Limerick Flying Club PPL Air Law 1. Reference Material Statutory Instruments 333 of 2000 PERSONNEL LICENSING 72 of 2004 RULES OF THE AIR 61 of 2006 OPERATIONS

Limerick Flying Club

PPL

Air Law 1

Reference Material

Statutory Instruments• 333 of 2000 PERSONNEL LICENSING • 72 of 2004 RULES OF THE AIR• 61 of 2006 OPERATIONS

IAA, Publications, Legislation

Irish Aeronautical PublicationIAA, Publications, Integrated Aeronautical Information Package

JAA DocumentsJAR-FCL 1 Flight Crew Licensing (Aeroplane)JAR-FCL 3 Flight Crew Licensing (Medical)

http://www.jaa.nl/publications/section1.html

Irish Aviation Law for Pilots

ICAO

International Civil Aviation OrganisationA specialized agency of the United Nations, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) was created in 1944 (by the Chicago Convention) to promote the safe and orderly development of international civil aviation throughout the world. It sets standards and regulations necessary for aviation safety, security, efficiency and regularity, as well as for aviation environmental protection. The Organization serves as the forum for cooperation in all fields of civil aviation among its 190 Member States.

Annexes

Standard Procedures and Recommended Practices (SARPS)http://www2.icao.int/en/home/default.aspx

JAAJoint Aviation Authorities

The Joint Aviation Authorities (JAA) was an associated body of the European Civil Aviation Conference (ECAC) representing the civil aviation regulatory authorities of a number of European States who had agreed to co-operate in developing and implementing common safety regulatory standards and procedures. This co-operation was intended to provide high and consistent standards of safety and a "level playing field" for competition in Europe. Much emphasis was placed on harmonising the JAA regulations with those of the USA.

Joint Aviation Requirements (JAR)http://www.jaa.nl/introduction/introduction.html

EASA

European Aviation Safety AgencyThe European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) promotes the highest common standards of safety and environmental protection in civil aviation in Europe and worldwide. It is the centrepiece of a new regulatory system which provides for a single European market in the aviation industry.

http://www.easa.europa.eu/home.php

IAA

Irish Aviation AuthorityThe Irish Aviation Authority (IAA) is a commercial semi state company employing approximately 700 people at six locations around Ireland. The IAA has two main functions; the provision of air traffic management & related services in Irish controlled airspace and the safety regulation of the civil aviation industry in Ireland.

Statutory Instruments (Orders) (SI)

Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP)http://www.iaa.ie

Licensing9. Validity Periods of Licences, Ratings, Examiner Authorisations and Medical

Certificates

(1) The validity of a licence shall be determined by the validity of the ratings

contained therein. Subject to the provisions of this Order a pilot licence, issued or

re-issued thereunder, shall remain effective for a period not exceeding 5 years or

such other period as may be specified in respect of a particular class of licence by

a direction under this Order.

(2) The validity period of a rating issued to a pilot or flight engineer, as applicable,

shall be as follows:-• Single-pilot Aeroplane Class Rating 2 Years• Multi-engine Aeroplane Class Rating 1 Year• Type Rating (Aeroplane & Helicopter) 1 Year

or, as otherwise directed or, in the case of a JAA licence, as specified in the

applicable Joint Aviation Requirements.

SI 333 of 2000

Irish Aviation Law, Page 6

Validity Periods of Medical Certificates

(4) The validity period of a medical certificate in respect of a pilot shall be as follows:-

(b) Class 2 Medical Certificate -• issued before the applicants 30th birthday 5 Years• issued from age 30 and before applicants 50th birthday 2

Years• issued from age 50 and before applicants 65th birthday 1

year• above the age of 65 6 months

or, as otherwise directed or, in the case of a JAA licence, as specified in the applicable Joint Aviation Requirements.

SI 333 of 2000


23. Production of Licences & 25. Logbooks

A person who is required by the provisions of this Order to hold a licence and who is required by-

(a) an authorised officer of the company, or(b) a person authorised for the purpose of this Article by the Authority, or(c) a member of the Garda Siochana,to produce the licence for inspection by such person, shall forthwith produce the licence for such inspection.

(5) A person who is required by the provisions of this Article to keep or preserve a logbook and who is required by-(a) an authorised officer of the company, or(b) a person authorised by the Authority for the purpose of this Article, or(c) a member of the Garda Siochana,to produce for inspection such a logbook by such person, shall, within a reasonable time, produce for such inspection any such logbook wherein an entry has been made.

SI 333 of 2000 Irish Aviation Law, Page 3

25. Logbooks(1) A person licensed or undergoing training under the provisions of this Order to act in

any of the capacities specified in paragraph (1) of Article 6 of this Order shall keep a record of the flights completed in a logbook in such form as may be required or approved by the Authority or, for a JAA licence, as required by the applicable Joint Aviation Requirements.

(2) Entries in a pilots’ logbook shall be made in conformity with the requirements of Schedule VII to this Order or, where appropriate, as required by the applicable Joint Aviation Requirements.

(a) the date and the places at which the holder embarked on and disembarked from the aircraft and the time spent during the course of a flight when acting in either capacity;

(b) the type and registration marks of the aircraft;

(c) the capacity in which the holder acted in flight;

(d) particulars of any special conditions under which the flight was conducted, including night flying and instrument flying; and

(e) particulars of any skill test or examination undertaken whilst in flight.

(3) Entries in a logbook shall be made in ink and shall be kept up to date.

SI 333 of 2000

5. Flight Crew Members to be Licensed &38. Age Limits

(5) (a) a person undergoing dual instruction for the purpose of obtaining a student pilot’s licence shall be not less than 15 years of age and shall be not less than 16 years of age before undertaking an initial solo flight;

Applicants for the issue of pilot licences shall be not less than the ages respectively shown hereunder on the date of application-

Student pilot 16 years

Private pilot 17 yearsSI 333 of 2000

39. Medical Requirements

(1) Subject to the provisions of paragraph 3 of Schedule VIII to this Order, applicants for the issue or re-issue of pilot licences shall, currently, meet the following standards of medical requirements set out in that Schedule or, for a JAA licence, the applicable Joint Aviation Requirements -

Medical AssessmentStudent pilot Class 2Private pilot Class 2

SI 333 of 2000

7. Medical Fitness(2) The holder of a licence to act in any capacity as a flight crew member shall not exercise the privileges of that licence

during any period in which that person is aware of any illness or decrease in medical fitness such that, for the time being, the medical requirements specified in paragraph (1) above cannot be met in that case.

(3) The holder of a licence, other than a JAA licence, to act in any capacity as a flight crew member shall make a declaration to the Authority-

(a) immediately, of any accident which may occur to the holder during the performance of that holder’s duties, or of any accident which may otherwise happen to the holder and which involves any incapacity for work;

(b) of any illness involving incapacity for work during ten days or more, as soon as the period of ten days has elapsed;

(c) immediately, of any medical operation or investigation involving, in either case, incapacity for work;

and shall not exercise the privileges of that licence until a medical report has been furnished to the Authority, giving the nature of the injury, illness or other cause of incapacity, the treatment received and that holder’s present condition and the licence holder has, in the light of such report, either been medically re-examined and declared fit so to act or has been informed by the Authority that such medical re-examination is not required.

The holder of a JAA flight crew licence shall, on becoming aware of a decrease in medical fitness, comply with the applicable Joint Aviation Requirements (JAR-FCL - Medical) in that regard.

(4) The holder of a licence to act in any capacity as a flight crew member may be required by the Authority to submit from time to time to further medical examinations carried out in accordance with arrangements approved by the Authority or, in the case of a JAA licence, as required by the applicable Joint Aviation Requirements.

(5) A licence to act in any capacity as a flight crew member issued or validated under this Order shall be deemed to be suspended upon the pregnancy of the holder being diagnosed and shall remain suspended until the holder has been medically examined after the termination of the pregnancy and has been assessed as fit to resume the exercise of the privileges of the licence.

SI 333 of 2000

41. Aircraft Ratings(1) Aircraft ratings shall comprise:-

(a) category ratings; (b) class ratings; (c) type ratings.(2) Category ratings shall comprise:-

(a) aeroplane; (b) rotorcraft (e.g. helicopter or gyroplane); (c) glider; (d) free balloon.(3) Class ratings shall comprise: (a) for aeroplanes:

(i) single-engine piston, land;(ii) single-engine piston, sea;(iii) multi-engine piston, land;(iv) multi-engine piston, sea;(v) single-engine turboprop, land.

(4) Type ratings shall comprise:-(a) a rating for each type of multi-engine turbo propeller single-pilot aeroplane;(b) a rating for each type of aeroplane certificated for multi-pilot operation;(c) a rating for each type of helicopter and for each unconventional type of aircraft;(d) in any case not provided for in sub-paragraphs (a), (b) or (c) of this paragraph, a rating for each type of aircraft where so required for the exercise of the privileges set out in Article 46 of this Order or directed under sub-paragraph (b) of paragraph (1) of that Article, or in the case of a JAA licence, in accordance with the applicable Joint Aviation Requirements.

SI 333 of 2000

2. Student Pilot Licence Privileges

The privileges of the holder of a Student Pilot Licence to act as pilot-in-command

and the limitations to be observed in exercising such privileges are as follows:-

(1) all flights shall be made under the supervision and authority of a duly

authorised instructor;

(2) all solo flights shall be made within the territorial limits of the state unless

otherwise permitted by the Authority;

(3) no person other than an instructor or an authorised examiner may be carried

in the aircraft;

(4) no cross-country flight may be undertaken unless and until a duly authorised

flight instructor has certified that the holder of the student pilot licence:-

(a) has passed to the satisfaction of such flight instructor an examination in

air navigation, rules of the air and air traffic control procedures,

elementary map reading and the use of the compass in flight; and

(b) is competent to undertake cross-country flight.

SI 333 of 2000, SCHEDULE 1, PART I

1. Private Pilot Licence Requirements

(1) Knowledge

The applicant shall pass an examination in at least the following

subjects:-

(a) Air Law:

(b) Aeroplanes - General Knowledge:

(c) Flight Performance and Planning:

(d) Human Performance and Limitations:

(e) Meteorology:

(f) Navigation:

(g) Operational Procedures:

(h) Principles of flight:

(i) Radiotelephony:

SI 333 of 2000, SCHEDULE 1, PART IIIrish Aviation Law, Page 5

1. Private Pilot Licence Requirements – (cont’d)

(3) Experience

(a) The applicant shall have satisfactorily completed as pilot of aeroplanes not less than 45

hours of flight time which shall include not less than:-

(i) 10 hours of solo flight time, supervised by a duly authorised flight instructor,

including at least 5 hours of solo cross-country flight time with at least one solo

cross-country flight totalling not less than 150 nautical miles in the course of

which full-stop landings at two different aerodromes shall be made;

(ii) 5 hours of instrument instruction time of which not more than 2 hours may be

instrument ground time; and

(iii) 5 hours as pilot-in-command or dual instruction flight time during the 90 day

period immediately preceding the date of application.

(b) If the privileges of the licence are to be exercised at night, the applicant shall have

completed an additional 5 hours of flight time at night in an aeroplane, including 3

hours of dual instruction with navigational instruction and 5 solo take-offs, circuits

and full-stop landings.


2. Private Pilot Licence Privileges and Limitations

The privileges of the holder of a valid Private Pilot Licence (Aeroplane) and the limitations to be observed in

exercising such privileges are as follows:-

(1) Privileges:

to act, but not for remuneration (save where given in the circumstances mentioned in the proviso to

paragraph (2) of Article 2 of this Order) -

(a) as pilot-in-command or as co-pilot of any aeroplane, when operated as a private aircraft, of the type

or types specified in the aircraft rating on the licence;

(b) as pilot-in-command or as co-pilot of any aeroplane when operated as a private aircraft, of the class

specified in the aircraft rating on the licence which is not certificated for operation by a multi-pilot crew

and which is not an aeroplane of an unconventional type.

(2) Limitations:

(a) Before exercising the privileges at night, the licence holder shall have complied with the requirements

specified in sub-paragraph (3)(b) of paragraph 1;

(b) The holder of a private pilot licence (aeroplane) shall not act as pilot-in-command of an aeroplane

carrying passengers unless within the preceding 90 days that holder has made three take-offs,

circuits and landings as the sole manipulator of the controls in an aeroplane of the same type or

class; if the privileges are to be exercised at night the holder shall have completed the aforementioned

requirements by night.


S.I. No. 72 of 2004RULES OF THE AIR

GENERAL FLIGHT RULES2. Negligent or Reckless Operation

An aircraft shall not be operated in a negligent or reckless manner so as to endanger life or property.

S.I. No. 72 of 2004Irish Aviation Law, Page 29

3. Minimum heights(1) Except as permitted by the appropriate authority or as hereinafter provided aircraft shall not

be flown:(a) over congested areas of cities, towns or settlements or over an assembly of persons, at less than:

(i) a height of 450 metres (1,500 ft) above the ground or water, or(ii) a height of 300 metres (1,000 ft) above the highest obstacle within a radius of 600 metres from the aircraft, or(iii) such other height as would permit, in the event of the failure of a power unit, a safe forced landing to be made,whichever height is the greatest.

(b) elsewhere:(i) closer than 150 metres, (500 ft) to any person, vehicle, vessel or structure, or(ii) at a height less than 150 metres (500 ft) above the ground or water,

(c) over or in the immediate vicinity of any place within the State, where a large number of persons is assembled in the open air in connection with any event of public interest or entertainment, save when:

(i) such flights are made with the written consent of the Authority and of the organisers, if any, of the event and are in accordance with any conditions or limitations specified by the Authority, or(ii) the aircraft is passing by in the normal course of navigation and flying at a height in compliance with subparagraph (a) of this paragraph.


3. Minimum heights – (cont’d)

(3) Paragraph (1)(b) of this Rule shall not apply to:

(a) an aircraft while it is landing or taking-off in accordance with

normal aviation practice at an aerodrome or heliport;

(b) an aircraft when it is in use for aerial application or aerial work

with the permission of the Authority and is operated in accordance

with any conditions or limitations specified with such a permission;

(c) a helicopter conducting training for life-saving operations or

demonstrations of such operations;

(d) a glider while it is hill soaring;

(e) an aircraft flying with the permission of the Authority for the

purpose of picking up or dropping tow ropes, banners or similar

articles at an aerodrome.

S.I. No. 72 of 2004


4. Cruising Levels

(1) The cruising-levels at which a flight or a portion of flight is to be

conducted shall be in terms of:

(a) Flight Levels, for flights at or above the lowest usable flight level

or, where applicable, above the transition altitude;

(b) Altitudes, for flights below the lowest usable flight level or, where

applicable, at or below the transition altitude.

(2) When required by this Order to fly at a cruising level appropriate to track,

the pilot-in-command of an aircraft shall conduct the flight at a cruising

level in accordance with the Tables in this Rule, using the altimeter

setting appropriate to the airspace in which the flight takes place.

(4) In the table in this Rule “track” means magnetic track.

S.I. No. 72 of 2004


Table of Cruising LevelsAIP ENR 1.7-3

Track (Magnetic)

000 to 179 (ODDS) 180 to 359 (EVENS)

IFR VFR (+500) IFR VFR (+500)

FL FEET FL FEET FL FEET FL FEET

10 1000 - - 20 2000 - -

30 3000 35 3500 40 4000 45 4500

50 5000 55 5500 60 6000 65 6500

70 7000 75 7500 80 8000 85 8500

90 9000 95 9500 100 10000 105 10500

110 11000 115 11500 120 12000 125 12500

130 13000 135 13500 140 14000 145 14500

150 15000 155 15500 160 16000 165 16500

170 17000 175 17500 180 18000 185 18500

190 19000 195 19500 200 20000 205 20500

Altimetry DefinitionsAltitude (ALT) - the vertical distance of a level, a point or an object considered as a

point, measured from mean sea level (MSL) (QNH)

Flight Level (FL) - a surface of constant atmospheric pressure which is related to a specific pressure datum of 1013.2 hectopascals (hPa) and is separated from other such surfaces by specific pressure intervals (QNE)

Height (HGT) - the vertical distance of a level, a point, or an object considered as a point, measured from a specified datum (QFE)

Transition Altitude (TA) - the altitude at or below which the vertical position of an aircraft is controlled by reference to altitudes (5000 ft)

The pressure type altimeter, calibrated in accordance with the Standard Atmosphere.

a. when set to a QNH altimeter setting will indicate ALTITUDE;

b. when set to a QFE altimeter setting will indicate HEIGHT above QFE reference

datum;

c. when set to a PRESSURE of 1013.2 hPA may be used to indicate FLIGHT

LEVELS.

S.I. No. 72 of 2004, Rule 1 Irish Aviation Law, Page 27

AIP ENR 1.7 - 1

5. Dropping of persons and articles, aerial application and aerial work

(1) No person or article shall be dropped from an aircraft in flight that might create a

hazard to that person, other persons or property.

(2) Nothing shall be dropped from an aircraft flying within the State save in accordance

with permission given by the Authority and subject to any conditions and limitations

contained in such permission.

(3) Paragraph (2) of this Rule shall not apply to the dropping of articles by or with the

authority of the pilot-in-command of the aircraft in the following circumstances:

(a) the dropping of articles for the purpose of saving life;

(b) the jettisoning, in the case of emergency, of fuel or other articles in the aircraft;

(c) the dropping of ballast in the form of fine sand or water;

(d) the dropping of articles solely for the purpose of navigating the aircraft in

accordance with ordinary practice or with the provisions of this Order;

(e) the dropping at an aerodrome in accordance with prescribed conditions of

ropes, banners or similar articles towed by aircraft.S.I. No. 72 of 2004


6. Towing, Picking-up and Raising of Persons, Articles and Materials

(1) Subject to this Rule, an aircraft in flight in or over the State shall not, by

means external to the aircraft, tow any articles or pick up or raise any

person, animal, article or material unless:

(a) (i) the certificate of airworthiness issued or rendered valid in respect of

that aircraft under the law of the state in which the aircraft is registered

authorises the use of the aircraft for that purpose, and

(ii) the aircraft complies with any conditions or limitations prescribed

as applicable to such flights; or

(b) The flight is made in accordance with permission given by the Authority

and subject to any conditions or limitation contained in such permission.

S.I. No. 72 of 2004


8. Acrobatic Flight and Formation Flights

(1) No aircraft shall be flown acrobatically so as to constitute a hazard to air traffic.

(3) Aircraft within the State shall not be flown acrobatically over cities, towns, or settlements or over an open-air assembly of persons except with the permission of the Authority and subject to any conditions or limitations contained in such permission.


8. Acrobatic Flight and Formation Flights – (cont’d)

(4) Aircraft within the State shall not be flown acrobatically within controlled airspace,

except with the consent of the appropriate air traffic control unit.

(5) Aircraft shall not be flown in formation except by pre-arrangement between the pilots-

in-command of the aircraft taking part in the flight and, for formation flight in

controlled airspace in accordance with such conditions as are prescribed or notified by

the appropriate ATS authority. The aircraft shall be flown in formation such that:

(a) The formation operates as a single aircraft with regard to navigation and position

reporting;

(b) separation between aircraft in the flight shall be the responsibility of the flight

leader and the pilots-in-command of the other aircraft in the flight and shall include

periods of transition when aircraft are manoeuvring to attain their own separation

within the formation and during join-up and break-away; and

(c) a separation distance not exceeding 0.5 NM (1 km) laterally and longitudinally and

100 ft (30 metres) vertically from the flight leader shall be maintained by each aircraft

S.I. No. 72 of 2004

Avoidance of Collisions

10. Proximity(1) An aircraft shall not be operated in such proximity to other aircraft as to

create a collision hazard.

(2) Aircraft shall not be flown in formation except by pre-arrangement and,

when in controlled airspace classified as Class A, B, C or D as

described in Rule 26 of this Schedule, with the permission of the

appropriate Air Traffic Control Unit.

(3) Aircraft shall not be flown in formation over the congested areas of

cities, towns or settlements or over an open-air assembly of persons

within the State, save with the permission of Authority and subject to

any conditions or limitations contained in such permission.

S.I. No. 72 of 2004


11. Right of Way

(1) General

(a) The aircraft that has the right-of-way shall maintain its heading

and speed, but nothing in these Rules shall relieve the pilot-in-

command of an aircraft from the responsibility of taking such

action, including collision avoidance manoeuvres based on

resolution advisories provided by ACAS equipment, as will best

avert a collision;

(b) An aircraft, which is obliged by these Rules to keep out of the

way of another aircraft, shall avoid passing over or under the other,

or crossing ahead of it, unless passing or crossing well clear and

taking into account the effect of aircraft wake turbulence.S.I. No. 72 of 2004


11. Right of Way – (cont’d)

(2) Converging.

When two aircraft are converging at approximately the same

altitude, the aircraft that has the other on its right shall give way,

except as follows:

(a) power-driven heavier-than-air aircraft shall give way to

airships, gliders and balloons,

(b) airships shall give way to gliders and balloons,

(c) gliders shall give way to balloons,

(d) power-driven aircraft shall give way to aircraft which are

seen to be towing other aircraft or objects.

S.I. No. 72 of 2004



(3) (a) Approaching head-on

When two aircraft are approaching head-on or approximately so

and there is danger of a collision, each shall alter its heading to

the right;

(b) Right Hand Traffic Rule

Except when flying in controlled airspace and in accordance

with instructions issued by the appropriate air traffic control unit,

an aircraft which is flying within the State in sight of the ground

and following a road, railway, canal or coastline, or any other

line of landmarks, shall keep such line of landmarks on its left.

S.I. No. 72 of 2004



(4) Overtaking

(a) An aircraft that is being overtaken has the right of way and the overtaking

aircraft, whether climbing, descending or in horizontal flight, shall keep out of

the way of the other aircraft by altering its heading to the right, and no

subsequent change in the relative positions of the two aircraft shall absolve the

overtaking aircraft from this obligation until it is entirely past and clear of the

overtaken aircraft;

(b) For the purpose of this Rule, an overtaking aircraft is an aircraft that

approaches another from the rear on a line forming an angle of less than 70

degrees with the plane of symmetry of the latter, that is to say, that it is in such

a position with reference to the other aircraft that at night it should be unable to

see either the aircraft's left (port) or right (starboard) navigation lights.



(5) Landing

(a) Aircraft in flight or operating on the ground or water shall give

way to other aircraft landing or in the final stages of an approach to

land;

(b) When two or more heavier-than-air aircraft are approaching an

aerodrome for the purpose of landing, aircraft at the higher level

shall give way to aircraft at the lower level but the latter shall not

take advantage of this Rule to cut in front of another which is in

the final stages of an approach to land or to overtake that aircraft;

(c) Notwithstanding subparagraph (b) of this paragraph, power-

driven heavier than-air aircraft shall give way to gliders.

S.I. No. 72 of 2004



(6) Emergency Landing.An aircraft that is aware that another is compelled to land shall give way to that other aircraft.

(7) Taking-off.An aircraft about to take-off shall not attempt to do so until there is no apparent risk of collision with other aircraft. A taxiing aircraft on the manoeuvring area shall give way to aircraft taking-off or about to take-off.



(8) Surface movement of aircraft. In case of danger of collision between two aircraft taxiing on the movement area of an aerodrome the following shall apply:(a) when two aircraft are approaching head-on, or approximately so, each shall stop or where practicable alter its course to the right so as to keep well clear;(b) when two aircraft are on a converging course, the one which has the other on its right shall give way;(c) an aircraft which is being overtaken by another aircraft shall have the right-of way and the overtaking aircraft shall keep well clear of the other aircraft.



(9) Taxiing on the Manoeuvring Area(a) An aircraft taxiing on the manoeuvring area shall stop and hold at all runway holding positions unless otherwise authorised by the aerodrome air traffic control unit.(b) An aircraft taxiing on the manoeuvring area shall stop and hold at all lighted stop bars and may proceed further when the lights are switched off.
