H12

N2O

(μg

/ml)

inb

lood

of

child

ren

age

5an

dun

der,

19

90–1

991

and

1999

–200

0

#ho

mes

and

%n

atio

nalh

ousi

ng

unit

sab

ove

EPA

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acti

on

leve

ls,1

991

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onse

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spon

se

Resp

onse

Re

spon

se

Resp

onse

Toxi

c Su

bsta

nces

To

xic

Subs

tanc

es

Toxi

c Su

bsta

nces

To

xic

Subs

tanc

es

Toxi

c Su

bsta

nces

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sure

Pr

essu

re

Pres

sure

Pr

essu

re

Pres

sure

%

em

issi

ons

chan

ge(

15to

xic

to

talT

oxic

sR

elea

seI

nven

tory

subs

tanc

esw

/m

atch

edd

ata

(T

RI)

rel

ease

sac

ross

indu

stry

(NPR

I),1

995–

2000

(s

hort

tonn

es),

199

8,1

999,

20

00;y

earl

yto

tals

;and

cha

nge

by

indu

stry

199

8–20

00

H

gem

issi

ons

(103 k

ilogr

ams)

,

1990

–200

0

nr

Te

e (

Can

ada)

e

nvir

onm

ent

Can

ada

Uni

ted

Stat

es e

Pa

The

hei

nz C

ente

r (U

Sa)

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mon

Ind

icat

ors

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ronm

ent a

nd

Env�

ronm

enta

l S�g

nals:

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raft

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rt o

n T

he S

tate

of t

he

Gen

er�c

�nd�

cato

rsSu

sta�n

able

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elop

men

t C

anad

a’s N

at�o

nal

the

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ronm

ent �

003

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�on’s

Eco

syste

ms

com

mon

to b

oth

coun

tr�e

sIn

d�ca

tors

for

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ada

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ronm

enta

l Ind

�cat

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er�e

s

���

nr

Te

e (

Can

ada)

e

nvir

onm

ent

Can

ada

Uni

ted

Stat

es e

Pa

The

hei

nz C

ente

r (U

Sa)

Com

mon

Ind

icat

ors

Env�

ronm

ent a

nd

Env�

ronm

enta

l S�g

nals:

D

raft

Repo

rt o

n T

he S

tate

of t

he

Gen

er�c

�nd�

cato

rsSu

sta�n

able

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elop

men

t C

anad

a’s N

at�o

nal

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ronm

ent �

003

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�on’s

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syste

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mon

to b

oth

coun

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sIn

d�ca

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for

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ada

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ronm

enta

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�cat

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er�e

s

tota

lTox

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Rel

ease

Inv

ento

ry

(TR

I)r

elea

ses

byin

dust

ry

(%),

200

0

Stat

e St

ate

Stat

e St

ate

Stat

e

tren

dsin

toxi

cch

emic

als

(e

nerg

yre

cove

ry,q

uant

ity

re

leas

ed,q

uant

ity

trea

ted,

re

cycl

ed),

199

8–20

00

(sho

rtto

nnes

)

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ct

Impa

ct

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ct

Impa

ct

Impa

ct

PCB

san

dD

DT

Gre

atL

akes

at

mos

pher

icd

epos

itio

n(k

g/yr

),

1992

–199

8

co

ntam

inan

tlev

els

(ppm

DD

E

Gre

atL

akes

fish

tiss

ueP

CB

s

an

dPC

Bs)

ind

oubl

e-cr

este

d

(ppm

),1

972–

2000

corm

oran

tegg

sat

4s

ites

,

1970

–200

0

Resp

onse

Re

spon

se

Resp

onse

Re

spon

se

Resp

onse

17w

aste

min

imiz

atio

npr

iori

ty

chem

ical

s(W

MPC

)re

leas

es

(106 l

bs),

199

1–19

98

Was

te

Was

te

Was

te

Was

te

Was

te

Pres

sure

Pr

essu

re

Pres

sure

Pr

essu

re

Pres

sure

mun

icip

als

olid

was

te(

MSW

)

gene

rati

onr

ates

(to

talt

onne

san

d

per

capi

talb

s/da

y),1

960,

197

0,

1980

,199

0,1

995,

200

0

tota

lam

ount

rad

ioac

tive

was

te

gene

rate

d,b

yty

pea

ndu

nit,

2000

Stat

e St

ate

Stat

e St

ate

Stat

e

com

posi

tion

oft

otal

mun

icip

al

solid

was

teg

ener

ated

(%

),2

000

��� Env�ronmental Ind�cators for North Amer�ca

Impa

ct

Impa

ct

Impa

ct

Impa

ct

Impa

ct

#an

dlo

cati

ono

fMSW

land

fills

in

4r

egio

ns,2

000

#an

dlo

cati

ono

fRC

RA

ha

zard

ous

was

tem

anag

emen

t

fa

cilit

ies,

by

EPA

reg

ion,

199

9

#an

dlo

cati

ono

fSup

erfu

nd

Nat

iona

lPri

orit

ies

List

(N

PL)

si

tes

bys

tatu

san

dm

ilest

one,

19

90–2

002

Resp

onse

Re

spon

se

Resp

onse

Re

spon

se

Resp

onse

to

taln

on-h

azar

dous

sol

idw

aste

m

unic

ipal

sol

idw

aste

(M

SW)

tr

ends

inM

SW

di

spos

ala

ndr

ecyc

ling/

reus

eby

m

anag

emen

t(co

mpo

stin

g,

m

anag

emen

t

sect

or(

meg

aton

nes)

,199

6,1

998,

re

cycl

ing,

com

bust

ion,

land

fill)

,

2000

(m

egat

onne

s),1

960–

2000

pe

rca

pita

non

-haz

ardo

uss

olid

so

urce

red

ucti

ono

fMSW

was

ted

ispo

sala

nd

(meg

aton

nes)

,199

2–20

00

re

cycl

ing/

reus

e(k

g/pe

rson

),

quan

tity

ofR

CR

Ah

azar

dous

1994

,199

6,1

998,

200

0w

aste

gen

erat

ed(

%b

yre

gion

)

an

dm

anag

ed(

%b

ym

etho

d)

#an

dlo

cati

ono

fRC

RA

co

rrec

tive

act

ion

site

s

nat

ural

res

ourc

es

nat

ural

res

ourc

es

nat

ural

res

ourc

es

nat

ural

res

ourc

es

nat

ural

res

ourc

es

and

Serv

ices

a

nd S

ervi

ces

and

Serv

ices

an

d Se

rvic

es

and

Serv

ices

Lan

d U

se

Lan

d U

se

Lan

d U

se

Lan

d U

se

Lan

d U

se

Pres

sure

Pr

essu

re

Pres

sure

Pr

essu

re

Pres

sure

Stat

e St

ate

Stat

e St

ate

Stat

e

lo

ng-t

erm

(pr

e-se

ttle

men

t)

long

-ter

m(

pre-

sett

lem

ent)

an

dre

cent

tren

dsin

an

dre

cent

tren

dsin

ec

osys

tem

ext

ent(

%o

fall

ec

osys

tem

ext

ent(

%o

fall

land

sin

4ty

pes)

,la

nds

in4

type

s),

1950

s–19

90s

19

50s–

1990

s

lo

ng-t

erm

(pr

e-se

ttle

men

t)

ex

tent

(%

oft

otal

land

are

a)

an

d19

92e

xten

t(ac

res)

of

6

ecos

yste

mty

pes,

wit

h

ch

ange

sfr

om1

950s

nr

Te

e (

Can

ada)

e

nvir

onm

ent

Can

ada

Uni

ted

Stat

es e

Pa

The

hei

nz C

ente

r (U

Sa)

Com

mon

Ind

icat

ors

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ronm

ent a

nd

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ronm

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l S�g

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raft

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rt o

n T

he S

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of t

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able

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anad

a’s N

at�o

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the

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003

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�on’s

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com

mon

to b

oth

coun

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for

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ada

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ronm

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er�e

s

���

ch

ange

ine

cosy

stem

are

a

co

mpa

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to1

955

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res)

la

ndc

over

(6

cate

gori

es)

and

ocea

nde

pth

(6c

ateg

orie

s)

(m

ap)

bird

spe

cies

(ty

pes

ofb

irds

),

natu

rale

cosy

stem

ser

vice

s

as

cha

ract

eris

tics

ofl

ands

cape

co

mpo

siti

on,a

ndp

atte

rn,a

s

anin

dica

tor

ofla

ndsc

ape

co

ndit

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199

5–19

96

terr

estr

ialp

lant

gro

wth

inde

x,

bye

cosy

stem

,198

9–20

00

frag

men

tati

ono

flan

dsca

pe

pa

tter

n(n

atio

nall

evel

)

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ct

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ct

Impa

ct

Impa

ct

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ct

%

ofl

and

area

and

str

eam

and

coas

tline

leng

th,

ac

cord

ing

toth

ele

velo

f

dist

urba

nce,

man

agem

ent,

orp

hysi

cala

ltera

tion

Resp

onse

Re

spon

se

Resp

onse

Re

spon

se

Resp

onse

Fres

hwat

er r

esou

rces

Fr

eshw

ater

res

ourc

es

Fres

hwat

er r

esou

rces

Fr

eshw

ater

res

ourc

es

Fres

hwat

er r

esou

rces

Pres

sure

Pr

essu

re

Pres

sure

Pr

essu

re

Pres

sure

fres

hwat

erw

ithd

raw

als:

sec

tora

lto

talf

resh

wat

er

tren

dsin

mun

icip

al

sour

ces

(109 g

allo

ns/d

ay),

w

ithd

raw

als

for

irri

gati

on,

wat

ere

xtra

ctio

n

19

60–1

995

ther

moe

lect

ric,

indu

stri

al,

m

unic

ipal

and

rur

alu

se

(1

09 gal

lons

[B

g]/d

ay),

1960

–199

5

to

talw

ithd

raw

als:

sur

face

wat

era

ndg

roun

dwat

er

(B

g/da

y),1

960–

1995

da

ilym

unic

ipal

wat

er

us

e/ca

pita

(l/

pers

on)

1983

–199

9

to

tald

aily

mun

icip

alw

ater

use

(Gl/

day)

,198

3–19

99

nr

Te

e (

Can

ada)

e

nvir

onm

ent

Can

ada

Uni

ted

Stat

es e

Pa

The

hei

nz C

ente

r (U

Sa)

Com

mon

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icat

ors

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ronm

ent a

nd

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ronm

enta

l S�g

nals:

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raft

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rt o

n T

he S

tate

of t

he

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er�c

�nd�

cato

rsSu

sta�n

able

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elop

men

t C

anad

a’s N

at�o

nal

the

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ronm

ent �

003

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�on’s

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syste

ms

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mon

to b

oth

coun

tr�e

sIn

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ronm

enta

l Ind

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s

�30 Env�ronmental Ind�cators for North Amer�ca

wat

era

bstr

acti

ons/

irri

gate

d

land

are

a(m

3/ha

/yea

r),1

997

culti

vate

dla

nd:%

irri

gate

d

area

ssh

are,

199

7,a

nd%

ch

ange

sin

ce1

980

sour

ces

ofa

cidi

ty(

wat

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ed

sour

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org

anic

or

acid

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posi

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)in

aci

d-se

nsit

ive

la

kes

and

stre

ams,

198

4–19

86

Hg,

dio

xin,

PC

Bs,

PB

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xic

re

leas

eto

wat

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000

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e St

ate

Stat

e St

ate

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e

exte

nto

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akes

,and

ex

tent

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xclu

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the

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at

and

rese

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xclu

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kes

(Mac

res)

,195

0s–1

990s

th

eG

reat

Lak

es(

Mac

res)

,

1950

s–19

90s

est.

stre

ams

and

rive

rsm

ileag

e,

leng

tho

fsm

all,

med

ium

,

19

97-2

002

and

larg

est

ream

san

d

ri

vers

exte

nto

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mer

ged

aqua

tic

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pari

anla

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over

of

vege

tati

onin

est

uari

nes

yste

ms

st

ream

san

dri

vers

(%

(a

cres

)ri

pari

anm

iles,

eac

hof

3

la

ndu

sec

ater

gori

es),

1990

’s

%

ofl

ake

and

rese

rvoi

r

ar

eaw

ith

low

-,m

ediu

m-,

and

high

-cla

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wat

er

st

ream

hab

itat

qua

lity

Impa

ct

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ct

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ct

Impa

ct

Impa

ct

fres

hwat

erq

ualit

y

inde

x

%

str

eam

,pon

d,la

ke,

and

ripa

rian

zon

em

iles

and

wet

land

acr

esth

at

ha

veb

een

alte

red

gr

ound

wat

erle

vels

nr

Te

e (

Can

ada)

e

nvir

onm

ent

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ada

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ted

Stat

es e

Pa

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hei

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sh

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,far

mla

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urb

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19

92–1

998

NO

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,

19

50s–

2000

19

50s–

2000

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ear)

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from

maj

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maj

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(6

cat

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,199

6–19

99

cate

gori

es),

199

6–19

99(

map

)

(m

ap)

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ercu

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(map

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num

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stre

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grou

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st

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dw

ater

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of

sit

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cat

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,st

ream

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men

t(%

of

1992

–199

8si

tes,

3c

ateg

orie

s),1

992–

1998

sum

mar

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det

ecti

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or

m

ore

pest

icid

esin

str

eam

san

d

grou

ndw

ater

(fr

eque

ncy

of

dete

ctio

nas

%o

fsam

ples

),

1992

–199

8

wat

ersh

eds

ins

edim

entq

ualit

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inve

ntor

y(1

980–

1999

)

cont

aini

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reas

ofp

arti

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conc

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(APC

s)(

map

)

%te

sted

sit

es(

larg

eri

vers

)

w/

tota

lPc

once

ntra

tion

s

(4r

ange

spp

b)1

991–

1996

%

all

lake

sw

ith

indi

cate

d

tota

lPc

once

ntra

tion

(4r

ange

spp

b)

%

urb

an/s

ubur

ban

stre

am

si

tes

w/

dete

cted

num

ber

ofc

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cata

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es),

199

2–19

98

nr

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e (

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ada)

e

nvir

onm

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ada

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ted

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es e

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hei

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he

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at�o

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str

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#

hu

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hea

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lif

est

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org

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s),

1992

–199

8

%

gro

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ater

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es

ex

ceed

ing

#hu

man

hea

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st

anda

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org

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199

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98

st

ream

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t:%

stre

ams

ites

exc

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ng#

aqua

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life

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),

19

92–1

998

%

urb

an/s

ubur

ban

stre

am

si

tes

w/

chem

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con

tam

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t

conc

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atio

nsa

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aqu

atic

and

hum

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sta

ndar

ds

an

dgu

idel

ines

,199

2–19

98

anim

alm

orta

lity

even

ts

anim

alm

orta

lity

even

ts

(#/5

yrs,

reg

iona

l),1

985–

1989

,(#

/5yr

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egio

nal)

,198

5–19

89,

1990

–199

4,1

995–

1999

19

90–1

994,

199

5–19

99,

an

dby

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ion

(6)

trop

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tate

inde

xfo

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rthe

ast

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991–

1994

%

mun

icip

alp

opul

atio

non

sew

ers

wit

h2n

dary

and

/or

3tia

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ent,

1983

–199

9

to

tale

stim

ated

Plo

adin

gsto

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ers

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mun

icip

al

w

aste

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ertr

eatm

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ater

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e

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s(#

/yr)

att

ribu

ted

to

outb

reak

s(#

/yr)

ass

ocia

ted

wit

h

wat

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rne

dise

ase-

caus

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drin

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type

ofw

ater

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rgan

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s(d

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wat

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syst

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197

1–20

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atio

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197

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200

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nr

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e (

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ada)

e

nvir

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/m

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igh

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nges

,197

0s,1

980s

,

and

1990

s,a

gain

st

19

30–1

949

refe

renc

epe

riod

%

gau

ged

stre

ams/

rive

rs

w

/lo

wa

ndh

igh

flow

s

in

crea

se,d

ecre

ase,

or

tim

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1970

s,1

980s

,199

0s,a

gain

st

19

30–1

949

refe

renc

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onse

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spon

se

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onse

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spon

se

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onse

popu

lati

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land

%)

serv

ed

byc

omm

unit

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ater

sys

tem

sw

/

nor

epor

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nati

onal

hea

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ased

st

anda

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993–

2002

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land

s W

etla

nds

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land

s W

etla

nds

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land

s

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sure

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essu

re

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sure

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essu

re

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sure

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e St

ate

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e St

ate

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e

%

wet

land

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a(5

%

wet

land

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ea,1

986

est.

wet

land

ext

ent(

acre

s),

fres

hwat

erw

etla

nds

(%

tren

din

%la

nda

rea

in

cate

gori

es),

198

6

(dis

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utio

nm

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1977

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2an

d19

97–2

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land

are

a),1

950–

2000

w

etla

nds

(d

istr

ibut

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map

)

ex

tent

off

resh

wat

er

w

etla

nds

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,

1950

s–19

90s,

and

hist

oric

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l(17

80)

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tlant

ica

ndG

ulfC

oast

s

co

asta

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edw

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a),1

950–

2000

alte

red

fres

hwat

ere

cosy

stem

s

tr

ends

ins

elec

ted

fres

hwat

er

wet

land

s(

acre

s),1

954–

1997

regi

onal

non

-fed

eral

wet

land

lo

sses

and

gai

nsa

ndr

easo

ns

for

conv

ersi

on(

%),

19

92–1

997

(map

)

nr

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e (

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ada)

e

nvir

onm

ent

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ada

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es e

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hei

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s

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e (

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hei

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mon

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aver

age

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ndlo

ss

(acr

es),

195

4–19

74,1

974–

1983

,

19

86–1

997

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ct

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ct

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ct

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ct

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ct

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spon

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spon

se

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onse

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stal

res

ourc

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ourc

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re

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re

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ate

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e St

ate

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acre

s)

and

coas

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iles)

,199

6–19

98

coas

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ivin

gha

bita

tse

xten

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lliv

ing

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ent

(106 a

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),1

950s

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0s

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%o

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in

%o

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hore

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in

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hore

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regi

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%c

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reas

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reb

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a

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w

here

ben

thic

com

mun

itie

s

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poo

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in

are

unde

grad

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id-A

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outh

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deg

rade

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,

an

dG

ulfo

fMex

ico,

200

019

90–1

997

and

1999

–200

0

wat

erc

lari

ty:%

est

uari

nea

rea

w

ith

good

,fai

r,or

poo

rlig

ht

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199

0–19

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,

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cont

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,

19

97–1

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chlo

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once

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sch

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pb)

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reg

ions

,

19

98–2

000

1995

–200

0

�3�

%e

stua

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,mod

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ries

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1990

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75

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199

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97

an

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)

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raq

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0

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asu

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re

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ange

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aste

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re

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),

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,200

1

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11

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2001

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lo

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agem

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e (

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–199

9

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ct

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fish

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gu

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1997

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–190

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,199

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196

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50%

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19

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sw

ith

dim

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com

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nt:(

%

yes

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%n

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990–

1999

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ap)

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off

ores

tfo

rest

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ast

carb

onb

udge

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erag

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an

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est

netc

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e,

1953

–199

6

Impa

ct

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ct

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ct

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ct

fore

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over

and

nei

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and

nei

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si

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%m

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asta

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imm

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l,an

dla

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nei

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l,an

dla

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ghbo

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1992

19

92

sp

ruce

bud

wor

md

efol

iati

on:

acre

sfo

rest

dis

turb

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y

acre

sfo

rest

dis

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cons

ecut

ive

yrs

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oca

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),

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dis

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in

sect

s,fo

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19

80–1

996

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a),1

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2000

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2000

fo

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land

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abu

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197

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w

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jury

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e (

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sur

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pr

ogra

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,199

9–20

00

%

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wit

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2–19

98

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se

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end

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str

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tect

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%

fore

sta

rea

inE

asta

nd

tren

din

are

aof

pro

tect

ed

ar

ea,f

or4

eco

zone

s,1

992–

2001

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tin

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4

fore

st

m

anag

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ies,

19

53–1

997

fo

rest

pla

nted

tim

berl

and

(%a

rea)

,195

3–19

97

%

nat

ural

/sem

i-na

tura

l

fore

stla

nda

rea,

1953

–199

7

fo

rest

nat

ural

/sem

i-na

tura

l

tim

berl

and

(%a

rea)

,195

3–19

97

agr

icul

tura

l lan

d a

gric

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ral l

and

agr

icul

tura

l lan

d a

gric

ultu

ral l

and

agr

icul

tura

l lan

d

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sure

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essu

re

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sure

Pr

essu

re

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sure

%

farm

land

act

ivel

yus

ed

fo

rcr

opp

rodu

ctio

n,

pa

stur

e,o

rha

ylan

ds,1

992

%

use

non

-cro

plan

d

ar

eas

offa

rmla

ndla

ndsc

ape,

1992

agri

cultu

ralp

esti

cide

sus

e

(Mlb

sac

tive

ingr

edie

nts/

yr),

19

92a

nd1

997

fert

ilize

rus

e(m

illio

nso

f

nu

trie

ntto

nnes

),1

960–

1998

Stat

e St

ate

Stat

e St

ate

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e

farm

land

s(c

ropl

ands

and

cr

opla

nds

(%fa

rmla

nd

pa

stur

elan

ds)

acre

age

est.,

ar

ea),

by

regi

on,1

992

1977

–198

2an

d19

97–2

002

nr

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e (

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ada)

e

nvir

onm

ent

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ada

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ted

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ente

r (U

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exte

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1997

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ap)

(Ma)

,195

0–20

00

tr

ends

in%

soi

lorg

anic

mat

ter

(dry

wei

ght)

,by

%

cr

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ndb

yre

gion

%

cro

plan

dsin

diff

eren

t

rang

eso

nN

emat

ode

Mat

urit

yIn

dex

(NM

I)

st

atus

ofa

nim

als

peci

es

in

farm

land

are

as

na

tive

veg

etat

ion

rem

aini

ng

in

cro

plan

dar

eas

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ct

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ct

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ct

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ct

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ct

chan

gein

cro

plan

d,C

PR

land

,and

pas

ture

land

ac

reag

e,1

982,

198

7,1

992,

19

97

%c

hang

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cat

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in

crop

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are

a,1

992–

1997

(m

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de

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offa

rmla

ndla

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apes

byd

evel

opm

ent

%

ofn

atur

alp

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are

as

in

com

pact

,elo

ngat

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an

din

term

edia

tep

atch

es

#w

ater

shed

sw

ith

low

,

m

oder

ate,

and

hig

hpo

tent

ial

for

sedi

men

trun

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from

cr

opla

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and

past

urel

ands

,

19

90–1

995

(map

)

#w

ater

shed

sw

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low

,

m

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ate,

and

hig

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tent

ial

for

pest

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noff

from

farm

fie

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199

0–19

95(

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)

esti

mat

eso

fris

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roge

n

expo

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,199

2

esti

mat

eso

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spho

rus

ex

port

by

wat

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992

nr

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e (

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nvir

onm

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ada

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n T

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di

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buti

ono

ncr

opla

nds

an

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land

s(t

onne

s/yr

),

19

97(

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)

crop

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sm

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to

crop

land

sm

ostp

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to

win

der

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n,(

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2*1

04

win

dan

dw

ater

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sion

,

ac

res)

,199

7(m

ap)

(dot

=2

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es),

199

7(m

ap)

%

sha

rea

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ultu

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and

%fa

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ccor

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to

%fa

rmla

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usce

ptib

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egio

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subj

ectt

o

p

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tial

for

win

dan

d

wat

ere

rosi

on

un

sust

aina

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wat

ere

rosi

on,

w

ater

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sion

(3

1981

,199

1,1

996

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tego

ries

),1

982–

1997

%

cro

plan

dw

ith

diff

eren

t

leve

lso

fsal

tcon

tent

(dS

/m)

ha

bita

tqua

lity

offa

rmla

nd

st

ream

s

%

cha

nge

inr

esid

ualN

%fa

rmla

nds

trea

ms

and

leve

lso

nag

ricu

ltura

llan

d,

gr

ound

wat

ers

ites

w/

mea

n

inr

egio

ns(

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tego

ries

),

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O3-

con

cent

rati

ons

(1o

f

1981

–199

6

4r

ange

s),1

992–

1998

av

erag

e#

pest

icid

esin

farm

land

str

eam

san

dsh

allo

w

gr

ound

wat

erw

ells

,

1992

–199

8

%

str

eam

san

dsh

allo

w

gr

ound

wat

erw

ells

wit

h

pe

stic

ide

conc

entr

atio

ns

ex

ceed

ing

stan

dard

san

d

gu

idel

ines

for

hum

anh

ealth

and

aqua

tic

heal

th,1

992–

1998

%

farm

land

str

eam

sw

/m

ean

annu

alP

con

cent

rati

ons

(1o

f4r

ange

s),1

992–

1998

pest

icid

ere

sidu

esin

food

(%

ofs

ampl

es),

200

0

Resp

onse

Re

spon

se

Resp

onse

Re

spon

se

Resp

onse

%

cha

nge

in#

bar

eso

ilda

ys

on

agr

icul

tura

llan

d,in

5

re

gion

s,b

etw

een

1981

and

1996

nr

Te

e (

Can

ada)

e

nvir

onm

ent

Can

ada

Uni

ted

Stat

es e

Pa

The

hei

nz C

ente

r (U

Sa)

Com

mon

Ind

icat

ors

Env�

ronm

ent a

nd

Env�

ronm

enta

l S�g

nals:

D

raft

Repo

rt o

n T

he S

tate

of t

he

Gen

er�c

�nd�

cato

rsSu

sta�n

able

Dev

elop

men

t C

anad

a’s N

at�o

nal

the

Env�

ronm

ent �

003

Nat

�on’s

Eco

syste

ms

com

mon

to b

oth

coun

tr�e

sIn

d�ca

tors

for

Can

ada

Env�

ronm

enta

l Ind

�cat

ors S

er�e

s

��� Env�ronmental Ind�cators for North Amer�ca

Gra

ssla

nds

G

rass

land

s

Gra

ssla

nds

G

rass

land

s

Gra

ssla

nds

and

Shru

blan

ds

and

Shru

blan

ds

and

Shru

blan

ds

and

Shru

blan

ds

and

Shru

blan

ds

Pres

sure

Pr

essu

re

Pres

sure

Pr

essu

re

Pres

sure

catt

le(

106 )

gra

zing

on

gras

slan

ds,s

hrub

land

s

an

dpa

stur

es(

rath

erth

an

fe

edlo

ts),

dur

ing

July

,

1994

to2

002

ac

res

ofg

rass

land

/shr

ubla

nd

by

land

use

(M

acre

s),

19

94–2

002

Stat

e St

ate

Stat

e St

ate

Stat

e

gras

slan

dsa

nds

hrub

land

s

gras

slan

d/sh

rubl

ands

from

ac

reag

e,e

st.1

977–

1982

and

19

92s

atel

lite

imag

e

19

97–2

002

exte

nt(

acre

s)o

fgra

ssla

nds

and

ex

tent

(ac

res)

ofg

rass

land

s

sh

rubl

ands

,199

2(l

ower

48

a

nds

hrub

land

s,1

992

st

ates

)an

d19

91(

Ala

ska)

(l

ower

48

stat

es)

and

1991

(A

lask

a)

to

talC

sto

red

ing

rass

land

s

and

shru

blan

ds(

soils

and

plan

ts)

(109 m

etri

cto

nnes

)

Impa

ct

Impa

ct

Impa

ct

Impa

ct

Impa

ct

%

gra

ssla

nd/s

hrub

land

stre

ams

and

rive

rsw

ith

atle

ast1

no-

flow

day

/yr,

and

%w

here

zer

o-flo

w

du

rati

onp

erio

dsa

re

lo

nger

or

shor

ter

than

50-y

ear

mea

n,

19

50s–

1990

s

ar

eaa

nds

ize

ofg

rass

land

and

shru

blan

dpa

tche

s

(%

oft

otal

inp

atch

es–

5si

zec

ateg

orie

s)

gr

assl

and

and

shru

blan

d

gr

ound

wat

erN

O3-

(%

sit

es

te

sted

,4c

ateg

orie

s)

nr

Te

e (

Can

ada)

e

nvir

onm

ent

Can

ada

Uni

ted

Stat

es e

Pa

The

hei

nz C

ente

r (U

Sa)

Com

mon

Ind

icat

ors

Env�

ronm

ent a

nd

Env�

ronm

enta

l S�g

nals:

D

raft

Repo

rt o

n T

he S

tate

of t

he

Gen

er�c

�nd�

cato

rsSu

sta�n

able

Dev

elop

men

t C

anad

a’s N

at�o

nal

the

Env�

ronm

ent �

003

Nat

�on’s

Eco

syste

ms

com

mon

to b

oth

coun

tr�e

sIn

d�ca

tors

for

Can

ada

Env�

ronm

enta

l Ind

�cat

ors S

er�e

s

��3

%

gra

ssla

nda

nds

hrub

land

area

sw

here

dep

thto

grou

ndw

ater

falls

wit

hin

seve

ralr

ange

s

fr

acti

ono

fgra

ssla

nda

nd

sh

rubl

and

area

sth

atb

urn

mor

eor

less

oft

ena

sbe

fore

Eur

opea

nse

ttle

men

t

ri

pari

anc

ondi

tion

Resp

onse

Re

spon

se

Resp

onse

Re

spon

se

Resp

onse

Bio

dive

rsit

y B

iodi

vers

ity

Bio

dive

rsit

y B

iodi

vers

ity

Bio

dive

rsit

y

Pres

sure

Pr

essu

re

Pres

sure

Pr

essu

re

Pres

sure

%a

llw

ater

shed

sw

/di

ffer

ent

%a

llw

ater

shed

sw

/

#so

fnon

-nat

ive

fish

spec

ies

di

ffer

ent#

sof

non

-nat

ive

w/

esta

bish

edb

reed

ing

fis

hsp

ecie

sw

/es

tabi

shed

po

pula

tion

s,2

000

bree

ding

pop

ulat

ions

,200

0

di

ffer

ent#

ses

tabl

ishe

d

br

eedi

ngp

opul

atio

nso

f

non-

nati

vefi

shs

peci

es,

by

wat

ersh

ed,2

000

(map

)

po

pula

tion

tren

ds

co

mpa

riso

nbe

twee

nse

lect

ed

no

n-in

vasi

ven

ativ

ean

d

in

vasi

veg

rass

land

/shr

ubla

nd

bi

rds

peci

es,1

966–

2000

%

fore

st,a

nd%

gras

slan

d/sh

rubl

and

area

cove

red

byn

on-n

ativ

epl

ants

Stat

e St

ate

Stat

e St

ate

Stat

e

popu

lati

ontr

ends

(%

spe

cies

po

pula

tion

tren

ds(

%

incr

easi

ng)

ofin

vasi

vea

nd

spec

ies

incr

easi

ng)

of

nati

ve,n

on-i

nvas

ive

bird

s,

inva

sive

and

nat

ive,

19

66–2

000

non

-inv

asiv

ebi

rds,

1966

–200

0

%

ofa

llsi

tes

(fish

and

bent

hic

anim

als)

wit

h

di

ffer

entl

evel

sof

dis

turb

ance

nr

Te

e (

Can

ada)

e

nvir

onm

ent

Can

ada

Uni

ted

Stat

es e

Pa

The

hei

nz C

ente

r (U

Sa)

Com

mon

Ind

icat

ors

Env�

ronm

ent a

nd

Env�

ronm

enta

l S�g

nals:

D

raft

Repo

rt o

n T

he S

tate

of t

he

Gen

er�c

�nd�

cato

rsSu

sta�n

able

Dev

elop

men

t C

anad

a’s N

at�o

nal

the

Env�

ronm

ent �

003

Nat

�on’s

Eco

syste

ms

com

mon

to b

oth

coun

tr�e

sIn

d�ca

tors

for

Can

ada

Env�

ronm

enta

l Ind

�cat

ors S

er�e

s

��� Env�ronmental Ind�cators for North Amer�ca

pl

antg

row

thin

dex,

(re

gion

al),

base

don

11-

yra

vera

ge,b

y

ec

osys

tem

and

reg

iona

l,

19

88–2

000,

and

200

0m

ap

fish

dive

rsit

y:#

fish

spe

cies

(l

owo

rhi

ghd

iver

sity

),

1997

–199

8(m

ap)

Impa

ct

Impa

ct

Impa

ct

Impa

ct

Impa

ct

en

dang

ered

and

thre

aten

ed

at-r

isk

land

and

fres

hwat

er

at-r

isk

land

and

#s

thre

aten

eds

peci

eso

r

sp

ecie

san

dsu

bspe

cies

,and

pl

anta

nda

nim

aln

ativ

e

fres

hwat

erp

lant

and

%

ofa

llsp

ecie

s20

00

po

pula

tion

s(#

s)in

eac

hof

3

spec

ies,

by

risk

cat

egor

ies

anim

aln

ativ

esp

ecie

s,

ecoz

ones

,200

1(m

ap)

(%a

llsp

ecie

s),2

000

byr

isk

cate

gori

es

st

atus

cha

nge

inr

eass

esed

%

impe

rile

dsp

ecie

s

%la

ndp

lant

san

d

sp

ecie

sat

ris

k(4

CO

SEW

IC

(eco

syst

em),

200

0fr

eshw

ater

spe

cies

atr

isk,

cate

gori

es),

198

5–20

02

(r

egio

nal)

200

0

at-r

isk

nati

vefo

rest

spe

cies

at

-ris

kna

tive

fore

sts

peci

es

(%o

fall

fore

sts

peci

es),

by

(%

ofa

llfo

rest

spe

cies

),

risk

cat

egor

y,2

000

byr

isk

cate

gory

,and

at-

risk

spec

ies

byr

egio

n,2

000

at-r

isk

nati

veg

rass

land

and

at

-ris

kna

tive

gra

ssla

nd

shru

blan

dsp

ecie

s(%

ofa

ll

and

shru

blan

dsp

ecie

s(%

gr

assl

and

and

shru

blan

d

ofa

llgr

assl

and

and

sp

ecie

s),b

yri

skc

ateg

ory,

200

0sh

rubl

and

spec

ies)

,by

risk

cate

gory

,200

0

%

wet

land

pla

nt

co

mm

unit

ies

(4d

egre

esr

isk

elim

inat

ion,

reg

iona

l),2

000

%

nat

ive

mar

ine

spec

ies

ate

xtin

ctio

n

ri

sk(

5ca

tego

ries

,reg

iona

l),2

000

de

gree

tow

hich

“or

igin

al”

plan

tsa

nda

nim

als

are

eith

er

ab

sent

ent

irel

yor

are

atr

isk

ofb

eing

lost

from

met

ropo

litan

are

as

Res

pons

e Re

spon

se

Resp

onse

Re

spon

se

Resp

onse

st

rict

lyp

rote

cted

are

as

(I

UC

NI

–III

)an

dto

talp

rote

cted

area

s(a

llcl

asse

s),a

s%

Can

ada’s

tota

lare

a,1

900–

2000

,sho

win

g

inte

rnat

iona

ltar

get

nr

Te

e (

Can

ada)

e

nvir

onm

ent

Can

ada

Uni

ted

Stat

es e

Pa

The

hei

nz C

ente

r (U

Sa)

Com

mon

Ind

icat

ors

Env�

ronm

ent a

nd

Env�

ronm

enta

l S�g

nals:

D

raft

Repo

rt o

n T

he S

tate

of t

he

Gen

er�c

�nd�

cato

rsSu

sta�n

able

Dev

elop

men

t C

anad

a’s N

at�o

nal

the

Env�

ronm

ent �

003

Nat

�on’s

Eco

syste

ms

com

mon

to b

oth

coun

tr�e

sIn

d�ca

tors

for

Can

ada

Env�

ronm

enta

l Ind

�cat

ors S

er�e

s

���

%

str

ictly

pro

tect

ede

core

gion

s

(4

cat

egor

ies)

,200

1(m

ap)

#

stri

ctly

pro

tect

eds

ites

in

ea

chs

ize

rang

e(7

cat

egor

ies,

km2 )

Urb

an a

reas

U

rban

are

as

Urb

an a

reas

U

rban

are

as

Urb

an a

reas

Pres

sure

Pr

essu

re

Pres

sure

Pr

essu

re

Pres

sure

%

urb

an/s

ubur

ban

area

that

isim

perv

ious

(4c

ateg

orie

s)

Stat

e St

ate

Stat

e St

ate

Stat

e

exte

nto

fnon

-fed

eral

dev

elop

ed

acre

sof

urb

ana

nd

land

(m

etro

polit

ana

rea

su

burb

ana

reas

,by

regi

on

boun

dari

es),

199

7(m

ap)

(Ma)

,199

2

ur

ban/

subu

rban

are

a

as

%o

ftot

alr

egio

n’s

land

,199

2

%

ofu

rban

/sub

urba

n

la

ndc

ompo

sed

ofw

etla

nds,

crop

land

s,g

rass

/shr

ubla

nds,

and

fore

sts,

by

regi

on,1

992

patc

hes

offo

rest

,gra

ssla

nd,

shru

blan

d,a

ndw

etla

ndin

ur

ban

and

subu

rban

are

as,

byr

egio

n(%

ofa

llna

tura

l

la

nds)

,199

2

to

talp

atch

eso

ffor

est,

gr

assl

and,

shr

ubla

nd,a

nd

w

etla

nd,i

nur

ban

and

subu

rban

are

as,a

ndb

y

re

gion

(%

ofa

llna

tura

l

land

s),1

992

Impa

ct

Impa

ct

Impa

ct

Impa

ct

Impa

ct

chan

gein

acr

eso

fdev

elop

ed

subu

rban

/rur

alla

nd

land

(ur

ban

and

subu

rban

us

ech

ange

ar

eas

and

rura

ltra

nspo

rtat

ion

la

nd),

by

wat

ersh

ed,

1982

–199

7(m

ap)

nr

Te

e (

Can

ada)

e

nvir

onm

ent

Can

ada

Uni

ted

Stat

es e

Pa

The

hei

nz C

ente

r (U

Sa)

Com

mon

Ind

icat

ors

Env�

ronm

ent a

nd

Env�

ronm

enta

l S�g

nals:

D

raft

Repo

rt o

n T

he S

tate

of t

he

Gen

er�c

�nd�

cato

rsSu

sta�n

able

Dev

elop

men

t C

anad

a’s N

at�o

nal

the

Env�

ronm

ent �

003

Nat

�on’s

Eco

syste

ms

com

mon

to b

oth

coun

tr�e

sIn

d�ca

tors

for

Can

ada

Env�

ronm

enta

l Ind

�cat

ors S

er�e

s

��� Env�ronmental Ind�cators for North Amer�ca

nr

Te

e (

Can

ada)

e

nvir

onm

ent

Can

ada

Uni

ted

Stat

es e

Pa

The

hei

nz C

ente

r (U

Sa)

Com

mon

Ind

icat

ors

Env�

ronm

ent a

nd

Env�

ronm

enta

l S�g

nals:

D

raft

Repo

rt o

n T

he S

tate

of t

he

Gen

er�c

�nd�

cato

rsSu

sta�n

able

Dev

elop

men

t C

anad

a’s N

at�o

nal

the

Env�

ronm

ent �

003

Nat

�on’s

Eco

syste

ms

com

mon

to b

oth

coun

tr�e

sIn

d�ca

tors

for

Can

ada

Env�

ronm

enta

l Ind

�cat

ors S

er�e

s

%

urb

an/s

ubur

ban

land

that

isu

ndev

elop

ed(

5

ca

tego

ries

,reg

iona

l),1

992

%

all

natu

rala

reas

w/i

n

ur

ban

and

subu

rban

land

s

w

/va

ryin

gsi

zep

atch

es

(5

cat

agor

ies,

reg

iona

l),1

992

%

str

eam

sdr

aini

ngu

rban

wat

ersh

eds

wit

hav

erag

e

N

O3 -

con

cent

rati

ons

in1

of4

ran

ges,

199

2–19

98

%

str

eam

sdr

aini

ngu

rban

wat

ersh

eds

wit

hav

erag

e

an

nual

Pc

once

ntra

tion

s

in

1o

f4r

ange

s,1

992–

1998

av

erag

edi

ffer

ence

bet

wee

n

ur

ban

and

rura

lair

tem

pera

ture

(%m

etro

polit

ana

rea

in1

of3

cat

egor

ies)

#

and

type

of“

disr

upti

ve”

spec

ies

foun

din

met

ropo

litan

area

s,a

ndb

yre

gion

Resp

onse

Re

spon

se

Resp

onse

Re

spon

se

Resp

onse

nat

ural

Dis

aste

rs

nat

ural

Dis

aste

rs

nat

ural

Dis

aste

rs

nat

ural

Dis

aste

rs

nat

ural

Dis

aste

rs

Pres

sure

Pr

essu

re

Pres

sure

Pr

essu

re

Pres

sure

Stat

e St

ate

Stat

e St

ate

Stat

e

Impa

ct

Impa

ct

Impa

ct

Impa

ct

Impa

ct

Resp

onse

Re

spon

se

Resp

onse

Re

spon

se

Resp

onse

nat

iona

l res

pons

es

nat

iona

l res

pons

es

nat

iona

l res

pons

es

nat

iona

l res

pons

es

nat

iona

l res

pons

es

(e

xpen

ditu

res)

(e

xpen

ditu

res)

(

expe

ndit

ures

)(e

xpen

ditu

res)

(e

xpen

ditu

res)

���

appendix 2: Data Sources for Selected Issues

General

Internat�onal

OECD.2002.OECD Env�ronmental Data—Compend�um �00�.Paris:EnvironmentalPerformanceandInfor-mationDivision,OECDEnvironmentDirectorate,WorkingGrouponEnvironmentalInformationandOutlooks(WGEIO):http://www.oecd.org/document/21/0,2340,en_2649_34303_2516565_1_1_1_1,00.html.

OECD.2001.OECD Env�ronmental Ind�cators: Towards Susta�nable Development.Paris:OrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment.

WRI.2004.EarthTrends: The Env�ronmental Informat�on Portal.WorldResourcesInstitute,UNEP,TheWorldBank,TheNetherlandsMinistryofForeignAffairs,SIDA,UNDP,TheRasmussenFoundation:http://earthtrends.wri.org/miscell/aboutus.cfm?theme=0.Viewed18May2004.

UNEP.2002.GEO Data Portal Home.UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme:http://gridca.grid.unep.ch/geoportal/.

FAOSTAT.2004.FAO Stat�st�cal Databases.FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations:http://apps.fao.org/default.jsp.

Canada

EC.2003.Env�ronmental S�gnals: Canada’s Nat�onal Env�ronmental Ind�cator Ser�es �003.EnvironmentCanada:http://www.ec.gc.ca/soer-ree/English/Indica-tor_series/default.cfm#pic.Viewed8June2004.

NRTEE.2003.Env�ronment and Susta�nable Development Ind�cators for Canada.NationalRoundTableontheEnvironmentandtheEconomy:http://www.nrtee-trnee.ca/eng/programs/Current_Programs/SDIndica-tors/ESDI-Report/ESDI-Report_IntroPage_E.htm.

StatisticsCanada.2003.Human Act�v�ty and the Env�ron-ment: Annual Stat�st�cs �003.Catalogueno.16-201-XIE.StatisticsCanada:http://www.statcan.ca/eng-lish/ads/16-201-XPE/index.htm.

GovernmentofCanada.2002.Susta�nable Develop-ment: A Canad�an Perspect�ve.TheEarthSum-mit2002.CanadianSecretariat:http://www.canada2002earthsummit.gc.ca/canada_at_wssd/cana-dian_perspective_e.pdf.

OECD.2004.OECD Env�ronmental Performance Rev�ews: Canada.Paris:OrganisationforEconomicCo-opera-tionandDevelopment.

EC.2001.Track�ng Key Env�ronmental Issues. EnvironmentCanada:Http://Www.Ec.Gc.Ca/TKEI/Eng_Final.Pdf.

Boyd,DavidR.2001.Canada vs. the OECD: An Env�ron-mental Compar�son.UniversityofVictoria:Eco-ResearchChairofEnvironmentalLawandPolicy,http://www.environmentalindicators.com/htdocs/PDF/Pgs1-10.pdf.

EC.1996.TheStateofCanada’sEnvironment—1996.In:Conserv�ng Canada’s Natural Legacy.CD-ROM:En21-54-1996-MRC.EnvironmentCanada.

EC.SOE Infobase.EnvironmentCanada,NationalIndica-torsandReportingOffice:http://www.ec.gc.ca/soer-ree/English/default.cfm.

Un�ted States

USEPA.2003.Draft Report on the Env�ronment.Envi-ronmentalIndicatorsInitiative,USEnvironmentalProtectionAgency:http://www.epa.gov/indicators/roe/,Viewed18June2004.

HeinzCenter.2002.The State of the Nat�on’s Ecosystems: Measur�ng the Lands, Waters, and L�v�ng Resources of the Un�ted States.H.JohnHeinzIIICenterforSci-ence,EconomicsandtheEnvironment:http://www.heinzctr.org/ecosystems/intro/toc.shtml.

USCensusBureau.2002.Stat�st�cal Abstracts of the Un�ted States, �00� and �003:http://www.census.gov/prod/www/statistical-abstract-02.html.

CGER(CommitteetoEvaluateIndicatorsforMonitor-ingAquaticandTerrestrialEnvironments,BoardonEnvironmentalStudiesandToxicology,WaterScienceandTechnologyBoard,CommissiononGeosciences,Environment,andResources).NationalResearchCouncil.2000. Ecolog�cal Ind�cators for the Nat�on.WashingtonDC:NationalAcademyPress,http://books.nap.edu/books/0309068452/html/1.html#pagetop.

USCensusBureau.2004.Stat�st�cal Abstracts of the Un�ted States: Uncle Sam’s reference shelf, m�n� h�stor�cal stat�s-t�cs:http://www.census.gov/statab/www/minihs.html.

CEQ.1997.Env�ronmental Qual�ty, The World W�de Web: The ���� Report of the Counc�l on Env�ronmental Qual�ty. WashingtonDC:TheWhiteHouse,CouncilonEnvironmentalQuality.

USEPA.EnvironmentalIndicatorsInitiative.USEn-vironmentalProtectionAgency:http://www.epa.gov/indicators/.

Drivers

Population

Internat�onal

UNDESA.2003.World Populat�on Prospects: The �00� Rev�s�on Populat�on Database.UnitedNationsPopula-tionDivision:http://esa.un.org/unpp/.

PRB.2004.PopulationReferenceBureau.HomePage:http://www.prb.org/.

Canada

StatisticsCanada.2001.2001Census of Canada:http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/home/index.cfm.

Un�ted States

USCensusBureau.2002.Census2000Gateway:http://www.census.gov/main/www/cen2000.html.

��� Env�ronmental Ind�cators for North Amer�ca

GDP and Consumption

Internat�onal

WB.2004.World Development Ind�cators.WDI2004CD-ROM.WorldBankGroup:http://www.worldbank.org/data/wdi2004/cdrom/.

EIU.2004.Country Reports.EconomistIntelligenceUnit:http://www.eiu.com/site_info.asp?info_name=ps_country_reports&entry1=psNav&infositelayout=site_info_nav_ha,Viewed17June2004.

Canada

StatisticsCanada.2004.Canada: Econom�c and F�nanc�al Data:http://www.statcan.ca/english/Pgdb/dsbbcan.htm.

Un�ted States

BEA.2004.US Econom�c Accounts.USDepartmentofCommerce,BureauofEconomicAnalysis:http://www.bea.gov/.

Wagner,L.A.2002.Mater�als �n the Economy—Mater�al Flows, Scarc�ty, and the Env�ronment.USGeologicalSurvey,Circular1221:http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2002/c1221/c1221-508.pdf.

Matthewsandothers2000.We�ght of Nat�ons: Mater�al Outflows From Industr�al Econom�es.WorldRe-sourcesInstitute:http://materials.wri.org/pubs_pdf.cfm?PubID=3023.

energy and Minerals

Internat�onal

IEA:Key World Energy Stat�st�cs—�00� Ed�t�on:http://li-brary.iea.org/dbtw-wpd/bookshop/add.aspx?id=144.

EIA.2004.Internat�onal Total Pr�mary Energy and Related Informat�on. Energy Informat�on Adm�n�strat�on, Na-t�onal Energy Informat�on Center: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/total.html#IntlConsumption.

North Amer�ca

EIA.2004.Country Analys�s Br�ef—North Amer�ca.EnergyInformationAdministration:http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/cabsna.html.

EIA.2002.North Amer�ca: The Energy P�cture: EnergyInformationAdministration,NorthAmericanEnergyWorkingGroup:http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/northamerica/engindex.htm#_VPID_1.

Canada

StatisticsCanada.2004.CanadianSystemofEnvironmen-talandResourceAccounts:MaterialandEnergyFlowAccounts.InThe Da�ly,8December:http://www.statcan.ca/Daily/English/041208/d041208d.htm.

NRCan.2004.Energy Use Data Handbook, ���0 and ���� to �00�.NaturalResourcesCanada,OfficeofEnergyEfficiency,DataandAnalysis:http://oee.nrcan.gc.ca/neud/dpa/datae/Handbook04/Datahand-book2004.pdf.

NRCan.2004.Energy Effic�ency Trends �n Canada, ���0–�00�. NaturalResourcesCanadahttp://oee.nrcan.gc.ca/neud/dpa/datae/Trends04/Trends2004.pdf.

StatisticsCanada.2003.Energy Stat�st�cs Handbook.http://www.statcan.ca/english/ads/57-601-XIE/.

StatisticsCanada.2002.Report on Energy Supply-De-mand �n Canada.http://www.statcan.ca:8096/bsolc/english/bsolc?catno=57-003-X.

Un�ted States

EIA.2003.Annual Energy Rev�ew, �00�.WashingtonDC:EnergyInformationAdministration,OfficeofEnergyMarketsandEndUse,USDepartmentofEnergy:http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/pdf/03842002.pdf.

EIA.1995.Energy-IntensityIndicatorsfortheUSEconomy,bySector.InMeasur�ng Energy Effic�ency In The Un�ted States’ Economy: A Beg�nn�ng.En-ergyInformationAdministration,OfficeofEnergyMarketsandEndUse,USDepartmentofEnergy:Washington,DC:http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/ef-ficiency/eefig_exsum.htm.

SMR.2003.F�rst Approx�mat�on Report of the Susta�nable M�nerals Roundtable.SustainableMineralsRound-table:http://www.unr.edu/mines/smr/Report.html.

Transportation

Internat�onal

IRF.2004.World Road Stat�st�cs.WashingtonDC:Inter-nationalRoadFederation:http://www.irfnet.org/wrs.asp.

North Amer�ca

StatisticsCanada.2000.North Amer�can Transportat�on �n F�gures(50-501-XIE).USDepartmentofTrans-portation,BureauofTransportationStatistics,USDepartmentofCommerce,CensusBureau;Statis-ticsCanada;TransportCanada;InstitutoMexicanodelTransporte;InstitutoNacionaldeEstadística,GeografíaeInformática;andSecretaríadeComuni-cacionesyTransportes:http://www.statcan.ca/english/freepub/50-501-XIE/free.htm.

GRIMES.2004.Automob�le Mob�l�ty Data Compend�um.UniversitéLaval,InterdisciplinaryResearchGrouponMobility,EnvironmentandSafety(GRIMES):http://www.grimes.ulaval.ca/anglais/.

APTA.2003.�003 Publ�c Transportat�on Fact Book.54thEdition.WashingtonDC:AmericanPublicTranspor-tationAssociation.

Canada

TransportCanada.2004.Susta�nable Development Strategy, �00�–�00�.http://www.tc.gc.ca/programs/environ-ment/SD/sds0406/keyissues.htm.

NRCan.2003.Energy Use Data Handbook, ���0 and ���� to �00�.http://oee.nrcan.gc.ca/neud/dpa/data_e/Datahandbook2003.pdf.

���

Schingh,Marie,ÉrikBrunet,andPatrickGosselin.2003.Motor Veh�cle Fuel Effic�ency In�t�at�ve: Canad�an New L�ght-Duty Veh�c�les: Trends �n fuel consumpt�on and character�st�cs (����–����).NaturalResourcesCanada,OfficeofEnergyEfficiency:http://oee.nrcan.gc.ca/english/programs/Doc5e.cfm#06.

Kohn,HaroldM.N.d.Factors Affect�ng Urban Tran-s�t R�dersh�p.StatisticsCanadacataloguenumber53F0003-XIE:http://www.statcan.ca/english/research/53F0003XIE/53F0003XIE.pdf.

Gilbert,Richard,NealIrwin,BrianHollingworth,andPamelaBlais.2002.Susta�nable Transportat�on Performance Ind�cators (STPI): Report on Phase 3:TheCentreforSustainableTransportation:http://www.cstctd.org/CSTadobefiles/STPI%20Phase%203%20final%20report.pdf.

StatisticsCanada.2004.Canad�an Veh�cle Survey, Annual, �003.StatisticsCanada,TransportationDivision:http://www.statcan.ca/english/freepub/53-223-XIE/53-223-XIE2003000.pdf.

CUTA.2004.Canad�an Urban Transport Assoc�at�on “Fact Book”.http://www.cutaactu.on.ca/.

CentreforSustainableTransportation.2002.SustainableTransportationMonitor.http://www.cstctd.org/CSTadobefiles/STM7%20English.pdf,andhttp://www.cstctd.org/CSTadobefiles/STM7%20English.pdf.

Un�ted States

EIA.2003.Annual Energy Rev�ew, �00�.WashingtonDC:EnergyInformationAdministration,OfficeofEnergyMarketsandEndUse,USDepartmentofEnergy:http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/pdf/03842002.pdf.

APTA.2003.�003 Publ�c Transportat�on Fact Book.54thEdition.WashintgonDC:AmericanPublicTranspor-tationAssociation.

APTA.2004.Trans�t Stat�st�cs.AmericanPublicTranspor-tationAssociation:http://www.apta.com/research/stats/#A2.

APTA.n.d.The Benefits of Publ�c Transportat�on Mob�l�ty for Amer�ca’s Small Urban and Rural Commun�t�es.AmericanPublicTransportationAssociation,:http://www.publictransportation.org/pdf/rural.pdf.

FTA.2002.Nat�onal Trans�t Database: Nat�onal Trans�t Summar�es and Trends for the �00� Report Year:Fed-eralTransitAdministration:http://www.ntdprogram.com/NTD/NTST/2002/PDFFiles2002%20National%20Transit%20Summaries%20and%20Trends%20(NTST).pdf.

USEPA.1999.Ind�cators of the Env�ronmental Impacts of Transportat�on, Updated Second Ed�t�on(EPA230-R-001).WashingtonDC:USEnvironmentalProtectionAgency:http://www.epa.gov/otaq/transp/99indict.pdf.

BTS.2004.Nat�onal Transportat�on Stat�st�cs �003. WashingtonDC:BureauofTransportationStatistics:http://www.bts.gov/publications/national_transporta-tion_statistics/2003/index.html.

Pollution Issues

Climate Change

Internat�onal

UNFCCC.N.d.Greenhouse Gas Inventory Database (GHG): On-l�ne searchable database of GHG �nven-tory data. UnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange:http://ghg.unfccc.int/default1.htf?time=06%3A43%3A24+PM.

Marland,G.,T.A.Boden,andR.J.Andres.2003.Global,Regional,andNationalFossilFuelCO

2Emissions.

InTrends: A Compend�um of Data on Global Change. OakRidgeNationalLaboratory,USDepartmentofEnergy,OakRidge,Tenn.,USA:CarbonDioxideInformationAnalysisCenter,http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/trends/trends.htm.

IEA.2004.CO� Em�ss�ons from Fuel Combust�on ����-

�00�—�00� Ed�t�on:http://www.iea.org/dbtw-wpd/bookshop/add.aspx?id=36.

Canada

EC.2003.Canada’s Greenhouse Gas Inventory ���0–�00�.InformationonGreenhouseGasSourcesandSinks,GreenhouseGasDivision,EnvironmentCanada:http://www.ec.gc.ca/pdb/ghg/1990_01_report/fore-word_e.cfm.

NRCan.2004.Energy Effic�ency Trends �n Canada, ���0–�00�.NaturalResourcesCanada:http://oee.nrcan.gc.ca/neud/dpa/datae/Trends04/Trends2004.pdf.

CCME.2003.Cl�mate, Nature, People: Ind�cators of Canada’s Chang�ng Cl�mate.Winnipeg,Manitoba:CanadianCouncilofMinistersoftheEnvironment:http://www.ccme.ca/assets/pdf/cc_ind_full_doc_e.pdf.

EC.2002.Adjusted H�stor�cal Canad�an Cl�mate Data (AHCCD): VersionDecember2002.EnvironmentCanada2002:http://www.cccma.bc.ec.gc.ca/hccd/.

EC.2004.Temperature & Prec�p�tat�on �n H�stor�cal Perspect�ve, Spr�ng �00�.EnvironmentCanada,Cli-mateMonitoringandDataInterpretationDivision(CCRM):ClimateTrendsandVariationsBulletin,NationalSummary:http://www.msc-smc.ec.gc.ca/ccrm/bulletin/national_e.cfm.

Un�ted States

USEPA.2004.Inventory of US Greenhouse Gas Em�ss�ons and S�nks: ���0–�00�.USEnvironmentalProtectionAgency:http://yosemite.epa.gov/oar/globalwarming.nsf/content/ResourceCenterPublicationsGHGEmis-sionsUSEmissionsInventory2004.html.

EIA.2003.Annual Energy Rev�ew, �00�.WashingtonDC:EnergyInformationAdministration,OfficeofEnergyMarketsandEndUse,USDepartmentofEnergy:http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/pdf/03842002.pdf.

NCDC,andNOAA.2004.Un�ted States: Cl�mate Sum-mary.June2004.Ashville,NC:NationalClimaticDataCenter,NationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration:http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/cli-mate/research/cag3/NA.html.

��0 Env�ronmental Ind�cators for North Amer�ca

Ozone Layer

Internat�onal

UNEP.2004.The Ozone Secretar�at.Nairobi,Kenya:UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme:http://www.unep.org/ozone/index.asp.

UNEP.2002.Product�on and Consumpt�on of Ozone-Deplet�ng Substances under the Montreal Protocol, ����—�000. Nairobi,Kenya:UNEPOzoneSecre-tariat:http://www.unep.ch/ozone/pdfs/15-year-data-report.pdf.

WOUDC.N.d.Global Atmosphere Watch.WorldOzoneandUltravioletRadiationDataCentre:http://www.wmo.ch/web/arep/gaw/wourdc.html.

WMO.2002.Sc�ent�fic Assessment of Ozone Deplet�on: �00�.Geneva:WorldMeteorologicalOrganization,GlobalOzoneResearchandMonitoringProject—Re-portNo.47:http://www.wmo.ch/web/arep/reports/o3_assess_rep_2002_front_page.html.

Canada

EC.1999.Nat�onal Env�ronmental Ind�cator Ser�es: Strato-spher�c Ozone Deplet�on (SOEBulletinNo.99-2).EnvironmentCanada,StateoftheEnvironmentInfobase:http://www.ec.gc.ca/soer-ree/English/Indi-cators/Issues/Ozone/default.cfm.

MSC.2002.Exper�mental Stud�es D�v�s�on, World Ozone and Ultrav�olet Rad�at�on Data Centre (WOUDC).ExperimentalStudiesDivisionoftheAirQual-ityBranchoftheMeteorlogicalServiceofCanada(MSC).Toronto,ON:http://www.msc.ec.gc.ca/woudc/expstudies_e.html.

Un�ted States

EIA.2003.Annual Energy Rev�ew, �00�.WashingtonDC:EnergyInformationAdministration,OfficeofEnergyMarketsandEndUse,USDepartmentofEnergy:http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/pdf/03842002.pdf.

CMDL.2004.Cl�mate Mon�tor�ng & D�agnost�cs Labora-tory. USDepartmentofCommerce/NOAA/OAR/CMDL:Boulder,CO:http://www.cmdl.noaa.gov/.

USEPA.2004.Myth: Ozone Deplet�on Occurs Only In Ant-arct�ca.USEnvironmentalProtectionAgency,OzoneDepletionwebsite:http://www.epa.gov/ozone/sci-ence/glob_dep.html.

air Quality and acid Deposition

Internat�onal

RIVM.2001.Em�ss�on Database for Global Atmospher�c Research - EDGAR.Bilthoven:TheNetherlandsNationalInstituteofPublicHealthandtheEnviron-ment:http://arch.rivm.nl/env/int/coredata/edgar/.

North Amer�ca

EC.2004.Canada - Un�ted States A�r Qual�ty Agree-ment: �00� Progress Report.EnvironmentCanada,TheGreenLane:http://www.ec.gc.ca/pdb/can_us/2004CanUs/intro_e.html.

Canada

EC.2004.A�r Pollutant Em�ss�ons: Cr�ter�a A�r Contam�-nants, Em�ss�on Summar�es. EnvironmentCanada,TheGreenLane,CriteriaAirPollutantEmissions(CAPE):http://www.ec.gc.ca/pdb/ape/cape_home_e.cfm.

EC.1999.Nat�onal Env�ronmental Ind�cator Ser�es: Urban A�r Qual�ty (SOEBulletinNo.99-1).Environ-mentCanada,StateoftheEnvironmentInfobase:http://www.ec.gc.ca/soer-ree/English/Indicators/Is-sues/Urb_Air/.

EC.2003.Nat�onal A�r Pollut�on Surve�llance (NAPS) Network Annual Data Summary for �00�,Envi-ronmentalProtectionSeries,ReportEPS7/AP/35.EnvironmentalTechnologyAdvancementDirector-ate,EnvironmentalProtectionService,EnvironmentCanada:http://www.etcentre.org/publications/naps/naps2002_annual.pdf.

Janzen,H.H.,R.L.Desjardins,andJ.M.R.Asselin,andB.Grace.1998.The Health of Our A�r: Toward Susta�nable Agr�culture �n Canada.ResearchBranch,AgricultureandAgri-FoodCanada:http://res2.agr.gc.ca/publications/ha/pdf_e.htm.

NAtChem.2003.The Canad�an Nat�onal Atmospher�c Chem�stry (NAtChem) Database and Analys�s System.EnvironmentCanada:http://www.msc.ec.gc.ca/natchem/index_e.html.

Un�ted States

USEPA.2004.The Ozone Report—Measur�ng Progress through �003.ResearchTrianglePark,NorthCaro-lina:USEnvironmentalProtectionAgency,OfficeofAirQualityPlanningandStandardsEmissions,Monitoring,andAnalysisDivision:http://www.epa.gov/airtrends/ozone.html.

USEPA.2003.Nat�onal Em�ss�on Inventory (NEI): A�r Pollutant Em�ss�on Trends.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,TechnologyTransferNetworkClearinghouseforInventories&EmissionFactors:http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/trends/.

USEPA.2004.System Overv�ew.TechnologyTransferNetwork,AirQualitySystem(AQS):http://www.epa.gov/ttn/airs/airsaqs/sysoverview.htm,Viewed4August2004.

USEPA.2000.Nat�onal A�r Pollutant Em�ss�on Trends Report, ��00–����.ResearchTrianglePark,NC:USEnvironmentalProtectionAgency,OfficeofAirQualityandStandards:http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/trends/trends98/.

USEPA.2003.Latest F�nd�ngs on Nat�onal A�r Qual-�ty �00�: Status and Trends,EPA454/K-03-001.ResearchTrianglePark,NC:USEnvironmentalProtectionAgency,OfficeofAirQualityPlanningandStandardsEmissions,Monitoring,andAnalysisDivision:http://www.epa.gov/airtrends/2002_airtrends_final.pdf.

USEPA.2002.The EPA Ac�d Ra�n Program �00� Progress Report.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,CleanAirMarkets—ProgressandResults:http://www.epa.gov/airmarkets/cmprpt/arp01/index.html.

���

EnvironmentalDefense.2004.Pollut�on Locator: Nat�onal Report.EnvironmentalDefenseScorecard:http://www.scorecard.org/env-releases/cap/us.tcl#exposures_pollutants,Viewed6July2004.

Indoor air Quality

Canada

US

USEPA.1992.Nat�onal Res�dent�al Radon Survey: Sum-mary Report.EPA402-R-92-001.WashingtonDC:OfficeofAirandRadiation.

NCHS.2001.Healthy People �000: Nat�onal Health Promot�on and D�sease Prevent�on Object�ves.NationalCenterforHealthStatistics.Hyattsville,Maryland:PublicHealthService:http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hp2000/hp2k01.pdf.

Toxic Substances

Internat�onal

North Amer�ca

CEC.2004.Tak�ng Stock �00�: Execut�ve Summary.Mon-treal:CommissionforEnvironmentalCooperationofNorthAmerica:http://www.cec.org/files/PDF/POL-LUTANTS/TS2001-Executive-Summary_en.pdf.

AMAP.1997.Arct�c Pollut�on Issues: A State of the Arct�c Env�ronment Report.Oslo,Norway:ArcticMonitoringandAssessmentProgramme:http://www.amap.no/.

Canada

EC.2002.Use Patterns and Controls Implementat�on Sect�on.EnvironmentCanada,NationalOfficeofPollutionPrevention,ChemicalsControlDivision:http://www.ec.gc.ca/NOPP/ccd/upcis/en/UPinfo.cfm.

EC.2004.2002Nat�onal Pollutant Release Inventory (NPRI) Data:EnvironmentCanada,NPRIDataandReports,http://www.ec.gc.ca/pdb/npri/npri_dat_rep_e.cfm#highlights.

Un�ted States

USEPA.2004.Tox�cs Release Inventory (TRI) Program:http://www.epa.gov/tri/.

USEPA.2004.NPL S�te Totals by Status and M�lestone.USEnvironmentalProtectionAgency,OfficeofSolidWasteandEmergencyResponse:http://www.epa.gov/superfund/sites/query/queryhtm/npltotal.htm.

USEPA.2004.Number of NPL S�te Act�ons and M�lestones by F�scal Year.USEnvironmentalProtectionAgency,OfficeofSolidWasteandEmergencyResponse:http://www.epa.gov/superfund/sites/query/queryhtm/nplfy.htm.

USEPA.2004.CERCLIS Database.USEnvironmentalProtectionAgency,SuperfundInformationSystems:http://www.epa.gov/superfund/sites/cursites/index.htm.

USEPA.2002.R�sk-Screen�ng Env�ronmental Ind�cators (RSEI).USEnvironmentalProtectionAgency:http://www.epa.gov/opptintr/rsei/.

ThomasE.Natan,Jr.,JohnStanton,andMarthaKeating.2003.Tox�c Ne�ghbors.CleanTheAir:WashingtonDC:http://cta.policy.net/proactive/newsroom/release.vtml?id=25161&PROACTIVE_ID=cecfcfc8ccccc6c9cec5cecfcfcfc5cececbc6c6c8ccc6c6c9c5cf.

Waste

Internat�onal

Canada

StatisticsCanada.2003.Waste Management Industry Survey Bus�ness and Government Sectors: 16F0023XIE:http://www.statcan.ca/english/freepub/16F0023XIE/free.htm.

Un�ted States

USEPA.2001.�00� Nat�onal B�enn�al Report.USEnvi-ronmentalProtectionAgency,OfficeofSolidWaste:http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/hazwaste/data/brs01/index.htm.

USEPA.2001.Mun�c�pal Sol�d Waste �n the Un�ted States: �00� Facts and F�gures.USEnvironmentalProtec-tionAgency,OfficeofSolidWaste:http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/non-hw/muncpl/msw99.htm.

Kaufman,ScottM.,NoraGoldstein,KarstenMillrath,andNickolasJ.Themelis.2004.ThestateofgarbageinAmerica.B�oCycle45(1):31:http://www.jgpress.com/archives/_free/000089.html,viewed7June2004.

DOE.N.d.Central Internet Database.USDepartmentofEnergy,OfficeofEnvironmentalManagement:http://cid.em.doe.gov.

Wagner,L.A.2002.Mater�als �n the Economy—Mater�al Flows, Scarc�ty, and the Env�ronment.USGeologicalSurvey,Circular1221:http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2002/c1221/c1221-508.pdf.

USEPA.2004.Hazardous Waste Data.USEnvironmentalProtectionAgency,OfficeofSolidWaste:http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/hazwaste/data/index.htm.

WISE.2003.Waste Ind�cator System for the Env�ronment (WISE) Project Work�ng Document F�nal Rev�s�on.InstituteofScienceandPublicAffairs:http://www.pepps.fsu.edu/WISE/.

natural resources/ecosystems

Land Use

Internat�onal

EarthObservatory.2002.NASA’s Terra Satell�te Refines Map of Global Land Cover:http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/LCC/,viewed22September2004.

North Amer�ca

Loveland,T.R.,B.C.Reed,J.F.Brown,D.OOhlen,Z.Zhu,L.Yang,andJ.Merchant.2000.Global Land Cover Character�st�cs Data Base Vers�on �.0.LandProcessesDistributedActiveArchiveCenter:http://edcdaac.usgs.gov/glcc/na_int.asp.

��� Env�ronmental Ind�cators for North Amer�ca

Canada

CGDI.2003.AVHRR Land Cover Data, Canada.Cana-dianGeospatialDataInfrastructure:GeoConnectionsDiscoveryPortal,GovernmentofCanada,NaturalResourcesCanada,CanadaCentreforRemoteSens-ing,GeoAccessDivision:http://geodiscover.cgdi.ca/gdp/search?action=entrySummary&entryType=productCollection&entryId=99&language=en&entryLang=en.

Un�ted States

MRLC.2004.Nat�onal Land Cover Database (NLDC).Multi-ResolutionLandCharacterizationConsortium:http://www.epa.gov/mrlc/nlcd.html.

USGS.NationalLandCoverData1992(NLCD92).USGeologicalSurvey,EROSDataCenter:http://edc-www.cr.usgs.gov/products/landcover/nlcd.html.

NRCS.2004.Nat�onal Resources Inventory �00� Annual NRI.USDepartmentofAgriculture,NaturalRe-sourcesConservationService:http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/land/nri02/.

ERS/USDA.2001.Data: Major Land Uses.EconomicResearchService,USDepartmentofAgriculture:http://www.ers.usda.gov/data/majorlanduses/.

Freshwater

Internat�onal

FAO.2004.AQUASTAT.FoodandAgricultureOrganiza-tionoftheUnitedNations,LandandWaterDevelop-mentDivision:http://www.fao.org/waicent/faoinfo/agricult/agl/aglw/aquastat/main/index.stm.

FAO.2003.Rev�ew of World Water Resources by Country.WaterReports23.Rome:FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations:ftp://ftp.fao.org/agl/aglw/docs/wr23e.pdf.

GemsWater.2004.Gems/Water: About Us.GlobalEnviron-mentMonitoringSystem:http://www.gemswater.org/aboutus/index-e.html.

Gleick,PeterH.2000.The World’s Water, �000–�00�: The B�enn�al Report on Freshwater Resources.WashingtonDC:IslandPress.

WHO.2000.Global Water Supply and San�tat�on As-sessment �000 Report.WorldHealthOrganization:http://www.who.int/docstore/watersanitationhealth/Globassessment/GlobalTOC.htm.

UNESCO.1999.Internat�onal Hydrolog�cal Programme: World Water Resources and The�r Use:UnitedNationsEducation,Scientific,andCulturalOrganization:http://webworld.unesco.org/water/ihp/db/.[accessed12January2005].

Canada

EC.2004.Water Use Data.EnvironmentCanada,Fresh-waterWebSite:http://www.ec.gc.ca/water/en/man-age/use/edata.htm.

Coote,D.R.,andL.J.Gregorich,eds.2000.The Health of Our Water: Toward Susta�nable Agr�culture �n Canada. AgricultureandAgri-FoodCanada,ResearchBranch:http://res2.agr.ca/research-recherche/science/Healthy_Water/e07d.html.

NRCan.2004.The Nat�onal Atlas of Canada: Water Con-sumpt�on.NaturalResourcesCanadaonlinemaps:http://atlas.gc.ca/site/english/maps/freshwater/con-sumption.

EC.2002.Freshwater Web S�te: Water Qual�ty.Environ-mentCanada:http://www.ec.gc.ca/water/en/manage/qual/e_qual.htm.

EC.1998.Canada and Freshwater: Monograph No. �.Ot-tawa:EnvironmentCanada,MinisterofPublicWorksandGovernmentServicesCanada:http://www.sdinfo.gc.ca/reports/en/monograph6/splash.cfm.

EC.2002.Nutr�ents and The�r Impacts on the Canad�an Env�ronment: Report�ng on the State of Canada’s Env�-ronment. IndicatorsandAssessmentOffice,Ecosys-temScienceDirectorate,EnvironmentalConserva-tionService,EnvironmentCanada:http://www.ec.gc.ca/soer-ree/English/soer/nutrientseng.pdf.

EC.2001.Urban Water Ind�cators: Mun�c�pal Water Use and Wastewater Treatment,NationalEnvironmentalIndicatorSeries,SOEBulletinNo.2001-1:Environ-mentCanada:http://www.ec.gc.ca/soer-ree/English/Indicators/Issues/Urb_H2O/default.cfm.

EC.Mun�c�pal Water Use Database[underconstruc-tion].EnvironmentCanada,MunicipalWaterUseDatabase:http://www.ec.gc.ca/water/mud/.

Un�ted States

USGS.2004.Water Resources of the Un�ted States.USGeologicalSurvey:http://water.usgs.gov/.

Hutson,SusanS.,NancyL.Barber,JoanF.Kenny,KristinS.Linsey,DeborahS.Lumia,andMollyA.Maupin.2004.Est�mated Use of Water �n the Un�ted States �n �000.UnitedStatesGeologicalSurvey:http://water.usgs.gov/pubs/circ/2004/circ1268/htdocs/text-intro.html#ack.

Hamilton,PixieA.,TimothyL.Miller,andDonnaN.Myers.2004.WaterQualityintheNation’sStreamsandAquifers:OverviewofSelectedFindings,1991–2001.US Geolog�cal C�rcular ����.USGeologicalSurvey:http://water.usgs.gov/pubs/circ/2004/1265/.

USGS.1999.TheQualityofOurNation’sWaters:Nu-trientsandPesticides.US Geolog�cal Survey, C�rcular ����. USGeologicalSurvey:http://water.usgs.gov/pubs/circ/circ1225/.

USEPA.1999.Overall Watershed Character�zat�on - Nat�onal Maps: September ���� IWI Release.USEnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Wetlands,OceansandWatersheds,WatershedInformationNetwork:http://www.epa.gov/iwi/1999sept/catalog.html.

IWI.2002.Index of Watershed Ind�cators, Rev�sed �00�. USEnvironmentalProtectionAgency,OfficeofWetlands,Oceans,andWatersheds:http://www.epa.gov/iwi/iwi-overview.pdf.

NWQAP.2004.USGS Nat�onal Water Qual�ty Assessment Data Warehouse.NationalWaterQualityAssessmentProgram:http://infotrek.er.usgs.gov/servlet/page?_pageid=543&_dad=portal30&_schema=PORTAL30.

��3

Larson,StevenJ.,RobertJ.Gilliom,andPaulD.Capel.1999.Pest�c�des �n Streams of the Un�ted States--In�t�al Results from the Nat�onal Water-Qual�ty Assessment Program, Water-ResourcesInvestigationsReport98-4222.Sacramento,California:USGeologicalSurvey:http://ca.water.usgs.gov/pnsp/rep/wrir984222/occur.html.

Kolpin,DanaW.,andJeffreyD.Martin.2003.Pest�c�des �n Ground Water: Summary Stat�st�cs; Prel�m�nary Re-sults from Cycle I of the Nat�onal Water Qual�ty Assess-ment Program (NAWQA), ����-�00�.USGeologicalSurvey:http://ca.water.usgs.gov/pnsp/pestgw/Pest-GW_2001_Text.html.

Ferguson,Jill,LindaPettit-Waldner,TimRoach,andDanEngelberg.2004.EPA Cla�ms to Meet Dr�nk�ng Water Goals Desp�te Pers�stent Data Qual�ty Shortcom�ngs,MemorandumReport#2004-P-0008:EPAOfficeofInspectorGeneral:http://www.epa.gov/oigearth/re-ports/2004/20040305-2004-P-0008.pdf.

USEPA.2004.STORET Legacy Data Center.EPAOfficeofWater:http://www.epa.gov/storpubl/legacy/gate-way.htm.

USEPA.2004.Nat�onal Contam�nant Occurrence Data-base (NCOD).USEnvironmentalProtectionAgency:http://www.epa.gov/safewater/data/ncod.html.

USGS.2004.NationalHydrographyDataset(NHD).USDepartmentoftheInterior,USGeologicalSurvery:http://nhd.usgs.gov/.

USEPA.2001.Draft Report on the Inc�dence and Sever�ty of Sed�ment Contam�nat�on �n Surface Waters of the Un�ted States, Nat�onal Sed�ment Qual�ty Survey.EPA823-R-01-01.WashingtonDC.:EPAOfficeofWa-ter:http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/cs/draft/survey.html.

USEPA.2003.The Safe Dr�nk�ng Water Informat�on System / Federal Vers�on (SDWIS/FED).Environmen-talProtectionAgency,TheOfficeofGroundWaterandDrinkingWater(OGWDW):http://www.epa.gov/safewater/sdwisfed/sdwis.htm.

Wetlands

Internat�onal

Ramsar.2004.The L�st of Wetlands of Internat�onal Impor-tance.TheBureauoftheConventiononWetlands:http://ramsar.org/sitelist.pdf.

Canada

EC.2003.Freshwater Web S�te: Wetlands.EnvironmentCanada:http://www.ec.gc.ca/water/en/nature/wetlan/e_wetlan.htm.

NRCan.2004.The Nat�onal Atlas of Canada: Wetlands.NaturalResourcesCanadaonlinemaps:http://atlas.gc.ca/site/english/maps/environment/ecology/compo-nents/wetlanddiversity.

Un�ted States

NRCS.2004.Nat�onal Resources Inventory �00� Annual NRI. USDepartmentofAgriculture,NaturalRe-sourcesConservationService:http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/land/nri02/.

USEPA.2003.America’sWetlands:OurVitalLinkBetweenLandandWater.EPA,OfficeofWetlands,Oceans,andWatersheds:http://www.epa.gov/owow/wetlands/vital/status.html.

FWS.2004.NationalWetlandsInventory.USFishandWildlifeService:http://wetlands.fws.gov/.

Dahl,T.E.2000.Status and Trends of Wetlands �n the Conterm�nous Un�ted States ���� to ����.Wash-ingtonD.C.:DepartmentoftheInterior,FishandWildlifeService:http://wetlands.fws.gov/bha/SandT/SandTReport.html,andhttp://wetlands.fws.gov/sta-tusandtrends.htm.

Dahl,ThomasE.,andCraigE.Johnson.1991.Wetlands Status and Trends �n the Conterm�nous Un�ted States, m�d -���0 to m�d-���0s: F�rst Update of the Nat�onal Wetlands Status Report, ����.USDepartmentoftheInterior,USFishandWildlifeService:http://www.nwrc.usgs.gov/wdb/pub/others/wetstatus.pdf.

Dahl,ThomasE.1990.Wetlands Losses �n the Un�ted States: ���0’s to ���0’s.Washington,DC,James-town,ND:USDepartmentoftheInterior,FishandWildlifeService,NorthernPrairieWildlifeResearchCenterHomePage,http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/re-source/othrdata/wetloss/wetloss.htm.

USGS.1999.Nat�onal Water Summary on Wetland Resources. USGeologicalSurvey:http://water.usgs.gov/nwsum/WSP2425/.

Frayeretal.1983.Status and Trends of Wetlands and Deepwater Hab�tats �n the Conterm�nous Un�ted States, ���0s to ���0s.Houghton,MI:MichiganTechno-logicalUniversity.

USGS.2004.Non�nd�genous Aquat�c Spec�es.USGeologi-calService,CenterforAquaticResourceStudies:http://nas.er.usgs.gov/.

Coastal and Marine

Internat�onal

GreatBarrierReefMarineParkAuthority,TheWorldBank,andTheWorldConservationUnion(IUCN).1995.A Global Representat�ve System of Mar�ne Pro-tected Areas. AustralianGovernment,DepartmentoftheEnvironmentandHeritage:http://www.deh.gov.au/coasts/mpa/nrsmpa/global/.

Canada

TheOceansDirectorate,underthemandateoftheOceans Act,willdeliverindicatorsandstateoftheenvironment(SOE)reporting.FisheriesandOceansCanadaiscurrentlyimplementinganewlong-termprogrammeformonitoring,developingindicators,andreportingontheStateofOceansandMarineEnvironmentalQuality(MEQ)(EC2004a).

Un�ted States

EMAP.2001. Nat�onal Coastal Cond�t�on Report. EPA ��0-R-0�-00�.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,OfficeofResearchandDevelopmentandOfficeofWater,EnvironmentalMonitoringandAssessmentProgram:http://www.epa.gov/owow/oceans/nccr/downloads.html.

��� Env�ronmental Ind�cators for North Amer�ca

EMAP.2004.Nat�onal Coastal Cond�t�on Report II. EPA ��0-R-0�-00�.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,OfficeofResearchandDevelopmentandOfficeofWater,EnvironmentalMonitoringandAssessmentProgram:http://www.epa.gov/owow/oceans/nccr2/in-dex.html.

USEPA.2004.Nat�onal Coastal Assessment: Data.USEnvironmentalProtectionAgency,EnvironmentalMonitoringandAssessmentProgram(EMAP):http://www.epa.gov/emap/nca/html/data/index.html.

NOAA.2004.Our Nat�onal Mar�ne Sanctuar�es: State of the Sanctuar�es Report �003-�00�:NOAA’sNationalOceanService:http://www.sanctuaries.nos.noaa.gov/library/national/sots04.pdf.

NERRS.2004.Nat�onal Estuar�ne Research Reserve System. NOAA,OceanandCoastalResourceManagement:http://nerrs.noaa.gov/Reserves.html.

USEPA.1998.USEPA Nat�onal Sed�ment Inventory (NSI) Vers�on �.� for the Conterm�nous U.S:http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/basins/metadata/nsi.htm.

Bricker,S.,C.Clement,D.Pirhalla,S.P.Orlando,andD.R.G.Farrow.1999.Nat�onal Estuar�ne Eutroph�ca-t�on Assessment: Effects of Nutr�ent Enr�chment �n the Nat�on’s Estuar�es: NationalOceanService,NOAA.

PewOceansCommission.2003.America’sLivingOceans:http://www.pewoceans.org/oceans/index.asp.

Palumbi,StephenR.2002.Mar�ne Reserves: A Tool for Ecosystem Management and Conservat�on:PewOceansCommission:http://www.pewoceans.org/reports/pew_marine_reserves.pdf.

USCommissiononOceanPolicy.2004.Prel�m�nary Re-port of the US Comm�ss�on on Ocean Pol�cy - Governors’ Draft. http://oceancommission.gov/documents/pre-limreport/welcome.html.

NCCOS.2004.Nat�onal Center for Coastal Mon�tor�ng and Assessment.NOAA,NationalOceanService:http://ccmaserver.nos.noaa.gov/.

Turgeon,D.D.etal.2002.The State of Coral Reef Ecosys-tems of the Un�ted States and Pac�fic Freely Assoc�ated States: �00�. SilverSpring,MD.:NationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration/NationalOceanService/NationalCentersforCoastalOceanScience:http://www.nccos.noaa.gov/publications/notables.html#ch;http://nsandt.noaa.gov/.

Dorfman,Mark.2003.Test�ng the Waters �003: A Gu�de to Water Qual�ty at Vacat�on Beaches:NaturalResourcesDefenseCouncil(NRDC):http://www.nrdc.org/wa-ter/oceans/ttw/titinx.asp.

SurfriderFoundation.2004.StateoftheBeach2004:http://www.beach.com/stateofthebeach2004/home.asp.

Fish

Internat�onal

FAO.2004.FISHSTAT Plus: Un�versal software for fishery stat�st�cal t�me ser�es.FoodandAgricultureOrganiza-tionoftheUnitedNations,FisheriesInformationCenter:http://www.fao.org/fi/statist/FISOFT/FISH-PLUS.asp.

Canada

DFO.2004.Canad�an Sc�ence Adv�sory Secretar�at: Stock Status Reports.FisheriesandOceansCanada:http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/CSAS/CSAS/English/Publica-tions/Stock_Report_e.htm.

DFO.2003.Stat�st�cal Serv�ces. FisheriesandOceansCanada:http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/communic/statis-tics/main_e.htm.

FAO.2001.F�shery Country Profile - Canada:FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations.http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/CAN/profile.htm.

Un�ted States

NMFS.2003.Commerc�al F�sher�es.FisheriesStatistics&EconomicsDivisionoftheNationalMarineFisheriesService(NMFS):http://www.st.nmfs.gov/st1/com-mercial/index.html.

NMFS.2004.Susta�n�ng and Rebu�ld�ng: Nat�onal Mar�ne F�sher�es Serv�ce �003- ReporttoCongress-TheSta-tusofUSFisheries.SilverSpring,MD:USDepart-mentofCommerce,NationalOceanicandAtmo-sphericAdministration,NationalMarineFisheriesService,OfficeofSustainableFisheries:http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/sfa/statusoffisheries/statusostocks03/Report_Text.pdf.

FAO.2001.F�shery Country Profile - Un�ted States:FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations.http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/USA/profile.htm.

Forests

Internat�onal

FAO.2004.Forest Resources Assessment Programme.FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations,ForestryDepartment:http://www.fao.org/forestry/foris/webview/forestry2/index.jsp?siteId=101&langId=1.

FAO.2001.Global Forest Resources Assessment �000: Ma�n Report.FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations:http://www.fao.org/forestry/foris/we-bview/forestry2/index.jsp?siteId=101&langId=1.

FAO.2003.The State of the World’s Forests �003.Rome:FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations,ForestryDepartment:http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=/DOCREP/005/Y7581E/y7581e00.htm.

UN-ECE,andFAO.2000.Forest Resources of Europe, CIS, North Amer�ca, Austral�a, Japan and New Zealand (�n-dustr�al�zed temperate/boreal count�es). Vol.UN-ECE/FAOContributiontotheGlobalForestResourcesAssessment2000;GenevaTimberandForestStudyPapers,No.17.NewYorkandGeneva:UnitedNa-tions.http://www.unece.org/trade/timber/fra/.

UNEP-WCMC.2004.Forests: North Amer�ca -- Map and Stat�st�cs.UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme,WorldConservationMonitoringCentre:http://www.unep-wcmc.org/index.html?http://www.unep-wcmc.org/forest/homepage.htm~main.

���

Canada

NFDP.2004.Nat�onal Forestry Database Program:http://nfdp.ccfm.org/index_e.php.

NRCan.2004.Canada’s Nat�onal Forest Inventory.NaturalResourcesCanada,CanadianForestService:http://www.pfc.forestry.ca/monitoring/inventory/in-dex_e.html.

NRCan.2003.The State of Canada’s Forests, �00�-�003:LookingAhead.NaturalResourcesCanada:http://www.nrcan-rncan.gc.ca/cfs-scf/national/what-quoi/sof/latest_e.html.

NRCan.1998.Forest Health �n Canada.NaturalRe-sourcesCanada:http://www.health.cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/1998Report/introduction_e.html.

NRCan.2004.Canada’s Nat�onal Forest Inventory.NaturalResourcesCanada:http://www.pfc.forestry.ca/moni-toring/inventory/,Viewed16June2004.

CCFM.2004.Compend�um of Canad�an Forestry Stat�st�cs.CanadianCouncilofForestMinisters:http://nfdp.ccfm.org/framescontents_e.htm.

CCFM.2000.Cr�ter�a and Ind�cators of Susta�nable Forest Management �n Canada: Nat�onal Status, �000, Cana-dianCouncilofForestMinisters.Ottawa,Ontario:CanadianForestService,NaturalResourcesCanada:http://www.ccfm.org/ci/2000_e.html.

NRCan.2004.The Nat�onal Atlas of Canada: Product�ve Forest Land Use.NaturalResourcesCanadaonlinemaps:http://atlas.gc.ca/site/english/maps/environ-ment/ecology/humanactivities/productiveforestlan-duse.

GFW.2000.Canada’s Forests at a Crossroads: An Assess-ment �n the Year �000,GlobalForestWatchCanada.Washington,DC:WorldResourcesInstitute:http://www.globalforestwatch.org/english/canada/maps.htm#publications.

Un�ted States

USDA.2004.Nat�onal Report on Susta�nable Forests -- �003.USDepartmentofAgriculture:http://www.fs.fed.us/research/sustain/documents/SustainableFor-ests.pdf.

Darr,DavidR.2003.Data Report: A Supplement to the Nat�onal Report on Susta�nable Forests -- �003.USDepartmentofAgriculture:http://www.fs.fed.us/re-search/sustain/contents.htm,Viewed23July200.

USDAForestService.2003.Forest Inventory and Analys�s Database Retr�eval Systems.ForestInventoryandAnalysis(FIA)NationalProgramOffice:http://ncrs2.fs.fed.us/4801/fiadb/rpa_tabler/Draft_RPA_2002_Forest_Resource_Tables.pdf.

USDA.2003.USDA-NASS Agr�cultural Stat�st�cs �003.USDANationalAgriculturalStatisticsService:http://www.usda.gov/nass/pubs/agr03/acro03.htm.

USDA.2003. Amer�ca’s Forests: �003 Health Update.USDepartmentofAgriculture,ForestService:http://www.fs.fed.us/publications/documents/forest-health-update2003.pdf.

USDAForestService.2001.US Forest Facts and H�stor�-cal Trends FS-696-M.ForestInventoryandAnalysis(FIA)NationalProgramOffice:http://fia.fs.fed.us/library/ForestFactsMetric.pdf.

Smith,W.Brad,JohnS.Vissage,DavidR.Darr,andRaymondM.Sheffield.2002.Forest Resources of the Un�ted States, ����:metricunits.St.Paul,MN:USDept.ofAgriculture,ForestService,NorthCentralResearchStation:http://www.ncrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/viewpub.asp?key=845.

USDA.n.d.Nat�onal Forest Health Mon�tor�ng Program.USDepartmentofAgricultreForestService,North-easternArea:http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/fhm/.

USDA.2003.Landscape Analys�s and Assessment: For-est Fragmentat�on Homepage.USDepartmentofAgriculture,ForestService:http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/4803/landscapes/.

NIFC.n.d. W�ldland F�re Stat�st�cs: Total F�res and Acres ���0 - �00�.NationalInteragencyFireCenter:http://www.nifc.gov/stats/wildlandfirestats.html.

FSC-US.2001.FSC-USNationalIndicatorsforForestStewardship.ForestStewardshipCouncilUnitedStates:http://www.fscstandards.org/.

agricultural Land

Internat�onal

IFA.2004.N�trogen, phosphate and potash stat�st�cs: ���3-���3/�� to �00�-�00�/0�.InternationalFertilizerIndustryAssociation:http://www.fertilizer.org/ifa/sta-tistics/ifadata/summary.asp.

Willer,Helga,andMinouYussefi,eds.2004.The World of Organ�c Agr�culture: Stat�st�cs and Emerg�ng Trends.Bonn:InternationalFederationofOrganicAgricul-tureMovements:http://www.soel.de/inhalte/publika-tionen/s/s_74.pdf.

Canada

StatisticsCanada.Census of Agr�culture �00�:http://www.statcan.ca/english/freepub/95F0301XIE/tables.htm.

McRae,T.,C.A.S.Smith,andL.J.Gregorich,eds.2000.Env�ronmental Susta�nab�l�ty of Canad�an Agr�culture: Report of the Agr�-Env�ronmental Ind�cator Project. Ottawa:AgricultureandAgri-FoodCanada,http://www.agr.gc.ca/policy/environment/pdfs/aei/fullre-port.pdf.

Acton,D.F.,andL.J.Gregorich,eds.1995.The Health of Our So�ls: Toward Susta�nable Agr�culture �n Canada, Publ�cat�on ��0�/E:CentreforLandandBiologicalResourcesResearch,ResearchBranch,AgricultureandAgri-FoodCanada:http://res2.agr.gc.ca/publica-tions/hs/index_e.htm.

Korol,Maurice.2002.Canad�an Fert�l�zer Consumpt�on, Sh�pments and Trade �00�/�00�:AgricultureandAgri-FoodCanada,StrategicPolicyBranch:http://www.agr.gc.ca/spb/fiap-dpraa/publications/canfert/canfert0102/cf01_02_e.pdf.[accessed17January2005].

AAFC.The Nat�onal So�l DataBase (NSDB):AgricultureandAgri-FoodCanada:http://sis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/nsdb/intro.html.

��� Env�ronmental Ind�cators for North Amer�ca

Un�ted States

USDA.2004.USDAEconom�cs and Stat�st�cs System:http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/usda/.

MRLC.2004.Nat�onal Land Cover Database (NLDC).Multi-ResolutionLandCharacterizationConsortium:http://www.epa.gov/mrlc/nlcd.html.

NRCS.2004.Nat�onal Resources Inventory �00� Annual NRI.USDepartmentofAgriculture,NaturalRe-sourcesConservationService:http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/land/nri02/.

NRCS.n.d.State So�l Geograph�c (STATSGO) Database.NationalCartographyandGeospatialCenter:http://www.ncgc.nrcs.usda.gov/branch/ssb/products/statsgo/index.html.

USDA.2003.USDA-NASSAgr�cultural Stat�st�cs �003.USDANationalAgriculturalStatisticsService:http://www.usda.gov/nass/pubs/agr03/acro03.htm.

USDA-NASS.2003.Stat�st�cal H�ghl�ghts �00� and �003 of US Agr�culture.USDepartmentofAgriculture,NationalAgriculturalStatisticsService:http://www.usda.gov/nass/pubs/stathigh/content.htm.

USDA-NASS.2002.Census of Agr�culture.USDepart-mentofAgriculture,NationalAgricultureStatisticalService:http://www.nass.usda.gov/census/census02/volume1/us/st991009010.pdf.

USDA.2003.USDA-NASS Agr�cultural Stat�st�cs �003.USDANationalAgriculturalStatisticsService:http://www.usda.gov/nass/pubs/agr03/acro03.htm.

USDA-NASS.2002.Census of Agr�culture.USDepart-mentofAgriculture,NationalAgricultureStatisticalService:http://www.nass.usda.gov/census/census02/volume1/us/st991009010.pdf.

TFI.n.d.US Fert�l�zer Use:TheFertilizerInstitute:http://www.tfi.org/Statistics/USfertuse2.asp.

ERS.2001.Harmony Between Agr�culture and the Env�ron-ment: CurrentIssues.USDepartmentofAgriculture,EconomicResearchService,TheEconomicsofFood,Farming,NaturalResources,andRuralAmerica:http://www.ers.usda.gov/Emphases/Harmony/.

USGS.1999.The Qual�ty of Our Nat�on’s Waters: Nutr�ents and Pest�c�des.USDepartmentoftheInterior,USGeologicalSurvey,Circular1225:http://water.usgs.gov/pubs/circ/circ1225/pdf/front.pdf.

NCFAP.n.d.Nat�onal Center for Food and Agr�cultural Pol�cy: NationalPesticideUseDatabase:http://www.ncfap.org/.

Gianessi,LeonardP.,andMonicaB.Marcelli.2000.Pest�c�de use �n US Crop Product�on: ����. Nat�onal Summary Report.WashingtonD.C.:NationalCenterforFoodandAgriculturalPolicy,http://www.ncfap.org/ncfap/nationalsummary1997.pdf.

USDA.n.d.Pest�c�de Data Program (PDP).USDepart-mentofAgriculture,AgriculturalMarketingService,ScienceandTechnologyPrograms:http://www.ams.usda.gov/science/pdp/.

Howarth,RobertW.,ElizabethW.Boyer,WendyJ.Pabich,andJamesN.Galloway.2002.NitrogenUseintheUnitedStatesfrom1961–2000andPotentialFutureTrends.AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Env�ronment 31(2):88-96.

USDA.Trends �n US Agr�culture: Farm Numbers and Land �n Farms.USDA,NationalAgriculturalStatisticsService:http://www.usda.gov/nass/pubs/trends/index.htm;andhttp://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/reports/nassr/other/zfl-bb/.

Heimlich,Ralph.2003.Agr�cultural Resources and Env�ron-mental Ind�cators.WashingtonD.C.:DepartmentofAgriculture,EconomicResearchService:http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/arei/ah722/.

Grasslands and Shrublands

Internat�onal

Un�ted States

Bachand,RichardR.2001.The Amer�can Pra�r�e: Go-�ng, Go�ng, Gone? A Status Report on the Amer�can Pra�r�e. NationalWildlifeFederation:http://www.nwf.org/nwfwebadmin/binaryVault/americanprairie.pdf?CFID=5106498&CFTOKEN=87980161f4d0ae22-90F9082E-65BF-09FE-B5FBB07D7A4C0EA7.

Conner,Richard,AndrewSeidl,LarryVanTassel,andNealWilkins.n.d.Un�ted States Grasslands and Related Re-sources: An Econom�c and B�olog�cal Trends Assessment. LandInformationSystems:https://landinfo.tamu.edu/presentations/ExecSummaryTOC_high.pdf.

SustainableRangelandsRoundtable.2003.2003Susta�n-able Rangelands Roundtable: F�rst Approx�mat�on Report:http://sustainablerangelands.cnr.colostate.edu/2003Report/2003Report.htm.

Canada

Biodiversity

Internat�onal

IUCN.2003.�003 IUCN Red L�st of Threatened Spec�es.Gland,Switzerland:IUCN-TheWorldConserva-tionUnion,IUCNSpeciesSurvivalCommission:http://www.iucn.org/themes/ssc/RedList2003/Eng-lish/backgroundEn.htm.

Sauer,J.R.,J.E.Hines,andJ.Fallon.2003.The North Amer�can Breed�ng B�rd Survey Results and Analys�s, ���� - �00�.Version2003.1.Laurel,MD:USGSPatuxentWildlifeResearchCenter:http://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/bbs/.

North Amer�ca

NatureServe.2004.NatureServe Explorer Database: http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/.

Canada

COSEWIC.2002.Status Reports.CommitteeontheEndangeredWildlifeinCanada(COSEWIC):http://www.cosewic.gc.ca/eng/sct0/index_e.cfm.

���

CESCC.2000.W�ld Spec�es �000: The General Status of Spec�es �n Canada. CanadianEndangeredSpeciesConservationCouncil:Ottawa:MinisterofPublicWorksandGovernmentServicesCanada.http://www.wildspecies.ca/wildspecies2000/en/Report.pdf.

NRCan.2004.The Nat�onal Atlas of Canada: Spec�es at R�sk. NaturalResourcesCanadaonlinemaps:http://atlas.gc.ca/site/english/maps/environment/ecology/threats/speciesatrisk.

Un�ted States

TESS.2003.Threatened and Endangered Spec�es System.USFishandWildlifeService,EnvironmentalCon-servationOnlineSystem(ECOS):http://ecos.fws.gov/tesspublic/TESSWebpage.

Stein,BruceA.2002.States of the Un�on: Rank�ng Amer�ca’s B�od�vers�ty.Arlington,Virginia:Nature-Serve:http://nature.org/earthday/files/states_of_the_union_report.pdf.

Stein,BruceA.,LynnS.Kutner,andJonathanS.Adams,eds.2000.PreciousHeritage:The Status of B�od�ver-s�ty �n the Un�ted States.NewYork:OxfordUniversityPress,TheNatureConservancyandtheAssociationforBiodiversityInformation:http://www.oup-usa.org/sc/0195125193/summary.pdf.Accessed24Janu-ary2004.

Protected areas

Internat�onal

Chape,Stuart,SimonBlyth,LucyFish,PhillipFox,andMarkSpalding(compilers).2003.2003Un�ted Na-t�ons L�st of Protected Areas. IUCN,Gland,Swit-zerlandandCambridge,UKandUNEPWorldConservationMonitoringCentre,Cambridge,UK:http://sea.unep-wcmc.org/wdbpa/unlist/2003_UN_LIST.pdf.

WCPA.2004.World Database of Protected Areas.WorldCommissiononProtectedAreas:http://sea.unep-wcmc.org/wdbpa/.

WCMC.2004.GEO Protected Areas Snapshot.GEODataPortal,UNEP.net,WorldConservationMonitoringCentre,WorldDatabaseofProtectedAreas:http://sea.unep-wcmc.org/wdbpa/GEO/GEO_all.cfm?RegID=28&SubRegID=&ctyRecID=&year=2004&yearfreetext=&submit=Show+further+details.

GreatBarrierReefMarineParkAuthority,TheWorldBank,andTheWorldConservationUnion(IUCN).1995.A Global Representat�ve System of Mar�ne Pro-tected Areas. AustralianGovernment,DepartmentoftheEnvironmentandHeritage:http://www.deh.gov.au/coasts/mpa/nrsmpa/global/.

North Amer�ca

GeoGratis.2004.NCAD-North Amer�can Conservat�on Areas Database.NaturalResourcesCanada:http://geogratis.cgdi.gc.ca/clf/en?action=entrySummary&entryId=3719&entryType=productCollection&context=&keymap=outlineCanada.

Canada

NRCan.2004.The Atlas of Canada: Protected Areas.NaturalResourcesCanadaonlinemaps:http://atlas.gc.ca/site/english/maps/environment/ecology/protect-ing/protectedareas.

CCEA.1998.Canad�an Conservat�on Areas Database.CanadianCouncilonEcologicalAreas:http://www.ccea.org/ccad.html.

ParksCanada.1997.State of The Parks ���� Report.CanadianHeritage,ParksCanada:http://www.pc.gc.ca/docs/pc/rpts/etat-state/SOP_e.pdf.

ParksCanada.1999.State of Protected Her�tage Areas.ParksCanadaAgency:http://www.parkscanada.gc.ca/docs/pc/rpts/heritage/prot1e.asp.

ParksCanadaAgency.2000.Un�mpa�red for future genera-t�ons? Conserv�ng Ecolog�cal Integr�ty w�th Canada’s Nat�onal Parks, Vol. I A Call to Act�on, Volume II: Sett�ng a New D�rect�on for Canada’s Nat�onal Parks. Ottawa, ON: Panel on the Ecolog�cal Integr�ty of Canada’s Nat�onal Parks: http://collection.nlc-bnc.ca/100/200/301/parkscanada/reportofthepanel-e/Li-brary/DownloadDocuments/DocumentsArchive/EI-IE/English/Volume2e.pdf.

DFO.2003.Oceans Program Act�v�ty Track�ng (OPAT) Sys-tem.FisheriesandOceansCanada:http://canoceans.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/index_e.htm.

Un�ted States

NPCA.n.d.Across The Nat�on.NationalParksCon-servationAssociation:http://www.npca.org/across%5Fthe%5Fnation/park%5Fpulse/.

MPA.2003.Mar�ne Protected Areas of the Un�ted States. MarineProtectedAreas,USDepartmentofCom-merce/NOAAandtheUSDepartmentoftheInte-rior:http://www.mpa.gov/.

Urban areas

Internat�onal

UNDESA.2003.World Urban�zat�on Prospects: The �003 Rev�s�on.UnitedNationsDepartmentofEconomicandSocialAffairs,PopulationDivision:http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wup2003/2003WUP.htm.

Canada

StatisticsCanada.2001.�00� Census of Canada: http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/standard/popdwell/Table-CSD-N.cfm?T=2&SR=1&S=20&O=A,Viewed29October2004.

StatisticsCanada.2001.Urban Consumpt�on of Agr�cul-tural Land: Rural and Small Town Canada Analys�s Bullet�n:http://www.statcan.ca:8096/bsolc/english/bsolc?catno=21-006-X2001002,Viewed29October2004.

��� Env�ronmental Ind�cators for North Amer�ca

Un�ted States

Johnson,KennethM.1999.Theruralrebound.Reports on Amer�ca 1(3):http://www.luc.edu/depts/sociology/johnson/rebound.pdf,Viewed16October2004.

AmericanFarmlandTrust.2002.Farm�ng on the Edge: Sprawl�ng Development Threatens Amer�ca’s Best Farm-land.WashingtonD.C.:AmericanFarmlandTrust:http://www.farmland.org/farmingontheedge/index.htm.

human health and the environment

Internat�onal

Canada

Oostdam,JayVan,andNeilTremblay.2003.Chapter5:BiologicalMonitoring:HumanTissueLevelsofEnvironmentalContaminants.InAMAP Assessment �00�: Human Health �n the Arct�c,editedbyAMAP.Oslo,Norway:ArcticMonitoringandAssessmentProgramme,pp31-51:http://www.amap.no/.

Un�ted States

ALA.2004.State of the A�r: �00�.AmericanLungAssocia-tion:http://lungaction.org/reports/sota04_full.html,Viewed31May2004.

Schneider,ConradG.2004.D�rty A�r, D�rty Power: Mor-tal�ty and Health Damage Due to A�r Pollut�on from Power Plants.CleanAirTaskForce:www.cleartheair.org/dirtypower.

Craun,G.F.,andR.L.Calderon.2003.WaterborneOutbreaksintheUnitedStates,1971-2000.In Safe Dr�nk�ng Water Act Compl�ance,editedbyF.Pontius,pp.3-18.

CDC.2003.Second Nat�onal Report on Human Exposure to Env�ronmental Chem�cals.CentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention:http://www.cdc.gov/exposurereport/2nd/.

ThomasBurke.2004.Identifyingpriorityhealthcondi-tions,environmentaldata,andinfrastructureneeds:asynopsisofthePewEnvironmentalHealthTrack-ingProject.EHP Onl�ne: Publ�c Health Track�ng, M�n�-Monograph: http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/mem-bers/2004/7147/7147.pdf.

RTIInternational.n.d.Nat�onal Human Exposure Assessment Survey (NHEXAS):http://www.rti.org/page.cfm?objectid=A892862B-0DB0-4405-BB30056DB2611983,Viewed21July2004.

CAPRM.n.d.CAPRMIIF�nal Ind�cators:ChemicalandPesticidesResultsMeasures:http://www.pepps.fsu.edu/CAPRM/.

USEPA.2003.Amer�ca’s Ch�ldren and the Env�ronment: Measures of Contam�nants, Body Burdens, and Illnesses (EPA240R03001).USEnvironmentalProtectionAgency:http://www.epa.gov/envirohealth/children/.

CDC.2004.Env�ronmental Publ�c Health Ind�cators Project:CentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention:http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/indicators/default.htm.

natural Disasters

Canada

PSEPC.2004.D�saster Database.PublicSafetyandEmergencyPreparednessCanada:http://www.ocipep-bpiepc.gc.ca/disaster/search.asp?lang=eng.

Un�ted States

NCDC.2005.BillionDollarUSWeatherDisasters,1980–2004.NOAA,NationalClimaticDataCenter:http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/reports/billionz.html.[accessed20January2005].

UNEP/DEWA/RS.06-1

Environmental Indicatorsfor North America

For further information

Division of Early Warning and AssessmentUnited Nations Environment Programme

P.O. Box 30552, Nairobi 00100, KenyaTel: (+254) 20 7624028 Fax: (+254) 20 7623943 Email: dewa.direc tor@unep.org

Web: www.unep.org

United Nations Environment ProgrammeP.O. Box 30552, Nairobi 00100, Kenya

Tel: (+254) 20 7621234Fax: (+254) 20 7623927

E-mail: uneppub@unep.orgWeb: www.unep.org

North America’s environment—air currents, watersheds, and wildlife and their habitat —is not dissected by political borders. But Canada and the United States often measure environmental conditions and report on them using di�erent indicators. This report examines the environmental indicators used by both nations, suggests a way develop a set of North American indicators, and using a number of common indictors, provides a snapshot of the level of progress being made in protecting the environmental assets and services that underpin North America’s economy.

DEW/0791/WA