Lisola Verde - ESIN · ENERGYAUDIT!ONISCHIA!!! 5!(21)! ENERGYPLANNINGONISCHIA!!!! # 3# Facts# 3.1#Geography# Ischiaisavolcanicisland,!mountainous,!with!an!area!of!46,3km2,anddivided

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ENERGY AUDIT ON ISCHIA

Christian Pleijel [email protected] Tel +358-‐457-‐342 88 25

2015-‐10-‐22


L’isola Verde…

Content 1 Introduction 2 2 Abstract 3 3 Facts 5 4 The identity and culture of Ischia 14 5 Optimism 17 6 Pessimism 18 7 Possibilities 19 8 Action Plan 21


2 (21) ENERGY PLANNING ON ISCHIA

1 Introduction Ischia is an Italian island in the Gulf of Naples, one of Italy’s 75 inhabited islands, known as l’Isola verde – the Green Island. It is also one of the 83 island munici-‐palities in Europe in the high seas1 and, with more than 500 inhabitants/km2, one of the most densely populated islands in Europe2. Ischia is an island of of energies, of beauty and history. The island has a unique supply of hot springs, spas, volcanic mud and mineral waters. Healing and renewal have become a resource by which the Island has recovered its economy and found its zenith as a centre of well being for countless visitors. Ischia’s history is littered with owners and sub owners who have seized, lost and re-‐seized the island, often to the bewilderment of its inhabitants and the detriment of its terrain. Despite the scars strewn across its past, Ischia has an abiding beauty and attraction, due to its riches in natural resources and the charm of the islanders. Task

In 2013, Ischia joined the SMILEGOV3 project through its membership in the Italian Small Islands Association ANCIM (Associazione Nazionale Comuni Isole Minori). The objectives of SMILEGOV (funded by the IEE at the European Com-‐mission) is to establish a clear picture of the island’s energy consumption, its emissions and how it is it supplied with energy, moving into an action plan for a more sustainable future and joining the Pact of Islands4.

1 12 nautical miles from mainland http://europeansmallislands.com/2015/03/04/island-‐matrix/ 2 Spilanis et al: Atlas of the Islands, ESPON Targeted Analysis 2013, page 18 3 http://www.sustainableislands.eu/ 4 http://www.islepact.eu/html/index.aspx



Process

The work has mainly been carried out by Senior Advisor Christian Pleijel, for-‐merly at Sweco, now an independent consultant and the Vice President of ESIN (European Small Islands Federation), with the kind help of Dr Enzo D’Acunto and Dr Jonathan Taglialatela from ischia, and with political support from the Giunta and Sindaco of Ischia Comune. Christian Pleijel has visited Ischia twice during the project: in March 2014 and in September the same year. The energy situation of Ischia is complex to describe and difficult to transform. Due to its richness Ischia has been looted, desecrated and subject to innumerable abuses in history. It is sad to see that the abuse of Ischia has continued into the present with illegal building projects, polluting of the sea and an unimaginable traffic congestion. This has led to a dialogue with political leaders of the island which has resulted in a focus on mobility problems as the focus of this project. -‐ “This is the island’s single most important problem”, said Dr Giosué Mazzella,

Councillor of the Ischia Comune. ”Traffic needs to be safer, emissions have to decrease, transportation must become more effective and cost relatively less, and the island’s vitality and appeal must be protected. Our children and grand-‐children will thank you.”

Methodology

The island has been observed from six different perspectives, a method de-‐scribed and used in Christian Pleijel’s book on the small islands of Europe5: (1) Facts, (2) Identity and culture, (3) Optimism, (4) Pessimism, (5) Alternative so-‐lutions, and (6) Actions. The reason for not solely describing the energy and mobility situation on Ischia is that issues such as energy and mobility are closely related to tourism, trade & industry, transports, healthcare, culture, schools and demography. Islands are miniatures of the world, solitary, clearly separated from the mainland by the sea. Being small, distant and vulnerable, an island needs to plan and develop itself in a cohesive and continuous manner, handling the complexity of local, regional and European politics, combining small scale and big scale. I am solely responsible for all the opinions, arguments and facts in this report. September 2015, Christian Pleijel

5 http://europeansmallislands.com/how-‐to-‐read-‐an-‐island/



2 Abstract Baseline Year 2013 Population 63,730 / 82,798 E N E R G Y C O N S U M P T I O N Solid fuel 169 GWh Oil 1,020 GWh Petrol and diesel 132 GWh Gas 36 GWh Renewable energy 4 GWh Electricity 498 GWh Thermal 134 GWh Sum of energy consumption 1,994 GWh Per capita6 63,730/82,798 31,281 kWh / 24,077 kWh E M I S S I O N S Solid fuel 54,511 tonnes of CO2e Oil 249,946 tonnes of CO2e Petrol and diesel 32,218 tonnes of CO2e Gas 6,716 tonnes of CO2e Renewable energy 0 tonnes of CO2e Electricity 230,171 tonnes of CO2e Thermal unknown Sum of emissions 573,561 tonnes of CO2e Per capita7 63,730/82,798 9,000 kg CO2e / 6,927 kg CO2e L O C A L E N E R G Y P R O D U C T I O N Thermal 134 GWh Renewable energy 4 GWh A C T I O N P L A N To tackle the issue of mobility.

6 36,159 kWh = 3,109 TOE/cap. The Italian average is 2,664 TOE/cap 7 In Italy, the average emission of CO2e was 6,400 kg CO2e in 2013



3 Facts 3.1 Geography

Ischia is a volcanic island, mountainous, with an area of 46,3 km2, and divided into two zones with a sub-‐tropical landscape in the south and west, and a north-‐ern zone in the shadow of Monte Epomeo (788 m).

Ischia has the dry heat typical of the Mediterranean with an annual rainfall of about 985mm. Some areas get more rain than others: there is more rainfall in the north east. The moderate height of Monte Epomeo is not sufficient to obstruct the free passage of air currents, so it only affects the rising winds coming from the sea onto the island, while the process of condensation reaches its full potential right above the island itself. The cloud and vapour carrier winds are Mediterranean ones, namely the scirocco (south-‐easterly) and libeccio (south-‐westerly), which are common in spring. There is occasionaly frosts in spring and the mistral breezes in the summer months. The presence of the sea brings positive effects -‐ but also brackish winds. Ischia lies in the Tyrhhenian Sea almost 4,000 m deep with active volcanoes deep down. Ischia is one of the sea’s eight populated islands of which Ischia’s little sister Capri (10,4 km2, 12,200 pop) is the most famous.



Sea chart showing the middle part of the Tyrrhenian Sea with Ischia to the right and Sardegna to the left

3.2 Population

Ischia has a population of 63,730 (2013) which increases up to 200,000 in summer time. There are also some 4,000 foreigners living on the island. Since 2001, the population has increased with 5%. There was a sharp increase of the population between 1950 and 1980 and a growing inflow of tourists (in 2010 one million tourists visited the island for at least one day) Ischia has 63,730 residents but also 4,000 foreign residents, 150,000 summer residents (during 30 summer days) and 4,000,000 visitors (1 day). The human pressure on the island = the need for freshwater, energy, healthcare, fire brigade, sewage, postal services, telephone communications, roads and fer-‐ries, is as follows:

Residents (365 days) 63,730 23,3 million man-‐days

Foreign residents (365 days) 4,000 1,5 million man-‐days

Summer residents (30 days) 150,000 4,5 million man-‐days

Visitors (1 day) 1,000,000 1 million man-‐days

Sum 30,2 million man-‐days

30,2 million man-‐days is the equivalent to a population of 82,798 people. That is the number of days that humans breathe, drink, eat, walk, drive, produce waste, sewage, greenhouse gases and use the island in every other way humans do. That is the figure to use if one wants to calculate Ischia’s ecological footprint.



To understand the human pressure on Ischia, Ischia’s population must not be considered to be 63,730 persons, but 82,798 persons. 3.3 Governance

Ischia belongs to the Campania Region with almost 6 million inhabitants and Naples as its regional capital. There are six municipalities (commune) on the island: Ischia (which is the main municipality), Barano d'Ischia, Casamicciola Terme, Forio, Lacco Ameno and Serrara Fontana. Ischia joined the Pact of Islands on March, 28, 2013 and the SMILEGOV Estab-‐lishment Act was signed on November 29, 2013, by Giosué Mazzela, Assessore of Ischia Commune.

Fishing boat on its way out

3.4 Trade & Industry

The main industry is tourism with some 1 million tourists8 visiting the island at least one day (2010). During 2011, some 160,000 vehicles and 1 million passen-‐gers arrived and departed by ferries. The side industries are agriculture and fishing. Traditionally, agriculture was most important and especially wine making -‐ indeed Ischia still has some fine white wines. Beside grapes, there are citrus (lemon and oranges mainly) and olives; but it is a marginal activity. The building sector is important given the large number of properties on the island, both private and for the tourism sector.

8 Some statistics mention that Ischia has 4 million visitors but that figure does not meet the number of yearly passengers on the ferries



3.5 Mobility

Busy street in Forio

O N L A N D

In 2011, there were 64,897 vehicles registered on Ischia: Private

vehicles Commercial vehicles

Cars 36,178 Motorcycles 19,219 Buses 91 Goods deliveries 4,058 Special vehicles 439 Trucks 2,765 Three-‐wheeled vehicles 1,569 Trailers 35 Special 396 Motorcycles 110 Special trailers 25 Tractors 11 1 Sum 55,957 8,940 Total 64,897

The 91 buses (= public transport of Ischia) serve the whole island. In Ischia Porto the bus station is just uphill from the port not far from the hydrofoil terminal. Buses line up along the road before setting off in various directions to the villages and towns on the island. There's a kiosk where you can buy tickets, which are valid for fixed time-‐periods. A single ticket costs 1 euro 20 cent for 90 minutes travel, and a two-‐day ticket is 6 euro.



Taxis are easy to find in Ischia, with plenty hanging around the port and other busy areas. Some are normal cars, but others are milk-‐float style microtaxis; entertaining little open vehicles with awnings.

Car ferries meeting outside Ischia

A T S E A

Ischia is most easily reached from Naples, which has an international airport Capodichino and is well-‐served by the Italian railway network. Ferries and hydrofoils run from two ports in Naples -‐ Beverello and Mergellina. Taking a traghetto -‐ ferry -‐ is cheaper and slower (over 1 h). Choosing a hydrofoil (aliscafo), makes the trip take about 45 minutes. Some services, such as the car ferries, also call in at the neighbouring island of Procida. From Naples, the sea distance is 20 nautical miles, about 37 kilometres. Several companies run services. Prices vary from 5 to 12 euro each way, depending on which service you take. Ferries also connect Ischia (more frequently in the high summer season) with other destinations in the Bay of Naples, such as Pozzuoli, Capri, Sorrento, Amlafi and Sorrento. Occasional services run further afield -‐ for example, up to the island of Ponza. Ventotene and Ponza are connected in the high season by hydrofoils. Pozzuoli is connected the whole year and it's kind of the industrial harbor (all supplies arrive from there since it's outside of the city). A few Ischia ferries run to Forio (only hydrofoils). Casamicciola takes both ferries and hydrofoils. Most dock in the small harbour of Ischia, a round basin that was once a lake. For Campanian cars and motorbikes, there is an embarcation prohibit from Easter to September every year.



3.6 Energy consumption

The inhabitants of Ischia use energy for their service industry, for some manu-‐facturing, for agriculture, forestry and fishing, for heating, transports and com-‐mon infrastructure such as water, sewage and street lighting9. Ischia became connected to the mainland electricity in 196710. The energy pro-‐duction on Ischia consists of some private solar installations and the use of geo-‐thermal energy in the tourism industry. H E A T I N G Houses are heated with oil and food is cooked with gas. The average Italian uses 2,680 kgoe (kilogram of oil equivalent energy) per year = 31,168 kWh, which places Italy higher than China and Brazil but lower than the UK and Japan11. Italian households being the world’s 25th largest consumer of natural gas use 1,114 m3 of natural gas per capita and year (2014)12 but with no pipeline gas is much lesser used on Ischia than on the mainland. In May 2015, a private company asked for permission from the ministry to start a pilot project for a geothermic plant. The reaction of the inhabitants and insti-‐tutions has not been positive. The public opinion was indeed worried that this kind of intervention could increase earthquake risk and have consequences on thermal water activity. T R A N S P O R T S

All transportation utilises fossil fuels (MDO, gasoline and diesel). On land

9 It is difficult to find official data on energy use on Ischia. The figures shown are compilations of data from the six municipalities on Ischia, from the region, from A/S Periplo, from interviews and desktop research. 10 37 of the 45 Italian small islands have off-‐grid dieselgenerated electricity systems managed by small electricity distribution companies which are quite reluctant to change the existing situation because they work in a monopolist condition and the extra cost of local energy production is totally covered by the government. The kWh production cost varies from island to island from a minimum value of 0.30 €/kWh to a maximum of 0.72 €/kWh . Every island inhabitant pays the energy unit at the subsidised price of 0.15 €/kWh. The government pays the difference between the cost of energy and the final user bill to the distributor. This mechanism produces high energy consumption and inefficiency and it is the reason why distributors are definitely against a change of scenario particularly if energy saving measures and renewable energies are being proposed. 11 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_energy_consumption_per_capita 12 http://www.indexmundi.com/map/?v=137000



As concluded above, the number of vechicles on Ischia was 64,897 in 2011. The fuel consumption of these vehicles was:13

Gasoline 8,242,300 liters

Diesel 5,425,000 liters

At sea

The energy used by the ferries going to and from Ischia is consumed in the wa-‐ters of the island and the ferry service is produced to serve the island and its tourism sector. The ferries transported 1,568,694 passengers to Ischia and 1,433,693 from Is-‐chia in 2011, and the same year 166,962 vechicles to Ischia and 157,760 from Ischia. With an average of 50 daily trips Naples –Ischia and 50 back = 10 daily trips whereof 58 with ferries and 42 with hydrofoils, given 37 kilometres distance, the sum of MDO used is 51,935 m3 which is equivalent to 6,104,002 MWh. E N E R G Y U S E P E R S E C T O R A N D T Y P E

Solid fuel

Oil

Petrol

Diesel

Gas

REN

Electric

Thermal

Manufacturing Manufacturing 1,2 46,0 34,0 178,4 161,5 Service industry 1,8 122,6 20,9 126,4 Building 1,8 40,8 0,8 Transport On land 76,4 55,1 At sea 604,0 Other sectors Residential 113,4 113,4 2,3 4,2 185,1 161,5 Agri, forest, fish 37,7 37,7 85,9 37,7 Other 15,9 15,9 0,1 7,7 15,9 Sum 169,9 980,4 76,4 55,1 36,4 4,3 478,1 503,9 13 Dr Enzo d’Acunto, APS Periplo: Mobility Study, 22/92012



Total energy use in percentage per energy type

The total sum of yearly energy consumption on Ischia is 1,994 GWh, counting a population of 63,730 = 31,281 kWh/capita. That is 2,691 TOE (tonnes of oil equivalent) per capita. The Italian average is 2,664 TOE per capita. Counting the “technical population” 82,798 as argued above under point 3.2 Population the sum of energy per capita is 24,077 kWh = 2,070 TOE. 3.7 Emissions

People of Ishia produce refuse, sewage, and greenhouse gas. Refuse

An Italian from the southern regions produces some 450-‐550 kg of solid waste every year (2006)14. Some ten percent of this is transformed into energy = 2,4 million MWh in electricity and 0,5 million Mwh thermal energy for Italy). Of the raming 90 percent, about 35 kg is newspapers, 12 kg is carton, 15 kg is metal scrap, 5 kg is plastic, 19 kg glass and teher are 100 cans from each peron and year. There are also bottles with toxic or inflammable products, battery and storage cells, varnish and ink, vetegable oil and mineral oil, drugs, electric and electronic equipment. All in all, Ischia produces almost 3,000 tonnes of newspapers, almost 1,000 tonne of carton, ocver 1,000 tonnes of metal scarp, 300 tonnes of plastic and 1,500 tonnes of glass plus over 8 million cans that have to be shipped away to the mainland which is a problem = a cost, not an asset. Sewage

The sum of sewage on the island can be estimated to 180 litres per capita and day15 x 365 days x 82,798 people = 14,9 million litres. Most of it is grey water (from showers, bath, dish and washes) and a smaller part is blackwater from toilets comprising bacteria, nutrigents and medicine spill.

14 L Rigamonti: Municipal solid waste management in Italy, Politecnino of Milan (2006) 15 http://www.doeni.gov.uk/niea/ppg04.pdf



As at the end of 2011 the island lacked the most basic system for sewage treat-‐ment; sewage is sent directly to the sea. In 2004 one of the five communities of the island commenced civil works to build a sewage treatment plant but since then the construction has not been completed and it is currently stopped.16 Greenhouse gas

In average, every Italian produces 6,400 kilos of CO2e emissions per year while an inhabitant of Ischia produces 9,000 kg (counting 63,730 inhabitants) or 6,927 CO2e (counting 82,798). The main reason for the high numbers is the sea transports, which are the single mots important source of emissions = 30%. On the other hand, the forest on and the sea around Ischia capture CO2 which has not been deducted from the emissions.

Total emissions in percentage per energy type

3.8 Energy Production

There is very little energy production on Ischia. Many residents heat water by sun, some have solar cells. Energy for cooling and for electricity is taken through four high-‐voltage under-‐water cables from Cuma on the Campania coast to Lacco Ameno on Ischia, main-‐tained by ENEL S.p.A. The cables were laid out in 196717.

16 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischia 17 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WIn2R69o6p4



4 The identity and culture of Ischia 4.1 What is the problem?

Ischia is a sample of Italian individualism and strong local politics. The almost 64,000 residents are spread across six different municipalities. The 2011 proposal to merge the island into a single municipality did of course not pass the referendum. Much land that was previously used for agriculture has been developed for the construction of houses and residential structures, in general without planning and building permissions. The island lacks the most basic system for sewage treatment, sending waters from the sewages directly into the sea. One of the six communities of the island started to build a plant for sewage treatment in 2004, but since then the con-‐struction has not been achieved and is currently stopped. The author of this report has visited Ischia twice, interviewed a dozen people and read dozens of reports, articles and documents. It would still be presumptuous to describe the culture of the island, to define what is preventing change. But I believe the following quote from Giuseppe Conti, a native islander, tells the truth:18 4.2 A Cultural Issue

”People have always lived on Ischia as if the island was their property, adopting a lifestyle that was not in line with the concept of sustainable development. The main problems that emerged in the past few years are:

-‐ unlawful building -‐ marine pollution -‐ insufficient support from local administrations

U N L A W F U L B U I L D I N G Since the 60’s Ischia has not had a local strategic plan. For this reason it is forbidden to build new houses on the island. Citizens did not respect this ban and kept building houses and, in particular, hotels and apartments to rent. They cared about their own incomes rather than the environmental impact of their actions.

18 Giuseppe Conte: The Island of Ischia” http://www.slideshare.net/giuconte/presentation-‐ie-‐33650363



Now Ischia, an island that has a population of 60,000 citizens, can count about 1,000 constructions not regularly registered. M A R I N E P O L L U T I O N Despite the fact that a large part of the sea that surrounds Ischia is a protected zone, hotels and privates keep draining into the sea toxix thermal muds and other materials that should be disposed of in a different and more expensive way. This behaviour ontributes to pollute the sea and damages the image of the island as it has done for Venice, for example19 L O C A L A D M I N I S T R A T I O N Its support is insufficient and ineffective. It has always been accommodating with people that disrespected their hometown. Every kind of control system in the past years has been very superficial and easy to elude. W H A T S H O U L D B E I M P R O V E D ? Until the 90’s, the irresponsible behaviour of the locals did not show its nega-‐tive effects. The tourism kept growing, some businessmen gained a lot of money and only now we face a situation where all this problems come out. What can be improved:

-‐ Controls and controllers -‐ Public and private support

C O N T R O L S A N D C O N T R O L L E R S In the past five years authorities begun to excert a more strict control, putting these operations in the hand of people not involved in politics or other activi-‐ties that would interfere with their role. As a first step, several hotel facilities and other illegal constructions have been confiscated, however the real goal is to stop illegal activities before they happen with the creation of a prevention plan. P U B L I C A N D P R I V A T E S U P P O R T Both the pubic administration and local businessmen must cooperate and in-‐vest money in the requalification of the territory.

19 http://www.italoamericano.org/story/2013-‐4-‐5/Venice-‐Canals



After a first step where they have to face and resolve environmental prob-‐lems, the next step should be investing money in promotions to let people know things are changed and Ischia is the uncontaminated island that was forty years ago. P R O S P E C T S The development reached in the past was not socially, institutionally and economically sustainable in environmental terms. I hope that with this simple plan, in the next few years, we can reach a sus-‐tainable development for everyone living in the island of Ischia.”

4.3 How far away is Ischia?

The sea transport system is omitted from this study but it must be clear that would they be calculated, sea transports would be a major energy consumer and creator of emissions. The sea transport also creates a certain ”virtual distance” to Ischia: the distance from Naples Beverello port to Ishia port is about 20 nautical miles = 27 kilome-‐tres, which takes 2 hours with the traghetto and 45 minutes with the aliscafo. As people are used to travel at 70 km/h, the perceived distance of traveling for 45 minutes is 52 kilometres, not 27. With a travel time of 2 hours, the perceived distance is 140 kilometres. Ischia – like most islands – feels distant. We experi-‐ence time, not kilometres. This experience forms our perception of the distance to islands such as Ischia, not maps.

The real and the virtual distance to Ischia



Strong interest from local media is a positive sign

5 Optimism

High prices of conventional fuels drives change. The energy planning on islands can partially solve this problem by reducing energy needs, peak loads, atmospheric emissions and by introducing renewable energies. The energy optimisation can be realised first of all by energy saving measures and demand-‐side management programmes, secondly by the introduction of renewable energies and of sustainable transportation projects. The tourist nature of the island gives a unique opportunity of applying direct solar technologies: the seasonal nature of the load curve meets the solar insulation curve availability much better than any other seasonal load curve in the continent. The first result of this is that the ratio between the energy actually used and the total energy produced is much higher than usual.

9domenica 8 settembre 2013 FORIO

C’è un’isola che sa farsi largo nelle sedi europee, rivendicando con orgoglio le sue peculiarità e sotto-lineando le sue enormi potenzia-lità. Lo fa, evidentemente, mentre un’altra isola – che è poi la stessa – annaspa tra i diritti calpestati da una Regione troppo spesso assen-te e le beghe di casa nostra, con le amministrazioni troppo spesso af-faccendate in questioni spicciole. E dalla lontana Finlandia rimbal-za l’eco di una missione, sin qui riuscita, che ci vede protagonisti. O meglio, ha visto protagonista in particolare l’associazione Periplo, già in prima linea per la promo-zione della mobilità sostenibile e rappresentata da Enzo D’Acunto, esperto in Finanza Agevolata Co-munitaria, e da Jonathan Tagliala-tela, esperto in Finanza e Mercati.Sono stati loro a sedere al tavolo dell’Esin (l’European Small Island Network, la rete delle piccole iso-

le europee), abbracciando in una giornata storica l’organismo che si sta occupando, nell’ambito dell’Unione Europea, di con-frontare i problemi delle piccole isole e promuovere delle «best practices» (buone pratiche, l’in-glese è dilagante) per sviluppare progetti a tutto campo con parti-colare riferimento all’energia ed ai trasporti (terresti e marittimi). Il tutto secondo l’assunto che ci siano una serie di problematiche che accomunano territorio pur distanti migliaia di chilometri tra di loro, tuttavia accomunati dalla loro insularità, e dalle pro-blematiche che ne conseguono, nonché dalle potenzialità che que-

sta condizione riserva loro. E l’argomento è forte. soprattutto per le isole: tra il 2014-2020 sono previsti investi-menti per 6,5 miliardi di euro per le politiche marittime integrate, e

in particolare per la cura delle zone costiere. Quel che sorprende è che l’An-cim, l’associazione nazio-nale delle isole minori, contattata dall’assessore del Comune di Ischia Giosué Mazzella (che ha informato il segretario generale Giannina Usai) si è mostrata poco soler-te, disertando l’appunta-mento finlandese dove – a questo punto – il Bel Paese è stato rappresentato solo dall’associazione Periplo, grazie all’intelligente idea del presidente Roberto Albano, già tra gli arte-fi ci del miracolo-Giro d’Italia ad Ischia. E sull’isola di Aland, do-ve gli ischitani sono giunti anche grazie ai contatti con l’onorevole Gianni Pittella («E’ stato dispo-nibilissimo, lo ringraziamo per la cortesia») è accaduto quel che non ti aspetti. O che forse, in fon-do, puoi anche aspettarti. Ischia è stata al centro dell’attenzione, non solo perché per la prima volta l’Italia era fi sicamente rappresen-tata al progetto Smilegov. La no-stra isola è considerata, su chiave europea, un caso più unico che raro: per i fl ussi, per l’economia presente, per i problemi logistici che ne derivano. Così, le relazioni presentate in Finlandia sono state ampiamente dibattute (in lingua inglese) suscitando un ampio in-

teresse. Ed in particolare, pensa-te, l’imposta di soggiorno è stata considerata un intelligente prov-vedimento, benché – ma questo ce lo siamo risparmiato – sull’isola non si abbiano ancora del tutto le idee chiare su come utilizzarne i proventi. «Non possiamo non rin-graziare Antonio Bernasconi, di-

rigente del Comune d’Ischia, che ci siamo permessi di consultare in piena notte per avere alcune conferme in merito e di cui poi in sala è stato apprezzato il lavoro tecnico soprattutto nello scegliere di diversifi care le forme di appli-cazione» sottolinea D’Acunto. E

non è mancato neanche l’intervento telefonico in Sala dell’assessore. Gio-suè Mazzella che in per-fetto inglese ha portato i saluti del sindaco Giosi Ferrandino (che sta già studiando per le Euro-pee, del resto) e dell’am-ministrazione comunale di Ischia, augurandosi di poter incontrare per-sonalmente il èresidente ed il gruppo Esin quanto prima. Un analogo saluto ed augurio di buon lavoro è stato espresso anche da una missiva del presiden-te del Consiglio Gianluca Trani, giunta via mail. Ma non fi nisce qui: l’articolo del maggior giornale lo-

cale redatto in lingua svedese per una distribuzione anche continen-tale parla di una bella Italia, che con Ischia si è resa protagonista a livello europeo. E le dichiarazioni di D’Acunto e di Taglialatela, vol-te alla ricerca di un modello soste-nibile per le piccole isole, ottimiz-zando esperienze già consolidate,

risorse e studi in materia. Di più: Ischia si candidata per ospitare l’Esin per il 2014, preannunciando per l’anno prossimo un workshop ad Ischia sulle energie rinno-vabili che sarà promosso proprio dall’Associazione

Periplo. Musica per le orecchie di Bengt Almqvist, presidente della rete, Cristian Pleijel, rappresen-tante dell’isola di Aland e per tutti i delegati presenti, a rappre-sentanza di Danimarca, Estonia, Finlandia, Grecia, Irlanda, Scozia, Svezia e Finlandia.

IN EUROPA C’È POSTO PER ISCHIAMissione in Finlandia per il “patto delle isole”

L’ASSOCIAZIONE PERIPLO HA RAPPRESENTATO LA NOSTRA REALTÀ, L’UNICA ITALIANA, AL SUMMIT DELL’ESIN, LA RETE DELLE PICCOLE ISOLE EUROPEE. PAROLE D’ORDINE: TRASPORTI E SOSTENIBILITÀ.

E UNO DEI PROSSIMI INCONTRI POTREBBE ESSERE DA NOI

L’articolo del maggior giornale locale redatto in lingua svedese per una

distribuzione anche continentale parla di una bella Italia, che con Ischia si è resa protagonista a livello europeo

Giovani ischitani che si fanno onore. In Italia e nel mondo: i futuri “tax advisor” delle grandi multinazionali, stu-denti provenienti da 28 diversi paesi di tutto il mondo, si sono confrontati nella terza edizio-ne del concorso “Young tax professional of the year”, or-ganizzata da Ernest & Young e tenutasi a Copenaghen l’ul-tima settimana di agosto. E da questo concorso arriva una

meravigliosa sorpresa per la nostra isola: questa, infatti, è stata la prima competizio-

ne a cui ha partecipato una fi nalista italiana. Si tratta di Daiana Buono, 25 enne ischi-tana laureanda in Economia e Commercio all’Università Federico II di Napoli. Daiana non ha nessun dubbio su cosa farà da grande sin dal primo giorno di università e tra le sue doti ha la determinazione e l’ambizione. Auguri sinceri a lei da tutta la redazione de “Il Golfo”.

Professione “tax advisor”, Daiana porta Ischia in alto

di Pasquale Raicaldo

LA BUONO, 25 ANNI, PROTAGONISTA A COPENAGHEN



The Castello Aragonese

6 Pessimism There is no energy production on Ischia. Almost all transportation utilizes fossil fuels (diesel and gas), the collective traffic functions very poorly, bicyclists don’t have space on the cramped roads and the island lacks functioning sewage sys-‐tems: most of the sewage goes straight out into the sea. One municipality started to build a purifying plant in 2011, but it hasn’t been completed. Significant acreage of land previously used for agriculture has been developed for the construction of houses and residential structures. Most of this develop-‐ment has taken place without any planning and building permission. On 14 June 2007 there was a breakage in one of the four high‑voltage underwa-‐ter cables forming the power line maintained by Enel S.p.A — although never authorized by Italian authorities — between Cuma on the Campania coast and Lacco Ameno on the island of Ischia. Inside each cable there is an 18 mm‑diameter channel filled with oil under high pressure.[15] The breakage of the Enel cable resulted in the spillage of oil into the sea and into other environ-‐mental matrices — with the consequent pollution by polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs, the use of which was banned by the Italian authorities as long ago as 1984), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and linear alkyl benzenes (ar-‐omatic hydrocarbons) — in the ‘Regno di Nettuno’, a marine protected area, and the largest ecosystem in the Mediterranean Sea, designated as a ‘priority habi-‐



tat’ in Annex I to the Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC) and comprising oceanic posidonia beds.20 Ischia is totally dependent on the mainland for its energy supplies of gas, oil and electricity; it does not take care of its own sewage. Ischia is, therefore, not a sound, self-‐sufficient ecosystem with a small ecological footprint. It is doubtful if it can be called l’Isola Verde.

7 Possibilities Islands are delicate and unique microworlds. Their specific combination of eco-‐nomical, geographical, environmental and energy related features, along with mobility infrastructure, makes them differ from mainland cities not only for be-‐ing surrounded by the sea. Mobility issues might be triggered by various rea-‐sons: the limited length of road infrastructures connecting in many cases sever-‐al settlements spread around the island, the touristic economic profile leading to high fluctuation in the population and the transportation load, the high fuel cost, the autonomous character of the islands in terms of energy infrastructures and the continuous reliance on ferries for moving from and to the island. In urban areas, these issues are usually faced by developing a Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan (SUMP) as promoted by the European Commission via the Action Plan on Urban Mobility (2009) and the Transport White Paper (2011)21. SUMP is a new planning concept able to address transport related challenges and problems of urban areas in a more sustainable and integrative way. But, mobili-‐ty plans are lacking a specific dimension for islands. During workshops and meetings, an idea of a Sustainable Islands Mobility Plan (SIMP) project for Ischia has evolved. This would be a twin project to the Sus-‐tainable Urban Mobility Plans. The project would provide support to islands

20 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischia 21 http://www.mobilityplans.eu/docs/file/eltisplus_state-‐of-‐the-‐art_of_sumps_in_europe_sep2011_final.pdf



local authorities for developing sustainable mobility solutions that have to be suitable to the island’s special mobility features. A cornerstone of this project will be citizen’s involvement, as recommended by the EC guidelines, in order to make people engaged in the local mobility devel-‐opment process on their island. The project will end with an open conference on each of the islands giving a clear picture of the situation, presenting inspiring benchmarks, a draft mobility plan for the islands, and precise feedback from different segments of citizens. Local politicians, stakeholders, researchers will be engaged and wide coverage by media will be included. Moreover a different concept of ecological footprint is going to be used. Indeed, when footprint indicators are calculated for it seems that islands are overusing their available resources. But it should be taken into account that the presence of surrounding sea means that all the values might be overestimated and then this should be considered when evaluating the environmental impact of an insu-‐lar community. The output of the project would be six sustainable island mobility plans with cost/effect analysis, budgets and bankable projects, along with the related con-‐ferences and events. There would be a feedback from a representative and im-‐portant part of the islands’ populations that may be used to compare and evalu-‐ate further measures to adopt. A replicable model for the development of further SIMPs for islands will be cre-‐ated, along with a set of bankable actions and projects that may be suitable for small islands. The project has been proposed by Ischia in March 2014. There will be six part-‐ners islands, spread over Mediterranean, Atlantic and Baltic Sea, which will de-‐velop SIMPs following the previously specified guidelines and taking into ac-‐count the specific features that we mentioned. Possible partners

Area Population

Hydra, Greece

Porto Santo, Madeira

Arrain Mhor, Ireland



Alderney, Guernsey22 78 km2 65,345

Lidingö, Sweden 31 km2 45,178

Samsø, Denmark 112 km2 3,885

Ischia, Italy

The learning partners will primarily be the 138 Smilegov project members, sec-‐ondarily the ESIN and CPMR member organizations and their islands. Financing

The key action under which the action will be submitted is: EE 7 – 2014/2015: Enhancing the capacity of public authorities to plan and implement sustainable energy policies and measures23. 8 Action Plan To tackle the issue of mobility through the project described above.

22 ”How does one reduce traffic congestion on Island roads?” http://www.sustainableguernsey.info/blog/2010/06/how-‐does-‐one-‐reduce-‐traffic-‐congestion-‐on-‐island-‐roads/ 23 http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/portal/desktop/en/opportunities/h2020/topics/2360-‐ee-‐10-‐2014.html

Documents

Lisola Verde - ESIN · ENERGYAUDIT!ONISCHIA!!! 5!(21)! ENERGYPLANNINGONISCHIA!!!! # 3# Facts# 3.1#Geography# Ischiaisavolcanicisland,!mountainous,!with!an!area!of!46,3km2,anddivided