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Liberty, Equality, Liberty, Equality, FraternityFraternity
Old Regime
“Ancien Regime”
Political, social, and economicsystem of 18th century continentalEurope
Political Causes
• Absolute monarchy- “Divine Right”
• Favoritism
• Corruption
• Censorship
• Imprisonment without due process
• People had no voice in government
Social Causes• Class system- “Estates”
– First Estate-Clergy
– Second Estate-Nobles
– Third Estate-bourgeoisie, city workers, peasants
• Population growing• Food prices rising• Wages not rising• Resentment of nobility• Bourgeoisie wanted political power
Economic Causes
• To the Government– Feudal taxes and obligations
• To the Church– tithe
• To the Lords– feudal dues
Economic Causescontinued
•Louis XIV’s wars left France in debt
•Louis XVI’s constitutional reforms failed
•Nobility in opposition to the king forced him to call the
Estates General in May 1789
Other Causes• Bourgeoisie desire for
laissez-faire• Enlightenment ideas• English and American
Revolutions• Incompetent and
unpopular government
Immediate Causes
• Climatic disasters• Poor Harvests• Louis XVI
– Near bankruptcy
– Calls Estates General• Cahiers
Tennis Court Oath
July 1789
National Assembly 1789
Bastille Stormed
July 14, 1789•Symbol of Old Regime
•Peasant attacks against nobles
National Assembly1789-1791
Conservative, Radicals, Moderates
Women’s march on Versailles
• July 1791 Royal family attempts to flee
• Constitution 1791
• 1792 Louis imprisoned– émigrés
National Convention 1792-1795
•Republic declared•January 1793
•Louis executed
Horrible Guillotine Cartoons
Accomplishments of National Convention
• Abolished imprisonment for debt
• Abolished slavery in French colonies
• Adopted metric system
• Adopted national education system
• Prohibited primogeniture
• Drew up constitution with republic headed by a five man Directory
Turmoil
• February 1793-– War vs. Britain, Holland, Spain
• First Coalition vs. France• Committee of Public Safety-
April 1793
Reign of TerrorSeptember 1793-1794
• Suspension of Rights• Watch committees• “Witch Hunts”
“Death of Marat”-Jacques Louis David
1793
“It is necessary to annihilate both the internal and external enemies of the
republic or perish with its fall.” -Robespierre
Thermidorian Reaction1794-1796
• Robespierre falls• Abolished economic controls• Runaway inflation• Former victims now react• Restriction of political
organizations• Bread riots and uprisings put
down• Urban poor had little
influence until 1830
Directory1796-1799
• Middle Class constitutional republic– five man executive branch
• Only male property owners could vote• Wealthy controlled government• Unpopular • Bankruptcy• Still at war
Significance of Revolution
• Democratic Ideals-
“Liberty, Equality, Fraternity”
• Nationalism
• Worldwide influence
Napoleon Bonaparte
Early Years• Born Corsica• Military School
Military Years and Coup
• Lieutenant in French artillery– Military genius– Artillery
• Directory– 1796-1815 Napoleonic Wars– Egyptian campaign
• Horatio Nelson• Rosetta Stone
– Coup d’etat 1799
Consulate Period1799-1804
• Domestic Reforms– Legal Reforms
• Napoleonic Code– Education Reform– Economic Reform
• Stimulate economy• Food at lower prices• Increase employment• Peasants retain land acquired during
Revolution
Emperor1804-1814
• Constant warfare– Empire building
• Continental System• 1809- Marie Louise
– Daughter of Austrian emperor
Downfall and Exile• Downfall
– Invasion of Russia 1812• Tzar Alexander I• Scorched earth policy
– Economic problems• Continental System
• Final Defeat– Battle of Leipzig “Battle of
Nations”– Exile Elba
100 Days• 1814-1815 Louis XVIII
restored to throne
• Disharmony at Congress of Vienna
• Napoleon arrives in France – Louis XVIII goes into exile
– Waterloo• Duke of Wellington
• Prussian army
• Napoleon abdicates
– Exile to St. Helena
Exile for Napoleon