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Specification A – Models of Memory The multi-store model including concepts of encoding, capacity and duration. Strength and weaknesses of the model The working memory model including its strengths and weaknesses B – Memory in everyday life - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Lesson Two: Distinction between STM and LTMSpecification
A – Models of Memory
1. The multi-store model including concepts of encoding, capacity and duration. Strength and weaknesses of the model
2. The working memory model including its strengths and weaknesses
B – Memory in everyday life
1. Eyewitness testimony and factors affecting the accuracy of EWT including anxiety and age of witness
2. Misleading information and the use of cognitive interview
3. Strategies for memory improvement
Homework
Describe the evidence for a distinction between STM and LTM
Complete as much as possible of your key terms and key studies grids
Starter
Make a list of things you think are in your LTM, and imagine some that could
be in your STM
Lesson Objectives:
By the end of this lesson, you will be able to:
1. Describe the evidence for a distinction between STM and LTM
Key Words to check you know by the end of the lesson:
• Capacity• Duration• Free Recall• Primacy• Recency• Serial Position Curve
Let’s do something to demonstrate short-term and long term memory – take the face test
Oh! And put your hand up when we get to the Free Recall Task…
http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/java/facemem.html
Demonstrating LTM
• Write down one statement/fact that you remember from primary school (i.e. something you learned about geography, history, maths…)
• Why do you remember this?• Lets look at the distinction between
STM & LTM…….
Free Recall Task
Glanzer and Cunitz (1966)
• Functional dissociation experiment.• Try and remember the items as they
appear.• Then (free recall) write down as
many things as you can remember
Condition 1 (no interference task)
• Distant• Stable• Cabbage• Mattress• Uncle• Minstrel• Question• Cottage• Bargain• Finger• Landscape• Future
Condition 2 – (Interference task) Now ………….
• First count backwards in three’s for 30 seconds
• Try and remember the items as they appear.
• Then count backwards in sixes for 30 seconds
Condition 2 (with interference task)
• Velvet• Stomach• Flower• Gossip• Chamber• Sandal• Warehouse• Village• Carpet• Favour• Lawful
Plot the position of each word in the list against how many of the participants
recalled it
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Position in List
Rec
all
Serial Position Demonstration
Position Recall cond. 1 Recall cond. 2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Pro
babili
ty c
orr
ect
Serial position
Glanzer & Cunitz (1966)%
reca
ll by P
Ps
Position in word list
With interference
task
Without interference
task
Primacy Effect: LTM
Recency Effect: STM
Glanzer & Cunitz (1966)
• Results:– Participants recalled more words at
beginning (primacy) and end (recency) of the list
– The interference task removed the recency but not the primacy effect
• Implies that primacy words were stored somewhere different to recency words
But how? • The recency effect – because words are still
circulating in the STM and can be easily retrieved
• The primacy effect – because words at the beginning of the list have rehearsed (repeated) and so have passed into LTM
• Displacement - Words in the middle are poorly recalled, little time for rehearsal & therefore displaced by later items in the list
• NOW – in your course pack grid write up what happened in this experiment.
• Extension – explain the relation on the line graph p9
Issues in Glanzer and Cunitz’ Study
• Methodology: Lab experiment– Reliability– Ecological Validity
• Participants had to repeat the task many times – what effect do you think this could this have had on the results?
• NOW - What other factors affect one part of the serial position but not the other? p9
Neuropsychological Evidence
• People who have suffered brain damage
• Selective Memory Loss – affecting one type of memory but not another
• TYPE OF RESEARCH – Case studies• What are these? P121• Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses
of this method of research in your course pack (10 minutes)
Task
• Now complete the sheet in your study pack on the cases of HM (Milner) and KF (Shallice & Warrington).
• What evidence does the case of HM
provide for functional dissociation? Discuss your answer with the person next to.
Alzheimer's Disease• Early symptoms include severe memory impairment
• WATCH CLIP: (19. Understanding Alzheimer's Disease Provides a clear demonstration of how the advent of new technologies has aided research into the etiology of disease.) http://www.learner.org/vod/vod_window.html?pid=1626
• Patients are found to have low levels of the neurotransmitter – acetylcholine – compared to controls.
• What did Drachman & Sahakian (1979) find out in their research? (Write this up on your study sheet)
Brain scanning techniques• PET – Position emission Tomography
• FMRI – Functional magnetic resonance imaging
• Squire et al. (1992)• (Write this up on your study• sheet)
Activated in STM tasks
Activated LTM tasks
Check your key words:
• Capacity• Duration• Free Recall• Primacy• Recency• Serial Position Curve
Check your
understanding
• In no more than 5 lines explain the evidence for separate memory stores
• Test your memory - try not to look at your notes…..
Can you suggest reasons why this task was difficult/easy for you.
Describe the evidence for a distinction between STM and LTM
Eye on the exam • The following are all concepts related to memory:
a.) Durationb.) Capacityc.) Encodingd.) RetrievalIn the table below write which one of the concepts listed above
(a,b,c, or d) matches each definition
• Below is a table summarising the main differences between short term memory and long term memory. Complete the table (2 marks)
Short-term memory Long-term memory
Capacity
Duration
Encoding Mainly acoustic Mainly semantic
Definition Concept
The length of time the memory store holds information
Transforming incoming information into a form that can be stored in memory