�0�
List of acronyms and abbreviationsAQI AirQualityIndex(US)
C10
H12
N2O cotinine
CCs collaboratingcentres
CCME CanadianCouncilofMinistersoftheEnvironment
CEC CommissionforEnvironmentalCooperationofNorthAmerica
CEPA CanadianEnvironmentalProtectionAct
CEQ CouncilonEnvironmentalQuality(US)
CESCC CanadianEndangeredSpeciesConservationCouncil
CFCs chlorofluorocarbons
CISE CanadianInformationSystemfortheEnvironment
CO carbonmonoxide
CO2 carbondioxide
COSEWIC CommitteeontheStatusofEndangeredWildlifeinCanada
CRP ConservationReserveProgram(US)
CSA CanadianStandardsAssociation
CSD UnitedNationsCommissionforSustainableDevelopment
DDE dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene
DDT dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
DESA UnitedNationsDepartmentforEconomicandSocialAffairs
dkl decalitre
DPSEEA drivingforce,pressure,state,exposure,effect,action
DPSIR drivingforce,pressure,state,impact,response
DSR drivingforce-state-response
EID environmentalindicatorsdatabase
EJ Exajoules
EPA EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(US)
ESDI EnvironmentandSustainableDevelopmentIndicators
ESI EnvironmentalSustainabilityIndex
FSC ForestStewardshipCouncil
ft feet
g gram
GAO UnitedStatesGovernmentAccountabilityOffice
GBIF GlobalBiodiversityInformationFacility
GDP grossdomesticproduct
GEO GlobalEnvironmentOutlook
GEOSS GlobalEarthObservationSystemofSystems
GHG Greenhousegases
Gl gallon
GLWQA GreatLakesWaterQualityAgreement
GNP grossnationalproduct
GPA UnitedNationsGlobalProgrammeofActionfortheProtectionofthe MarineEnvironmentfromLand-basedActivities
GPAC GlobalProgrammeofActionCoalitionfortheGulfofMaine
ha hectare
HCFCs hydrochloroflorocarbons
Hg mercury
��0 Env�ronmental Ind�cators for North Amer�ca
IEA InternationalEnergyAgency
IUCN WorldConservationUnion(InternationalUnionfortheConservationof NatureandNaturalResources)
K Potassium
km kilometre
l litre
lbs pounds
m3 cubicmetre
MDGs MillenniumDevelopmentGoals
MEME multipleexposures–multipleeffects
mg milligram
MSW municipalsolidwaste
N2 nitrogen
NAAEC NorthAmericanAgreementonEnvironmentalCooperation
NAAQO NationalAmbientAirQualityObjectives(Canada)
NAAQS NationalAmbientAirQualityStandards(US)
NAFTA NorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement
NATS NorthAmericanTransportationStatisticsInterchange
NEON NationalEcologicalObservatoryNetwork(US)
NGO Non-governmentalorganization
NIRO NationalIndicatorsandReportingOffice(Canada)
NOx nitrogenoxides
NO2 nitrogendioxide
NO3 nitrate
NOAA NationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration(US)
NPL SuperfundNationalPrioritiesList(US)
NPRI NationalPollutantReleaseInventory(Canada)
NRDC NaturalResourcesDefenseCouncil
NRTEE NationalRoundTableontheEnvironmentandtheEconomy(Canada)
O3 ozone
ODA officialdevelopmentassistance
ODP ozone-depletingpotential
ODS ozonedepletingsubstances
OECD OrganizationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment
P phosphorous
Pb lead
PBTs persistentbioaccumulativetoxics
PCB polychlorinatedbiphenyl
PCSD President’sCouncilonSustainableDevelopment(US)
PM particulatematter
PM10
particulatematterwithanaerodynamicdiameterlessthan101micrometer
PM2.5
particulatematterwithanaerodynamicdiameterlessthan2.51micrometer (fineparticulate)
POPs persistentorganicpollutants
ppb partsperbillion
PPP purchasingpowerparities
PRTR PollutantReleaseandTransferRegister
���
PSR pressure-state-response
RCRA ResourceConservationandRecoveryAct(US)
Rn radon
RPA ResourcePlanningAct(US)
SD sustainabledevelopment
SDIGroup InteragencyWorkingGrouponSustainableDevelopmentIndicators(US)
SFI SustainableForestryInitiative
SIDA SwedishInternationalDevelopmentAgency
SOx sulphuroxides
SO2 sulphurdioxide
SO42
sulphate
SOE State-of-the-environment
SOLEC StateoftheLakesEcosystemConference
SUV sportsutilityvehicle
TEEI transportation,energy,andenvironmentindicators
TRI ToxicsReleaseInventory(US)
μg microgram
UNDP UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme
UNEP UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme
UNFCCC UnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange
USLE universalsoillossequation
VMT vehiclemilestravelled
VOC volatileorganiccompounds
WCED WorldCommissiononEnvironmentandDevelopment
WHO WorldHealthOrganization
WRI WorldResourcesInstitute
WSSD WorldSummitonSustainableDevelopment
��� Env�ronmental Ind�cators for North Amer�ca
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��� Env�ronmental Ind�cators for North Amer�ca
app
endi
x 1:
Tab
le 2
–Com
para
tive
tab
le o
f C
anad
ian
and
US
envi
ronm
enta
l ind
icat
ors
nr
Te
e (
Can
ada)
e
nvir
onm
ent
Can
ada
Uni
ted
Stat
es e
Pa
The
hei
nz C
ente
r (U
Sa)
Com
mon
Ind
icat
ors
Env�
ronm
ent a
nd
Env�
ronm
enta
l S�g
nals:
D
raft
Repo
rt o
n T
he S
tate
of t
he
Gen
er�c
�nd�
cato
rsSu
sta�n
able
Dev
elop
men
t C
anad
a’s N
at�o
nal
the
Env�
ronm
ent �
003
Nat
�on’s
Eco
syste
ms
com
mon
to b
oth
coun
tr�e
sIn
d�ca
tors
for
Can
ada
Env�
ronm
enta
l Ind
�cat
ors S
er�e
s D
rive
rs
Dri
vers
D
rive
rs
Dri
vers
D
rive
rs
%
cha
nge
inp
opul
atio
n,
%c
hang
ein
pop
ulat
ion,
%c
hang
ein
pop
ulat
ion,
GD
Ppe
rca
pita
and
ene
rgy
GD
P,e
nerg
yco
nsum
ptio
n,
G
DP
per
capi
taa
nd
us
epe
rca
pita
sin
ce1
990
V
MT,
and
agg
rega
tee
mis
sion
s
en
ergy
use
(t
o20
00)
ofc
rite
ria
air
pollu
tant
ssi
nce
1970
(to
200
1)
Ene
rgy
and
E
nerg
y an
d
Ene
rgy
and
E
nerg
y an
d
Ene
rgy
and
Tr
ansp
orta
tion
Tr
ansp
orta
tion
Tr
ansp
orta
tion
Tr
ansp
orta
tion
Tr
ansp
orta
tion
Pres
sure
Pr
essu
re
Pres
sure
Pr
essu
re
Pres
sure
pr
imar
yen
ergy
con
sum
ptio
n
(e
xajo
ules
[E
J]),
195
8–20
00
fo
ssil
fuel
con
sum
ptio
n(t
otal
,
crud
eoi
l,na
tura
lgas
,coa
l)
(E
J),1
958–
2000
se
cond
ary
ener
gyu
se(
EJ)
,wit
h
ac
tual
use
and
ene
rgy
save
d
th
roug
him
prov
ede
ffici
ency
,
1990
–200
0
pa
ssen
ger
trav
el(
car,
plan
e,
bu
s,tr
ain)
,(th
ousa
ndm
illio
n
pa
ssen
ger-
km),
197
6–20
00
au
tom
obile
s,v
ans,
and
ligh
t
per
capi
taa
nnua
lgas
olin
e
tren
din
gas
olin
eus
eby
truc
ksfo
ssil
fuel
use
,(th
ousa
nd
co
nsum
ptio
nfo
rm
otor
m
otor
veh
icle
s
mill
ions
litr
eso
fgas
olin
e),
ve
hicl
es,1
997
19
50–1
998
ur
ban
auto
mob
ilea
ndtr
ansi
tuse
(tho
usan
dm
illio
nsp
asse
nger
-km
),
19
76–2
000
Stat
e St
ate
Stat
e St
ate
Stat
e
Im
pact
Im
pact
Im
pact
Im
pact
Im
pact
Re
spon
se
Resp
onse
Re
spon
se
Resp
onse
Re
spon
se
ne
wv
ehic
les
fuel
effi
cien
cy
(l
/102 k
m),
197
7–20
01
��3
*defi
ned
asth
ickn
ess
of1
mm
ofo
zone
at0
ºCa
tsea
leve
lpre
ssur
e
nr
Te
e (
Can
ada)
e
nvir
onm
ent
Can
ada
Uni
ted
Stat
es e
Pa
The
hei
nz C
ente
r (U
Sa)
Com
mon
Ind
icat
ors
Env�
ronm
ent a
nd
Env�
ronm
enta
l S�g
nals:
D
raft
Repo
rt o
n T
he S
tate
of t
he
Gen
er�c
�nd�
cato
rsSu
sta�n
able
Dev
elop
men
t C
anad
a’s N
at�o
nal
the
Env�
ronm
ent �
003
Nat
�on’s
Eco
syste
ms
com
mon
to b
oth
coun
tr�e
sIn
d�ca
tors
for
Can
ada
Env�
ronm
enta
l Ind
�cat
ors S
er�e
s
Pollu
tion
Iss
ues
Pollu
tion
Iss
ues
Pollu
tion
Iss
ues
Pollu
tion
Iss
ues
Pollu
tion
Iss
ues
Cli
mat
e C
hang
e C
lim
ate
Cha
nge
Cli
mat
e C
hang
e C
lim
ate
Cha
nge
Cli
mat
e C
hang
e
Pres
sure
Pr
essu
re
Pres
sure
Pr
essu
re
Pres
sure
tota
lGH
Ge
mis
sion
s
tota
lGH
Ge
mis
sion
s
(gig
aton
nes
CO
2equ
ival
ents
),
(gig
aton
nes
CO
2equ
ival
ent)
,19
80–2
000
1980
–200
0,w
ith
Kyo
tob
ench
mar
k
Stat
e
Stat
e St
ate
Stat
e St
ate
mea
nC
anad
ian
tem
pera
ture
vari
atio
n,1
961–
1990
(5-
yra
vgs)
Impa
ct
Impa
ct
Impa
ct
Impa
ct
Impa
ct
#
wea
ther
-rel
ated
dis
aste
rs,
19
00–1
999
Resp
onse
Re
spon
se
Resp
onse
Re
spon
se
Resp
onse
O
3 Lay
er
O3 L
ayer
O
3 Lay
er
O3 L
ayer
O
3 Lay
er
Pres
sure
Pr
essu
re
Pres
sure
Pr
essu
re
Pres
sure
new
sup
plie
s:O
3-de
plet
ing
U
Spr
oduc
tion
ofs
elec
ted
tren
dsin
OD
S
su
bsta
nces
(C
FCs
and
allO
DSs
)
OD
Ss(
103 m
etri
cto
nnes
of
pr
oduc
tion
(kilo
tonn
es,C
FC-1
1eq
uiva
lent
),
CFC
-11
equi
vale
nt)
,
1979
–200
019
58–1
993
Stat
e St
ate:
St
ate
Stat
e St
ate
Impa
ct
Impa
ct
Impa
ct
Impa
ct
Impa
ct
m
ean
annu
alO
3lev
elo
ver
O
3lev
els
over
Nor
th
tr
end
inO
3lev
els
over
Can
ada
(Dob
son
unit
s*),
A
mer
ica
(Dob
son
unit
s),
N
orth
Am
eric
a
1957
–200
119
79a
nd1
994
Resp
onse
Re
spon
se
Resp
onse
Re
spon
se
Resp
onse
air
Qua
lity
air
Qua
lity
air
Qua
lity
air
Qua
lity
air
Qua
lity
Pres
sure
Pr
essu
re
Pres
sure
Pr
essu
re
Pres
sure
SO
2em
issi
ons
for
tota
lCan
ada
se
ctor
alS
O2e
mis
sion
s
tr
end
inc
rite
ria
an
dea
ster
nC
anad
a(1
06 ton
nes)
,(1
03 sho
rtto
nnes
),
po
lluta
nts
em
issi
ons
19
80–2
000,
wit
hta
rget
s19
82–2
001
��� Env�ronmental Ind�cators for North Amer�ca
N
Oxe
mis
sion
s(1
06 ton
nes)
,se
ctor
alN
Oxe
mis
sion
s
1980
–200
0(1
06 sho
rtto
nnes
),1
982–
2001
no
n-m
etha
neV
OC
em
issi
ons
se
ctor
alV
OC
em
issi
ons
fr
oma
llso
urce
s(k
iloto
nnes
),
(103 s
hort
tonn
es),
1980
–200
019
82–2
001
sect
oral
,dir
ectP
M10
em
issi
ons
(1
03 sho
rtto
nnes
),1
985–
2001
sect
oral
dir
ectP
M2.
5em
issi
ons
(1
03 sho
rtto
nnes
),1
992–
2001
sect
oral
Pb
emis
sion
s(1
03 sho
rt
tonn
es),
198
2–20
01
crit
eria
pol
luta
nts
aggr
egat
e
emis
sion
sch
ange
(%
)co
mpa
red
to
gro
wth
mea
sure
s,1
970–
2000
108 t
oxic
air
pol
luta
nts:
nat
iona
l
ai
rto
xics
em
issi
ons
(106 t
onne
s/da
y)
1990
–199
3,1
996
Stat
e St
ate
Stat
e St
ate
Stat
e
to
tals
uspe
nded
leve
lsP
M,N
O2,
SO
2,an
dC
O(
%m
axim
um
ac
cept
able
leve
ls)
1980
–200
0
av
erag
ean
nual
am
bien
tPM
2.5
annu
ala
vera
geP
M2.
5
av
erag
ean
nual
PM
2.5
le
vels
(5
citi
es,μ
g/m
3 ),1
998,
co
ncen
trat
ions
,6c
ateg
orie
s
conc
entr
atio
ns
19
99,2
000
(μg/
m3 )
,200
1(m
ap)
na
tion
ala
mbi
entl
evel
s:g
roun
d
%
air
pol
luti
onm
onit
or-
le
velO
3(pp
b),1
990–
2000
ing
stat
ions
(ur
ban
and
subu
rban
are
as)
wit
hO
3
exce
edin
g8-
hour
mea
n
co
ncen
trat
ions
(4
rang
es)
1990
–200
2
gr
ound
-lev
elO
3mea
n
8-ho
ur0
3reg
iona
lai
rm
onit
orin
gst
atio
ns
tren
din
O3
co
ncen
trat
ions
(pp
b)fo
rea
ster
n
conc
entr
atio
ns(
ppm
),
exce
edin
g8-
hour
O3
conc
entr
atio
ns,
an
dw
este
rnp
rovi
nces
,19
82–2
001
(map
)th
resh
old
for
<4d
ays,
by
reg
ion
19
82–2
000,
wit
hC
anad
a-w
ide
and
>4d
ays,
200
2
st
anda
rda
sbe
nchm
ark
(2
map
s)
nr
Te
e (
Can
ada)
e
nvir
onm
ent
Can
ada
Uni
ted
Stat
es e
Pa
The
hei
nz C
ente
r (U
Sa)
Com
mon
Ind
icat
ors
Env�
ronm
ent a
nd
Env�
ronm
enta
l S�g
nals:
D
raft
Repo
rt o
n T
he S
tate
of t
he
Gen
er�c
�nd�
cato
rsSu
sta�n
able
Dev
elop
men
t C
anad
a’s N
at�o
nal
the
Env�
ronm
ent �
003
Nat
�on’s
Eco
syste
ms
com
mon
to b
oth
coun
tr�e
sIn
d�ca
tors
for
Can
ada
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l Ind
�cat
ors S
er�e
s
���
perc
entr
educ
tion
in
conc
entr
atio
nof
6c
rite
ria
ai
rpo
lluta
nts,
198
2–20
01
com
pare
dto
199
2–20
01
Impa
ct
Impa
ct
Impa
ct
Impa
ct
Impa
ct
#an
d%
day
sw
/A
irQ
ualit
y
Inde
x(A
QI)
gre
ater
than
100
,
19
88–2
001
m
ean
daily
8-h
rm
axO
3
peop
le(
#)li
ving
ina
reas
w/
popu
lati
one
xpos
edto
8-h
rex
posu
reb
ypo
pula
tion
8-hr
O3a
ndP
M2.
5le
vels
O3a
bove
acc
epta
ble
leve
ls
(ppb
),1
986–
2000
abov
eN
AA
QS,
200
1
Pb(
g/dk
l)in
blo
odo
fchi
ldre
n
5an
dun
der,
1976
–198
0,
1988
–199
1,1
992–
1994
,
19
99–2
000
Resp
onse
Re
spon
se
Resp
onse
Re
spon
se
Resp
onse
a
cid
Dep
osit
ion
aci
d D
epos
itio
n a
cid
Dep
osit
ion
aci
d D
epos
itio
n a
cid
Dep
osit
ion
Pres
sure
Pr
essu
re
Pres
sure
Pr
essu
re
Pres
sure
C
anad
aan
dea
ster
nC
anad
a
sect
oral
SO
2em
issi
ons
(103
to
talS
O2e
mis
sion
s(1
06 ton
nes)
,sh
ortt
onne
s),1
982–
2001
1980
–200
0,w
ith
targ
ets
N
Oxe
mis
sion
s(1
06 ton
nes)
,se
ctor
alN
Oxe
mis
sion
s(1
03
1980
-200
0sh
ortt
onne
s),1
982–
2001
SO2p
ower
pla
nte
mis
sion
s
(106 t
onne
s),1
980–
2001
NO
xpow
erp
lant
em
issi
ons
(1
06 ton
nes)
,199
0–20
01
Stat
e St
ate
Stat
e St
ate
Stat
e
Impa
ct
Impa
ct
Impa
ct
Impa
ct
Impa
ct
la
keS
O42 l
evel
tren
ds(
%la
kes
stud
ied
in3
reg
ions
),
19
81–1
997
la
kea
cidi
tytr
ends
198
1–19
97
(%
ofl
akes
stu
died
)
nr
Te
e (
Can
ada)
e
nvir
onm
ent
Can
ada
Uni
ted
Stat
es e
Pa
The
hei
nz C
ente
r (U
Sa)
Com
mon
Ind
icat
ors
Env�
ronm
ent a
nd
Env�
ronm
enta
l S�g
nals:
D
raft
Repo
rt o
n T
he S
tate
of t
he
Gen
er�c
�nd�
cato
rsSu
sta�n
able
Dev
elop
men
t C
anad
a’s N
at�o
nal
the
Env�
ronm
ent �
003
Nat
�on’s
Eco
syste
ms
com
mon
to b
oth
coun
tr�e
sIn
d�ca
tors
for
Can
ada
Env�
ronm
enta
l Ind
�cat
ors S
er�e
s
��� Env�ronmental Ind�cators for North Amer�ca
w
etS
O42 d
epos
itio
n4-
year
w
etS
O42
depo
siti
on(
kg/h
a),
ch
ange
inw
etS
0 42
mea
n(k
g/ha
,7c
ateg
orie
s),
19
89–1
991
com
pare
dto
depo
siti
ond
istr
ibut
ion
19
80–1
983
com
pare
dto
19
99–2
001
(map
ofU
S)
19
96–2
000
(map
ofe
aste
rn
N
orth
Am
eric
a)
w
etN
O3d
epos
itio
n(k
g/ha
,w
etN
O3d
epos
itio
n(k
g/ha
),
ch
ange
inw
etN
O3
7
cate
gori
es)
4-ye
arm
ean,
19
89–1
991
com
pare
dto
depo
siti
ond
istr
ibut
ion
19
80–1
983
com
pare
dto
19
99–2
001
(map
ofU
S)
19
96–2
000
(map
ofe
aste
rn
N
orth
Am
eric
a)
Resp
onse
Re
spon
se
Resp
onse
Re
spon
se
Resp
onse
Indo
or a
ir Q
ualit
y In
door
air
Qua
lity
Indo
or a
ir Q
ualit
y In
door
air
Qua
lity
Indo
or a
ir Q
ualit
y
Pr
essu
re
Pres
sure
Pr
essu
re
Pres
sure
Pr
essu
re
Stat
e
Stat
e
Stat
e
Stat
e
Stat
e
Impa
ct
Impa
ct
Impa
ct
Impa
ct
Impa
ct
%h
omes
w/
youn
gch
ildre
n
ex
pose
dto
env
iron
men
tal
toba
cco
smok
e,1
986–
1998
C10
H12
N2O
(μg
/ml)
inb
lood
of
child
ren
age
5an
dun
der,
19
90–1
991
and
1999
–200
0
#ho
mes
and
%n
atio
nalh
ousi
ng
unit
sab
ove
EPA
Rn
acti
on
leve
ls,1
991
Resp
onse
Re
spon
se
Resp
onse
Re
spon
se
Resp
onse
Toxi
c Su
bsta
nces
To
xic
Subs
tanc
es
Toxi
c Su
bsta
nces
To
xic
Subs
tanc
es
Toxi
c Su
bsta
nces
Pres
sure
Pr
essu
re
Pres
sure
Pr
essu
re
Pres
sure
%
em
issi
ons
chan
ge(
15to
xic
to
talT
oxic
sR
elea
seI
nven
tory
subs
tanc
esw
/m
atch
edd
ata
(T
RI)
rel
ease
sac
ross
indu
stry
(NPR
I),1
995–
2000
(s
hort
tonn
es),
199
8,1
999,
20
00;y
earl
yto
tals
;and
cha
nge
by
indu
stry
199
8–20
00
H
gem
issi
ons
(103 k
ilogr
ams)
,
1990
–200
0
nr
Te
e (
Can
ada)
e
nvir
onm
ent
Can
ada
Uni
ted
Stat
es e
Pa
The
hei
nz C
ente
r (U
Sa)
Com
mon
Ind
icat
ors
Env�
ronm
ent a
nd
Env�
ronm
enta
l S�g
nals:
D
raft
Repo
rt o
n T
he S
tate
of t
he
Gen
er�c
�nd�
cato
rsSu
sta�n
able
Dev
elop
men
t C
anad
a’s N
at�o
nal
the
Env�
ronm
ent �
003
Nat
�on’s
Eco
syste
ms
com
mon
to b
oth
coun
tr�e
sIn
d�ca
tors
for
Can
ada
Env�
ronm
enta
l Ind
�cat
ors S
er�e
s
���
nr
Te
e (
Can
ada)
e
nvir
onm
ent
Can
ada
Uni
ted
Stat
es e
Pa
The
hei
nz C
ente
r (U
Sa)
Com
mon
Ind
icat
ors
Env�
ronm
ent a
nd
Env�
ronm
enta
l S�g
nals:
D
raft
Repo
rt o
n T
he S
tate
of t
he
Gen
er�c
�nd�
cato
rsSu
sta�n
able
Dev
elop
men
t C
anad
a’s N
at�o
nal
the
Env�
ronm
ent �
003
Nat
�on’s
Eco
syste
ms
com
mon
to b
oth
coun
tr�e
sIn
d�ca
tors
for
Can
ada
Env�
ronm
enta
l Ind
�cat
ors S
er�e
s
tota
lTox
ics
Rel
ease
Inv
ento
ry
(TR
I)r
elea
ses
byin
dust
ry
(%),
200
0
Stat
e St
ate
Stat
e St
ate
Stat
e
tren
dsin
toxi
cch
emic
als
(e
nerg
yre
cove
ry,q
uant
ity
re
leas
ed,q
uant
ity
trea
ted,
re
cycl
ed),
199
8–20
00
(sho
rtto
nnes
)
Impa
ct
Impa
ct
Impa
ct
Impa
ct
Impa
ct
PCB
san
dD
DT
Gre
atL
akes
at
mos
pher
icd
epos
itio
n(k
g/yr
),
1992
–199
8
co
ntam
inan
tlev
els
(ppm
DD
E
Gre
atL
akes
fish
tiss
ueP
CB
s
an
dPC
Bs)
ind
oubl
e-cr
este
d
(ppm
),1
972–
2000
corm
oran
tegg
sat
4s
ites
,
1970
–200
0
Resp
onse
Re
spon
se
Resp
onse
Re
spon
se
Resp
onse
17w
aste
min
imiz
atio
npr
iori
ty
chem
ical
s(W
MPC
)re
leas
es
(106 l
bs),
199
1–19
98
Was
te
Was
te
Was
te
Was
te
Was
te
Pres
sure
Pr
essu
re
Pres
sure
Pr
essu
re
Pres
sure
mun
icip
als
olid
was
te(
MSW
)
gene
rati
onr
ates
(to
talt
onne
san
d
per
capi
talb
s/da
y),1
960,
197
0,
1980
,199
0,1
995,
200
0
tota
lam
ount
rad
ioac
tive
was
te
gene
rate
d,b
yty
pea
ndu
nit,
2000
Stat
e St
ate
Stat
e St
ate
Stat
e
com
posi
tion
oft
otal
mun
icip
al
solid
was
teg
ener
ated
(%
),2
000
��� Env�ronmental Ind�cators for North Amer�ca
Impa
ct
Impa
ct
Impa
ct
Impa
ct
Impa
ct
#an
dlo
cati
ono
fMSW
land
fills
in
4r
egio
ns,2
000
#an
dlo
cati
ono
fRC
RA
ha
zard
ous
was
tem
anag
emen
t
fa
cilit
ies,
by
EPA
reg
ion,
199
9
#an
dlo
cati
ono
fSup
erfu
nd
Nat
iona
lPri
orit
ies
List
(N
PL)
si
tes
bys
tatu
san
dm
ilest
one,
19
90–2
002
Resp
onse
Re
spon
se
Resp
onse
Re
spon
se
Resp
onse
to
taln
on-h
azar
dous
sol
idw
aste
m
unic
ipal
sol
idw
aste
(M
SW)
tr
ends
inM
SW
di
spos
ala
ndr
ecyc
ling/
reus
eby
m
anag
emen
t(co
mpo
stin
g,
m
anag
emen
t
sect
or(
meg
aton
nes)
,199
6,1
998,
re
cycl
ing,
com
bust
ion,
land
fill)
,
2000
(m
egat
onne
s),1
960–
2000
pe
rca
pita
non
-haz
ardo
uss
olid
so
urce
red
ucti
ono
fMSW
was
ted
ispo
sala
nd
(meg
aton
nes)
,199
2–20
00
re
cycl
ing/
reus
e(k
g/pe
rson
),
quan
tity
ofR
CR
Ah
azar
dous
1994
,199
6,1
998,
200
0w
aste
gen
erat
ed(
%b
yre
gion
)
an
dm
anag
ed(
%b
ym
etho
d)
#an
dlo
cati
ono
fRC
RA
co
rrec
tive
act
ion
site
s
nat
ural
res
ourc
es
nat
ural
res
ourc
es
nat
ural
res
ourc
es
nat
ural
res
ourc
es
nat
ural
res
ourc
es
and
Serv
ices
a
nd S
ervi
ces
and
Serv
ices
an
d Se
rvic
es
and
Serv
ices
Lan
d U
se
Lan
d U
se
Lan
d U
se
Lan
d U
se
Lan
d U
se
Pres
sure
Pr
essu
re
Pres
sure
Pr
essu
re
Pres
sure
Stat
e St
ate
Stat
e St
ate
Stat
e
lo
ng-t
erm
(pr
e-se
ttle
men
t)
long
-ter
m(
pre-
sett
lem
ent)
an
dre
cent
tren
dsin
an
dre
cent
tren
dsin
ec
osys
tem
ext
ent(
%o
fall
ec
osys
tem
ext
ent(
%o
fall
land
sin
4ty
pes)
,la
nds
in4
type
s),
1950
s–19
90s
19
50s–
1990
s
lo
ng-t
erm
(pr
e-se
ttle
men
t)
ex
tent
(%
oft
otal
land
are
a)
an
d19
92e
xten
t(ac
res)
of
6
ecos
yste
mty
pes,
wit
h
ch
ange
sfr
om1
950s
nr
Te
e (
Can
ada)
e
nvir
onm
ent
Can
ada
Uni
ted
Stat
es e
Pa
The
hei
nz C
ente
r (U
Sa)
Com
mon
Ind
icat
ors
Env�
ronm
ent a
nd
Env�
ronm
enta
l S�g
nals:
D
raft
Repo
rt o
n T
he S
tate
of t
he
Gen
er�c
�nd�
cato
rsSu
sta�n
able
Dev
elop
men
t C
anad
a’s N
at�o
nal
the
Env�
ronm
ent �
003
Nat
�on’s
Eco
syste
ms
com
mon
to b
oth
coun
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d�ca
tors
for
Can
ada
Env�
ronm
enta
l Ind
�cat
ors S
er�e
s
���
ch
ange
ine
cosy
stem
are
a
co
mpa
red
to1
955
(Mac
res)
la
ndc
over
(6
cate
gori
es)
and
ocea
nde
pth
(6c
ateg
orie
s)
(m
ap)
bird
spe
cies
(ty
pes
ofb
irds
),
natu
rale
cosy
stem
ser
vice
s
as
cha
ract
eris
tics
ofl
ands
cape
co
mpo
siti
on,a
ndp
atte
rn,a
s
anin
dica
tor
ofla
ndsc
ape
co
ndit
ion,
199
5–19
96
terr
estr
ialp
lant
gro
wth
inde
x,
bye
cosy
stem
,198
9–20
00
frag
men
tati
ono
flan
dsca
pe
pa
tter
n(n
atio
nall
evel
)
Impa
ct
Impa
ct
Impa
ct
Impa
ct
Impa
ct
%
ofl
and
area
and
str
eam
and
coas
tline
leng
th,
ac
cord
ing
toth
ele
velo
f
dist
urba
nce,
man
agem
ent,
orp
hysi
cala
ltera
tion
Resp
onse
Re
spon
se
Resp
onse
Re
spon
se
Resp
onse
Fres
hwat
er r
esou
rces
Fr
eshw
ater
res
ourc
es
Fres
hwat
er r
esou
rces
Fr
eshw
ater
res
ourc
es
Fres
hwat
er r
esou
rces
Pres
sure
Pr
essu
re
Pres
sure
Pr
essu
re
Pres
sure
fres
hwat
erw
ithd
raw
als:
sec
tora
lto
talf
resh
wat
er
tren
dsin
mun
icip
al
sour
ces
(109 g
allo
ns/d
ay),
w
ithd
raw
als
for
irri
gati
on,
wat
ere
xtra
ctio
n
19
60–1
995
ther
moe
lect
ric,
indu
stri
al,
m
unic
ipal
and
rur
alu
se
(1
09 gal
lons
[B
g]/d
ay),
1960
–199
5
to
talw
ithd
raw
als:
sur
face
wat
era
ndg
roun
dwat
er
(B
g/da
y),1
960–
1995
da
ilym
unic
ipal
wat
er
us
e/ca
pita
(l/
pers
on)
1983
–199
9
to
tald
aily
mun
icip
alw
ater
use
(Gl/
day)
,198
3–19
99
nr
Te
e (
Can
ada)
e
nvir
onm
ent
Can
ada
Uni
ted
Stat
es e
Pa
The
hei
nz C
ente
r (U
Sa)
Com
mon
Ind
icat
ors
Env�
ronm
ent a
nd
Env�
ronm
enta
l S�g
nals:
D
raft
Repo
rt o
n T
he S
tate
of t
he
Gen
er�c
�nd�
cato
rsSu
sta�n
able
Dev
elop
men
t C
anad
a’s N
at�o
nal
the
Env�
ronm
ent �
003
Nat
�on’s
Eco
syste
ms
com
mon
to b
oth
coun
tr�e
sIn
d�ca
tors
for
Can
ada
Env�
ronm
enta
l Ind
�cat
ors S
er�e
s
�30 Env�ronmental Ind�cators for North Amer�ca
wat
era
bstr
acti
ons/
irri
gate
d
land
are
a(m
3/ha
/yea
r),1
997
culti
vate
dla
nd:%
irri
gate
d
area
ssh
are,
199
7,a
nd%
ch
ange
sin
ce1
980
sour
ces
ofa
cidi
ty(
wat
ersh
ed
sour
ces,
org
anic
or
acid
de
posi
tion
)in
aci
d-se
nsit
ive
la
kes
and
stre
ams,
198
4–19
86
Hg,
dio
xin,
PC
Bs,
PB
Tsto
xic
re
leas
eto
wat
er,2
000
Stat
e St
ate
Stat
e St
ate
Stat
e
exte
nto
fpon
ds,l
akes
,and
ex
tent
ofp
onds
,lak
es,
rese
rvoi
rs,e
xclu
ding
the
Gre
at
and
rese
rvoi
rs,e
xclu
ding
La
kes
(Mac
res)
,195
0s–1
990s
th
eG
reat
Lak
es(
Mac
res)
,
1950
s–19
90s
est.
stre
ams
and
rive
rsm
ileag
e,
leng
tho
fsm
all,
med
ium
,
19
97-2
002
and
larg
est
ream
san
d
ri
vers
exte
nto
fsub
mer
ged
aqua
tic
ri
pari
anla
ndc
over
of
vege
tati
onin
est
uari
nes
yste
ms
st
ream
san
dri
vers
(%
(a
cres
)ri
pari
anm
iles,
eac
hof
3
la
ndu
sec
ater
gori
es),
1990
’s
%
ofl
ake
and
rese
rvoi
r
ar
eaw
ith
low
-,m
ediu
m-,
and
high
-cla
rity
wat
er
st
ream
hab
itat
qua
lity
Impa
ct
Impa
ct
Impa
ct
Impa
ct
Impa
ct
fres
hwat
erq
ualit
y
inde
x
%
str
eam
,pon
d,la
ke,
and
ripa
rian
zon
em
iles
and
wet
land
acr
esth
at
ha
veb
een
alte
red
gr
ound
wat
erle
vels
nr
Te
e (
Can
ada)
e
nvir
onm
ent
Can
ada
Uni
ted
Stat
es e
Pa
The
hei
nz C
ente
r (U
Sa)
Com
mon
Ind
icat
ors
Env�
ronm
ent a
nd
Env�
ronm
enta
l S�g
nals:
D
raft
Repo
rt o
n T
he S
tate
of t
he
Gen
er�c
�nd�
cato
rsSu
sta�n
able
Dev
elop
men
t C
anad
a’s N
at�o
nal
the
Env�
ronm
ent �
003
Nat
�on’s
Eco
syste
ms
com
mon
to b
oth
coun
tr�e
sIn
d�ca
tors
for
Can
ada
Env�
ronm
enta
l Ind
�cat
ors S
er�e
s
�3�
NO
3-le
vels
(m
g/l)
ins
trea
ms
of
fore
sts,
gra
ssla
nds
and
sh
rubl
ands
,far
mla
nds,
urb
an
and
subu
rban
eco
syst
ems,
19
92–1
998
NO
3-lo
adc
arri
edb
y4
maj
or
NO
3-lo
adc
arri
edb
y4
ri
vers
(ki
loto
nnes
/yr)
,m
ajor
riv
ers
(kilo
tonn
es/y
ear)
,
19
50s–
2000
19
50s–
2000
tota
lNy
ield
(lb
s/ac
re/y
ear)
to
talN
yie
ld(
lbs/
acre
/yea
r)
from
maj
orw
ater
shed
s
from
maj
orw
ater
shed
s(6
(6
cat
egor
ies)
,199
6–19
99
cate
gori
es),
199
6–19
99(
map
)
(m
ap)
annu
alm
ercu
ryw
etd
epos
itio
n
(μ
g/m
2),2
001
(map
)
num
ber
ofc
onta
min
ants
in
num
ber
ofc
onta
min
ants
in
stre
ams
and
grou
ndw
ater
(%
st
ream
s,g
roun
dw
ater
,and
of
sit
es,3
cat
egor
ies)
,st
ream
bed
sedi
men
t(%
of
1992
–199
8si
tes,
3c
ateg
orie
s),1
992–
1998
sum
mar
yof
det
ecti
ons
of1
or
m
ore
pest
icid
esin
str
eam
san
d
grou
ndw
ater
(fr
eque
ncy
of
dete
ctio
nas
%o
fsam
ples
),
1992
–199
8
wat
ersh
eds
ins
edim
entq
ualit
y
inve
ntor
y(1
980–
1999
)
cont
aini
nga
reas
ofp
arti
cula
r
conc
ern
(APC
s)(
map
)
%te
sted
sit
es(
larg
eri
vers
)
w/
tota
lPc
once
ntra
tion
s
(4r
ange
spp
b)1
991–
1996
%
all
lake
sw
ith
indi
cate
d
tota
lPc
once
ntra
tion
(4r
ange
spp
b)
%
urb
an/s
ubur
ban
stre
am
si
tes
w/
dete
cted
num
ber
ofc
onta
min
ants
(3
cata
gori
es),
199
2–19
98
nr
Te
e (
Can
ada)
e
nvir
onm
ent
Can
ada
Uni
ted
Stat
es e
Pa
The
hei
nz C
ente
r (U
Sa)
Com
mon
Ind
icat
ors
Env�
ronm
ent a
nd
Env�
ronm
enta
l S�g
nals:
D
raft
Repo
rt o
n T
he S
tate
of t
he
Gen
er�c
�nd�
cato
rsSu
sta�n
able
Dev
elop
men
t C
anad
a’s N
at�o
nal
the
Env�
ronm
ent �
003
Nat
�on’s
Eco
syste
ms
com
mon
to b
oth
coun
tr�e
sIn
d�ca
tors
for
Can
ada
Env�
ronm
enta
l Ind
�cat
ors S
er�e
s
�3� Env�ronmental Ind�cators for North Amer�ca
%
str
eam
sit
ese
xcee
ding
#
hu
man
hea
ltha
nda
quat
ic
lif
est
anda
rds
org
uide
lines
(3c
ateg
orie
s),
1992
–199
8
%
gro
undw
ater
sit
es
ex
ceed
ing
#hu
man
hea
lth
st
anda
rds
org
uide
lines
(3
cate
gori
es),
199
2–19
98
st
ream
bed
sedi
men
t:%
stre
ams
ites
exc
eedi
ng#
aqua
tic
life
stan
dard
sor
guid
elin
es(
3ca
tego
ries
),
19
92–1
998
%
urb
an/s
ubur
ban
stre
am
si
tes
w/
chem
ical
con
tam
inan
t
conc
entr
atio
nsa
bove
aqu
atic
and
hum
anh
ealth
sta
ndar
ds
an
dgu
idel
ines
,199
2–19
98
anim
alm
orta
lity
even
ts
anim
alm
orta
lity
even
ts
(#/5
yrs,
reg
iona
l),1
985–
1989
,(#
/5yr
s,r
egio
nal)
,198
5–19
89,
1990
–199
4,1
995–
1999
19
90–1
994,
199
5–19
99,
an
dby
reg
ion
(6)
trop
ics
tate
inde
xfo
rno
rthe
ast
lake
s,1
991–
1994
%
mun
icip
alp
opul
atio
non
sew
ers
wit
h2n
dary
and
/or
3tia
rytr
eatm
ent,
1983
–199
9
to
tale
stim
ated
Plo
adin
gsto
wat
ers
from
mun
icip
al
w
aste
wat
ertr
eatm
entp
lant
s
(t
onne
s/ye
ar)
#re
port
edw
ater
born
edi
seas
e
outb
reak
s(#
/yr)
att
ribu
ted
to
outb
reak
s(#
/yr)
ass
ocia
ted
wit
h
wat
erbo
rne
dise
ase-
caus
ing
drin
king
wat
er(
type
ofw
ater
o
rgan
ism
s(d
rink
ing
wat
er
syst
em),
197
1–20
00
orr
ecre
atio
nalc
onta
ct),
197
0s
to
200
0
nr
Te
e (
Can
ada)
e
nvir
onm
ent
Can
ada
Uni
ted
Stat
es e
Pa
The
hei
nz C
ente
r (U
Sa)
Com
mon
Ind
icat
ors
Env�
ronm
ent a
nd
Env�
ronm
enta
l S�g
nals:
D
raft
Repo
rt o
n T
he S
tate
of t
he
Gen
er�c
�nd�
cato
rsSu
sta�n
able
Dev
elop
men
t C
anad
a’s N
at�o
nal
the
Env�
ronm
ent �
003
Nat
�on’s
Eco
syste
ms
com
mon
to b
oth
coun
tr�e
sIn
d�ca
tors
for
Can
ada
Env�
ronm
enta
l Ind
�cat
ors S
er�e
s
�33
%
gau
ged
stre
ams/
rive
rs
w
/m
ajor
,mod
erat
e,a
nd
m
inim
allo
wfl
owa
ndh
igh
flow
cha
nges
,197
0s,1
980s
,
and
1990
s,a
gain
st
19
30–1
949
refe
renc
epe
riod
%
gau
ged
stre
ams/
rive
rs
w
/lo
wa
ndh
igh
flow
s
in
crea
se,d
ecre
ase,
or
tim
ing,
1970
s,1
980s
,199
0s,a
gain
st
19
30–1
949
refe
renc
epe
riod
Resp
onse
Re
spon
se
Resp
onse
Re
spon
se
Resp
onse
popu
lati
on(
tota
land
%)
serv
ed
byc
omm
unit
yw
ater
sys
tem
sw
/
nor
epor
ted
nati
onal
hea
lth-b
ased
st
anda
rds
viol
atio
ns,1
993–
2002
Wet
land
s W
etla
nds
Wet
land
s W
etla
nds
Wet
land
s
Pres
sure
Pr
essu
re
Pres
sure
Pr
essu
re
Pres
sure
Stat
e St
ate
Stat
e St
ate
Stat
e
%
wet
land
are
a(5
%
wet
land
sar
ea,1
986
est.
wet
land
ext
ent(
acre
s),
fres
hwat
erw
etla
nds
(%
tren
din
%la
nda
rea
in
cate
gori
es),
198
6
(dis
trib
utio
nm
ap)
1977
–198
2an
d19
97–2
002
land
are
a),1
950–
2000
w
etla
nds
(d
istr
ibut
ion
map
)
ex
tent
off
resh
wat
er
w
etla
nds
(Ma)
,
1950
s–19
90s,
and
hist
oric
tota
l(17
80)
A
tlant
ica
ndG
ulfC
oast
s
co
asta
lveg
etat
edw
etla
nds
(M
a),1
950–
2000
alte
red
fres
hwat
ere
cosy
stem
s
tr
ends
ins
elec
ted
fres
hwat
er
wet
land
s(
acre
s),1
954–
1997
regi
onal
non
-fed
eral
wet
land
lo
sses
and
gai
nsa
ndr
easo
ns
for
conv
ersi
on(
%),
19
92–1
997
(map
)
nr
Te
e (
Can
ada)
e
nvir
onm
ent
Can
ada
Uni
ted
Stat
es e
Pa
The
hei
nz C
ente
r (U
Sa)
Com
mon
Ind
icat
ors
Env�
ronm
ent a
nd
Env�
ronm
enta
l S�g
nals:
D
raft
Repo
rt o
n T
he S
tate
of t
he
Gen
er�c
�nd�
cato
rsSu
sta�n
able
Dev
elop
men
t C
anad
a’s N
at�o
nal
the
Env�
ronm
ent �
003
Nat
�on’s
Eco
syste
ms
com
mon
to b
oth
coun
tr�e
sIn
d�ca
tors
for
Can
ada
Env�
ronm
enta
l Ind
�cat
ors S
er�e
s
�3� Env�ronmental Ind�cators for North Amer�ca
nr
Te
e (
Can
ada)
e
nvir
onm
ent
Can
ada
Uni
ted
Stat
es e
Pa
The
hei
nz C
ente
r (U
Sa)
Com
mon
Ind
icat
ors
Env�
ronm
ent a
nd
Env�
ronm
enta
l S�g
nals:
D
raft
Repo
rt o
n T
he S
tate
of t
he
Gen
er�c
�nd�
cato
rsSu
sta�n
able
Dev
elop
men
t C
anad
a’s N
at�o
nal
the
Env�
ronm
ent �
003
Nat
�on’s
Eco
syste
ms
com
mon
to b
oth
coun
tr�e
sIn
d�ca
tors
for
Can
ada
Env�
ronm
enta
l Ind
�cat
ors S
er�e
s
aver
age
annu
alw
etla
ndlo
ss
(acr
es),
195
4–19
74,1
974–
1983
,
19
86–1
997
Impa
ct
Impa
ct
Impa
ct
Impa
ct
Impa
ct
Resp
onse
Re
spon
se
Resp
onse
Re
spon
se
Resp
onse
Coa
stal
res
ourc
es
Coa
stal
res
ourc
es
Coa
stal
res
ourc
es
Coa
stal
res
ourc
es
Coa
stal
res
ourc
es
Pres
sure
Pr
essu
re
Pres
sure
Pr
essu
re
Pres
sure
St
ate
Stat
e St
ate
Stat
e St
ate
est.
estu
arin
esu
rfac
ear
ea(
acre
s)
and
coas
tline
(m
iles)
,199
6–19
98
coas
tall
ivin
gha
bita
tse
xten
tco
asta
lliv
ing
habi
tats
ext
ent
(106 a
cres
),1
950s
–199
0s
(106 a
cres
),1
950s
–199
0s
%o
ftot
alr
egio
nals
hore
line,
in
%o
ftot
alr
egio
nals
hore
line
in
type
sof
coa
stal
sho
relin
e,b
yty
pes
ofc
oast
als
hore
line
by
regi
on,2
000
regi
on,2
000
%c
oast
ala
reas
whe
reb
enth
ic
%o
cean
bot
tom
are
a
co
mm
unit
ies
are
ing
ood,
fair,
w
here
ben
thic
com
mun
itie
s
or
poo
rco
ndit
ion,
in
are
unde
grad
ed,m
oder
ate,
M
id-A
tlant
ic,S
outh
Atla
ntic
or
deg
rade
d,b
yre
gion
,
an
dG
ulfo
fMex
ico,
200
019
90–1
997
and
1999
–200
0
wat
erc
lari
ty:%
est
uari
nea
rea
w
ith
good
,fai
r,or
poo
rlig
ht
pene
trat
ion,
199
0–19
97
estu
arin
ear
eaw
ith
poor
,fai
r,
%e
stua
rine
and
coa
stal
or
goo
ddi
ssol
ved
oxyg
en
area
sby
leve
lofd
isso
lved
co
ndit
ions
,200
0ox
ygen
%M
id-A
tlant
ice
stua
rine
ar
eas
wit
hlo
w,i
nter
med
iate
,
or
hig
hto
talo
rgan
icc
arbo
n
cont
enti
nse
dim
ents
,
19
97–1
998
chlo
roph
yllc
once
ntra
tion
sch
loro
phyl
lcon
cent
rati
ons
(p
pb)
in9
oce
anr
egio
ns,
(ppb
)in
9o
cean
reg
ions
,
19
98–2
000
1995
–200
0
�3�
%e
stua
ries
w/
high
,mod
erat
e,
%e
stua
ries
wit
hhi
gh,
orlo
we
utro
phic
con
diti
on
mod
erat
e,a
ndlo
w
leve
ls,1
998
chlo
roph
yllc
once
ntra
tion
s
Impa
ct
Impa
ct
Impa
ct
Impa
ct
Impa
ct
se
dim
entc
onta
min
atio
n
of
oce
an
sedi
men
tenr
ichm
ent(
%a
rea)
co
asta
lsed
imen
t
by
met
als,
pes
tici
des,
and
PC
Bs
co
ntam
inat
ion
(%a
rea
du
eto
hum
ans
ourc
esin
ex
ceed
ing
indi
cate
d#
estu
arie
sof
5r
egio
ns,
guid
elin
es)
ine
stua
ries
of
1990
–199
75
regi
ons,
199
0–19
97
an
d19
99–2
000
(3c
ateg
orie
s)
co
asta
lsed
imen
tin
estu
arie
s
(%
are
a)e
xcee
ding
#o
f
guid
elin
es(
3ca
tego
ries
)
fo
raq
uati
clif
e,1
990–
1997
and
1999
–200
0
se
asu
rfac
ete
mpe
ratu
re
ch
ange
(W
este
rna
ndE
aste
rn
re
gion
s,a
gain
st1
4-yr
ave
rage
),
19
85–2
000
repo
rted
sou
rces
ofp
ollu
tion
(%
)th
atr
esul
ted
inb
each
cl
osin
gso
rad
viso
ries
,200
1
num
ber
ofb
each
day
sth
at
%“
beac
h-m
ile-d
ays”
be
ache
sar
ecl
osed
or
unde
r
affe
cted
by
vari
ous
leve
ls
advi
sory
,200
1of
Ent
eroc
occu
s
#un
usua
lmar
ine
mor
tait
ies,
#
unus
ualm
arin
em
orta
litie
s,
1992
–200
11
992–
2001
#
harm
fula
lgal
blo
oms
of
lo
w,m
ediu
mo
rhi
ghin
tens
ity
Resp
onse
Re
spon
se
Resp
onse
Re
spon
se
Resp
onse
co
asta
lero
sion
man
agem
ent
nr
Te
e (
Can
ada)
e
nvir
onm
ent
Can
ada
Uni
ted
Stat
es e
Pa
The
hei
nz C
ente
r (U
Sa)
Com
mon
Ind
icat
ors
Env�
ronm
ent a
nd
Env�
ronm
enta
l S�g
nals:
D
raft
Repo
rt o
n T
he S
tate
of t
he
Gen
er�c
�nd�
cato
rsSu
sta�n
able
Dev
elop
men
t C
anad
a’s N
at�o
nal
the
Env�
ronm
ent �
003
Nat
�on’s
Eco
syste
ms
com
mon
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oth
coun
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�3� Env�ronmental Ind�cators for North Amer�ca
Fish
res
ourc
es
Fish
res
ourc
es
Fish
res
ourc
es
Fish
res
ourc
es
Fish
res
ourc
es
Pres
sure
Pr
essu
re
Pres
sure
Pr
essu
re
Pres
sure
co
mm
erci
alfi
sha
nd
sh
ellfi
shla
ndin
gsb
y
re
gion
(m
egat
onne
s)
19
50–2
000
Stat
e St
ate
Stat
e St
ate
Stat
e
%
com
mer
cial
lyim
port
ant
fis
hst
ocks
w/
know
nst
atus
(inc
reas
ing
ord
ecre
asin
g
vo
lum
e),b
yre
gion
,
1981
–199
9
Impa
ct
Impa
ct
Impa
ct
Impa
ct
Impa
ct
%
fish
sam
ples
exc
eedi
ng
nu
mbe
rof
sta
ndar
dso
r
gu
idel
ines
for
aqua
tic
life
(3c
ateg
orie
s),1
992–
1998
occu
rren
ce(
%o
ffish
sam
ples
)
occu
rren
ce(
%o
ffish
of
con
tam
inan
ts(
3ca
tego
ries
)
sam
ples
)of
con
tam
inan
ts
infi
shti
ssue
,199
2–19
98
(3c
ateg
orie
s)in
fish
tiss
ue,
19
92–1
998
wat
ersh
eds
w/
fish
tiss
ue
conc
entr
atio
nse
xcee
ding
he
alth
-bas
edn
atio
nalw
ater
qu
alit
yH
gcr
iter
ia,2
001
(m
ap)
wat
ersh
eds
wit
hfis
hti
ssue
co
ncen
trat
ions
exc
eedi
ng
heal
th-b
ased
nat
iona
lwat
er
qual
ity
PCB
scr
iter
ia,2
001
(map
)
fish
abno
rmal
itie
s(%
fish
co
ncen
trat
ion
ofP
CB
s,
exam
ined
),2
001
mer
cury
,and
DD
Tin
edib
leti
ssue
ofs
eafo
od
fr
omc
oast
alw
ater
s
Resp
onse
Re
spon
se
Resp
onse
Re
spon
se
Resp
onse
%r
iver
(m
iles)
and
lake
(a
cres
)un
der
fish
cons
umpt
ion
ad
viso
ry,1
993–
2001
nr
Te
e (
Can
ada)
e
nvir
onm
ent
Can
ada
Uni
ted
Stat
es e
Pa
The
hei
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ente
r (U
Sa)
Com
mon
Ind
icat
ors
Env�
ronm
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ronm
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at�o
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the
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nr
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e (
Can
ada)
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nvir
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Can
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es e
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The
hei
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ente
r (U
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mon
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icat
ors
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Env�
ronm
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raft
Repo
rt o
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he S
tate
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he
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Fore
sts
Fore
sts
Fore
sts
Fore
sts
Fore
sts
Pres
sure
Pr
essu
re
Pres
sure
Pr
essu
re
Pres
sure
to
tala
rea
harv
este
d(k
ha),
tim
ber
harv
est(
by
tren
din
tim
ber
harv
est
19
50–1
998
pr
imar
ypro
duct
cat
egor
y
an
dby
reg
ion,
Bft
3 ),
19
50–2
002
owne
rgr
oup
(pub
lic/p
riva
te)
ow
ner
grou
p
tim
ber
rem
oval
s(t
hous
and
mill
ions
(p
ublic
/pri
vate
)ti
mbe
r
squa
refe
et[
Bft
2 ]),
var
ious
yea
rs
grow
tha
ndh
arve
stb
y
fr
om1
952
to2
001
regi
on(
Bft
3 ),1
950–
2002
re
crea
tion
ina
fore
st
se
ttin
g(t
hous
and
mill
ions
ti
mes
/yr,
11c
ateg
orie
s),2
001
Stat
e St
ate
Stat
e St
ate
Stat
e
fore
stc
row
ncl
osur
e
fo
rest
land
sac
reag
ees
t.,
acre
sof
fore
sts
(Ma)
Eas
ttr
end
info
rest
cov
er
(eac
h10
2 ha)
,fro
m
19
77–1
982
and
1997
–200
2an
dW
est,
1600
–190
0sa
telli
teim
ages
,199
8
and
1950
–200
0(m
ap)
tota
lare
aof
eac
hof
12
tren
dsin
fore
stty
pes
tr
ends
info
rest
type
s
ecos
yste
ms
wit
hcr
own
(inc
reas
ing
ord
ecre
asin
g
(inc
reas
ing
ord
ecre
asin
g cl
osur
eov
er1
0%,1
998
in
are
a),b
yre
gion
(W
este
rn,
in
are
a),b
yre
gion
E
aste
rn),
196
3–19
97
(Wes
tern
,Eas
tern
)
19
63–1
997
acre
sof
fore
stla
ndo
wne
rshi
p
acre
sof
fore
stb
yla
nd
(pri
vate
and
pub
lic)
byr
egio
n
owne
rshi
pE
asta
ndW
est
(4r
egio
ns),
200
1(p
ublic
,for
esti
ndus
try,
othe
rpr
ivat
e),1
997
%
fore
stla
nds
wit
h
st
ands
ins
ever
ala
ge
cl
asse
s,1
997
fo
rest
bir
dsp
ecie
spo
pula
tion
po
pula
tion
s(#
oft
ree
and
bird
tren
din
fore
stb
ird
stat
us(
3ca
tego
ries
)in
4
spec
ies
org
roup
sof
spe
cies
)
popu
lati
ons
fo
rest
ede
cozo
nes
(num
ber
of
rep
rese
ntat
ive
fore
sts
peci
es,
of
spe
cies
),1
968–
2000
by
dia
met
erc
lass
(<-
50%
;-50
%
to0
%;0
to+
50%
;>+5
0%),
19
70–2
002
�3� Env�ronmental Ind�cators for North Amer�ca
%tr
ees
ine
ach
of4
RPA
re
gion
sw
ith
dim
inis
hed
bi
olog
ical
com
pone
nt:(
%
yes
and
%n
o),1
990–
1999
(m
ap)
cont
ribu
tion
off
ores
tfo
rest
sC
sto
rage
(gi
gam
etri
c
ec
osys
tem
sto
tota
lglo
bal
tonn
es),
195
0–20
00,E
ast
carb
onb
udge
t:av
erag
eM
t/yr
an
dW
est
netc
arbo
npo
olc
hang
e,
1953
–199
6
Impa
ct
Impa
ct
Impa
ct
Impa
ct
Impa
ct
fore
stc
over
and
nei
ghbo
rhoo
d
fore
stc
over
and
nei
ghbo
rhoo
d
si
ze(
%m
ostly
fore
sted
),in
the
si
ze(
%m
ostly
fore
sted
)in
the
Eas
tand
Wes
t(im
med
iate
,E
asta
ndW
est(
imm
edia
te,
loca
l,an
dla
rger
nei
ghbo
rhoo
d),
loca
l,an
dla
rger
nei
ghbo
rhoo
d),
1992
19
92
sp
ruce
bud
wor
md
efol
iati
on:
acre
sfo
rest
dis
turb
edb
y
acre
sfo
rest
dis
turb
edb
y
cons
ecut
ive
yrs
(tw
oca
tego
ries
),
inse
cts,
fore
stfi
res,
and
dis
ease
in
sect
s,fo
rest
fire
s,a
ndd
isea
se
19
80–1
996
(map
)(M
a),1
979–
2000
(M
a),1
979–
2000
fo
rest
fire
s(1
03 )a
nda
rea
%fo
rest
land
sbu
rned
by
tren
din
are
abu
rned
in
bu
rned
(M
ha),
197
0–20
00
w
ildfir
e(c
ompa
red
to
fore
stw
ildfir
es
pr
e-se
ttle
men
t)
%c
hang
ein
ann
ualh
arve
st,
annu
alg
row
th,a
ndg
row
ing
st
ock
sinc
e19
90
to
tala
rea
offo
rest
com
mun
ity
type
sw
ith
sign
ifica
ntly
red
uced
area
s(s
ince
pre
-set
tlem
ent)
nu
mbe
rof
com
mun
ity
type
sw
ith
sign
ifica
ntly
redu
ced
area
that
are
incr
easi
ngo
rde
crea
sing
ins
ize
(4c
ateg
orie
s)
ozon
ein
jury
totr
ees
(%o
f
pl
ots
in4
reg
ions
),1
994–
2000
nr
Te
e (
Can
ada)
e
nvir
onm
ent
Can
ada
Uni
ted
Stat
es e
Pa
The
hei
nz C
ente
r (U
Sa)
Com
mon
Ind
icat
ors
Env�
ronm
ent a
nd
Env�
ronm
enta
l S�g
nals:
D
raft
Repo
rt o
n T
he S
tate
of t
he
Gen
er�c
�nd�
cato
rsSu
sta�n
able
Dev
elop
men
t C
anad
a’s N
at�o
nal
the
Env�
ronm
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003
Nat
�on’s
Eco
syste
ms
com
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oth
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Can
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�cat
ors S
er�e
s
�3�
freq
uenc
ydi
stri
buti
ono
f%
ofp
lota
rea
exhi
biti
nge
vide
nce
of
sur
face
com
pact
ion
onF
HM
pr
ogra
mp
lots
,199
9–20
00
%
fore
sts
trea
ms
wit
h
m
ean
NO
3-c
once
ntra
tion
s
(1
of4
ran
ges)
,199
2–19
98
Resp
onse
Re
spon
se
Resp
onse
Re
spon
se
Resp
onse
tr
end
in%
str
ictly
pro
tect
ed
%
fore
sta
rea
inE
asta
nd
tren
din
are
aof
pro
tect
ed
ar
ea,f
or4
eco
zone
s,1
992–
2001
Wes
tin
1of
4
fore
st
m
anag
emen
tcat
egor
ies,
19
53–1
997
fo
rest
pla
nted
tim
berl
and
(%a
rea)
,195
3–19
97
%
nat
ural
/sem
i-na
tura
l
fore
stla
nda
rea,
1953
–199
7
fo
rest
nat
ural
/sem
i-na
tura
l
tim
berl
and
(%a
rea)
,195
3–19
97
agr
icul
tura
l lan
d a
gric
ultu
ral l
and
agr
icul
tura
l lan
d a
gric
ultu
ral l
and
agr
icul
tura
l lan
d
Pres
sure
Pr
essu
re
Pres
sure
Pr
essu
re
Pres
sure
%
farm
land
act
ivel
yus
ed
fo
rcr
opp
rodu
ctio
n,
pa
stur
e,o
rha
ylan
ds,1
992
%
use
non
-cro
plan
d
ar
eas
offa
rmla
ndla
ndsc
ape,
1992
agri
cultu
ralp
esti
cide
sus
e
(Mlb
sac
tive
ingr
edie
nts/
yr),
19
92a
nd1
997
fert
ilize
rus
e(m
illio
nso
f
nu
trie
ntto
nnes
),1
960–
1998
Stat
e St
ate
Stat
e St
ate
Stat
e
farm
land
s(c
ropl
ands
and
cr
opla
nds
(%fa
rmla
nd
pa
stur
elan
ds)
acre
age
est.,
ar
ea),
by
regi
on,1
992
1977
–198
2an
d19
97–2
002
nr
Te
e (
Can
ada)
e
nvir
onm
ent
Can
ada
Uni
ted
Stat
es e
Pa
The
hei
nz C
ente
r (U
Sa)
Com
mon
Ind
icat
ors
Env�
ronm
ent a
nd
Env�
ronm
enta
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nals:
D
raft
Repo
rt o
n T
he S
tate
of t
he
Gen
er�c
�nd�
cato
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sta�n
able
Dev
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men
t C
anad
a’s N
at�o
nal
the
Env�
ronm
ent �
003
Nat
�on’s
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ms
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mon
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oth
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tr�e
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�cat
ors S
er�e
s
��0 Env�ronmental Ind�cators for North Amer�ca
exte
nto
fcro
plan
ds(
acre
s),
tota
lacr
esin
cro
plan
ds
1997
(m
ap)
(Ma)
,195
0–20
00
tr
ends
in%
soi
lorg
anic
mat
ter
(dry
wei
ght)
,by
%
cr
opla
nd,a
ndb
yre
gion
%
cro
plan
dsin
diff
eren
t
rang
eso
nN
emat
ode
Mat
urit
yIn
dex
(NM
I)
st
atus
ofa
nim
als
peci
es
in
farm
land
are
as
na
tive
veg
etat
ion
rem
aini
ng
in
cro
plan
dar
eas
Impa
ct
Impa
ct
Impa
ct
Impa
ct
Impa
ct
chan
gein
cro
plan
d,C
PR
land
,and
pas
ture
land
ac
reag
e,1
982,
198
7,1
992,
19
97
%c
hang
e(6
cat
egor
ies)
in
crop
land
are
a,1
992–
1997
(m
ap)
de
gree
off
ragm
enta
tion
offa
rmla
ndla
ndsc
apes
byd
evel
opm
ent
%
ofn
atur
alp
atch
are
as
in
com
pact
,elo
ngat
ed,
an
din
term
edia
tep
atch
es
#w
ater
shed
sw
ith
low
,
m
oder
ate,
and
hig
hpo
tent
ial
for
sedi
men
trun
off
from
cr
opla
nds
and
past
urel
ands
,
19
90–1
995
(map
)
#w
ater
shed
sw
ith
low
,
m
oder
ate,
and
hig
hpo
tent
ial
for
pest
icid
eru
noff
from
farm
fie
lds,
199
0–19
95(
map
)
esti
mat
eso
fris
kof
nit
roge
n
expo
rtb
yw
ater
shed
,199
2
esti
mat
eso
fris
kof
pho
spho
rus
ex
port
by
wat
ersh
ed,1
992
nr
Te
e (
Can
ada)
e
nvir
onm
ent
Can
ada
Uni
ted
Stat
es e
Pa
The
hei
nz C
ente
r (U
Sa)
Com
mon
Ind
icat
ors
Env�
ronm
ent a
nd
Env�
ronm
enta
l S�g
nals:
D
raft
Repo
rt o
n T
he S
tate
of t
he
Gen
er�c
�nd�
cato
rsSu
sta�n
able
Dev
elop
men
t C
anad
a’s N
at�o
nal
the
Env�
ronm
ent �
003
Nat
�on’s
Eco
syste
ms
com
mon
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oth
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sIn
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tors
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ada
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ronm
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�cat
ors S
er�e
s
���
win
dan
dw
ater
ero
sion
di
stri
buti
ono
ncr
opla
nds
an
dC
RP
land
s(t
onne
s/yr
),
19
97(
map
)
crop
land
sm
ostp
rone
to
crop
land
sm
ostp
rone
to
win
der
osio
n,(
dot=
2*1
04
win
dan
dw
ater
ero
sion
,
ac
res)
,199
7(m
ap)
(dot
=2
*104
acr
es),
199
7(m
ap)
%
sha
rea
gric
ultu
rall
and
%fa
rmla
nd,a
ccor
ding
to
%fa
rmla
nds
usce
ptib
leto
(5r
egio
ns)
subj
ectt
o
p
oten
tial
for
win
dan
d
wat
ere
rosi
on
un
sust
aina
ble
wat
ere
rosi
on,
w
ater
ero
sion
(3
1981
,199
1,1
996
ca
tego
ries
),1
982–
1997
%
cro
plan
dw
ith
diff
eren
t
leve
lso
fsal
tcon
tent
(dS
/m)
ha
bita
tqua
lity
offa
rmla
nd
st
ream
s
%
cha
nge
inr
esid
ualN
%fa
rmla
nds
trea
ms
and
leve
lso
nag
ricu
ltura
llan
d,
gr
ound
wat
ers
ites
w/
mea
n
inr
egio
ns(
3ca
tego
ries
),
N
O3-
con
cent
rati
ons
(1o
f
1981
–199
6
4r
ange
s),1
992–
1998
av
erag
e#
pest
icid
esin
farm
land
str
eam
san
dsh
allo
w
gr
ound
wat
erw
ells
,
1992
–199
8
%
str
eam
san
dsh
allo
w
gr
ound
wat
erw
ells
wit
h
pe
stic
ide
conc
entr
atio
ns
ex
ceed
ing
stan
dard
san
d
gu
idel
ines
for
hum
anh
ealth
and
aqua
tic
heal
th,1
992–
1998
%
farm
land
str
eam
sw
/m
ean
annu
alP
con
cent
rati
ons
(1o
f4r
ange
s),1
992–
1998
pest
icid
ere
sidu
esin
food
(%
ofs
ampl
es),
200
0
Resp
onse
Re
spon
se
Resp
onse
Re
spon
se
Resp
onse
%
cha
nge
in#
bar
eso
ilda
ys
on
agr
icul
tura
llan
d,in
5
re
gion
s,b
etw
een
1981
and
1996
nr
Te
e (
Can
ada)
e
nvir
onm
ent
Can
ada
Uni
ted
Stat
es e
Pa
The
hei
nz C
ente
r (U
Sa)
Com
mon
Ind
icat
ors
Env�
ronm
ent a
nd
Env�
ronm
enta
l S�g
nals:
D
raft
Repo
rt o
n T
he S
tate
of t
he
Gen
er�c
�nd�
cato
rsSu
sta�n
able
Dev
elop
men
t C
anad
a’s N
at�o
nal
the
Env�
ronm
ent �
003
Nat
�on’s
Eco
syste
ms
com
mon
to b
oth
coun
tr�e
sIn
d�ca
tors
for
Can
ada
Env�
ronm
enta
l Ind
�cat
ors S
er�e
s
��� Env�ronmental Ind�cators for North Amer�ca
Gra
ssla
nds
G
rass
land
s
Gra
ssla
nds
G
rass
land
s
Gra
ssla
nds
and
Shru
blan
ds
and
Shru
blan
ds
and
Shru
blan
ds
and
Shru
blan
ds
and
Shru
blan
ds
Pres
sure
Pr
essu
re
Pres
sure
Pr
essu
re
Pres
sure
catt
le(
106 )
gra
zing
on
gras
slan
ds,s
hrub
land
s
an
dpa
stur
es(
rath
erth
an
fe
edlo
ts),
dur
ing
July
,
1994
to2
002
ac
res
ofg
rass
land
/shr
ubla
nd
by
land
use
(M
acre
s),
19
94–2
002
Stat
e St
ate
Stat
e St
ate
Stat
e
gras
slan
dsa
nds
hrub
land
s
gras
slan
d/sh
rubl
ands
from
ac
reag
e,e
st.1
977–
1982
and
19
92s
atel
lite
imag
e
19
97–2
002
exte
nt(
acre
s)o
fgra
ssla
nds
and
ex
tent
(ac
res)
ofg
rass
land
s
sh
rubl
ands
,199
2(l
ower
48
a
nds
hrub
land
s,1
992
st
ates
)an
d19
91(
Ala
ska)
(l
ower
48
stat
es)
and
1991
(A
lask
a)
to
talC
sto
red
ing
rass
land
s
and
shru
blan
ds(
soils
and
plan
ts)
(109 m
etri
cto
nnes
)
Impa
ct
Impa
ct
Impa
ct
Impa
ct
Impa
ct
%
gra
ssla
nd/s
hrub
land
stre
ams
and
rive
rsw
ith
atle
ast1
no-
flow
day
/yr,
and
%w
here
zer
o-flo
w
du
rati
onp
erio
dsa
re
lo
nger
or
shor
ter
than
50-y
ear
mea
n,
19
50s–
1990
s
ar
eaa
nds
ize
ofg
rass
land
and
shru
blan
dpa
tche
s
(%
oft
otal
inp
atch
es–
5si
zec
ateg
orie
s)
gr
assl
and
and
shru
blan
d
gr
ound
wat
erN
O3-
(%
sit
es
te
sted
,4c
ateg
orie
s)
nr
Te
e (
Can
ada)
e
nvir
onm
ent
Can
ada
Uni
ted
Stat
es e
Pa
The
hei
nz C
ente
r (U
Sa)
Com
mon
Ind
icat
ors
Env�
ronm
ent a
nd
Env�
ronm
enta
l S�g
nals:
D
raft
Repo
rt o
n T
he S
tate
of t
he
Gen
er�c
�nd�
cato
rsSu
sta�n
able
Dev
elop
men
t C
anad
a’s N
at�o
nal
the
Env�
ronm
ent �
003
Nat
�on’s
Eco
syste
ms
com
mon
to b
oth
coun
tr�e
sIn
d�ca
tors
for
Can
ada
Env�
ronm
enta
l Ind
�cat
ors S
er�e
s
��3
%
gra
ssla
nda
nds
hrub
land
area
sw
here
dep
thto
grou
ndw
ater
falls
wit
hin
seve
ralr
ange
s
fr
acti
ono
fgra
ssla
nda
nd
sh
rubl
and
area
sth
atb
urn
mor
eor
less
oft
ena
sbe
fore
Eur
opea
nse
ttle
men
t
ri
pari
anc
ondi
tion
Resp
onse
Re
spon
se
Resp
onse
Re
spon
se
Resp
onse
Bio
dive
rsit
y B
iodi
vers
ity
Bio
dive
rsit
y B
iodi
vers
ity
Bio
dive
rsit
y
Pres
sure
Pr
essu
re
Pres
sure
Pr
essu
re
Pres
sure
%a
llw
ater
shed
sw
/di
ffer
ent
%a
llw
ater
shed
sw
/
#so
fnon
-nat
ive
fish
spec
ies
di
ffer
ent#
sof
non
-nat
ive
w/
esta
bish
edb
reed
ing
fis
hsp
ecie
sw
/es
tabi
shed
po
pula
tion
s,2
000
bree
ding
pop
ulat
ions
,200
0
di
ffer
ent#
ses
tabl
ishe
d
br
eedi
ngp
opul
atio
nso
f
non-
nati
vefi
shs
peci
es,
by
wat
ersh
ed,2
000
(map
)
po
pula
tion
tren
ds
co
mpa
riso
nbe
twee
nse
lect
ed
no
n-in
vasi
ven
ativ
ean
d
in
vasi
veg
rass
land
/shr
ubla
nd
bi
rds
peci
es,1
966–
2000
%
fore
st,a
nd%
gras
slan
d/sh
rubl
and
area
cove
red
byn
on-n
ativ
epl
ants
Stat
e St
ate
Stat
e St
ate
Stat
e
popu
lati
ontr
ends
(%
spe
cies
po
pula
tion
tren
ds(
%
incr
easi
ng)
ofin
vasi
vea
nd
spec
ies
incr
easi
ng)
of
nati
ve,n
on-i
nvas
ive
bird
s,
inva
sive
and
nat
ive,
19
66–2
000
non
-inv
asiv
ebi
rds,
1966
–200
0
%
ofa
llsi
tes
(fish
and
bent
hic
anim
als)
wit
h
di
ffer
entl
evel
sof
dis
turb
ance
nr
Te
e (
Can
ada)
e
nvir
onm
ent
Can
ada
Uni
ted
Stat
es e
Pa
The
hei
nz C
ente
r (U
Sa)
Com
mon
Ind
icat
ors
Env�
ronm
ent a
nd
Env�
ronm
enta
l S�g
nals:
D
raft
Repo
rt o
n T
he S
tate
of t
he
Gen
er�c
�nd�
cato
rsSu
sta�n
able
Dev
elop
men
t C
anad
a’s N
at�o
nal
the
Env�
ronm
ent �
003
Nat
�on’s
Eco
syste
ms
com
mon
to b
oth
coun
tr�e
sIn
d�ca
tors
for
Can
ada
Env�
ronm
enta
l Ind
�cat
ors S
er�e
s
��� Env�ronmental Ind�cators for North Amer�ca
pl
antg
row
thin
dex,
(re
gion
al),
base
don
11-
yra
vera
ge,b
y
ec
osys
tem
and
reg
iona
l,
19
88–2
000,
and
200
0m
ap
fish
dive
rsit
y:#
fish
spe
cies
(l
owo
rhi
ghd
iver
sity
),
1997
–199
8(m
ap)
Impa
ct
Impa
ct
Impa
ct
Impa
ct
Impa
ct
en
dang
ered
and
thre
aten
ed
at-r
isk
land
and
fres
hwat
er
at-r
isk
land
and
#s
thre
aten
eds
peci
eso
r
sp
ecie
san
dsu
bspe
cies
,and
pl
anta
nda
nim
aln
ativ
e
fres
hwat
erp
lant
and
%
ofa
llsp
ecie
s20
00
po
pula
tion
s(#
s)in
eac
hof
3
spec
ies,
by
risk
cat
egor
ies
anim
aln
ativ
esp
ecie
s,
ecoz
ones
,200
1(m
ap)
(%a
llsp
ecie
s),2
000
byr
isk
cate
gori
es
st
atus
cha
nge
inr
eass
esed
%
impe
rile
dsp
ecie
s
%la
ndp
lant
san
d
sp
ecie
sat
ris
k(4
CO
SEW
IC
(eco
syst
em),
200
0fr
eshw
ater
spe
cies
atr
isk,
cate
gori
es),
198
5–20
02
(r
egio
nal)
200
0
at-r
isk
nati
vefo
rest
spe
cies
at
-ris
kna
tive
fore
sts
peci
es
(%o
fall
fore
sts
peci
es),
by
(%
ofa
llfo
rest
spe
cies
),
risk
cat
egor
y,2
000
byr
isk
cate
gory
,and
at-
risk
spec
ies
byr
egio
n,2
000
at-r
isk
nati
veg
rass
land
and
at
-ris
kna
tive
gra
ssla
nd
shru
blan
dsp
ecie
s(%
ofa
ll
and
shru
blan
dsp
ecie
s(%
gr
assl
and
and
shru
blan
d
ofa
llgr
assl
and
and
sp
ecie
s),b
yri
skc
ateg
ory,
200
0sh
rubl
and
spec
ies)
,by
risk
cate
gory
,200
0
%
wet
land
pla
nt
co
mm
unit
ies
(4d
egre
esr
isk
elim
inat
ion,
reg
iona
l),2
000
%
nat
ive
mar
ine
spec
ies
ate
xtin
ctio
n
ri
sk(
5ca
tego
ries
,reg
iona
l),2
000
de
gree
tow
hich
“or
igin
al”
plan
tsa
nda
nim
als
are
eith
er
ab
sent
ent
irel
yor
are
atr
isk
ofb
eing
lost
from
met
ropo
litan
are
as
Res
pons
e Re
spon
se
Resp
onse
Re
spon
se
Resp
onse
st
rict
lyp
rote
cted
are
as
(I
UC
NI
–III
)an
dto
talp
rote
cted
area
s(a
llcl
asse
s),a
s%
Can
ada’s
tota
lare
a,1
900–
2000
,sho
win
g
inte
rnat
iona
ltar
get
nr
Te
e (
Can
ada)
e
nvir
onm
ent
Can
ada
Uni
ted
Stat
es e
Pa
The
hei
nz C
ente
r (U
Sa)
Com
mon
Ind
icat
ors
Env�
ronm
ent a
nd
Env�
ronm
enta
l S�g
nals:
D
raft
Repo
rt o
n T
he S
tate
of t
he
Gen
er�c
�nd�
cato
rsSu
sta�n
able
Dev
elop
men
t C
anad
a’s N
at�o
nal
the
Env�
ronm
ent �
003
Nat
�on’s
Eco
syste
ms
com
mon
to b
oth
coun
tr�e
sIn
d�ca
tors
for
Can
ada
Env�
ronm
enta
l Ind
�cat
ors S
er�e
s
���
%
str
ictly
pro
tect
ede
core
gion
s
(4
cat
egor
ies)
,200
1(m
ap)
#
stri
ctly
pro
tect
eds
ites
in
ea
chs
ize
rang
e(7
cat
egor
ies,
km2 )
Urb
an a
reas
U
rban
are
as
Urb
an a
reas
U
rban
are
as
Urb
an a
reas
Pres
sure
Pr
essu
re
Pres
sure
Pr
essu
re
Pres
sure
%
urb
an/s
ubur
ban
area
that
isim
perv
ious
(4c
ateg
orie
s)
Stat
e St
ate
Stat
e St
ate
Stat
e
exte
nto
fnon
-fed
eral
dev
elop
ed
acre
sof
urb
ana
nd
land
(m
etro
polit
ana
rea
su
burb
ana
reas
,by
regi
on
boun
dari
es),
199
7(m
ap)
(Ma)
,199
2
ur
ban/
subu
rban
are
a
as
%o
ftot
alr
egio
n’s
land
,199
2
%
ofu
rban
/sub
urba
n
la
ndc
ompo
sed
ofw
etla
nds,
crop
land
s,g
rass
/shr
ubla
nds,
and
fore
sts,
by
regi
on,1
992
patc
hes
offo
rest
,gra
ssla
nd,
shru
blan
d,a
ndw
etla
ndin
ur
ban
and
subu
rban
are
as,
byr
egio
n(%
ofa
llna
tura
l
la
nds)
,199
2
to
talp
atch
eso
ffor
est,
gr
assl
and,
shr
ubla
nd,a
nd
w
etla
nd,i
nur
ban
and
subu
rban
are
as,a
ndb
y
re
gion
(%
ofa
llna
tura
l
land
s),1
992
Impa
ct
Impa
ct
Impa
ct
Impa
ct
Impa
ct
chan
gein
acr
eso
fdev
elop
ed
subu
rban
/rur
alla
nd
land
(ur
ban
and
subu
rban
us
ech
ange
ar
eas
and
rura
ltra
nspo
rtat
ion
la
nd),
by
wat
ersh
ed,
1982
–199
7(m
ap)
nr
Te
e (
Can
ada)
e
nvir
onm
ent
Can
ada
Uni
ted
Stat
es e
Pa
The
hei
nz C
ente
r (U
Sa)
Com
mon
Ind
icat
ors
Env�
ronm
ent a
nd
Env�
ronm
enta
l S�g
nals:
D
raft
Repo
rt o
n T
he S
tate
of t
he
Gen
er�c
�nd�
cato
rsSu
sta�n
able
Dev
elop
men
t C
anad
a’s N
at�o
nal
the
Env�
ronm
ent �
003
Nat
�on’s
Eco
syste
ms
com
mon
to b
oth
coun
tr�e
sIn
d�ca
tors
for
Can
ada
Env�
ronm
enta
l Ind
�cat
ors S
er�e
s
��� Env�ronmental Ind�cators for North Amer�ca
nr
Te
e (
Can
ada)
e
nvir
onm
ent
Can
ada
Uni
ted
Stat
es e
Pa
The
hei
nz C
ente
r (U
Sa)
Com
mon
Ind
icat
ors
Env�
ronm
ent a
nd
Env�
ronm
enta
l S�g
nals:
D
raft
Repo
rt o
n T
he S
tate
of t
he
Gen
er�c
�nd�
cato
rsSu
sta�n
able
Dev
elop
men
t C
anad
a’s N
at�o
nal
the
Env�
ronm
ent �
003
Nat
�on’s
Eco
syste
ms
com
mon
to b
oth
coun
tr�e
sIn
d�ca
tors
for
Can
ada
Env�
ronm
enta
l Ind
�cat
ors S
er�e
s
%
urb
an/s
ubur
ban
land
that
isu
ndev
elop
ed(
5
ca
tego
ries
,reg
iona
l),1
992
%
all
natu
rala
reas
w/i
n
ur
ban
and
subu
rban
land
s
w
/va
ryin
gsi
zep
atch
es
(5
cat
agor
ies,
reg
iona
l),1
992
%
str
eam
sdr
aini
ngu
rban
wat
ersh
eds
wit
hav
erag
e
N
O3 -
con
cent
rati
ons
in1
of4
ran
ges,
199
2–19
98
%
str
eam
sdr
aini
ngu
rban
wat
ersh
eds
wit
hav
erag
e
an
nual
Pc
once
ntra
tion
s
in
1o
f4r
ange
s,1
992–
1998
av
erag
edi
ffer
ence
bet
wee
n
ur
ban
and
rura
lair
tem
pera
ture
(%m
etro
polit
ana
rea
in1
of3
cat
egor
ies)
#
and
type
of“
disr
upti
ve”
spec
ies
foun
din
met
ropo
litan
area
s,a
ndb
yre
gion
Resp
onse
Re
spon
se
Resp
onse
Re
spon
se
Resp
onse
nat
ural
Dis
aste
rs
nat
ural
Dis
aste
rs
nat
ural
Dis
aste
rs
nat
ural
Dis
aste
rs
nat
ural
Dis
aste
rs
Pres
sure
Pr
essu
re
Pres
sure
Pr
essu
re
Pres
sure
Stat
e St
ate
Stat
e St
ate
Stat
e
Impa
ct
Impa
ct
Impa
ct
Impa
ct
Impa
ct
Resp
onse
Re
spon
se
Resp
onse
Re
spon
se
Resp
onse
nat
iona
l res
pons
es
nat
iona
l res
pons
es
nat
iona
l res
pons
es
nat
iona
l res
pons
es
nat
iona
l res
pons
es
(e
xpen
ditu
res)
(e
xpen
ditu
res)
(
expe
ndit
ures
)(e
xpen
ditu
res)
(e
xpen
ditu
res)
���
appendix 2: Data Sources for Selected Issues
General
Internat�onal
OECD.2002.OECD Env�ronmental Data—Compend�um �00�.Paris:EnvironmentalPerformanceandInfor-mationDivision,OECDEnvironmentDirectorate,WorkingGrouponEnvironmentalInformationandOutlooks(WGEIO):http://www.oecd.org/document/21/0,2340,en_2649_34303_2516565_1_1_1_1,00.html.
OECD.2001.OECD Env�ronmental Ind�cators: Towards Susta�nable Development.Paris:OrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment.
WRI.2004.EarthTrends: The Env�ronmental Informat�on Portal.WorldResourcesInstitute,UNEP,TheWorldBank,TheNetherlandsMinistryofForeignAffairs,SIDA,UNDP,TheRasmussenFoundation:http://earthtrends.wri.org/miscell/aboutus.cfm?theme=0.Viewed18May2004.
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Population
Internat�onal
UNDESA.2003.World Populat�on Prospects: The �00� Rev�s�on Populat�on Database.UnitedNationsPopula-tionDivision:http://esa.un.org/unpp/.
PRB.2004.PopulationReferenceBureau.HomePage:http://www.prb.org/.
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��� Env�ronmental Ind�cators for North Amer�ca
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WB.2004.World Development Ind�cators.WDI2004CD-ROM.WorldBankGroup:http://www.worldbank.org/data/wdi2004/cdrom/.
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EIA.2003.Annual Energy Rev�ew, �00�.WashingtonDC:EnergyInformationAdministration,OfficeofEnergyMarketsandEndUse,USDepartmentofEnergy:http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/pdf/03842002.pdf.
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Transportation
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IRF.2004.World Road Stat�st�cs.WashingtonDC:Inter-nationalRoadFederation:http://www.irfnet.org/wrs.asp.
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TransportCanada.2004.Susta�nable Development Strategy, �00�–�00�.http://www.tc.gc.ca/programs/environ-ment/SD/sds0406/keyissues.htm.
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���
Schingh,Marie,ÉrikBrunet,andPatrickGosselin.2003.Motor Veh�cle Fuel Effic�ency In�t�at�ve: Canad�an New L�ght-Duty Veh�c�les: Trends �n fuel consumpt�on and character�st�cs (����–����).NaturalResourcesCanada,OfficeofEnergyEfficiency:http://oee.nrcan.gc.ca/english/programs/Doc5e.cfm#06.
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EIA.2003.Annual Energy Rev�ew, �00�.WashingtonDC:EnergyInformationAdministration,OfficeofEnergyMarketsandEndUse,USDepartmentofEnergy:http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/pdf/03842002.pdf.
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FTA.2002.Nat�onal Trans�t Database: Nat�onal Trans�t Summar�es and Trends for the �00� Report Year:Fed-eralTransitAdministration:http://www.ntdprogram.com/NTD/NTST/2002/PDFFiles2002%20National%20Transit%20Summaries%20and%20Trends%20(NTST).pdf.
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Pollution Issues
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Internat�onal
UNFCCC.N.d.Greenhouse Gas Inventory Database (GHG): On-l�ne searchable database of GHG �nven-tory data. UnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange:http://ghg.unfccc.int/default1.htf?time=06%3A43%3A24+PM.
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IEA.2004.CO� Em�ss�ons from Fuel Combust�on ����-
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EC.2003.Canada’s Greenhouse Gas Inventory ���0–�00�.InformationonGreenhouseGasSourcesandSinks,GreenhouseGasDivision,EnvironmentCanada:http://www.ec.gc.ca/pdb/ghg/1990_01_report/fore-word_e.cfm.
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USEPA.2004.Inventory of US Greenhouse Gas Em�ss�ons and S�nks: ���0–�00�.USEnvironmentalProtectionAgency:http://yosemite.epa.gov/oar/globalwarming.nsf/content/ResourceCenterPublicationsGHGEmis-sionsUSEmissionsInventory2004.html.
EIA.2003.Annual Energy Rev�ew, �00�.WashingtonDC:EnergyInformationAdministration,OfficeofEnergyMarketsandEndUse,USDepartmentofEnergy:http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/pdf/03842002.pdf.
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��0 Env�ronmental Ind�cators for North Amer�ca
Ozone Layer
Internat�onal
UNEP.2004.The Ozone Secretar�at.Nairobi,Kenya:UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme:http://www.unep.org/ozone/index.asp.
UNEP.2002.Product�on and Consumpt�on of Ozone-Deplet�ng Substances under the Montreal Protocol, ����—�000. Nairobi,Kenya:UNEPOzoneSecre-tariat:http://www.unep.ch/ozone/pdfs/15-year-data-report.pdf.
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WMO.2002.Sc�ent�fic Assessment of Ozone Deplet�on: �00�.Geneva:WorldMeteorologicalOrganization,GlobalOzoneResearchandMonitoringProject—Re-portNo.47:http://www.wmo.ch/web/arep/reports/o3_assess_rep_2002_front_page.html.
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EC.1999.Nat�onal Env�ronmental Ind�cator Ser�es: Strato-spher�c Ozone Deplet�on (SOEBulletinNo.99-2).EnvironmentCanada,StateoftheEnvironmentInfobase:http://www.ec.gc.ca/soer-ree/English/Indi-cators/Issues/Ozone/default.cfm.
MSC.2002.Exper�mental Stud�es D�v�s�on, World Ozone and Ultrav�olet Rad�at�on Data Centre (WOUDC).ExperimentalStudiesDivisionoftheAirQual-ityBranchoftheMeteorlogicalServiceofCanada(MSC).Toronto,ON:http://www.msc.ec.gc.ca/woudc/expstudies_e.html.
Un�ted States
EIA.2003.Annual Energy Rev�ew, �00�.WashingtonDC:EnergyInformationAdministration,OfficeofEnergyMarketsandEndUse,USDepartmentofEnergy:http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/pdf/03842002.pdf.
CMDL.2004.Cl�mate Mon�tor�ng & D�agnost�cs Labora-tory. USDepartmentofCommerce/NOAA/OAR/CMDL:Boulder,CO:http://www.cmdl.noaa.gov/.
USEPA.2004.Myth: Ozone Deplet�on Occurs Only In Ant-arct�ca.USEnvironmentalProtectionAgency,OzoneDepletionwebsite:http://www.epa.gov/ozone/sci-ence/glob_dep.html.
air Quality and acid Deposition
Internat�onal
RIVM.2001.Em�ss�on Database for Global Atmospher�c Research - EDGAR.Bilthoven:TheNetherlandsNationalInstituteofPublicHealthandtheEnviron-ment:http://arch.rivm.nl/env/int/coredata/edgar/.
North Amer�ca
EC.2004.Canada - Un�ted States A�r Qual�ty Agree-ment: �00� Progress Report.EnvironmentCanada,TheGreenLane:http://www.ec.gc.ca/pdb/can_us/2004CanUs/intro_e.html.
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EC.2004.A�r Pollutant Em�ss�ons: Cr�ter�a A�r Contam�-nants, Em�ss�on Summar�es. EnvironmentCanada,TheGreenLane,CriteriaAirPollutantEmissions(CAPE):http://www.ec.gc.ca/pdb/ape/cape_home_e.cfm.
EC.1999.Nat�onal Env�ronmental Ind�cator Ser�es: Urban A�r Qual�ty (SOEBulletinNo.99-1).Environ-mentCanada,StateoftheEnvironmentInfobase:http://www.ec.gc.ca/soer-ree/English/Indicators/Is-sues/Urb_Air/.
EC.2003.Nat�onal A�r Pollut�on Surve�llance (NAPS) Network Annual Data Summary for �00�,Envi-ronmentalProtectionSeries,ReportEPS7/AP/35.EnvironmentalTechnologyAdvancementDirector-ate,EnvironmentalProtectionService,EnvironmentCanada:http://www.etcentre.org/publications/naps/naps2002_annual.pdf.
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NAtChem.2003.The Canad�an Nat�onal Atmospher�c Chem�stry (NAtChem) Database and Analys�s System.EnvironmentCanada:http://www.msc.ec.gc.ca/natchem/index_e.html.
Un�ted States
USEPA.2004.The Ozone Report—Measur�ng Progress through �003.ResearchTrianglePark,NorthCaro-lina:USEnvironmentalProtectionAgency,OfficeofAirQualityPlanningandStandardsEmissions,Monitoring,andAnalysisDivision:http://www.epa.gov/airtrends/ozone.html.
USEPA.2003.Nat�onal Em�ss�on Inventory (NEI): A�r Pollutant Em�ss�on Trends.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,TechnologyTransferNetworkClearinghouseforInventories&EmissionFactors:http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/trends/.
USEPA.2004.System Overv�ew.TechnologyTransferNetwork,AirQualitySystem(AQS):http://www.epa.gov/ttn/airs/airsaqs/sysoverview.htm,Viewed4August2004.
USEPA.2000.Nat�onal A�r Pollutant Em�ss�on Trends Report, ��00–����.ResearchTrianglePark,NC:USEnvironmentalProtectionAgency,OfficeofAirQualityandStandards:http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/trends/trends98/.
USEPA.2003.Latest F�nd�ngs on Nat�onal A�r Qual-�ty �00�: Status and Trends,EPA454/K-03-001.ResearchTrianglePark,NC:USEnvironmentalProtectionAgency,OfficeofAirQualityPlanningandStandardsEmissions,Monitoring,andAnalysisDivision:http://www.epa.gov/airtrends/2002_airtrends_final.pdf.
USEPA.2002.The EPA Ac�d Ra�n Program �00� Progress Report.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,CleanAirMarkets—ProgressandResults:http://www.epa.gov/airmarkets/cmprpt/arp01/index.html.
���
EnvironmentalDefense.2004.Pollut�on Locator: Nat�onal Report.EnvironmentalDefenseScorecard:http://www.scorecard.org/env-releases/cap/us.tcl#exposures_pollutants,Viewed6July2004.
Indoor air Quality
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US
USEPA.1992.Nat�onal Res�dent�al Radon Survey: Sum-mary Report.EPA402-R-92-001.WashingtonDC:OfficeofAirandRadiation.
NCHS.2001.Healthy People �000: Nat�onal Health Promot�on and D�sease Prevent�on Object�ves.NationalCenterforHealthStatistics.Hyattsville,Maryland:PublicHealthService:http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hp2000/hp2k01.pdf.
Toxic Substances
Internat�onal
North Amer�ca
CEC.2004.Tak�ng Stock �00�: Execut�ve Summary.Mon-treal:CommissionforEnvironmentalCooperationofNorthAmerica:http://www.cec.org/files/PDF/POL-LUTANTS/TS2001-Executive-Summary_en.pdf.
AMAP.1997.Arct�c Pollut�on Issues: A State of the Arct�c Env�ronment Report.Oslo,Norway:ArcticMonitoringandAssessmentProgramme:http://www.amap.no/.
Canada
EC.2002.Use Patterns and Controls Implementat�on Sect�on.EnvironmentCanada,NationalOfficeofPollutionPrevention,ChemicalsControlDivision:http://www.ec.gc.ca/NOPP/ccd/upcis/en/UPinfo.cfm.
EC.2004.2002Nat�onal Pollutant Release Inventory (NPRI) Data:EnvironmentCanada,NPRIDataandReports,http://www.ec.gc.ca/pdb/npri/npri_dat_rep_e.cfm#highlights.
Un�ted States
USEPA.2004.Tox�cs Release Inventory (TRI) Program:http://www.epa.gov/tri/.
USEPA.2004.NPL S�te Totals by Status and M�lestone.USEnvironmentalProtectionAgency,OfficeofSolidWasteandEmergencyResponse:http://www.epa.gov/superfund/sites/query/queryhtm/npltotal.htm.
USEPA.2004.Number of NPL S�te Act�ons and M�lestones by F�scal Year.USEnvironmentalProtectionAgency,OfficeofSolidWasteandEmergencyResponse:http://www.epa.gov/superfund/sites/query/queryhtm/nplfy.htm.
USEPA.2004.CERCLIS Database.USEnvironmentalProtectionAgency,SuperfundInformationSystems:http://www.epa.gov/superfund/sites/cursites/index.htm.
USEPA.2002.R�sk-Screen�ng Env�ronmental Ind�cators (RSEI).USEnvironmentalProtectionAgency:http://www.epa.gov/opptintr/rsei/.
ThomasE.Natan,Jr.,JohnStanton,andMarthaKeating.2003.Tox�c Ne�ghbors.CleanTheAir:WashingtonDC:http://cta.policy.net/proactive/newsroom/release.vtml?id=25161&PROACTIVE_ID=cecfcfc8ccccc6c9cec5cecfcfcfc5cececbc6c6c8ccc6c6c9c5cf.
Waste
Internat�onal
Canada
StatisticsCanada.2003.Waste Management Industry Survey Bus�ness and Government Sectors: 16F0023XIE:http://www.statcan.ca/english/freepub/16F0023XIE/free.htm.
Un�ted States
USEPA.2001.�00� Nat�onal B�enn�al Report.USEnvi-ronmentalProtectionAgency,OfficeofSolidWaste:http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/hazwaste/data/brs01/index.htm.
USEPA.2001.Mun�c�pal Sol�d Waste �n the Un�ted States: �00� Facts and F�gures.USEnvironmentalProtec-tionAgency,OfficeofSolidWaste:http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/non-hw/muncpl/msw99.htm.
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natural resources/ecosystems
Land Use
Internat�onal
EarthObservatory.2002.NASA’s Terra Satell�te Refines Map of Global Land Cover:http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/LCC/,viewed22September2004.
North Amer�ca
Loveland,T.R.,B.C.Reed,J.F.Brown,D.OOhlen,Z.Zhu,L.Yang,andJ.Merchant.2000.Global Land Cover Character�st�cs Data Base Vers�on �.0.LandProcessesDistributedActiveArchiveCenter:http://edcdaac.usgs.gov/glcc/na_int.asp.
��� Env�ronmental Ind�cators for North Amer�ca
Canada
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Heimlich,Ralph.2003.Agr�cultural Resources and Env�ron-mental Ind�cators.WashingtonD.C.:DepartmentofAgriculture,EconomicResearchService:http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/arei/ah722/.
Grasslands and Shrublands
Internat�onal
Un�ted States
Bachand,RichardR.2001.The Amer�can Pra�r�e: Go-�ng, Go�ng, Gone? A Status Report on the Amer�can Pra�r�e. NationalWildlifeFederation:http://www.nwf.org/nwfwebadmin/binaryVault/americanprairie.pdf?CFID=5106498&CFTOKEN=87980161f4d0ae22-90F9082E-65BF-09FE-B5FBB07D7A4C0EA7.
Conner,Richard,AndrewSeidl,LarryVanTassel,andNealWilkins.n.d.Un�ted States Grasslands and Related Re-sources: An Econom�c and B�olog�cal Trends Assessment. LandInformationSystems:https://landinfo.tamu.edu/presentations/ExecSummaryTOC_high.pdf.
SustainableRangelandsRoundtable.2003.2003Susta�n-able Rangelands Roundtable: F�rst Approx�mat�on Report:http://sustainablerangelands.cnr.colostate.edu/2003Report/2003Report.htm.
Canada
Biodiversity
Internat�onal
IUCN.2003.�003 IUCN Red L�st of Threatened Spec�es.Gland,Switzerland:IUCN-TheWorldConserva-tionUnion,IUCNSpeciesSurvivalCommission:http://www.iucn.org/themes/ssc/RedList2003/Eng-lish/backgroundEn.htm.
Sauer,J.R.,J.E.Hines,andJ.Fallon.2003.The North Amer�can Breed�ng B�rd Survey Results and Analys�s, ���� - �00�.Version2003.1.Laurel,MD:USGSPatuxentWildlifeResearchCenter:http://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/bbs/.
North Amer�ca
NatureServe.2004.NatureServe Explorer Database: http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/.
Canada
COSEWIC.2002.Status Reports.CommitteeontheEndangeredWildlifeinCanada(COSEWIC):http://www.cosewic.gc.ca/eng/sct0/index_e.cfm.
���
CESCC.2000.W�ld Spec�es �000: The General Status of Spec�es �n Canada. CanadianEndangeredSpeciesConservationCouncil:Ottawa:MinisterofPublicWorksandGovernmentServicesCanada.http://www.wildspecies.ca/wildspecies2000/en/Report.pdf.
NRCan.2004.The Nat�onal Atlas of Canada: Spec�es at R�sk. NaturalResourcesCanadaonlinemaps:http://atlas.gc.ca/site/english/maps/environment/ecology/threats/speciesatrisk.
Un�ted States
TESS.2003.Threatened and Endangered Spec�es System.USFishandWildlifeService,EnvironmentalCon-servationOnlineSystem(ECOS):http://ecos.fws.gov/tesspublic/TESSWebpage.
Stein,BruceA.2002.States of the Un�on: Rank�ng Amer�ca’s B�od�vers�ty.Arlington,Virginia:Nature-Serve:http://nature.org/earthday/files/states_of_the_union_report.pdf.
Stein,BruceA.,LynnS.Kutner,andJonathanS.Adams,eds.2000.PreciousHeritage:The Status of B�od�ver-s�ty �n the Un�ted States.NewYork:OxfordUniversityPress,TheNatureConservancyandtheAssociationforBiodiversityInformation:http://www.oup-usa.org/sc/0195125193/summary.pdf.Accessed24Janu-ary2004.
Protected areas
Internat�onal
Chape,Stuart,SimonBlyth,LucyFish,PhillipFox,andMarkSpalding(compilers).2003.2003Un�ted Na-t�ons L�st of Protected Areas. IUCN,Gland,Swit-zerlandandCambridge,UKandUNEPWorldConservationMonitoringCentre,Cambridge,UK:http://sea.unep-wcmc.org/wdbpa/unlist/2003_UN_LIST.pdf.
WCPA.2004.World Database of Protected Areas.WorldCommissiononProtectedAreas:http://sea.unep-wcmc.org/wdbpa/.
WCMC.2004.GEO Protected Areas Snapshot.GEODataPortal,UNEP.net,WorldConservationMonitoringCentre,WorldDatabaseofProtectedAreas:http://sea.unep-wcmc.org/wdbpa/GEO/GEO_all.cfm?RegID=28&SubRegID=&ctyRecID=&year=2004&yearfreetext=&submit=Show+further+details.
GreatBarrierReefMarineParkAuthority,TheWorldBank,andTheWorldConservationUnion(IUCN).1995.A Global Representat�ve System of Mar�ne Pro-tected Areas. AustralianGovernment,DepartmentoftheEnvironmentandHeritage:http://www.deh.gov.au/coasts/mpa/nrsmpa/global/.
North Amer�ca
GeoGratis.2004.NCAD-North Amer�can Conservat�on Areas Database.NaturalResourcesCanada:http://geogratis.cgdi.gc.ca/clf/en?action=entrySummary&entryId=3719&entryType=productCollection&context=&keymap=outlineCanada.
Canada
NRCan.2004.The Atlas of Canada: Protected Areas.NaturalResourcesCanadaonlinemaps:http://atlas.gc.ca/site/english/maps/environment/ecology/protect-ing/protectedareas.
CCEA.1998.Canad�an Conservat�on Areas Database.CanadianCouncilonEcologicalAreas:http://www.ccea.org/ccad.html.
ParksCanada.1997.State of The Parks ���� Report.CanadianHeritage,ParksCanada:http://www.pc.gc.ca/docs/pc/rpts/etat-state/SOP_e.pdf.
ParksCanada.1999.State of Protected Her�tage Areas.ParksCanadaAgency:http://www.parkscanada.gc.ca/docs/pc/rpts/heritage/prot1e.asp.
ParksCanadaAgency.2000.Un�mpa�red for future genera-t�ons? Conserv�ng Ecolog�cal Integr�ty w�th Canada’s Nat�onal Parks, Vol. I A Call to Act�on, Volume II: Sett�ng a New D�rect�on for Canada’s Nat�onal Parks. Ottawa, ON: Panel on the Ecolog�cal Integr�ty of Canada’s Nat�onal Parks: http://collection.nlc-bnc.ca/100/200/301/parkscanada/reportofthepanel-e/Li-brary/DownloadDocuments/DocumentsArchive/EI-IE/English/Volume2e.pdf.
DFO.2003.Oceans Program Act�v�ty Track�ng (OPAT) Sys-tem.FisheriesandOceansCanada:http://canoceans.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/index_e.htm.
Un�ted States
NPCA.n.d.Across The Nat�on.NationalParksCon-servationAssociation:http://www.npca.org/across%5Fthe%5Fnation/park%5Fpulse/.
MPA.2003.Mar�ne Protected Areas of the Un�ted States. MarineProtectedAreas,USDepartmentofCom-merce/NOAAandtheUSDepartmentoftheInte-rior:http://www.mpa.gov/.
Urban areas
Internat�onal
UNDESA.2003.World Urban�zat�on Prospects: The �003 Rev�s�on.UnitedNationsDepartmentofEconomicandSocialAffairs,PopulationDivision:http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wup2003/2003WUP.htm.
Canada
StatisticsCanada.2001.�00� Census of Canada: http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/standard/popdwell/Table-CSD-N.cfm?T=2&SR=1&S=20&O=A,Viewed29October2004.
StatisticsCanada.2001.Urban Consumpt�on of Agr�cul-tural Land: Rural and Small Town Canada Analys�s Bullet�n:http://www.statcan.ca:8096/bsolc/english/bsolc?catno=21-006-X2001002,Viewed29October2004.
��� Env�ronmental Ind�cators for North Amer�ca
Un�ted States
Johnson,KennethM.1999.Theruralrebound.Reports on Amer�ca 1(3):http://www.luc.edu/depts/sociology/johnson/rebound.pdf,Viewed16October2004.
AmericanFarmlandTrust.2002.Farm�ng on the Edge: Sprawl�ng Development Threatens Amer�ca’s Best Farm-land.WashingtonD.C.:AmericanFarmlandTrust:http://www.farmland.org/farmingontheedge/index.htm.
human health and the environment
Internat�onal
Canada
Oostdam,JayVan,andNeilTremblay.2003.Chapter5:BiologicalMonitoring:HumanTissueLevelsofEnvironmentalContaminants.InAMAP Assessment �00�: Human Health �n the Arct�c,editedbyAMAP.Oslo,Norway:ArcticMonitoringandAssessmentProgramme,pp31-51:http://www.amap.no/.
Un�ted States
ALA.2004.State of the A�r: �00�.AmericanLungAssocia-tion:http://lungaction.org/reports/sota04_full.html,Viewed31May2004.
Schneider,ConradG.2004.D�rty A�r, D�rty Power: Mor-tal�ty and Health Damage Due to A�r Pollut�on from Power Plants.CleanAirTaskForce:www.cleartheair.org/dirtypower.
Craun,G.F.,andR.L.Calderon.2003.WaterborneOutbreaksintheUnitedStates,1971-2000.In Safe Dr�nk�ng Water Act Compl�ance,editedbyF.Pontius,pp.3-18.
CDC.2003.Second Nat�onal Report on Human Exposure to Env�ronmental Chem�cals.CentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention:http://www.cdc.gov/exposurereport/2nd/.
ThomasBurke.2004.Identifyingpriorityhealthcondi-tions,environmentaldata,andinfrastructureneeds:asynopsisofthePewEnvironmentalHealthTrack-ingProject.EHP Onl�ne: Publ�c Health Track�ng, M�n�-Monograph: http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/mem-bers/2004/7147/7147.pdf.
RTIInternational.n.d.Nat�onal Human Exposure Assessment Survey (NHEXAS):http://www.rti.org/page.cfm?objectid=A892862B-0DB0-4405-BB30056DB2611983,Viewed21July2004.
CAPRM.n.d.CAPRMIIF�nal Ind�cators:ChemicalandPesticidesResultsMeasures:http://www.pepps.fsu.edu/CAPRM/.
USEPA.2003.Amer�ca’s Ch�ldren and the Env�ronment: Measures of Contam�nants, Body Burdens, and Illnesses (EPA240R03001).USEnvironmentalProtectionAgency:http://www.epa.gov/envirohealth/children/.
CDC.2004.Env�ronmental Publ�c Health Ind�cators Project:CentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention:http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/indicators/default.htm.
natural Disasters
Canada
PSEPC.2004.D�saster Database.PublicSafetyandEmergencyPreparednessCanada:http://www.ocipep-bpiepc.gc.ca/disaster/search.asp?lang=eng.
Un�ted States
NCDC.2005.BillionDollarUSWeatherDisasters,1980–2004.NOAA,NationalClimaticDataCenter:http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/reports/billionz.html.[accessed20January2005].
UNEP/DEWA/RS.06-1
Environmental Indicatorsfor North America
For further information
Division of Early Warning and AssessmentUnited Nations Environment Programme
P.O. Box 30552, Nairobi 00100, KenyaTel: (+254) 20 7624028 Fax: (+254) 20 7623943 Email: dewa.direc [email protected]
Web: www.unep.org
United Nations Environment ProgrammeP.O. Box 30552, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
Tel: (+254) 20 7621234Fax: (+254) 20 7623927
E-mail: [email protected]: www.unep.org
North America’s environment—air currents, watersheds, and wildlife and their habitat —is not dissected by political borders. But Canada and the United States often measure environmental conditions and report on them using di�erent indicators. This report examines the environmental indicators used by both nations, suggests a way develop a set of North American indicators, and using a number of common indictors, provides a snapshot of the level of progress being made in protecting the environmental assets and services that underpin North America’s economy.
DEW/0791/WA