Upload
dinhxuyen
View
215
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Lesson Overview Climate
Weather and Climate
What is climate?
A region’s climate is
defined by year-after-
year patterns of
temperature and
precipitation.
Climate refers to average
weather conditions over
long periods.
Climate is rarely uniform
even within a region
Varying environmental
conditions over small
distances are called
microclimates.
Lesson Overview Climate
Weather and Climate
–Weather is the day-to-day condition of Earth’s
atmosphere.
Lesson Overview Climate
Factors That Affect Climate
Factors that
determine global
climate are:
•solar energy trapped
in the biosphere,
•latitude,
•transport of heat by
winds & ocean
currents.
Lesson Overview Climate
Solar Energy and the Greenhouse Effect
Earth’s temperature is largely controlled by concentrations of three atmospheric gases—
carbon dioxide,
methane,
water vapor
ozone,
nitrous oxide
These gases are also called greenhouse gases
Lesson Overview Climate
Greenhouse effect
•Heating effect on the Earth's surface due to the gases in the atmosphere that trap solar radiation and emit infrared radiation.
Earth would be freezing without the greenhouse gases
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z_jHP6x
BLe8
Greenhouse Effect Video
Lesson Overview Climate
Tolerance
–Tolerance the ability to survive
and reproduce under a range of
environmental circumstances.
–Every species has its own range of
tolerance.
–When an environmental
condition (ex. Temperature)
extends beyond or below an
organism’s optimum range
(tolerance), the organism
experiences stress.
–The organism must then expend
more energy to maintain
homeostasis, and so has less
energy left for growth and
reproduction.
Lesson Overview Climate
Tolerance
–A species’ tolerance
for environmental
conditions, helps
determine its habitat
–Habitat place where
an organism lives.
Lesson Overview Climate Defining the Niche
–Niche describes an
organism’s
environment; where it
lives, and how it
interacts with biotic and
abiotic factors in the
environment.
Lesson Overview Climate
Resources and the Niche
Resource refers to
any necessity of life,
such as water, nutrients,
light, food, or space.
For plants, resources
can include sunlight,
water, and soil nutrients.
For animals, resources
can include nesting
space, shelter, types of
food, and places to feed.
Lesson Overview Climate
Physical & Biological Aspects of the Niche
Physical aspects
abiotic factors ex. Water,
temperature, etc
Biological aspects
biotic factors ex. All
living factors that affect
the organism ex.
Producers(plants) &
consumers (animals).
Lesson Overview Climate
Competition
How does competition shape
communities?
By causing species to divide
resources,
By helping to determine the
number and kinds of species in
a community and
By determining the niche each
species occupies.
Lesson Overview Climate
Ex. plant roots compete for
resources such as water and
nutrients in the soil.
Animals compete for
resources such as food, mates,
and places to live and raise
their young.
Competition
Intraspecific competition
between members of the
same species.
Interspecific competition
between members of
different species
Lesson Overview Climate
The Competitive Exclusion Principle
The competitive
exclusion principle states
that no two species can
occupy exactly the same
niche in exactly the same
habitat at exactly the same
time.
Ex. If two species
attempt to occupy the
same niche, one species
will be better at competing
for limited resources and
will eventually exclude the
other species.
Lesson Overview Climate
Predator-Prey Relationships
An interaction in which one animal (the predator) captures and feeds on another animal (the prey) is called predation.
Predators can affect the size of prey populations in a community and determine the places prey can live and feed.
Birds of prey, for example, can play an important role in regulating the population sizes of mice, voles, and other small mammals.
Lesson Overview Climate
Herbivore-Plant Relationships
An interaction in which one
animal (the herbivore) feeds on
producers (such as plants) is
called herbivory.
Herbivores, like a ring-tailed
lemur, can affect both the size
and distribution of plant in a
community and determine the
places that certain plants can
survive and grow.
Lesson Overview Climate
Keystone Species
keystone species population of a
single species that can cause
dramatic changes in the structure of
a community.
Ex. Sea otters-Key stone spp.
Giant algae (kelp) Sea urchins
Sea otters
Sea Otters
Sea Urchins
Lesson Overview Climate Keystone
Species(Explanation A century ago, sea otters were
nearly eliminated by hunting.
Unexpectedly, the kelp forest
nearly vanished.
Without otters as predators, the
sea urchin population
skyrocketed, and armies of
urchins devoured kelp down to
bare rock.
Without kelp to provide habitat,
many other animals, including
seabirds, disappeared. Otters
were a keystone species in this
community.
Lesson Overview Climate
Symbioses
Any relationship in which two species live
closely together is called symbiosis, which
means “living together.”
The three main classes of symbiotic
relationships in nature are
mutualism,
parasitism, and
commensalism.
Lesson Overview Climate
Mutualism
Relationship between species in
which both benefit is known as
mutualism. Ex. Sea anemone &
clown fish
The sting of the sea anemone
captures prey and protects it from
predators.
The clownfish is immune to
anemone stings. When threatened
by a predator, clownfish seek shelter
by snuggling deep into an
anemone’s tentacles.
If an anemone-eating species tries
to attack the anemone, the clownfish
chases away the predators.
Lesson Overview Climate
Parasitism –Parasitism, relationships in which one organism lives inside or on another organism and harms it. Ex. Humans & tapeworms
–Ex. Tapeworms live in the intestines of mammals, where they absorb large amounts of their hosts’ food.
–Fleas, ticks, lice, and the leech shown, live on the bodies of mammals and feed on their blood and skin.
–Generally, parasites weaken but do not kill their host, which is usually larger than the parasite.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4s
SizD3e58Q
Ascaris in child
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6M_bBOSV
67Y
Pinworms in colon
Lesson Overview Climate
Commensalism
–commensalism, a
relationship in which one
organism benefits and the
other is neither helped nor
harmed. Ex. Barnacles &
whale
–Ex. Barnacles attach
themselves to a whale’s skin.
–They perform no known
service to the whale, nor do
they harm it.
–The barnacles benefit from
the constant movement of
water—that is full of food
particles—past the swimming
whale.
Lesson Overview Climate
Primary and Secondary Succession
Ecological succession
a series of predictable
changes that occur in a
community over time.
Ecosystems change
over time, after
disturbances, as some
species die out and new
species move in.
Lesson Overview Climate
Primary Succession
Succession that begins in an area with no remnants of an older
community is called primary succession.
Some disturbances that are followed by primary succession:
Volcanic explosions create new land or sterilize existing areas.
Retreating glaciers leaving only exposed bare rock behind
them.
Retreating glaciers Volcanic explosions
Lesson Overview Climate
Primary Succession
The first species to colonize barren areas are called
pioneer species.
One ecological pioneer that grows on bare rock is
lichen—a mutualistic symbiosis between a fungus and
an alga.
Lesson Overview Climate
Secondary Succession
Secondary succession where existing communities
are not completely destroyed by disturbances.
Secondary succession proceeds faster than primary
succession, because the soil survives the disturbance.
Lesson Overview Climate
Secondary Succession
Secondary succession often follows
a wildfire (fires can stimulate seeds to grow)
hurricane, or other natural disturbance.
human activities like logging and farming.
Lesson Overview Climate
The Major Biomes
What abiotic and biotic factors characterize biomes?
abiotic factors climate and soil type
biotic factors plant and animal life.
Lesson Overview Climate
Factors that affect global climate
Latitude
heat
area’s proximity
to an ocean or
mountain range.
Lesson Overview Climate Defining Biomes
Biomes Classification of Earth’s terrestrial ecosystems based
on regional climate communities.
Major biomes include:
tropical rain forest,
tropical dry forest,
tropical grassland/savanna/shrubland,
desert,
temperate grassland,
temperate woodland and shrubland,
temperate forest,
northwestern coniferous forest,
boreal forest,
tundra.
Lesson Overview Climate
TROPICAL RAIN FOREST
–home to more species
than all the other biomes
combined.
–get at least 2 meters of
rain a year!
Lesson Overview Climate
TROPICAL RAIN FOREST
Canopy:
Tall trees
dense, leafy covering
50 to 80 meters above the
forest floor.
Understory:
below the canopy,
shorter trees and vines
Lesson Overview Climate
TROPICAL RAIN FOREST
Epiphytic plants
grow on the
branches of tall
plants as opposed to
soil.
This allows the
epiphyte to take
advantage of
available sunlight
while obtaining
nutrients through its
host.
Lesson Overview Climate
TROPICAL RAIN FOREST
Biotic Factors – Animal Life
–active all year.
–Many use camouflage
to hide from predators or
to match their
surroundings.
–Animals that live in the
canopy have adaptations
for climbing, jumping,
and/or flight.
Leaf Insects
Lesson Overview Climate
TROPICAL DRY FOREST
Abiotic Factors
–warm year-round, with
alternating wet and dry
seasons.
–rich soils which are
subject to erosion.
Lesson Overview Climate
TROPICAL DRY
FOREST
Biotic Factors – Plant Life
Adaptations:
–extra thick waxy layer on leaves to reduce water loss,
– or they store water in their tissues.
-seasonal loss of leaves to survive the dry season.
–A plant that sheds its leaves during a particular season is called deciduous.
Lesson Overview Climate
TROPICAL DRY
FOREST
Biotic Factors – Animal
Life
Adaptaions:
–Emigration of animals
in dry season
–reduce need for water
by estivation.
Estivation long
period of inactivity.
similar to hibernation,
but typically takes
place during a dry
season. Snails in estivation
Lesson Overview Climate
TROPICAL
GRASSLAND/SAVANNA/SHRUBLAND
Abiotic Factors
–warm, with seasonal rainfall.
–Compact soil
–frequent fires set by lightning.
Lesson Overview Climate
TROPICAL
GRASSLAND/SAVANNA/SHRUBLAND
Biotic Factors – Plant Life
Adaptations
waxy leaf coverings to
prevent water loss.
seasonal leaf loss.
Some grasses have a
high silica content that
makes them less
appetizing to grazing
herbivores.
Lesson Overview Climate
TROPICAL
GRASSLAND/SAVANNA/SHRUBLAND Biotic Factors – Animal Life
Adaptations:
Migration in dry season to search for water.
Some smaller animals burrow and remain dormant during the dry season.
Lesson Overview Climate DESERT
Abiotic Factors
low precipitation and variable
temperatures.
Their soils are rich in
minerals, but poor in organic
material.
Biotic Factors – Plant Life
Adaptations:
Plants like cacti store water in
their tissues
Small leaf surface area to cut
down on water loss.
Cactus spines are actually
modified leaves.
Lesson Overview Climate DESERT Biotic Factors – Plant Life
–Modified photosynthesis--some plants leaf pores open only at night, so they can conserve moisture on hot, dry days. Biotic Factors – Animal Life
–get the water from the food they eat.
–nocturnal—to avoid the day time heat.
–Large or elongated ears, many blood vessels close to the surface to help the animal lose body heat and regulate body temperature.
Long-eared Jerboa,
Lesson Overview Climate Honey pot ants & Camels Desert animals
•Get nectar from plants
•The ants feed some particular ants in the colony with nectar until their whole abdomen swells up with honey.
•During the drought, other ants will feed on the honey, and the ants' abdomens shrink back to its normal size.
•The honey-pot ants save food in this way.
•They are also a source of food supply for other desert animals, including humans!
Lesson Overview Climate TEMPERATE
GRASSLAND –Plains and prairies once
covered vast areas of the
midwestern and central
United States.
–Periodic fires and heavy
grazing by herbivores.
Abiotic Factors
–Soil is rich in nutrients and is
ideal for growing crops.
–warm to hot summers
–cold winters,
–moderate seasonal
precipitation.
Lesson Overview Climate
TEMPERATE GRASSLAND
Biotic Factors – Plant Life
–Grasses are resistant to grazing and fire.
–Wind dispersal of seeds
–grassland plants help establish and retain deep, rich, fertile topsoil.
Biotic Factors – Animal Life
–Open, exposed environments make predation a constant threat for smaller animals.
–Camouflage and burrowing are two common protective adaptations.
Lesson Overview Climate
TEMPERATE WOODLAND AND SHRUBLAND
–Communities that are
more shrubland than
forest are known as
chaparral.
Abiotic Factors
–hot dry summers
–cool moist winters.
–thin, nutrient-poor soils
–periodic fires.
Lesson Overview Climate
TEMPERATE WOODLAND AND SHRUBLAND
Biotic Factors – Plant Life
–tough waxy leaves that
resist water loss.
–Some seeds are fire
resistant
–Some seeds need fire
to germinate.
Biotic Factors – Animal Life
–varied diets of grasses, leaves, shrubs etc.
–camouflage is common.
Lesson Overview Climate
TEMPERATE FOREST
Biotic Factors – Plant Life
–Deciduous trees drop their leaves and go into a state of dormancy in winter.
–Conifers have needlelike leaves that minimize water loss in dry winter air. Biotic Factors – Animal Life
–Some animals hibernate,
–Others migrate to warmer climates.
–Animals that do not hibernate or migrate may be camouflaged to escape predation in the winter.
Abiotic Factors
–cold to moderate winters and warm summers.
–year-round precipitation and fertile soils.
–The fertile soils are rich in humus material formed from decaying leaves and other organic matter.
Lesson Overview Climate
NORTHWESTERN CONIFEROUS FOREST
–moist air from the Pacific
Ocean influenced by the
Rocky Mountains provides
abundant rainfall to this
biome.
–Due to the lush
vegetation it is sometimes
called a “temperate rain
forest.”
Lesson Overview Climate
NORTHWESTERN CONIFEROUS FOREST
Abiotic Factors
–mild temperatures
–abundant precipitation
in fall, winter, and spring.
–Summers cool &dry.
–Soils rocky & acidic.
–Variation in seasonal
temperature results in
less diversity.
Biotic Factors – Plant Life
Trees among the world’s
tallest.
Biotic Factors – Animal Life
–Camouflage helps insects
and ground-dwelling
mammals avoid predation. .
–Many animals eat a varied
diet—an advantage in an
environment where
vegetation changes
seasonally.
Lesson Overview Climate
BOREAL FOREST
–Also called taiga.
–Occurs mostly in the
northern part of the
Northern Hemisphere.
–The word boreal comes
from the Greek word for
“north.”
Lesson Overview Climate
BOREAL FOREST
Abiotic Factors
–long cold winters and
short mild summers.
–moderate precipitation
and high humidity.
–soil is acidic and nutrient-
poor.
Biotic Factors – Plant Life
–conical shape of
conifers sheds snow,
–wax-covered needlelike
leaves prevent excess
water loss.
–dark green color of most
conifers absorbs heat
energy.
Biotic Factors – Animal Life
–Most have small
extremities and extra
insulation in the form of
fat or downy feathers.
–Migrate in winter.
Lesson Overview Climate
TUNDRA –characterized by
permafrost
permafrost a
layer of permanently
frozen subsoil.
Lesson Overview Climate TUNDRA
Abiotic Factors
–strong winds and low precipitation.
–short and soggy summers
–long, cold, and dark winters
–Poorly developed soil
Biotic Factors – Plant Life
–mosses and other low-growing
plants.
–Seed dispersal by wind.
–legumes, which have
symbiotic bacteria on their roots
that fix nitrogen to the soil
Biotic Factors – Animal Life
–Some migrate to warm areas.
–Those that live here year-
round display adaptations such
as
natural antifreeze,
small extremities that limit
heat loss,
a varied diet.
Lesson Overview Climate
Mountain Ranges
–not easily classified
into a biome
–exist on all continents
and in many biomes.
–temperature,
precipitation, exposure
to wind, and soil types
all change with
elevation, and so do
organisms.
Yaks and Sherpas at the Foot of
Himalayan Mountain Range
Lesson Overview Climate
Polar Ice Caps
–not easily classified into
a biome
–border the tundra and
are cold year-round.
–Plants are few, though
some algae grow on snow
and ice.
–mosses and lichens may
grow where ground is
exposed
–Marine mammals,
insects, and mites are the
typical animals.
Lesson Overview Climate
Water Depth
influences aquatic life
because sunlight
penetrates only a short
distance through water.
photic zone:
sunlit region near the
surface where
photosynthesis takes
place.
may be as deep as
200m in tropical seas,
but just a few meters
deep or less in rivers
and swamps.
Lesson Overview Climate
Water Depth
–Phytoplankton
Photosynthetic algae,
live in the photic zone.
–Zooplankton—tiny free-
floating animals—eat
phytoplankton.
This is the first step in
many aquatic food webs.
–Below the photic zone
is the dark aphotic
zone, where
photosynthesis cannot
occur.
Lesson Overview Climate
Water Depth
aquatic organisms which
live on, or in, rocks and
sediments on the bottoms
of lakes, streams, and
oceans are called the
benthos, and their habitat
is the benthic zone.
When the benthic zone
is below the photic zone,
chemosynthetic
autotrophs are the only
primary producers.
Types of organisms
depend on the nutrients
available. Benthic organisms
Lesson Overview Climate
Freshwater Ecosystems
Freshwater ecosystems
include streams, lakes,
and freshwater wetlands
(bogs, swamps, and
marshes).
Rivers, streams, creeks,
and brooks often originate
from underground water
sources in mountains or
hills.
Lakes & ponds food
webs are based on a
combination of plankton
and attached algae and
plants.
Lesson Overview Climate
Plankton general
term that includes both
phytoplankton and
zooplankton.
phytoplankton
zooplankton
Lesson Overview Climate
Wetland water either
covers the soil or is present at
or near the surface for at least
part of the year.
Good for agriculture
Breeding grounds for many
organisms.
Freshwater wetlands purify
water by filtering pollutants
and help to prevent flooding
by absorbing large amounts of water and slowly releasing it.
Freshwater Ecosystems
Lesson Overview Climate
Freshwater Wetlands
Three main types:
freshwater bogs,
freshwater marshes,
and
freshwater swamps.
Saltwater wetlands
Freshwater Wetlands
Lesson Overview Climate
Estuaries
Also called Saltwater
wetlands
formed where a river meets
the sea.
contain a mixture of fresh
water and salt water.
spawning and nursery
grounds for many
ecologically and
commercially important fish
and shellfish species
including bluefish, striped
bass, shrimp, and crabs.
Lesson Overview Climate
Estuaries
One of the largest salt
marshes in America surrounds
the Chesapeake Bay in
Maryland.
Mangrove swamps are
tropical estuaries that have
several species of salt-tolerant
trees, collectively called
mangroves.
The largest mangrove area in
America is in Florida’s
Everglades National Park.
Chesapeake Bay in Maryland
Florida’s Everglades National Park
Lesson Overview Climate
Marine Ecosystems
Oceans are divided into zones based on depth and distance from
shore.
Starting with the shallowest and closest to land, marine ecosystems
include:
–intertidal zone,
–coastal ocean, and
–open ocean.
Lesson Overview Climate
Intertidal Zone
Organisms here are submerged in seawater at high
tide and exposed to air and sunlight at low tide.
Barnacles and seaweed permanently attach
themselves to the rocks.
Lesson Overview Climate
Coastal Ocean
Extends from the low-tide mark to the outer edge of
the continental shelf—the relatively shallow border that
surrounds the continents.
Highly productive due to the supply of nutrients by
freshwater runoff from land.
Kelp forests and coral reefs are two important coastal
communities.
Lesson Overview Climate
Open Ocean
begins at the edge of the continental shelf and extends
outward.
More than 90 percent of the world’s ocean.
Depth ranges from 500 m along continental slopes to
more than 10,000 m in ocean trenches.
divided into two zones based on light penetration—the
photic and aphotic.
Lesson Overview Climate
The Open Ocean Photic Zone
typically has low nutrient levels and supports only the
smallest species of phytoplankton.
because of its enormous area, most photosynthesis
on Earth occurs in the sunlit top 100 meters of the open
ocean.
Lesson Overview Climate
The Open Ocean Aphotic Zone
Permanently dark
includes the deepest parts of the ocean.
Food webs are based either on organisms that fall from
the photic zone above, or on chemosynthetic organisms.
Deep-sea vents, where superheated water boils out of
cracks on the ocean floor, support chemosynthetic primary
producers.